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Current Bibliographies in Medicine 99-1


Multicultural Aspects of Breast Cancer Etiology


January 1993 through December 1998, plus selected earlier citations

1430 Citations

Prepared by
Anne Maria Baxter, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine
Karen Patrias, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine
Colonel Doris Browne, M.D., M.P.H., U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
Claudia Glover, M.H.S., Office of Special Populations Research, National Cancer Institute
Carrie P. Hunter, M.D., M.P.H., Office of Research on Women's Health, National Institutes of Health
Judith Salmon Kaur, M.D., Mayo Clinic
Lieutenant Colonel Claudia Oglivie, M.S., U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
A. Pat Romilly-Harper, M.D., Indianapolis Breast Center

1999 March

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health

National Library of Medicine
Reference Section
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland 20894



Series Note

Each bibliography in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE®, AVLINE®, BIOETHICSLINE®, CANCERLIT®, CATLINE®, HEALTHSTARtm, POPLINEtm, and TOXLINE®. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered.

Other publications in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine series are available at no cost to anyone with Internet access through the Library's World Wide Web site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html.

Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to:

Karen Patrias, Editor
Current Bibliographies in Medicine
Reference Section
National Library of Medicine
Bethesda, MD 20894
Phone: 301-496-6097
Fax: 301-402-1384
mailto:ref@nlm.nih.gov

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Table of Contents

Series Note

Introduction

Sample Citations

Bibliography:

Special Studies and Reports

United States

International Studies/Countries of Ancestral Origin

Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Differences in Breast Cancer Incidence

General/Overview

African Americans

American Indians/Alaska Natives

Asians

Hispanics

Native Hawaiians/Other Pacific Islanders

Other Special Populations

Aged

Ashkenazi Jews

Males

Socioeconomically Disadvantaged

Other

Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Differences in Breast Cancer Risk Factors

General/Overview

Biological Factors

Aging

Benign Breast Disease

Body Characteristics

Diet/Nutrition

Genetics

Hormonal Influences

Reproduction

Physical Activity

Other

Environmental Exposure

Behavioral/Sociological/Psychological Factors

Attitude to Health, Cultural Influences, Education

Rural Location

Socioeconomic Status

Substance Abuse (smoking, alcohol, drugs)

Other

Breast Cancer Screening and Early Detection

General/Overview

Access to Health Care

Cultural Influences and Attitudes About Prevention

Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Groups

African Americans

American Indians/Alaska Natives

Asians

Hispanics

Native Hawaiians/Other Pacific Islanders

Other Special Populations

Aged
Ashkenazi Jews
Rural Populations
Socioeconomically Disadvantaged
Other

Mortality/Survival Issues

Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Differences in Mortality and Survival

General/Overview

African Americans

American Indians/Alaska Natives

Asians

Hispanics

Native Hawaiians/Other Pacific Islanders

Other Special Populations

Age Groups
Rural Populations
Socioeconomically Disadvantaged

Biological Factors in Survival/Mortality Rates

Tumor Biology

Tumor Stage

Other

Treatment

Return to title page

Introduction

Multicultural Aspects of Breast Cancer Etiology

There are consistent, well-documented differences in breast cancer incidence and mortality among racial/ethnic groups in the United States that may have significant implications for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. For example, white women have the highest overall incidence of breast cancer, followed by Native Hawaiian, African American, Asian, Hispanic, and American Indian women. However, among women under age 45, African American women have a higher incidence of breast cancer than white women. Mortality and survival rates also vary widely among racial/ethnic groups. For example, the mortality rate is higher for African American women followed by white and Native American women. Lower mortality rates are observed among Asians and Alaskan Natives. African American women also have a significantly lower 5-year survival rate than white women. The study of multicultural aspects of breast cancer etiology is important in identifying factors that may contribute to the variation in breast cancer morbidity in certain racial/ethnic populations, thus making such information available for prevention efforts, and in identifying steps that could be taken to improve survival rates for patients in groups with high mortality rates.

This bibliography is one of three documents prepared in support of the Workshop on Multicultural Aspects of Breast Cancer Etiology, convened by the National Action Plan on Breast Cancer's Etiology Working Group on March 17 through 19, 1999 in Washington, D.C. The workshop brought together individuals from varied disciplines, including members of the breast cancer research and minority health advocacy communities, to examine the current state of knowledge concerning multicultural aspects of breast cancer etiology, to explore limitations of and gaps in current research activities, and to identify and prioritize future research directions.

References in this bibliography provide background for the key topics of the workshop and other areas of interest. In addition to exploring the workshop's presentation topics, the bibliography contains related subjects in special populations: the screening and early detection of breast cancer and the mortality and survival issues of multicultural populations. Publications of general interest on selected topic areas, studies on breast cancer from countries of ancestral origin of multicultural populations, and selected international studies are also included.

The bibliography covers journal articles, books, book chapters, conference proceedings, meeting abstracts, technical reports, and dissertations, ranging primarily from January 1993 through December 1998. Seminal and other selected works in English within the previous ten years were also included. Citations are primarily listed under the one most appropriate category. For example, an article on screening for breast cancer which emphasizes older Hispanic women would be listed under "Aged." Some publications, however, have been indexed to more than one category because of their comprehensive nature. References within each subject category are presented alphabetically by author.

Any reproductions of this bibliography, in whole or in part, must include all credits. If you wish to cite this bibliography, the correct format is:
Baxter, Anne Maria; Patrias, Karen; Browne, Doris; Glover, Claudia; Hunter, Carrie P.; Kaur, Judith Salmon; Oglivie, Claudia; Romilly-Harper, A. Pat, compilers. Multicultural aspects of breast cancer etiology [bibliography online]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine; 1999 Mar [insert cited year month day in brackets]. [insert no. of screens or lines in brackets]. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 99-1). 1430 citations from January 1993 through December 1998, plus selected earlier citations. Available from: URL http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/breast_cancer_etiology.html

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Sample Citations

Citations are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus ®. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation.

Journal Article:

Example:
Kelsey JL, Gammon MD. The epidemiology of breast cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 1991 May-Jun;41(3):146-65.

Order, with separating punctuation:
Authors. Article Title. Abbreviated Journal Title Date;Volume(Issue):Pages.

Monograph:

Example:
Lambert-Colomeda LA. Through the Northern looking glass: breast cancer stories told by Northern native women. New York: NLN Press; 1996. 181 p.

Order, with separating punctuation:
Authors/Editors. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date. Total No. of Pages.

For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication:
Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030.

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Special Studies and Reports

United States

American Indian & Alaska Native sources of health materials. Washington: Dept. of Health and Human Services (US), Public Health Service, Office Minority Health; 1997.

Anderson G, Cummings S, Freedman LS, Furberg C, Henderson M, Johnson SR, Kuller L, Manson J, Oberman A, Prentice RL, Rossouw JE, Finnegan L, Hiatt R, Pottern L, McGowan J, Clifford C, Caan B, Kipnis V, Ettinger B, Sidney S, Bailey G, LaCroix A, McTiernan A, Bowen D, Chen C, Cochrane B, Hunt J, et al. Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. Control Clin Trials 1998;19(1):61-109.

Ayanian JZ, Guadagnoli E. Variations in breast cancer treatment by patient and provider characteristics. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;40(1):65-74.

Bal DG, Foerster SB. Dietary strategies for cancer prevention. Cancer 1993 Aug 1;72(3 Suppl):1005-10. Comment in: Cancer 1994 Feb 1;73(3):754-5.

Bennett CL, Weinberg PD, Lieberman JJ. Cancer insurance policies in Japan and the United States. West J Med 1998 Jan;168(1):17-22.

Bernard LJ. Cancer prevention and control research manpower development. Annual report. 30 Sep 94-29 Sep 95. Los Angeles (CA): Charles R. Drew Univ. of Medicine and Science; 1995 Oct. 26 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4437.

Berner LS. Federal protection of genetic information: Congress delivers. J Womens Health 1996;5(5):409-10.

Blumenthal DS. Breast Health Intervention Evaluation Study. Annual report. 1 Aug 96-31 Jul 97. Atlanta (GA): Morehouse School of Medicine; 1997 Sep. 29 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6273.

Bobrow LG, Richards MA, Happerfield LC, Diss TC, Isaacson PG, Lammie GA, Millis RR. Breast lymphomas: a clinicopathologic review. Hum Pathol 1993 Mar;24(3):274-8.

Breast Cancer: Winning the Battles, Losing the War: Joint Hearing Before the House Select Comm. on Aging and the Subcomm. on Health and Long-Term Care, 102nd Cong., 2nd Sess. (1992 Oct 1). 144 p. Available from: U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office. (Aging Committee pub.; no. 102-894).

Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996 Jun 22;347(9017):1713-27.

Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results. Contraception 1996 Sep;54(3 Suppl):1S-31S. By the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer.

Breen N, Kessler LG, Brown ML. Breast cancer control among the underserved--an overview. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;40(1):105-15.

Brown J, Harding S, Bethune A, Rosato M. Incidence of health of the nation cancers by social class. Popul Trends 1997 Winter;(90):40-7, 49-77.

Bulbrook RD. Geographical variation in endocrine function and its relation to breast cancer incidence: some general considerations. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1991 May;18 Suppl 1:S37-40.

Byers T. Dietary trends in the United States. Relevance to cancer prevention. Cancer 1993 Aug 1;72(3 Suppl):1015-8.

Byrd WM, Clayton LA. The African-American cancer crisis, Part II: A prescription. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1993;4(2):102-16.

Casto JE. Challenging cancer at the grass roots. Appalachia 1997 Jan-Apr;30(1):20-3.

Chen MS Jr. Cancer prevention and control among Asian and Pacific Islander Americans: Findings and recommendations. Cancer 1998 Oct 15;83(8 Suppl):1856-64.

Chilvers C. Breast cancer and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate: a review. Contraception 1994 Mar;49(3):211-22.

Chu KC, Tarone RE, Kessler LG, Ries LA, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Edwards BK. Recent trends in U.S. breast cancer incidence, survival, and mortality rates. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 Nov 6;88(21):1571-9. Comment in: J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 Dec 18;88(24):1791-3; J Natl Cancer Inst 1997 Dec 3;89(23):1810-2.

Clark RA. Economic issues in screening mammography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992 Mar;158(3):527-34.

Clayton LA, Byrd WM. The African-American cancer crisis, Part I: The problem. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1993;4(2):83-101.

Coates RJ, Bransfield DD, Wesley M, Hankey B, Eley JW, Greenberg RS, Flanders D, Hunter CP, Edwards BK, Forman M, Chen VW, Reynolds P, Boyd P, Austin D, Muss H, Blacklow RS. Differences between Black and White women with breast cancer in time from symptom recognition to medical consultation. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84(12):938-50.

Colditz GA. Epidemiology of breast cancer. Findings from the nurses' health study. Cancer 1993 Feb 15;71(4 Suppl):1480-9.

Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Speizer FE. Risk factors for breast cancer according to family history of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88(6):365-71.

Dawson DA, Thompson GB. Breast cancer risk factors and screening: United States, 1987: Series 10. Data from the National Health Interview Survey No. 172. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics; 1990 Jan. 68 p.

Devesa SS. Cancer patterns among women in the United States. Semin Oncol Nurs 1995 May;11(2):78-87.

Devesa SS, Blot WJ, Stone BJ, Miller BA, Tarone RE, Fraumeni JF Jr. Recent cancer trends in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995 Feb 1;87(3):175-82. Comment in: J Natl Cancer Inst 1995 Feb 1;87(3):159-60.

Ernster VL, Barclay J. Increases in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in relation to mammography: a dilemma. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1997;(22):151-6.

Feig SA. Mammographic screening of women aged 40-49 years. Benefit, risk, and cost considerations. Cancer 1995 Nov 15;76(10 Suppl):2097-106.

Feigelson HS, Henderson BE, Pike MC. Re: Recent trends in U.S. breast cancer incidence, survival, and mortality rates [letter]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997 Dec 3;89(23):1810-2. Comment on: J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 Nov 6;88(21):1571-9.

Feuer EJ, Wun LM, Boring CC, Flanders WD, Timmel MJ, Tong T. The lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993 Jun 2;85(11):892-7. Comment in: J Natl Cancer Inst 1993 Jun 2;85(11):848-9.

Foster RS Jr. Breast cancer epidemiology: controversies in the identification and interpretation of risk factors. In: Grundfest-Broniatowski S, Esselstyn CB Jr., editors. Controversies in breast disease: diagnosis and management. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1988. p. 111-21. Vermont Regional Cancer Center, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT.

Frank-Stromborg M. Changing demographics in the United States. Implications for health professionals. Cancer 1991 Mar 15;67(6 Suppl):1772-8.

Freeman HP. Cancer in the socioeconomically disadvantaged. CA Cancer J Clin 1989 Sep-Oct;39(5):266-88. Comment in: CA Cancer J Clin 1989 Nov-Dec;39(6):398.

Freeman HP. The meaning of race in cancer of the breast. Cancer J Sci Am 1997 Mar-Apr;3(2):76-7. Comment on: Cancer J Sci Am 1997 Mar-Apr;3(2):107-12.

Garfinkel L, Boring CC, Heath CW Jr. Changing trends. An overview of breast cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer 1994 Jul 1;74(1 Suppl):222-7.

General Accounting Office (US). Mammography services. Impact of federal legislation on quality, access, and health outcomes: report to Congressional committees. Washington: The Office; [1997]. 30 p.

General Accounting Office (US). Mammography services: initial impact of new federal law has been positive: report to Congressional committees. Washington: The Office; [1995]. 23 p.

Hankey BF, Miller B, Curtis R, Kosary C. Trends in breast cancer in younger women in contrast to older women. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1994;(16):7-14.

Hardy RE, Hargreaves MK. Cancer prognosis in black Americans: a mini-review. J Natl Med Assoc 1991 Jul;83(7):574-9.

Haynes A. Cancer among special populations: women, ethnic minorities, and the poor. Environ Health Perspect 1995 Nov;103 Suppl 8:319-20.

Health Care Financing Administration (US). 1994-1995 mammography services paid by Medicare: state and county rates. Baltimore (MD): The Administration; [1997]. 265 p. (HCFA pub; no. 03404).

Iqbal MJ, Taylor W. Hormonal and reproductive factors--new evidence. Dev Oncol 1989;57:41-6.

Kelsey JL, Bernstein L. Epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Ann Rev Public Health 1996;17:47-67.

Kelsey JL, Gammon MD. The epidemiology of breast cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 1991 May-Jun;41(3):146-65.

Kelsey JL, Horn-Ross PL. Breast cancer: magnitude of the problem and descriptive epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15(1):7-16.

Kelsey JL, Whittemore AS. Epidemiology and primary prevention of cancers of the breast, endometrium, and ovary. A brief overview. Ann Epidemiol 1994 Mar;4(2):89-95.

Klonoff-Cohen HS, Schaffroth LB, Edelstein SL, Molgaard C, Saltzstein SL. Breast cancer histology in Caucasians, African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and Pacific Islanders. Ethnicity Health 1998;3(3):189-98.

Kogevinas M, Porta M. Socioeconomic differences in cancer survival: a review of the evidence. IARC Sci Publ 1997;(138):177-206.

Kovi J, Mohla S, Norris HJ, Sampson CC, Heshmat MY. Breast lesions in black women. Pathol Annu 1989;24 Pt 1:199-218.

Krishnaswamy K, Polasa K. Diet, nutrition & cancer--the Indian scenario. Indian J Med Res 1995 Nov;102:200-9.

Laden F, Hunter DJ. Environmental risk factors and female breast cancer. Annu Rev Public Health 1998;19:101-23.

Lagnado L. When racial sensitivities clash with research. Wall Street Journal 1997 Jun 25:B1, B5.

Lambert-Colomeda LA. Through the Northern looking glass: breast cancer stories told by Northern native women. New York: NLN Press; 1996. 181 p . (NLN pub; no. 14-6827).

Lanier AP, Bulkow LR, Ireland B. Cancer in Alaskan Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts, 1969-83: implications for etiology and control. Public Health Rep 1989 Nov-Dec;104(6):658-64.

Le Marchand L. Ethnic variation in breast cancer survival: a review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1991 May;18 Suppl 1:S119-26.

Lee HP. Diet and cancer: a short review. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1993 May;22(3):355-9.

Liu ET. The uncoupling of race and cancer genetics. Cancer 1998 Oct 15;83(8 Suppl):1765-9.

London SJ, Willett WC. Relationship to diet and body size. Dev Oncol 1989;57:57-72.

Long E. Breast cancer in African-American women. Review of the literature. Cancer Nurs 1993 Feb;16(1):1-24.

Madigan MP, Ziegler RG, Benichou J, Byrne C, Hoover RN. Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995 Nov 15;87(22):1681-5.

Mettlin C, Schoenfeld ER. Effect of race, geography and social class. In: Stoll BA, et al., editors. Women at high risk to breast cancer. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1989. p. 15-25.

Meyerowitz BE, Richardson J, Hudson S, Leedham B. Ethnicity and cancer outcomes: behavioral and psychosocial considerations. Psychol Bull 1998 Jan;123(1):47-70.

Michels KB, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Manson JE, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE, Speizer FE. Prospective assessment of breastfeeding and breast cancer incidence among 89,887 women. Lancet 1996 Feb 17;347(8999):431-6. Comment in: ACP J Club 1996 Jul-Aug;125(1):24.

Minority Women and Breast Cancer: Hearing Before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcomm. of the House Comm. on Government Operations, 103rd Cong., 2nd Sess. (1994 Oct 4). 51 p. Available from: U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office; 1 microfiche.

Modiano MR, Villar-Werstler P, Meister J, Figueroa-Valles N. Cancer in Hispanics: issues of concern. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):35-9.

Moller H, Tonnesen H. Alcohol drinking, social class and cancer. IARC Sci Publ 1997;(138):251-63.

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Morgan JW, Gladson JE, Rau KS. Position paper of the american council on science and health on risk factors for breast cancer: Established, speculated, and unsupported. Breast J 1998;4(3):177-97.

Morgan RC Jr. Report of the NMA panel on mammography. J Natl Med Assoc 1997 Jul;89(7):440-3.

Muir CS. Epidemiology of cancer in ethnic groups. Br J Cancer 1996;74 Suppl 29:S12-6.

Muir CS. Epidemiology of cancer in ethnic groups. Br J Cancer Suppl 1996 Sep;29:S12-6.

Naranjo LE, Dirksen SR. The recruitment and participation of Hispanic women in nursing research: a learning process. Public Health Nurs 1998 Feb;15(1):25-9.

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Nutting PA, Freeman WL, Risser DR, Helgerson SD, Paisano R, Hisnanick J, Beaver SK, Peters I, Carney JP, Speers MA. Cancer incidence among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1980 through 1987. Am J Public Health 1993 Nov;83(11):1589-98.

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Pfeffer N, Moynihan C. Ethnicity and health beliefs with respect to cancer: a critical review of methodology. Br J Cancer Suppl 1996 Sep;29:S66-72.

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Polednak AP. Estimating breast cancer incidence in Hispanic women in Connecticut, 1989-1991. Ethn Health 1996 Sep;1(3):229-35.

Potischman N, Weiss HA, Swanson CA, Coates RJ, Gammon MD, Malone KE, Brogan D, Stanford JL, Hoover RN, Brinton LA. Diet during adolescence and risk of breast cancer among young women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998 Feb 4;90(3):226-33.

Pottern LM, Zahm SH, editors. International Conference on Women's Health: Occupation and Cancer. III. Proceedings of an International Conference in Baltimore, Maryland, November 1993. J Occup Environ Med 1995 Mar;37(3):277-365.

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Rimer BK. Mammography use in the U.S.: Trends and the impact of interventions. Ann Behav Med 1994;16(4):317-26.

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Vellozzi CJ, Romans M, Rothenberg RB. Delivering breast and cervical cancer screening services to underserved women: Part I. Literature review and telephone survey. Womens Health Issues 1996 Mar-Apr;6(2):65-73.

Wagener DK, Schatzkin A. Temporal trends in the socioeconomic gradient for breast cancer mortality among US women. Am J Public Health 1994 Jun;84(6):1003-6.

Walker B, Figgs LW, Zahm SH. Differences in cancer incidence, mortality, and survival between African Americans and whites. Environ Health Perspect 1995 Nov;103 Suppl 8:275-81.

Weiss HA, Troisi R, Rossing MA, Brogan D, Coates RJ, Gammon MD, Potischman N, Swanson CA, Brinton LA. Fertility problems and breast cancer risk in young women: a case-control study in the United States. Cancer Causes Control 1998 May;9(3):331-9.

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Wingo PA, Bolden S, Tong T, Parker SL, Martin LM, Heath CW Jr. Cancer statistics for African Americans, 1996 . CA Cancer J Clin 1996 Mar-Apr;46(2):113-25. Published erratum appears in CA Cancer J Clin 1996 May-Jun;46(3):164.

Wingo PA, Lee NC, Ory HW, Beral V, Peterson HB, Rhodes P. Age-specific differences in the relationship between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer. Cancer 1993 Feb 15;71(4 Suppl):1506-17.

Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. Control Clin Trials 1998 Feb;19(1):61-109.

Zahm SH, Blair A. Cancer among migrant and seasonal farmworkers: an epidemiologic review and research agenda. Am J Ind Med 1993 Dec;24(6):753-66.

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International Studies/Countries of Ancestral Origin

Abdel-Rahman HA, Moustafa R, Shoulah AR, Wassif OM, Salih MA, el-Gendy SD, Abdo AS. An epidemiological study of cancer breast in greater Cairo. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 1993;68(1-2):119-42.

Adams JB. Human breast cancer: concerted role of diet, prolactin and adrenal C19-delta 5-steroids in tumorigenesis. Int J Cancer 1992 Apr 1;50(6):854-8.

Adeniji KA, Adelusola KA, Odesanmi WO, Fadiran OA. Histopathological analysis of carcinoma of the male breast in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. East Afr Med J 1997 Jul;74(7):455-7.

Ahmed R, Shaikh H, Hasan SH. Is carcinoma breast a different disease in Pakistani population? JPMA J Pak Med Assoc 1997 Apr;47(4):114-6.

Akhtar SS, Abu Bakr MA, Dawi SA, Huq IU. Cancer in Libya--a retrospective study (1981-1985). Afr J Med Med Sci 1993 Mar;22(1):17-24.

Al Tamimi TM, Ibrahim EM, Ibrahim A-WM, Al-Bar AA, Assuhaimi SA, Gabriel GS, Mishriky AM, Al-Idrissi HY, Al-Sohaibani MO, Al-Sibai MH. Cancer in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia: A population-based study (1987-1988). Ann Saudi Med 1997;17(1):53-65.

Amir H, Azizi MR, Makwaya CK, Jessani S. TNM classification and breast cancer in an African population: a descriptive study. Cent Afr J Med 1997 Dec;43(12):357-9.

Amir H, Kwesigabo G, Aziz MR, Kitinya JN. Breast cancer and conservative surgery in sub Saharan Africa. East Afr Med J 1996 Feb;73(2):83-7. Comment in: East Afr Med J 1996 Feb;73(2):81-2.

Amir H, Makwaya CK, Aziz MR, Jessani S. Breast cancer and risk factors in an African population: a case referent study. East Afr Med J 1998 May;75(5):268-70.

Anim JT. Breast cancer in Sub-Saharan African women. Afr J Med Med Sci 1993 Mar;22(1):5-10.

Archampong EQ. Breast cancer in Ghana. Koforidua (Ghana): National Cancer Foundation; 1990. 24 p .

Au WY, Chan AC, Chow LW, Liang R. Lymphoma of the breast in Hong Kong Chinese. Hematol Oncol 1997 Feb;15(1):33-8.

Bailie R, Katzenellenbogen J, Hoffman M, Schierhout G, Truter H, Dent D, Gudgeon A, van Zyl J, Rosenberg L, Shapiro S. A case control study of breast cancer risk and exposure to injectable progestogen contraceptives. Methods and patterns of use among controls. S Afr Med J 1997 Mar;87(3):302-5.

Barker RM, Baker MR. Incidence of cancer in Bradford Asians. J Epidemiol Community Health 1990;44(2):125-9.

Bassett MT, Chokunonga E, Mauchaza B, Levy L, Ferlay J, Parkin DM. Cancer in the African population of Harare, Zimbabwe, 1990-1992. Int J Cancer 1995 Sep 27;63(1):29-36. Published erratum appears in Int J Cancer 1995 Nov 27;63(5):763.

Bassett MT, Levy L, Chokunonga E, Mauchaza B, Ferlay J, Parkin DM. Cancer in the European population of Harare, Zimbabwe, 1990-1992. Int J Cancer 1995 Sep 27;63(1):24-8.

Baumann LJ, Anh PT, Love RR, Son NV, Man PD, Truc NQ. Beliefs about and delay in seeking care for breast cancer in Vietnamese women [abstract]. Paper presented at: 12th Asia Pacific Cancer Conference; 1995 Oct 17-20; Singapore.

Ben Ahmed S, Njah M, Hergli R, Mtir R, Neffati E, Limam N, Marzouki M. [Breast self-examination practice in Tunisia based on a survey of first-line patients]. Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet 1994 Apr;89(4):198-201. (Fre).

Bhopal RS, Rankin J. Cancer in minority ethnic populations: Priorities from epidemiological data. Br J Cancer 1996;74 Suppl 29:S22-32.

Bhui AJ, Bureau JP, Abbas A, Mondal A, Scherrer K, Kurkure A, Therwath A. Novel cellular markers in breast cancer: Differential presence of p23K and p30.33K prosomal antigens in tumors of Parsi and non-Parsi women. Int J Oncol 1996;9(4):669-77.

Bhui AJ, Therwath A, Parikh VA, Simha MR, Olink-Coux M, Kurkure A, Doctor VM, Scherrer K, Bureau JP. Breast carcinoma in a high-risk population: Modified expression of 25K and 31K prosome antigens. Breast Dis 1994;7(2):109-27.

Blaszyk H, Hartmann A, Tamura Y, Saitoh S, Cunningham JM, McGovern RM, Schroeder JJ, Schaids DJ, Ii K, Monden Y, Morimoto T, Komaki K, Sasa M, Hirata K, Okazaki M, Kovach JS, Sommer SS. Molecular epidemiology of breast cancers in northern and southern Japan: The frequency, clustering, and patterns of p53 gene mutations differ among these two low-risk populations. Oncogene 1996;13(10):2159-66.

Blumberg L. Age of occurrence of breast cancer in black women [letter]. S Afr Med J 1993 Sep;83(9):691-2.

Bouchardy C, Parkin DM, Wanner P, Khlat M. Cancer mortality among north African migrants in France. Int J Epidemiol 1996 Feb;25(1):5-13.

Bremer BA, Moore CT, Bourbon BM, Hess DR, Bremer KL. Perceptions of control, physical exercise, and psychological adjustment to breast cancer in South African women. Ann Behav Med 1997 Winter;19(1):51-60.

Brentani MM, Nagai MA, Oshima CTF, Pacheco MM, Lopes MTP, Liberato MH, Marques LA. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer: A study of ethnic Japanese women in Sao Paulo. J Tumor Marker Oncol 1989;4(4):401-8.

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Caballero JL, Rios B. [Breast cancer]. Rev Med Panama 1995 Jan-May;20(1-2):50-3. (Spa).

Cameron N, Wright CA. The start of breast development and age at menarche in South Africa black females. S Afr Med J 1990;78(9):536-9.

Cancer risk of pesticides in agricultural workers. Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 1988 Aug 19;260(7):959-66.

Chang BL, Shen CY, Chang SF, Tseng SL, Wu CW. Novel pattern of p53 abnormalities in breast cancer in taiwan-experience from a low incidence area [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1996;37:A1774.

Chearskul S, Bhothisuwan K, Tunsuphasiri V, Churinthrapun M, Keyanond V, Ornrheabroi S. Cytosol cathepsin D in Thai women with breast cancer. J Med Assoc Thai 1996 Oct;79(10):654-60.

Chen HD, Huang CS, Wang HJ, Wang M, Chang KT. Glutathione s-transferase m1 and t1 polymorphisms: susceptibility to breast cancer in taiwan [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1996;37:A738.

Chie W-C, Chen C-F, Chen C-J, Chang C-L, Liaw Y-P, Lin R-S. Geographic variation of breast cancer in Taiwan: International and migrant comparison. Anticancer Res 1995;15(6 B):2745-9.

Chie W-C, Chen C-F, Lee W-C, Chen C-J. Body size and risk of pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer in Taiwan. Anticancer Res 1996;16(5 B):3129-32.

Chie W-C, Chen C-F, Lee W-C, Chen C-J. Socioeconomic status, lactation and breast cancer risk of parous women in Taiwan. Oncol Rep 1996;3(3):497-501.

Chie W-C, Chen C-F, Lee W-C, Chen C-J, Lin R-S. Age-period-cohort analysis of breast cancer mortality. Anticancer Res 1995;15(2):511-5.

Chie W-C, Cheng K-W, Fu C-H, Yen L-L. A study on women's practice of breast self-examination in Taiwan. Prev Med 1993;22(3):316-24.

Chie W-C, Fu C-M, Lee W-C, Li C-Y, Huang C-S, Chang K-J, Lin R- S. Ages at different reproductive events, numbers of menstrual cycles in between and breast cancer risk. Oncol Rep 1997;4(5):1039-43.

Chie WC, Chang KJ. Factors related to tumor size of breast cancer at treatment in Taiwan. Prev Med 1994 Jan;23(1):91-7.

Chie WC, Chen CF, Chen CJ, Chang CL, Liaw YP, Lin RS. Geographic variation of breast cancer in Taiwan: international and migrant comparison. Anticancer Res 1995 Nov-Dec;15(6B):2745-9.

Chie WC, Chen CF, Lee WC, Chen CJ. Body size and risk of pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer in Taiwan. Anticancer Res 1996 Sep-Oct;16(5B):3129-32.

Chie WC, Chen CF, Lee WC, Chen CJ, Lin RS. Age-period-cohort analysis of breast cancer mortality. Anticancer Res 1995 Mar-Apr;15(2):511-5.

Chie WC, Cheng KW, Fu CH, Yen LL. A study on women's practice of breast self-examination in Taiwan. Prev Med 1993 May;22(3):316-24.

Chie WC, Li CY, Huang CS, Chang KJ, Lin RS. Body size as a factor in different ages and breast cancer risk in Taiwan. Anticancer Res 1998 Jan-Feb;18(1B): 565-70.

Chie WC, Li CY, Huang CS, Chang KJ, Yen ML, Lin RS. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in Taiwan, a country of low incidence of breast cancer and low use of oral contraceptives. Int J Cancer 1998 Jul 17;77(2):219-23.

Chow LW, Au GK, Poon RT. Breast conservation therapy for invasive breast cancer in Hong Kong: factors affecting recurrence and survival in Chinese women. Aust N Z J Surg 1997 Feb-Mar;67(2-3):94-7.

Chow LW, Au GW, Poon RT. Breast conservative therapy for invasive breast cancer in Hong Kong [abstract]. Paper presented at: 12th Asia Pacific Cancer Conference; 1995 Oct 17-20; Singapore.

Chow LW, Ting AC, Cheung KL, Au GK, Alagaratnam TT. Current status of breast cancer in Hong Kong. Chin Med J (Engl) 1997 Jun;110(6):474-8.

de Sanjose S, Viladiu P, Cordon F, Vilardell L, Marcos R, Izquierdo A. [Breast cancer and heredity: results of a population case-control study in Girona]. Med Clin (Barc) 1998 Mar 21;110(10):370-2. (Spa).

Forgach SE, Posada A, Sanchez BC, Gerson R. Nutritional, socioeconomic, cultural, and gyneco-obstetric characteristics of breast cancer in two different populations in Mexico: a preliminary report [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995;14:A216.

Fujie T, Mori M, Ueo H, Sugimachi K, Akiyoshi T. Expression of MAGE and BAGE genes in Japanese breast cancers. Ann Oncol 1997 Apr;8(4):369-72.

Fujimoto J, Hirose R, Ichigo S, Sakaguchi H, Tamaya T. DNA polymorphism in B-domain of the estrogen receptor-alpha among Japanese women. Steroids 1998 Mar;63(3):146-8.

Fung S-Y. Factors associated with breast self-examination behaviour among Chinese women in Hong Kong. Patient Educ Couns 1998 Mar;33(3):233-43.

Garvican L, Littlejohns P. Comparison of prognostic and socio-economic factors in screen-detected and symptomatic cases of breast cancer. Public Health 1998 Jan;112(1):15-20.

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Grulich AE, McCredie M, Coates M. Cancer incidence in Asian migrants to New South Wales, Australia. Br J Cancer 1995 Feb;71(2):400-8.

Guo WD, Chow WH, Zheng W, Li JY, Blot WJ. Diet, serum markers and breast cancer mortality in China. Jpn J Cancer Res 1994 Jun;85(6):572-7.

Hassan I, Muhammed I, Attah MM, Mabogunje O. Breast cancer during pregnancy and lactation in Zaria, Nigeria. East Afr Med J 1995 May;72(5):280-2.

Hirose K, Tajima K, Hamajima N, Kuroishi T, Miura S, Tokudome S. Impact of family history on the risk of breast cancer among the Japanese. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997 Dec;88(12):1130-6.

Hu Y-H, Kuroishi T, Matsushita Y, Nagata C, Shimizu H. Birth season and breast cancer risk in Japan. Breast Cancer ResTreat 1996;39(3):315-9.

Imaizumi Y. Longitudinal analysis of mortality from breast cancer in Japan, 1950-1993: fitting Gompertz and Weibull functions. Mech Ageing Dev 1996 Jul 17;88(3):169-83.

Inoue R, Fukutomi T, Ushijima T, Matsumoto Y, Sugimura T, Nagao M. Linkage analysis of BRCA1 in Japanese breast cancer families. Jpn J Cancer Res 1994 Dec;85(12):1233-9.

Inoue R, Ushijima T, Fukutomi T, Fukami A, Sugimura H, Inoue S, Okonogi H, Sugimura T, Matsumoto Y, Nagao M. BRCA2 germline mutations in Japanese breast cancer families. Int J Cancer 1997 Apr 22;74(2):199-204.

Kelsey JL, Horn-Ross PL. Breast cancer: magnitude of the problem and descriptive epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15(1):7-16.

Koulibaly M, Kabba IS, Cisse A, Diallo SB, Diallo MB, Keita N, Camara ND, Diallo MS, Sylla BS, Parkin DM. Cancer incidence in Conakry, Guinea: first results from the Cancer Registry 1992-1995. Int J Cancer 1997 Jan 6;70(1):39-45.

Landa MC, Frago N, Tres A. Diet and the risk of breast cancer in Spain. Eur J Cancer Prev 1994 Jul;3(4):313-20.

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Martin-Moreno JM, Boyle P, Gorgojo L, Maisonneuve P, Fernandez-Rodriguez JC, Salvini S, Willett WC. Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire in Spain. Int J Epidemiol 1993;22(3):512-9.

Martin-Moreno JM, Willett WC, Gorgojo L, Banegas JR, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Fernandez-Rodriguez JC, Maisonneuve P, Boyle P. Dietary fat, olive oil intake and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 1994 Sep 15;58(6):774-80.

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Nakachi K, Suemasu K, Suga K, Takeo T, Imai K, Higashi Y. Influence of drinking green tea on breast cancer malignancy among Japanese patients. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998 Mar;89(3):254-61.

Nandakumar A, Anantha N, Venugopal TC, Sankaranarayanan R, Thimmasetty K, Dhar M. Survival in breast cancer: a population-based study in Bangalore, India. Int J Cancer 1995 Mar 3;60(5):593-6.

National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: breast cancer screening for women ages 40-49, January 21-23, 1997. National Institutes of Health Consensus Developmental Panel. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1997;(22):vii-xviii.

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Oladepo O, Adegoke F. Breast self-examination among female students in tertiary institutions in a Nigerian city. Int Q Community Health Educ 1997;16(2):175-85.

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Palacios C, Sheps S. A pilot study assessing the health status of the Hispanic American community living in Vancouver. Can J Public Health 1992;83(5):346-9.

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Parkin DM, Vizcaino AP, Skinner ME, Ndhlovu A. Cancer patterns and risk factors in the African population of southwestern Zimbabwe, 1963-1977. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994 Oct-Nov;3(7):537-47.

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Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Differences in Breast Cancer Incidence

General/Overview

Bandealy MT, Bandealy G, Shiomoto G, Gunther T. Trends in prostate, sub-types of lung, breast and colorectal cancer at a major inner city hospital: results of a twenty year retrospective study [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1994;13:A541.

Choi WS, Parker BA, Pierce JP, Greenberg ER. Regional differences in the incidence and treatment of carcinoma in situ of the breast. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996 Apr;5(4):317-20.

Faggiano F, Partanen T, Kogevinas M, Boffetta P. Socioeconomic differences in cancer incidence and mortality. IARC Sci Publ 1997;(138):65-176.

Feig SA. Mammographic screening of women aged 40 to 49 years. Is it justified? Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1994 Dec;21(4):587-606.

From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breast cancer incidence and mortality--United States, 1992. JAMA 1996 Oct 23-30;276(16):1293-4.

Gilliland FD. Ethnic differences in cancer incidence: a marker for inherited susceptibility? Environ Health Perspect 1997 Jun;105 Suppl 4:897-900.

Hulka BS. Epidemiology of susceptibility to breast cancer. Prog Clin Biol Res 1996;395:159-74.

Ihekwaba FN. Breast cancer in men in black Africa: a report of 73 cases. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1994 Dec;39(6):344-7.

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King SE, Schottenfeld D. The epidemic of breast cancer in the U.S.--determining the factors. Oncology (Huntingt) 1996 Apr;10(4):453-62; discussion 462, 464, 470-2.

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Wingo PA, Newsome K, Marks JS, Calle EE, Parker SL. The risk of breast cancer following spontaneous or induced abortion. Cancer Causes Control 1997 Jan;8(1):93-108.

Wolfe P, Sedlacek S, Conry C, Heimendinger J, Marcus A, Thompson H. Fruit and vegetable consumption in a population of women at high risk for breast cancer [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1997;38:A742.

Woolard CD. Influence of community characteristics on the early detection of cancer [dissertation] Richmond: Virginia Commonwealth Univ.; 1997. 239 p.

Zahm SH, Fraumeni JF Jr. Racial, ethnic, and gender variations in cancer risk: considerations for future epidemiologic research. Environ Health Perspect 1995 Nov;103 Suppl 8:283-6.

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African Americans

Amir H, Kitinya JN, Parkin DM. A comparative study of carcinoma of the breast in an African population. East Afr Med J 1994 Apr;71(4):215-8.

Anim JT. Breast cancer in sub-Saharan African women. Afr J Med Med Sci 1993 Mar;22(1):5-10.

Baumgartner K. Dietary intake, alcohol consumption, and menopausal status: a comparison of Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women. Annual report. 1 Sep 96-31 Aug 97. Houston: Texas Univ. Health Science Center at Houston; 1997 Sep. 11 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6227.

Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK. Geographic patterns of breast cancer among American women [editorial]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995 Dec 20;87(24):1819-20. Comment on: J Natl Cancer Inst 1995 Dec 20;87(24):1846-53.

Brinton LA, Benichou J, Gammon MD, Brogan DR, Coates R, Schoenberg JB. Ethnicity and variation in breast cancer incidence. Int J Cancer 1997;73(3):349-55.

Gorey KM, Vena JE. The association of near poverty status with cancer incidence among black and white adults. J Community Health 1995 Aug;20(4):359-66.

Howe HL, Alo CJ, Lumpkin JR, Qualls RY, Lehnherr M. Cancer incidence and age at northern migration of African Americans in Illinois, 1986-1991. Ethn Health 1997 Aug;2(3):209-21.

Kovi J, Mohla S, Norris HJ, Sampson CC, Heshmat MY. Breast lesions in black women. Pathol Annu 1989;24 Pt 1:199-218.

Krieger N. Social class and the black/white crossover in the age-specific incidence of breast cancer: A study linking census-derived data to population-based registry records. Am J Epidemiol 1990;131(5):804-14.

Moormeier J. Breast cancer in black women. Ann Intern Med 1996 May 15;124(10):897-905. Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1996 Dec 1;125(11):941-2.

Robbins AS, Brescianini S, Kelsey JL. Regional differences in known risk factors and the higher incidence of breast cancer in San Francisco. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997 Jul 2;89(13):960-5.

Walker AR, Walker BF, Segal I. Cancer patterns in three African populations compared with the United States black population. Eur J Cancer Prev 1993 Jul;2(4):313-20.

Walker Jr B, Figgs LW, Zahm SH. Differences in cancer incidence, mortality, and survival between African Americans and whites. Environ Health Perspect 1995;103 Suppl 8:275-81.

Weiss HA, Brinton LA, Brogan D, Coates RJ, Gammon MD, Malone KE, Schoenberg JB, Swanson CA. Epidemiology of in situ and invasive breast cancer in women aged under 45. Br J Cancer 1996 May;73(10):1298-305.

Weiss HA, Devesa SS, Brinton LA. Laterality of breast cancer in the United States. Cancer Causes Control 1996 Sep;7(5):539-43.

Weiss HL, Soong S-J, Partridge EE, Carpenter J, Bryant B, Waterbor JW. Cancer incidence among predominantly black, rural-poor populations in southern states. South Med J 1997;90(10):986-92.

Weiss SE, Tartter PI, Ahmed S, Brower ST, Brusco C, Bossolt K, Amberson JB, Bratton J. Ethnic differences in risk and prognostic factors for breast cancer. Cancer 1995 Jul 15;76(2):268-74.

Wells BL, Horm JW. Stage at diagnosis in breast cancer: Race and socioeconomic factors. Am J Public Health 1992;82(10):1383-5.

Weston A, Godbold JH. Polymorphisms of H-ras-1 and p53 in breast cancer and lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 1997 Jun;105 Suppl 4:919-26.

Weston A, Pan C-F, Bleiweiss IJ, Ksieski HB, Roy N, Maloney N, Wolff MS. CYP17 genotype and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 1998;7(10):941-4.

Weston A, Pan C-F, Ksieski HB, Wallenstein S, Berkowitz GS, Tartter PI, Bleiweiss IJ, Brower ST, Senie RT, Wolff MS. P53 haplotype determination in breast cancer [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1997;38:A3060.

Weston A, Pan CF, Ksieski HB, Wallenstein S, Berkowitz GS, Tartter PI, Bleiweiss IJ, Brower ST, Senie RT, Wolff MS. p53 haplotype determination in breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997 Feb;6(2):105-12.

Williams R, Laing AE, Demenais F, Kissling G, Gause BL, Chen V, Bonney G. Descriptive analysis of breast cancer in African-American women at Howard University Hospital, 1960-1987. J Natl Med Assoc 1993 Nov;85(11):828-34.

Woods MN, Barnett JB, Spiegelman D, Trail N, Hertzmark E, Longcope C, Gorbach SL. Hormone levels during dietary changes in premenopausal African-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88(19):1369-74.

Wu LY, Semenya KA, Hardy RE, Hargreaves MK, Robinson SB, Pederson L, Sung JF, Haynes MA. Cancer rate differentials between blacks and whites in three metropolitan areas: a 10-year comparison. J Natl Med Assoc 1998 Jul;90(7):410-6.

Zang EA, Barrett NO, Cohen LA. Differences in nutritional risk factors for breast cancer among New York City white, Hispanic, and black college students. Ethn Dis 1994 Winter;4(1):28-40.

Zheng T, Holford TR, Chen Y, Jones BA, Flannery J, Boyle P. Time trend of female breast carcinoma in situ by race and histology in Connecticut, USA. Eur J Cancer 1997 Jan;33(1):96-100.

Zhu K. Breast cancer and risk factors Among African-American women aged 20-54: a case-control study according to estrogen receptor. Annual report 1 Sep 96-31 Aug 97. Nashville (TN): Meharry Medical College; 1997 Sep. 89 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6270.

Zhu K, Weiss NS, Schwartz SM, Daling JR. Assessing the relationship between marital status and cancer incidence: methodologic considerations. Cancer Causes Control 1994 Jan;5(1):83-7.

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American Indians/Alaska Natives

Bleed DM, Risser DR, Sperry S, Hellhake D, Helgerson SD. Cancer incidence and survival among American Indians registered for Indian Health Service care in Montana, 1982-1987. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84(19):1500-5.

Bowerman RJ. Alaska Native cancer epidemiology in the Arctic. Public Health 1998 Jan;112(1):7-13.

Eidson M, Becker TM, Wiggins CL, Key CR, Samet JM. Breast cancer among Hispanics, American Indians and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico. Int J Epidemiol 1994 Apr;23(2):231-7.

Gaudette LA, Gao RN, Freitag S, Wideman M. Cancer incidence by ethnic group in the Northwest Territories (NWT) 1969-1988. Health Rep 1993;5(1):23-32. (Eng, Fre).

Lanier AP, Bulkow LR, Ireland B. Cancer in Alaskan Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts, 1969-83: implications for etiology and control. Public Health Rep 1989 Nov-Dec;104(6):658-64.

Lanier AP, Kelly JJ, Smith B, Harpster AP, Tanttila H, Amadon C, Beckworth D, Key C, Davidson AM. Alaska Native cancer update: incidence rates 1989-1993. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996 Sep;5(9):749-51.

Marrett LD, Sloan M, Hunter G, Toogood P. Incidence of cancer in registered indians in Ontario, Canada, 1966 to 1991 [abstract]. Paper presented at: North American Association of Central Cancer Registries Conference; 1995 Apr 17-20; San Francisco.

Norsted TL, White E. Cancer incidence among native Americans of western Washington. Int J Epidemiol 1989 Mar;18(1):22-7.

Nutting PA, Calonge BN, Iverson DC, Green LA. The danger of applying uniform clinical policies across populations: the case of breast cancer in American Indians. Am J Public Health 1994 Oct;84(10):1631-6.

Nutting PA, Freeman WL, Risser DR, Helgerson SD, Paisano R, Hisnanick J, Beaver SK, Peters I, Carney JP, Speers MA. Cancer incidence among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1980 through 1987. Am J Public Health 1993 Nov;83(11):1589-98.

Welty TK. Health implications of obesity in American Indians and Alaska natives. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(6 Suppl):1616S-1620S.

Zhao H, Zhang G. Haptoglobin groups and cirrhosis of the liver. Hum Hered 1993 Mar-Apr;43(2):134-6.

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Asians

Adlercreutz H, Gorbach SL, Goldin BR, Woods MN, Dwyer JT, Hamalainen E. Estrogen metabolism and excretion in Oriental and Caucasian women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Jul 20;86(14):1076-82. Published erratum appears in J Natl Cancer Inst 1995 Jan 18;87(2):147. Comment in: J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Nov 2;86(21):1643-5.

Ahn YO, Park BJ, Yoo KY, Lee MS, Kim H, Noh DY, Park TS. Incidence estimation of female breast cancer among Koreans. J Korean Med Sci 1994 Aug;9(4):328-34.

Akiyama F, Iwase T, Yoshimoto M, Kasumi F, Sakamoto G. Incidence of latent breast cancer in Japanese women. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1995;121(9-10):564-6.

Alagaratnam T. The presentation of breast cancer in an Oriental community. Aust N Z J Surg 1995 Sep;65(9):634-6.

Anh PT, Parkin DM, Hanh NT, Duc NB. Cancer in the population of Hanoi, Vietnam, 1988-1990. Br J Cancer 1993 Dec;68(6):1236-42.

Aoyagi H, Ishida T, Yamada I, Kurebayashi J, Kurosumi M, Yokoe T, Ogawa T, Kawai T, Izuo M. [Ten cases of an apocrine carcinoma of the breast and a review of cases in the Japanese literature]. Gan No Rinsho 1990 May;36(6):681-90. (Jpn).

Bernstein L, Miu A, Monroe K, Henderson BE, Ross RK. Cancer incidence among Filipinos in Los Angeles County, 1972-1991. Int J Cancer 1995 Nov 3; 63(3):345-8.

Chung HC, Koh EH, Roh JK, Min JS, Lee KS, Suh CO, Kim KE, Loh JJ, Lee KB, Kim BS. Male breast cancer--a 20-year review of 16 cases at Yonsei University. Yonsei Med J 1990 Sep;31(3):242-50.

McDunn S, Mullai N, Shiomoto G. Reason for delay in diagnosis of breast cancer [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997;16:A263.

Nagata C, Kawakami N, Shimizu H. Trends in the incidence rate and risk factors for breast cancer in Japan. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997 May;44(1):75-82.

Nagata C, Shimizu H. Risk factors for breast cancer: Findings from comparative studies on Japanese In Japan, Japanese and whites in the United States. Gann Monogr Cancer Res 1996;44:51-7.

Ng EH, Gao F, Ji CY, Ho GH, Soo KC. Risk factors for breast carcinoma in Singaporean Chinese women: the role of central obesity. Cancer 1997 Aug 15;80(4):725-31.

Nomura Y, Tashiro H, Katsuda Y. Benign breast disease as a breast cancer risk in Japanese women. Jpn J Cancer Res 1993 Sep;84(9):938-44.

Research Group for Population-based Cancer Registration in Japan. Cancer incidence in Japan, 1985-89: re-estimation based on data from eight population-based cancer registries. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1998 Jan;28(1):54-67.

Schnitt SJ, Jimi A, Kojiro M. The increasing prevalence of benign proliferative breast lesions in Japanese women. Cancer 1993 Apr 15;71(8):2528-31.

Sent L, Ballem P, Paluck E, Yelland L, Vogel AM. The Asian women's health clinic: Addressing cultural barriers to preventive health care. CMAJ 1998 Aug 25;159(4):350-4.

Stanford JL, Herrinton LJ, Schwartz SM, Weiss NS. Breast cancer incidence in Asian migrants to the United States and their descendants. Epidemiology 1995 Mar;6(2):181-3.

Stemmermann GN. The pathology of breast cancer in Japanese women compared to other ethnic groups: a review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1991 May;18 Suppl 1:S67-72.

Tominaga S, Kuroishi T. Epidemiology of breast cancer in Japan. Cancer Lett 1995 Mar 23;90(1):75-9.

Wang JX, Li B-X, Gao Z-W, Xu J, Zhang J-Y, Aoyama T, Sugahara T. Epidemiological findings and requirement for dose reconstruction among medical diagnostic X ray workers in China. Radiat Prot Dosim 1998;77(1-2):119-22.

Weston A, Godbold JH. Polymorphisms of H-ras-1 and p53 in breast cancer and lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 1997 Jun;105 Suppl 4:919-26.

Willett WC. Fat, energy and breast cancer. J Nutr 1997;127(5 Suppl):921S-923S.

Woods MN. Effect of a soy dietary supplement on menopausal symptoms and hormones in women at high risk of breast cancer. Annual report. 30 Sep 94-29 Sep 95. Boston: Tufts Univ. School of Medicine; 1995 Oct. 168 p. available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-C-4120.

Wu AH, Pike MC. Dietary soy protein and hormonal status in females [letter]. Am J Clin Nutr 1995 Jul;62(1):151-3. Comment on: Am J Clin Nutr 1994 Sep;60(3):333-40.

Wu AH, Ziegler RG, Horn-Ross PL, Nomura AM, West DW, Kolonel LN, Rosenthal JF, Hoover RN, Pike MC. Tofu and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996 Nov;5(11):901-6.

Wu AH, Ziegler RG, Pike MC, Nomura AMY, West DW, Kolonel LN, Horn-Ross PL, Rosenthal JF, Hoover RN. Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Br J Cancer 1996 Mar;73(5):680-6.

Yamashita J-I, Ogawa M, Inada K, Yamashita S-I, Nakashima Y, Saishoji T, Nomura K, Sera Y. Carcinoma of the breast in a 6-year-old girl: A review of the Japanese literature. Pediatr Surg Int 1993;8(5):423-6.

Yang PS, Yang TL, Liu CL, Wu CW, Shen CY. A case-control study of breast cancer in Taiwan--a low-incidence area. Br J Cancer 1997;75(5):752-6.

Yip CH, Ng EH. Breast cancer -- a comparative study between Malaysian and Singaporean women. Singapore Med J 1996 Jun;37(3):264-7.

Yokota K, Sagehashi N, Hamajima A. [A breast carcinoma recurrence ten and a half years after a mastectomy and breast reconstruction: A case report]. Jpn J Plastic Reconstr Surg 1996;39(7):739-43. (Jpn).

Yoo K-Y, Tajima K, Miura S, Takeuchi T, Hirose K, Risch H, Dubrow R. Breast cancer risk factors according to combined estrogen and progesterone receptor status: A case-control analysis. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146(4):307-14.

Yoo KY, Tajima K, Miura S, Yoshida M, Murai H, Kuroishi T, Lee Y, Risch H, Dubrow R. A hospital-based case-control study of breast-cancer risk factors by estrogen and progesterone receptor status. Cancer Causes Control 1993 Jan;4(1):39-44.

Yu B. P53 mutation profiles in premenopausal versus postmenopausal breast cancer in a stationary population. Annual report. 1 Sep 96-31 Aug 97. La Jolla (CA): Salk Institute for Biological Studies; 1997 Aug. 16 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4357.

Yuan JM, Wang QS, Ross RK, Henderson BE, Yu MC. Diet and breast cancer in Shanghai and Tianjin, China. Br J Cancer 1995 Jun;71(6):1353-8.

Yuan JM, Yu MC, Ross RK, Gao YT, Henderson BE. Risk factors for breast cancer in Chinese women in Shanghai. Cancer Res 1988 Apr 1;48(7):1949-53.

Zheng W, Shu XO, McLaughlin JK, Chow WH, Gao YT, Blot WJ. Occupational physical activity and the incidence of cancer of the breast, corpus uteri, and ovary in Shanghai. Cancer 1993 Jun 1;71(11):3620-4.

Ziegler R, Hoover R, Nomura A, West D, Wu A, Pike M. Weight change, relative weight, height, and breast cancer risk in asian-american women [abstract]. FASEB J 1995;9(3):A579.

Ziegler RG, Hoover RN, Nomura AM, West DW, Wu AH, Pike MC, Lake AJ, Horn-Ross PL, Kolonel LN, Siiteri PK, Fraumeni JF Jr. Relative weight, weight change, height, and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 May 15;88(10):650-60.

Ziegler RG, Hoover RN, Pike MC, Hildesheim A, Nomura AM, West DW, Wu-Williams AH, Kolonel LN, Horn-Ross PL, Rosenthal JF, et al. Migration patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993 Nov 17;85(22):1819-27.

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Hispanics

Bondy ML, Spitz MR, Halabi S, Fueger JJ, Vogel VG. Low incidence of familial breast cancer among Hispanic women. Cancer Causes Control 1992;3(4):377-82.

Davis FG, Persky VW, Ferre CD, Howe HL, Barrett RE, Haenszel WM. Cancer incidence of Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in Cook County, Illinois. Cancer 1995;75(12):2939-45.

Eidson M, Becker TM, Wiggins CL, Key CR, Samet JM. Breast cancer among Hispanics, American Indians and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico. Int J Epidemiol 1994 Apr;23(2):231-7.

Polednak AP. Estimating breast cancer incidence in Hispanic women in Connecticut, 1989-1991. Ethn Health 1996 Sep;1(3):229-35.

Trapido EJ, Chen F, Davis K, Lewis N, MacKinnon JA, Strait PM. Cancer in south Florida Hispanic women. A 9-year assessment. Arch Intern Med 1994 May 23;154(10):1083-8. Published erratum appears in Arch Intern Med 1994 Sep 12;154(17):1928. Comment in: Arch Intern Med 1994 May 23;154(10):1057-8.

Trapido EJ, McCoy CB, Stein NS, Engel S, McCoy HV, Olejniczak S. The epidemiology of cancer among Hispanic women. The experience in Florida. Cancer 1990;66(11):2435-41.

Weiss SE, Tartter PI, Ahmed S, Brower ST, Brusco C, Bossolt K, Amberson JB, Bratton J. Ethnic differences in risk and prognostic factors for breast cancer. Cancer 1995 Jul 15;76(2):268-74.

Weston A, Godbold JH. Polymorphisms of H-ras-1 and p53 in breast cancer and lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 1997 Jun;105 Suppl 4:919-26.

Weston A, Pan C-F, Bleiweiss IJ, Ksieski HB, Roy N, Maloney N, Wolff MS. CYP17 genotype and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998;7(10):941-4.

Weston A, Pan C-F, Ksieski HB, Wallenstein S, Berkowitz GS, Tartter PI, Bleiweiss IJ, Brower ST, Senie RT, Wolff MS. P53 haplotype determination in breast cancer [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1997;38:A3060.

Weston A, Pan CF, Ksieski HB, Wallenstein S, Berkowitz GS, Tartter PI, Bleiweiss IJ, Brower ST, Senie RT, Wolff MS. p53 haplotype determination in breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997 Feb;6(2):105-12.

Whittemore AS, Gong G, Itnyre J. Prevalence and contribution of BRCA1 mutations in breast cancer and ovarian cancer: results from three U.S. population-based case-control studies of ovarian cancer. Am J Hum Genet 1997 Mar;60(3):496-504.

Wolff MS, Weston A. Breast cancer risk and environmental exposures. Environ Health Perspect 1997;105 Suppl 4:891-6.

World Health Organization. Long-term use of three-monthly injectable contraceptive DMPA not linked to breast cancer [news]. Geneva: WHO, Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction; 1995 Mar 20. [2 p.]. (News release; no. 1/95).

Zang EA, Barrett NO, Cohen LA. Differences in nutritional risk factors for breast cancer among New York City white, Hispanic, and black college students. Ethn Dis 1994 Winter;4(1):28-40.

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Native Hawaiians/Other Pacific Islanders

Chong C. Cancer in Native Hawaiians. Cancer 1998 Oct 15;83(8 Suppl):1865-7.

Mishra SI, Luce-Aoelua P, Wilkens LR, Bernstein L. Cancer among American-Samoans: site-specific incidence in California and Hawaii. Int J Epidemiol 1996 Aug;25(4):713-21.

Nomura AM, Goodman MT, Kolonel LN, Fu T. The rise of cancer among the elderly in Hawaii. Hawaii Med J 1994 Jul;53(7):188-93, 200.

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Other Special Populations

Aged

Hopkins RS, Hensley K. Breast cancer in Florida women. Incidence and stage at diagnosis. J Fla Med Assoc 1993 Jul;80(7):468-71.

Kessler LG. The relationship between age and incidence of breast cancer. Population and screening program data. Cancer 1992 Apr 1;69(7 Suppl):1896-903.

McBean AM, Warren JL, Babish JD. Measuring the incidence of cancer in elderly Americans using Medicare claims data. Cancer 1994 May 1; 73(9):2417-25.

Scinto JD. Determinants of elderly breast cancer screening behavior [dissertation]. New Haven: Yale Univ.; 1995. 238 p.

Silliman RA, Troyan SL, Guadagnoli E, Kaplan SH, Greenfield S. The impact of age, marital status, and physician-patient interactions on the care of older women with breast carcinoma. Cancer 1997 Oct 1;80(7):1326-34.

Stanford JL, Greenberg RS. Breast cancer incidence in young women by estrogen receptor status and race. Am J Public Health 1989;79(1):71-3.

Wazer DE, Gage I, Homer MJ, Krosnick SH, Schmid C. Age-related differences in patients with nonpalpable breast carcinomas. Cancer 1996;78(7):1432-7.

Yancik R. Cancer burden in the aged: an epidemiologic and demographic overview. Cancer 1997 Oct 1; 80(7):1273-83.

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Ashkenazi Jews

Berman DB, Costalas J, Schultz DC, Grana G, Daly M, Godwin AK. A common mutation in BRCA2 that predisposes to a variety of cancers is found in both Jewish Ashkenazi and non-Jewish individuals. Cancer Res 1996;56(15):3409-14.

Berman DB, Wagner-Costalas J, Schultz DC, Lynch HT, Daly M, Godwin AK. Two distinct origins of a common BRCA1 mutation in breast-ovarian cancer families: a genetic study of 15 185delAG-mutation kindreds. Am J Hum Genet 1996 Jun;58(6):1166-76.

Neuhausen SL, Godwin AK, Gershoni-Baruch R, Schubert E, Garber J, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Olah E, Csokay B, Serova O, Lalloo F, Osorio A, Stratton M, Offit K, Boyd J, Caligo MA, Scott RJ, Schofield A, Teugels E, Schwab M, Cannon-Albright L, Bishop T, Easton D, Benitez J, King M-C, Ponder BAJ, Weber B, Devilee P, Borg A, Narod SA, Goldgar D. Haplotype and phenotype analysis of nine recurrent BRCA2 mutations in 111 families: Results of an international study. Am J Hum Genet 1998;62(6):1381-8.

Ngala Kenda JF, Chirimwami B, Veyi T. Clinicopathologic analysis of carcinoma of the breast in an African population. Arch Surg 1988;123(8):972-4.

Steinitz R, Parkin DM, Young JL, Bieber CA, Katz L. Cancer incidence in Jewish migrants to Israel, 1961-1981. IARC Sci Publ 1989;(98):1-311.

Tonin P, Serova O, Lenoir G, Lynch H, Durocher F, Simard J, Morgan K, Narod S. BRCA1 mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish women [letter]. Am J Hum Genet 1995 Jul;57(1):189.

Tonin P, Weber B, Offit K, Couch F, Rebbeck TR, Neuhausen S, Godwin AK, Daly M, Wagner-Costalos J, Berman D, Grana G, Fox E, Kane MF, Kolodner RD, Krainer M, Haber DA, Struewing JP, Warner E, Rosen Bet al. Frequency of recurrent BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish breast cancer families. Nat Med 1996;2(11):1179-83.

Woodage T, King SM, Wacholder S, Hartge P, Struewing JP, McAdams M, Laken SJ, Tucker MA, Brody LC. The APCI1307K allele and cancer risk in a community-based study of Ashkenazi Jews. Nat Genet 1998 Sep;20(1):62-5. Comment in: Nat Genet 1998 Sep;20(1):13-4.

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Males

Adeniji KA, Adelusola KA, Odesanmi WO, Fadiran OA. Histopathological analysis of carcinoma of the male breast in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. East Afr Med J 1997 Jul;74(7):455-7.

Amir H, Makwaya CK, Moshiro C, Kwesigabo G. Carcinoma of the male breast: a sexually transmitted disease? East Afr Med J 1996 Mar;73(3):187-90.

Borgen PI, Senie RT, McKinnon WM, Rosen PP. Carcinoma of the male breast: analysis of prognosis compared with matched female patients. Ann Surg Oncol 1997 Jul-Aug;4(5):385-8.

Chung HC, Koh EH, Roh JK, Min JS, Lee KS, Suh CO, Kim KE, Loh JJ, Lee KB, Kim BS. Male breast cancer--a 20-year review of 16 cases at Yonsei University. Yonsei Med J 1990 Sep;31(3):242-50.

Cocco P, Figgs L, Dosemeci M, Hayes R, Linet MS, Hsing AW. Case-control study of occupational exposures and male breast cancer. Occup Environ Med 1998;55(9):599-604.

Donegan WL, Redlich PN. Breast cancer in men. Surg Clin North Am 1996 Apr;76(2):343-63.

Engin K, Unsal M. Cancer of the male breast: the Turkish experience. J Surg Oncol 1993 Jun;53(2):128-32.

Haraldsson K, Loman N, Zhang QX, Johannsson O, Olsson H, Borg A. BRCA2 germ-line mutations are frequent in male breast cancer patients without a family history of the disease. Cancer Res 1998 Apr 1;58(7):1367-71.

Hashishe MM, Kohail HM. Familial male breast cancer. A case report and review of the literature. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 1992;67(5-6):639-53.

Hassan I, Mabogunje O. Cancer of the male breast in Zaria, Nigeria. East Afr Med J 1995 Jul;72(7):457-8.

Ihekwaba FN. Breast cancer in men in black Africa: a report of 73 cases. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1994 Dec;39(6):344-7.

Jamal S, Mushtaq S, Malik IA, Khan AH, Mamoon N. Malignant tumours of the male breast--a review of 50 cases. JPMA J Pak Med Assoc 1994 Dec;44(12):275-7.

Newman J. Breast cancer in men and mammography of the male breast. Radiol Technol 1997 Sep-Oct;69(1):17-28; quiz 29-36.

Prechtel K, Prechtel V. [Breast cancer in men]. Pathologe 1997;18(1):45-52. (Ger).

Sandler B, Carman C, Perry RR. Cancer of the male breast. Am Surg 1994 Nov;60(11):816-20.

Sasco AJ, Lowenfels AB, Pasker-De Jong P. Review article: Epidemiology of male breast cancer. A meta-analysis of published case-control studies and discussion of selected aetiological factors. Int J Cancer 1993;53(4):538-49.

Seitzinger JW. Carcinoma of the male breast. N J Med 1990 Oct;87(10):803-9.

Simon MS, McKnight E, Schwartz A, Martino S, Swanson GM. Racial differences in cancer of the male breast - 15 Year experience in the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1992;21(1):55-62.

Stalsberg H, Thomas DB, Rosenblatt KA, Jimenez LM, McTiernan A, Stemhagen A, Thompson WD, Curnen MG, Satariano W, Austin DF, et al. Histologic types and hormone receptors in breast cancer in men: a population-based study in 282 United States men. Cancer Causes Control 1993 Mar;4(2):143-51.

Tan PH, Sng IT. Male breast cancer: a retrospective study with immunohistochemical analysis of hormone receptor expression. Pathology 1997 Feb;29(1):2-6.

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Socioeconomically Disadvantaged

Faggiano F, Partanen T, Kogevinas M, Boffetta P. Socioeconomic differences in cancer incidence and mortality. IARC Sci Publ 1997;(138):65-176.

Gorey KM, Vena JE. The association of near poverty status with cancer incidence among black and white adults. J Community Health 1995 Aug;20(4):359-66.

Van Loon AJ, Goldbohm RA, Van den Brandt PA. Socioeconomic status and breast cancer incidence: a prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 1994 Oct;23(5):899-905.

Weiss HL, Soong S-J, Partridge EE, Carpenter J, Bryant B, Waterbor JW. Cancer incidence among predominantly black, rural-poor populations in southern states. South Med J 1997;90(10):986-92.

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Other

Parkin DM, Khlat M. Studies of cancer in migrants: rationale and methodology. Eur J Cancer 1996 May;32A(5):761-71.

Rankow EJ. Breast and cervical cancer among lesbians. Womens Health Issues 1995 Fall;5(3):123-9.

Rankow EJ. Lesbian health issues for the primary care provider. J Fam Pract 1995;40(5):486-93.

Rankow EJ, Cambre KM, Cooper K. Health care-seeking behavior of adult lesbian and bisexual survivors of childhood sexual abuse. J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc 1998;2(2):69-76.

Roberts SA, Dibble SL, Scanlon JL, Paul SM, Davids H. Differences in risk factors for breast cancer: Lesbian and heterosexual women. J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc 1998;2(3):93-101.

Torgerson B. Breast cancer detection practices in North Dakota's rural long-term care facilities. Prairie Rose 1996 Dec-1997 Feb;65(4):9-10.

Walker R, Lucas W, Crespo R. The West Virginia Rural Cancer Prevention project. Cancer Pract 1994 Nov-Dec;2(6):421-6.

Zahm SH, Blair A. Cancer among migrant and seasonal farmworkers: an epidemiologic review and research agenda. Am J Ind Med 1993 Dec;24(6):753-66.

Zhang Y, Cupples LA, Rosenberg L, Colton T, Kreger BE. Parental ages at birth in relation to a daughter's risk of breast cancer among female participants in the Framingham Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1995;6(1):23-9.

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Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Differences in Breast Cancer Risk Factors

General/Overview

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Bartow SA, Pathak DR, Mettler FA, Key CR, Pike MC. Breast mammographic pattern: a concatenation of confounding and breast cancer risk factors. Am J Epidemiol 1995 Oct 15;142(8):813-9.

Bassett L, Winchester DP, Caplan RB, Dershaw DD, Dowlatshahi K, Evans WP 3rd, Fajardo LL, Fitzgibbons PL, Henson DE, Hutter RV, Morrow M, Paquelet JR, Singletary SE, Curry J, Wilcox-Buchalla P, Zinninger M. Stereotactic core-needle biopsy of the breast: a report of the Joint Task Force of the American College of Radiology, American College of Surgeons, and College of American Pathologists. CA Cancer J Clin 1997 May-Jun;47(3):171-90.

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International Planned Parenthood Federation, International Medical Advisory Panel. IPPF statement on oral contraceptives and cancer of the breast. IPPF Med Bull 1989 Apr;23(2):4.

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Kelsey JL, Horn-Ross PL. Breast cancer: Magnitude of the problem and descriptive epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15(1):7-16.

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O'Malley AS, Mandelblatt J, Gold K, Cagney KA, Kerner J. Continuity of care and the use of breast and cervical cancer screening services in a multiethnic community. Arch Intern Med 1997 Jul 14;157(13):1462-70.

Pike MC, Spicer DV, Dahmoush L, Press MF. Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15(1):17-35.

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Sanderson M, Williams MA, Malone KE, Stanford JL, Emanuel I, White E, Daling JR. Perinatal factors and risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology 1996 Jan;7(1):34-7.

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Biological Factors

Aging

Albain KS, Allred DC, Clark GM. Breast cancer outcome and predictors of outcome: are there age differentials? J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1994;(16):35-42.

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Velentgas P, Daling JR. Risk factors for breast cancer in younger women. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1994;(16):15-24.

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Benign Breast Disease

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Bucchi L, Costantini M, Buzzi G, Bravetti P, Cicognani A, Torta M, Naldoni C, Dogliotti L, Bruzzi P. Wolfe's mammographic patterns in women with gross cystic disease of the breast. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48(7):969-76.

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Minami Y, Ohuchi N, Taeda Y, Fukao A, Hisamichi S. Risk factors for benign breast disease according to histopathological type: Comparisons with risk factors for breast cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998;89(2):116-23.

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Page DL, Dupont WD, Jensen RA. Papillary apocrine change of the breast: associations with atypical hyperplasia and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996 Jan;5(1):29-32.

Petrakis NL, Lee MM, Wrensch MR, Ernster VL, Miike R, Koo LC, Ho JC. Birthplace and yield of nipple aspirate fluid in Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998;7(9):835-9.

Petrakis NL, Lowenstein JM, Wiencke JK, Lee MM, Wrensch MR, King EB, Hilton JF, Miike R. Gross cystic disease fluid protein in nipple aspirates of breast fluid of Asian and non-Asian women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993 Nov-Dec;2(6):573-9. Published erratum appears in Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994 Jun;3(4):369.

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Van Gils CH, Otten JDM, Verbeek ALM, Hendriks JHCL. Breast parenchymal patterns and their changes with age. Br J Radiology 1995;68(814):1133-5.

Wei TY, Chun OM, King W, Tang A, Metrewel C. Role of high frequency ultrasonography in the evaluation of palpable breast masses in Chinese women: Alternative to mammography? J Ultrasound Med 1996;15(9):637-44.

Wei TY, Metreweli C. Assessment of factors affecting palpability of breast masses using ultrasonography in Chinese women. J Ultrasound Med 1996;15(12):807-12.

Wei TY, Suen M, Metreweli C. Sonographic features of benign papillary neoplasms of the breast: Review of 22 patients. J Ultrasound Med 1997;16(3):161-8.

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Ziegler RG. Anthropometry and breast cancer. J Nutr 1997;127(5 Suppl):924S-928S.

Ziegler RG, Hoover RN, Nomura AM, West DW, Wu AH, Pike MC, Lake AJ, Horn-Ross PL, Kolonel LN, Siiteri PK, Fraumeni JF Jr. Relative weight, weight change, height, and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 May 15;88(10):650-60.

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Body Characteristics

Adams-Campbell LL, Kim KS, Dunston G, Laing AE, Bonney G, Demenais F. The relationship of body mass index to reproductive factors in pre- and postmenopausal African-American women with and without breast cancer. Obes Res 1996 Sep;4(5):451-6.

Ballard-Barbash R, Swanson CA. Body weight: Estimation of risk for breast and endometrial cancers. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63(3 Suppl):437S-441S.

Cheung KL, Alagaratnam TT. A review of nipple discharge in Chinese women. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1997 Jun;42(3):179-81.

Chie WC, Chen CF, Lee WC, Chen CJ. Body size and risk of pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer in Taiwan. Anticancer Res 1996 Sep-Oct;16(5B): 3129-32.

Chie WC, Li CY, Huang CS, Chang KJ, Lin RS. Body size as a factor in different ages and breast cancer risk in Taiwan. Anticancer Res 1998 Jan-Feb;18(1B): 565-70.

Galanis DJ, Kolonel LN, Lee J, Le Marchand L. Anthropometric predictors of breast cancer incidence and survival in a multi-ethnic cohort of female residents of Hawaii, United States. Cancer Causes Control 1998 Mar;9(2):217-24.

Gram IT, Funkhouser E, Tabar L. Anthropometric indices in relation to mammographic patterns among peri- menopausal women. Int J Cancer 1997; 73(3):323-6.

Gram IT, Funkhouser E, Tabar L. Reproductive and menstrual factors in relation to mammographic parenchymal patterns among perimenopausal women. Br J Cancer 1995;71(3):647-50.

Koff E, Benavage A. Breast size perception and satisfaction, body image, and psychological functioning in Caucasian and Asian American college women. Sex Roles 1998 Apr;38(7-8):655-73.

Li CI, Malone KE, White E, Daling JR. Age when maximum height is reached as a risk factor for breast cancer among young U.S. women. Epidemiology 1997 Sep;8(5):559-65.

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Munoz KA, Ballard-Barbash R, Graubard B, Swanson CA, Schairer C, Kahle LL. Recall of body weight and body size estimation in women enrolled in the breast cancer detection and demonstration project (BCDDP). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996 Sep;20(9):854-9.

Ng EH, Gao F, Ji CY, Ho GH, Soo KC. Risk factors for breast carcinoma in Singaporean Chinese women: the role of central obesity. Cancer 1997 Aug 15;80(4):725-31.

Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Harlap S, Strom BL, Warshauer ME, Zauber AG, Shapiro S. Adult height and risk of breast cancer among US black women. Am J Epidemiol 1995 May 1;141(9):845-9.

SA L. Obesity-related women's health issues: a 5-year content analysis of advertisements and articles/features in African-American and Caucasian-American magazines [masters thesis]. Ypsilanti (MI): Eastern Michigan Univ.; 1995. 80 p.

Satariano WA, Ragland DR, DeLorenze GN. Limitations in upper-body strength associated with breast cancer: a comparison of black and white women. J Clin Epidemiol 1996 May;49(5):535-44.

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Swanson CA, Coates RJ, Schoenberg JB, Malone KE, Gammon MD, Stanford JL, Shorr IJ, Potischman NA, Brinton LA. Body size and breast cancer risk among women under age 45 years. Am J Epidemiol 1996 Apr 1;143(7):698-706. Comment in: Am J Epidemiol 1997 Apr 1;145(7):669-70.

Welty TK. Health implications of obesity in American Indians and Alaska natives. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(6 Suppl):1616S-1620S.

Zhang Y, Kiel DP, Kreger BE, Cupples LA, Ellison RC, Dorgan JF, Schatzkin A, Levy D, Felson DT. Bone mass and the risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1997 Feb 27;336(9):611-7. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1997 Jul 17;337(3):199; discussion 200; N Engl J Med 1997 Jul 17;337(3):200.

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Diet/Nutrition

Adlercreutz H, Mazur W. Phyto-oestrogens and Western diseases. Ann Med 1997 Apr;29(2):95-120.

Bagga D, Ashley JM, Geffrey SP, Wang HJ, Barnard RJ, Korenman S, Heber D. Effects of a very low fat, high fiber diet on serum hormones and menstrual function. Implications for breast cancer prevention. Cancer 1995 Dec 15;76(12):2491-6.

Barnard ND, Nicholson A. Beliefs about dietary factors in breast cancer prevention among American women, 1991 to 1995. Prev Med 1997 Jan-Feb;26(1):109-13.

Baumgartner KB, Gilliland FD, Nicholson CS, McPherson RS, Hunt WC, Pathak DR, Samet JM. Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women in New Mexico. Ethn Dis 1998 Winter; 8(1):81-92.

Bell RA, Mayer-Davis EJ, Jackson Y, Dresser C. An epidemiologic review of dietary intake studies among American Indians and Alaska Natives: implications for heart disease and cancer risk. Ann Epidemiol 1997 May;7(4):229-40. Comment in: Ann Epidemiol 1997 May;7(4):227-8.

Benito E, Cabeza E. Diet and cancer risk: an overview of Spanish studies. Eur J Cancer Prev 1993 May;2(3):215-9.

Boyd NF, Cousins M, McGuire V. Dietary intervention trials in subjects at high risk for breast cancer. The science of cancer treatment. In: Ponder BA,Waring MJ, editors. Cancer biology and medicine. Boston: Kluwer; 1990. p.185-204.

Braga C, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Parpinel M. Intake of selected foods and nutrients and breast cancer risk: An age- and menopause-specific analysis. Nutr Cancer 1997;28(3):258-63.

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Byers T. Nutrition and cancer among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Cancer 1996 Oct 1;78(7 Suppl): 1612-6.

Coates RJ, Clark WS, Eley JW, Greenberg RS, Huguley CM Jr, Brown RL. Race, nutritional status, and survival from breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82(21):1684-92.

De Stefani E, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Mendilaharsu M, Ronco A. Essential fatty acids and breast cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay. Int J Cancer 1998 May 18;76(4):491-4.

DiPaolo D, Insull W, Yick J, Johnston D, Shallenberger R, Vogel V, Berkowitz A, Klish W, Jones LA. Effect of a low-fat diet on bioavailable e2 (npbe) levels in an ethnic diverse population [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1995;36:A1647.

Dwyer JT. Diet and nutritional strategies for cancer risk reduction. Focus on the 21st century. Cancer 1993 Aug 1;72(3 Suppl):1024-31.

Hajek RA, Pillow P, Gonzalez R, Gomez SA, Chilton JA, Spitz M, Jones LA. Comparison of fat and fiber intake in a hispanic population as measured by two similar food frequency questionnaires (ffq) [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1997;38:A750.

Hargreaves MK. Reaching Black women for a dietary intervention to reduce breast cancer risk. Annual report. 15 Aug 94-14 Aug 95. Nashville (TN): Meharry Medical Coll.; 1995 Sep 14. 47 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4207.

Hargreaves MK, Baquet C, Gamshadzahi A. Diet, nutritional status, and cancer risk in American blacks. Nutr Cancer 1989;12(1):1-28.

Hargreaves MK, Buchowski MS, Hardy RE, Rossi SR, Rossi JS. Dietary factors and cancers of breast, endometrium, and ovary: strategies for modifying fat intake in African American women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997 Jun;176(6):S255-64.

Harlan LC, Coates RJ, Block G, Greenberg RS, Ershow A, Forman M, Austin DF, Chen V, Heymsfield SB. Estrogen receptor status and dietary intakes in breast cancer patients. Epidemiology 1993 Jan;4(1):25-31. Comment in: Epidemiology 1995 Mar;6(2):201-2.

Henquin N, Trostler N, Horn Y. Nutritional risk factors and breast cancer in Jewish and Arab women. Cancer Nurs 1994 Aug;17(4):326-33.

Hill P. Re: hormone levels during dietary changes in premenopausal African-American women [letter]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997 Apr 2;89(7):520-1. Comment on: J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 Oct 2;88(19):1369-74.

Horn-Ross PL. Phytoestrogens, body composition, and breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1995;6(6): 567-73.

Jones LA, DiPaolo D, Insull W, David C, Johnston D, Mitchell MF, Vogel V, Berkowitz A, Shallenberger R, Klish W. The effect of a low-fat diet on bioavailable estrogen levels in an ethnically diverse population [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1995;36:686.

Jones LA, Foreman C, Gonzalez R, Chilton JA, Johnston D, Hajek RA. A dietary intervention model for cancer prevention studies in african american women [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1997;38:A743.

Jones LA, Gonzalez R, Pillow PC, Gomez-Garza SA, Foreman CJ, Chilton JA, Linares A, Yick J, Badrei M, Hajek RA. Dietary fiber, Hispanics, and breast cancer risk? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997 Dec 26;837:524-36.

Kaneda N, Nagata C, Kabuto M, Shimizu H. Fat and fiber intakes in relation to serum estrogen concentration in premenopausal Japanese women. Nutr Cancer 1997;27(3):279-83.

Knight DC, Eden JA. Phytoestrogens--a short review. Maturitas 1995 Nov;22(3):167-75.

Kocic B, Jankovic S, Marinkovic J, Petrovic B, Tiodorovic B, Filipovic S. Diet and breast cancer. Arch Oncol 1997;5(2):71-3.

Krishnaswamy K, Polasa K. Diet, nutrition & cancer--the Indian scenario. Indian J Med Res 1995 Nov;102:200-9.

Kumanyika S. Racial and ethnic issues in diet and cancer epidemiology. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994;354:59-70.

La Vecchia C, Chatenoud L. Fibres, whole-grain foods and breast and other cancers. Eur J Cancer Prev 1998 May;7 Suppl 2:S25-8.

Landa MC, Frago N, Tres A. Diet and the risk of breast cancer in Spain. Eur J Cancer Prev 1994 Jul;3(4):313-20.

Lee HP. Diet and cancer: a short review. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1993 May;22(3):355-9.

Maskarinec G, Singh S, Meng L, Franke AA. Dietary soy intake and urinary isoflavone excretion among women from a multiethnic population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998;7(7):613-9.

Morton MS, Bundred N, McMichael-Phillips DF, Harding C, Nicholson RI, Griffitsh K. Phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 1997;4(3):331-9.

Nagata C, Kabuto M, Shimizu H. Association of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intakes with serum concentrations of estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin in premenopausal Japanese women. Nutr Cancer 1998;30(1):21-4.

Nakachi K, Suemasu K, Suga K, Takeo T, Imai K, Higashi Y. Influence of drinking green tea on breast cancer malignancy among Japanese patients. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998 Mar;89(3):254-61.

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Petrakis NL, Barnes S, King EB, Lowenstein J, Wiencke J, Lee MM, Miike R, Kirk M, Coward L. Stimulatory influence of soy protein isolate on breast secretion in pre- and postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996 Oct;5(10):785-94.

Romieu I, Hernandez-Avila M, Lazcano E, Lopez L, Romero-Jaime R. Breast cancer and lactation history in Mexican women. Am J Epidemiol 1996 Mar 15;143(6):543-52.

Samuel P. Dietary, biochemical, and behavioral factors, and breast cancer risk among Asian Indians in India versus Cascasians and Asian Indians in the United States [dissertation]. Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee; 1996. 281 p.

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Genetics

Abbas A, Kukreti R, Naik S, Therwath A. p53 alterations in breast cancer of the Parsi ethnic group. Int J Oncol 1997;10(2):401-4.

Abeliovich D, Kaduri L, Lerer I, Weinberg N, Amir G, Sagi M, Zlotogora J, Heching N, Peretz T. The founder mutations 185delAG and 5382insC in BRCA1 and 6174delT in BRCA2 appear in 60% of ovarian cancer and 30% of early-onset breast cancer patients among Ashkenazi women. Am J Hum Genet 1997 Mar;60(3):505-14.

Ahmadian M, Wistuba II, Fong KM, Behrens C, Kodagoda DR, Saboorian MH, Shay J, Tomlinson GE, Blum J, Minna JD, Gazdar AF. Analysis of the FHIT gene and FRA3B region in sporadic breast cancer, preneoplastic lesions, and familial breast cancer probands. Cancer Res 1997;57(17):3664-8.

Andrykowski MA, Munn RK, Studts JL. Interest in learning of personal genetic risk for cancer: a general population survey. Prev Med 1996 Sep-Oct;25(5): 527-36.

Anelli A, Anelli TF, Youngson B, Rosen PP, Borgen PI. Mutations of the p53 gene in male breast cancer. Cancer 1995 May 1;75(9):2233-8.

Apicella C. Genetic testing in an at-risk ethnic group - Our experience of testing for three specific BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Jewish Women living in Melbourne. Cancer Forum 1997;21(2-3):154-7.

Bailey LR, Roodi N, Verrier CS, Yee CJ, Dupont WD, Parl FF. Breast cancer and CYPIA1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms: evidence of a lack of association in Caucasians and African Americans. Cancer Res 1998 Jan 1;58(1):65-70.

Band V. The role of retinoblastoma and p53 tumor suppressor pathways in human mammary epithelial cell immortalization. Int J Oncol 1998 Mar;12(3):499-507.

Bar-Sade RB, Kruglikova A, Modan B, Gak E, Hirsh-Yechezkel G, Theodor L, Novikov I, Gershoni-Baruch R, Risel S, Papa MZ, Ben-Baruch G, Friedman E. The 185delAG BRCA1 mutation originated before the dispersion of Jews in the diaspora and is not limited to Ashkenazim. Hum Mol Genet 1998 May;7(5):801-5.

Bar-Sade RB, Theodor L, Gak E, Kruglikova A, Hirsch-Yechezkel G, Modan B, Kuperstein G, Seligsohn U, Rechavi G, Friedman E. Could the 185delAG BRCA1 mutation be an ancient Jewish mutation? Eur J Hum Genet 1997 Nov-Dec;5(6):413-6.

Barker DF, Almeida ER, Casey G, Fain PR, Liao SY, Masunaka I, Noble B, Kurosaki T, Anton-Culver H. BRCA1 R841W: a strong candidate for a common mutation with moderate phenotype. Genet Epidemiol 1996;13(6):595-604.

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Benkendorf JL, Reutenauer JE, Hughes CA, Eads N, Willison J, Powers M, Lerman C. Patients' attitudes about autonomy and confidentiality in genetic testing for breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility. Am J Med Genet 1997 Dec 19;73(3):296-303.

Bento MJ, Leal C, Duez N, Lopes C. [Familial cancer of the breast]. Acta Med Port 1996 Apr-Jun;9(4-6): 129-33. (Por).

Berman DB, Costalas J, Schultz DC, Grana G, Daly M, Godwin AK. A common mutation in BRCA2 that predisposes to a variety of cancers is found in both Jewish Ashkenazi and non-Jewish individuals. Cancer Res 1996;56(15):3409-14.

Berman DB, Wagner-Costalas J, Schultz DC, Lynch HT, Daly M, Godwin AK. Two distinct origins of a common BRCA1 mutation in breast-ovarian cancer families: a genetic study of 15 185delAG-mutation kindreds. Am J Hum Genet 1996 Jun;58(6):1166-76.

Bernhardt BA, Geller G, Strauss M, Helzlsouer KJ, Stefanek M, Wilcox PM, Holtzman NA. Toward a model informed consent process for BRCA1 testing: a qualitative assessment of women's attitudes. J Genet Couns 1997 Jun;6(2):207-22.

Bhui AJ, Bureau JP, Abbas A, Mondal A, Scherrer K, Kurkure A, Therwath A. Novel cellular markers in breast cancer: Differential presence of p23K and p30.33K prosomal antigens in tumors of Parsi and non-Parsi women. Int J Oncol 1996;9(4):669-77.

Bhui AJ, Therwath A, Parikh VA, Simha MR, Olink-Coux M, Kurkure A, Doctor VM, Scherrer K, Bureau JP. Breast carcinoma in a high-risk population: Modified expression of 25K and 31K prosome antigens. Breast Dis 1994;7(2):109-27.

Blaszyk H, Hartmann A, Tamura Y, Saitoh S, Cunningham JM, McGovern RM, Schroeder JJ, Schaids DJ, Ii K, Monden Y, Morimoto T, Komaki K, Sasa M, Hirata K, Okazaki M, Kovach JS, Sommer SS. Molecular epidemiology of breast cancers in northern and southern Japan: The frequency, clustering, and patterns of p53 gene mutations differ among these two low-risk populations. Oncogene 1996;13(10):2159-66.

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Blaszyk H, Vaughn CB, Hartmann A, McGovern RM, Schroeder JJ, Cunningham J, Schaid D, Sommer SS, Kovach JS. Novel pattern of p53 gene mutations in an American black cohort with high mortality from breast cancer. Lancet 1994 May 14;343(8907):1195-7.

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Bryant H. Genetic screening for breast cancer in Ashkenazi women. Lancet 1996 Jun 15;347(9016): 1638-9. Comment on: Lancet 1996 Jun 15; 347(9016):1643-5; Lancet 1996 Jun 15; 347(9016):1645-6.

Chakraborty R, Sankaranarayanan K. Cancer predisposition, radiosensitivity and the risk of radiation-induced cancers. II. A Mendelian single-locus model of cancer predisposition and radiosensitivity for predicting cancer risks in populations. Radiat Res 1995 Sep;143(3):293-301. Published erratum appears in Radiat Res 1997 Mar;147(3):400.

Chamberlain JS, Boehnke M, Frank TS, Kiousis S, Xu J, Guo SW, Hauser ER, Norum RA, Helmbold EA, Markel DS, et al. BRCA1 maps proximal to D17S579 on chromosome 17q21 by genetic analysis. Am J Hum Genet 1993 Apr;52(4):792-8.

Chang BL, Shen CY, Chang SF, Tseng SL, Wu CW. Novel pattern of p53 abnormalities in breast cancer in taiwan-experience from a low incidence area [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1996;37:A1774.

Chen HD, Huang CS, Wang HJ, Wang M, Chang KT. Glutathione s-transferase m1 and t1 polymorphisms: susceptibility to breast cancer in taiwan [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1996;37:A738.

Chern HD, Huang CS, Wang CY, Shen C-Y, Chang KJ. Association of n-acetyltransferase polymorphism with the susceptibility of breast cancer in taiwan [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1997;38:A1441.

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Crawford KW. Genetic susceptibility factors in aggressive breast cancer in African- American women and the effects carcinogens and modifiers. Annual report. 1 May 97-30 Apr 98. Washington: Howard Univ.; 1998 May. 13 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-97-1-7049.

Dean-Clower E, Chuaqui R, Vargas MP, Emmert-Buck MR, Zhuang Z, Merino MJ, Wesley M, Liotta LA. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 11q13 in breast carcinoma for african-american versus caucasian women [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1996;37:A1726.

Egan KM, Newcomb PA, Longnecker MP, Trentham-Dietz A, Baron JA, Trichopoulos D, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Jewish religion and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 1996 Jun 15;347(9016):1645-6. Comment in: Lancet 1996 Jun 15;347(9016):1638-9; Lancet 1996 Aug 17;348(9025):477.

FitzGerald MG, MacDonald DJ, Krainer M, Hoover I, O'Neil E, Unsal H, Silva-Arrieto S, Finkelstein DM, Beer-Romero P, Englert C, Sgroi DC, Smith BL, Younger JW, Garber JE, Duda RB, Mayzel KA, Isselbacher KJ, Friend SH, Haber DA. Germ-line BRCA1 mutations in Jewish and non-Jewish women with early-onset breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1996 Jan 18;334(3):143-9. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1996 Jan 18;334(3):186-8.

Foulkes WD, Wong N, Brunet J-S, Begin LR, Jian Chun Zhang^Martinez JJ, Rozen F, Tonin PN, Narod SA, Karp SE, Pollak MN. Germ-line BRCA1 mutation is an adverse prognostic factor in Ashkenazi Jewish women with breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1997;3(12 I):2465-9.

Friedman LS, Szabo CI, Ostermeyer EA, Dowd P, Butler L, Park T, Lee MK, Goode EL, Rowell SE, King M-C. Novel inherited mutations and variable expressivity of BRCA1 alleles, including the founder mutation 185delAG in Ashkenazi Jewish families. Am J Hum Genet 1995;57(6):1284-97.

Fujie T, Mori M, Ueo H, Sugimachi K, Akiyoshi T. Expression of MAGE and BAGE genes in Japanese breast cancers. Ann Oncol 1997 Apr;8(4):369-72.

Fujimoto J, Hirose R, Ichigo S, Sakaguchi H, Tamaya T. DNA polymorphism in B-domain of the estrogen receptor-alpha among Japanese women. Steroids 1998 Mar;63(3):146-8.

Fukushima T, Onda M, Abe R, Otake T, Kimijima I, Tsuchiya A. p53 mutations and overexpressions in Japanese breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 1995 Dec;21(6):595-600.

Gao Q, Neuhausen S, Cummings S, Luce M, Olopade OI. Recurrent germ-line BRCA1 mutations in extended African American families with early-onset breast cancer [letter]. Am J Hum Genet 1997 May;60(5):1233-6.

Gao Q, Townsend S, Sveen L, Cummings S, Neuhansen S, Olopade O. Low frequency of common brca1/2 mutations in ethnically diverse high risk families [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1997;38:A1120.

Garrett PA. Rare Ha-ras alleles and breast cancer [dissertation]. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 1993.

Gilbert F, Dabney MK, Diemer K, Ludwig S, Rosenthal G, Osborne MP. BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations and breast cancer in Ashkenazi Jewish women. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997 Dec 29;833:198-203.

Goldgar DE, Reilly PR. A common BRCA1 mutation in the Ashkenazim [news]. Nat Genet 1995 Oct;11(2):113-4. Comment on: Nat Genet 1995 Oct;11(2):198-200.

Gotlieb WH, Friedman E, Bar-Sade RB, Kruglikova A, Hirsch-Yechezke G, Modan B, Inbar M, Davidson B, Kopolovic J, Novikov I, Ben-Baruch G. Rates of Jewish ancestral mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in borderline ovarian tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998 Jul 1;90(13):995-1000.

Grann VR, Panageas KS, Whang W, Antman KH, Neugut AI. Decision analysis of prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy in BRCA1- positive or BRCA2-positive patients. J Clin Oncol 1998;16(3):979-85.

Greenblatt M, Nicholls P, Zhu M, Weaver D, Edgerton S, Thor A, Bennett W, Yandell D. P53 alterations in breast cancers from the people's republic of china [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1997;38:A3065.

Hampton JW, Maher JF. Pedigree analysis of breast cancer in Oklahoma Indian women. Cancer 1998 Oct 15;83(8 Suppl):1796-8.

Haraldsson K, Loman N, Zhang QX, Johannsson O, Olsson H, Borg A. BRCA2 germ-line mutations are frequent in male breast cancer patients without a family history of the disease. Cancer Res 1998 Apr 1;58(7):1367-71.

Hartmann A, Blaszyk H, Saitoh S, Tsushima K, Tamura Y, Cunningham JM, McGovern RM, Schroeder JJ, Sommer SS, Kovach JS. High frequency of p53 gene mutations in primary breast cancers in Japanese women, a low-incidence population. Br J Cancer 1996 Apr;73(8):896-901.

Hiatt RA. Management options for women at risk for inherited breast cancer in a multi-ethnic health plan population: a randomized control trial. Annual report. 1 Sep 96-31 Aug 97. Oakland (CA): Kaiser Foundation Research Inst.; 1997 Sep. 11 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6207.

Hirose K, Tajima K, Hamajima N, Kuroishi T, Miura S, Tokudome S. Impact of family history on the risk of breast cancer among the Japanese. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997 Dec;88(12):1130-6.

Huang CS, Chen YC, Wang M, Lin JK, Chang KJ. HER-2/neu overexpression in Chinese breast cancers: correlation with other prognostic factors. J Formos Med Assoc 1995 Nov;94(11):660-5.

Hughes C, Gomez-Caminero A, Benkendorf J, Kerner J, Isaacs C, Barter J, Lerman C. Ethnic differences in knowledge and attitudes about BRCA1 testing in women at increased risk. Patient Educ Couns 1997 Sep-Oct;32(1-2):51-62.

Inoue R, Fukutomi T, Ushijima T, Matsumoto Y, Sugimura T, Nagao M. Germline mutation of BRCA1 in Japanese breast cancer families. Cancer Res 1995 Aug 15;55(16):3521-4.

Inoue R, Fukutomi T, Ushijima T, Matsumoto Y, Sugimura T, Nagao M. Linkage analysis of BRCA1 in Japanese breast cancer families. Jpn J Cancer Res 1994 Dec;85(12):1233-9.

Inoue R, Ushijima T, Fukutomi T, Fukami A, Sugimura H, Inoue S, Okonogi H, Sugimura T, Matsumoto Y, Nagao M. BRCA2 germline mutations in Japanese breast cancer families. Int J Cancer 1997 Apr 22;74(2):199-204.

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Jensen RA, Thompson ME, Jetton TL, Szabo CI, van der Meer R, Helou B, Tronick SR, Page DL, King MC, Holt JT. BRCA1 is secreted and exhibits properties of a granin. Nat Genet 1996 Mar;12(3):303-8. Comment in: Nat Genet 1996 Mar;12(3):223-5; Nat Genet 1996 Jul;13(3):264-5; Nat Genet 1996 Jul;13(3):268; discussion 269-72; Nat Genet 1996 Jul;13(3):268-9; discussion 269-72.

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Kasami M, Vnencak-Jones CL, Manning S, Dupont WD, Page DL. Loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability in breast hyperplasia. No obligate correlation of these genetic alterations with subsequent malignancy. Am J Pathol 1997 Jun;150(6):1925-32.

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Tonin P, Moslehi R, Green R, Rosen B, Cole D, Boyd N, Cutler C, Margolese R, Carter R, McGillivray B, et al. Linkage analysis of 26 Canadian breast and breast-ovarian cancer families. Hum Genet 1995 May;95(5):545-50.

Ursin G, Henderson BE, Haile RW, Pike MC, Zhou N, Diep A, Bernstein L. Does oral contraceptive use increase the risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA1 / BRCA2 mutations more than in other women? Cancer Res 1997 Sep 1;57(17):3678-81.

Valdimarsdottir H. Psychobehavioral impact of genetic counseling and breast cancer gene testing in healthy women of African descent. Annual report. 16 Sep 96-15 Sep 97. New York: Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research; 1997 Oct. 29 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6293.

Verhoog LC, Brekelmans CTM, Seynaeve C, Van den Bosch LMC, Dahmen G, Van Geel AN, Tilanus-Linthorst MMA, Bartels CCM, Wagner A, Van den Ouweland A, Devilee P, Meijers-Heijboer EJ, Klijn JGM. Survival and tumour characteristics of breast-cancer patients with germline mutations of BRCA1. Lancet 1998 Jan 31;351(9099):316-21.

Woodage T, King SM, Wacholder S, Hartge P, Struewing JP, McAdams M, Laken SJ, Tucker MA, Brody LC. The APCI1307K allele and cancer risk in a community-based study of Ashkenazi Jews. Nat Genet 1998 Sep;20(1):62-5. Comment in: Nat Genet 1998 Sep;20(1):13-4.

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Hormonal Influences

Adlercreutz H, Gorbach SL, Goldin BR, Woods MN, Dwyer JT, Hamalainen E. Estrogen metabolism and excretion in Oriental and Caucasian women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Jul 20;86(14):1076-82. Published erratum appears in J Natl Cancer Inst 1995 Jan 18;87(2):147. Comment in: J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Nov 2;86(21):1643-5.

Adlercreutz H, Gorbacht SL, Goldin R, Woods MN, Dwyer JT, Hockersted K, Wahala K, Hase T, Hamalainen E, Fotsis T. Estrogen and metabolite levels in women at risk for breast cancer [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1994;35:703.

Ardies CM, Dees C. Xenoestrogens significantly enhance risk for breast cancer during growth and adolescence. Med Hypotheses 1998 Jun;50(6):457-64.

Ashman JA. Monthly injectable contraceptives and breast cancer. [place of publication, publisher, date unknown]. 77 p.

Baocai X, Luowen H, Yi W. [The effect of estrogen receptor level on the prognosis of the elderly breast cancer patients]. Chin J Oncol 1997;19(5):365-7. (Chi).

Bell KK, Rawlings NL. Promoting breast-feeding by managing common lactation problems. Nurse Pract 1998 Jun;23(6):102-4, 106, 109-10 passim.

Bezwoda WR, Dansey R, Seymour L, Mansoor N. Influence of tumour oestrogen concentration on prognosis in breast cancer: Studies in pre- and post-menopausal patients of different ethnic groups. Breast 1995;4(4):259-66.

Bigler LR. Estrogen-progesterone receptor status of rural African-American women presenting with breast cancer [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1995;36:A1646 .

Bradlow HL, Fishman J, Telang NT, Osborne MP. Re: Estrogen metabolism and excretion in Oriental and Caucasian women [letter]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Nov 2;86(21):1643-5. Comment on: J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Jul 20;86(14):1076-82.

Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results. Contraception 1996 Sep;54(3 Suppl):1S-31S. By the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer.

Brentani MM, Nagai MA, Oshima CTF, Pacheco MM, Lopes MTP, Liberato MH, Marques LA. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer: A study of ethnic Japanese women in Sao Paulo. J Tumor Marker Oncol 1989;4(4):401-8.

Brinton LA, Gammon MD, Malone KE, Schoenberg JB, Daling JR, Coates RJ. Modification of oral contraceptive relationships on breast cancer risk by selected factors among younger women. Contraception 1997 Apr;55(4):197-303.

Brinton LA, Potischman NA, Swanson CA, Schoenberg JB, Coates RJ, Gammon MD, Malone KE, Stanford JL, Daling JR. Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control 1995 May;6(3):199-208.

Brinton LA, Schairer C. Estrogen replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15(1):66-79.

Calle EE, Heath Jr CW, Miracle-McMahill HL, Coates RJ, Liff JM, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Chantarakul N, Koetsawang S, Rachawat D, Morabia A, Schuman L, Stewart W, Szklo M, Bain C, Schofield F, Siskind V, Band P, Coldman AJ, et al. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996;347(9017):1713-27.

Chearskul S, Bhothisuwan K, Tunsuphasiri V, Churinthrapun M, Keyanond V, Ornrheabroi S. Cytosol cathepsin D in Thai women with breast cancer. J Med Assoc Thai 1996 Oct;79(10):654-60.

Chie WC, Li CY, Huang CS, Chang KJ, Yen ML, Lin RS. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in Taiwan, a country of low incidence of breast cancer and low use of oral contraceptives. Int J Cancer 1998 Jul 17;77(2):219-23.

Contraceptives and cancer: looking for the evidence. Pacific Basin Maternal Child Health Resource Center 1991 Dec;3(58):1-2.

Department of State (US). Population: oral contraceptives and breast cancer [Washington] : The Department; [date unknown]. 2 p. A memorandum containing an update on the status of breast cancer risk for oral contraceptive users, based on recent reports suggesting heightened risks in certain subgroups of women.

Dupont WD, Page DL, Rogers LW, Parl FF. Influence of exogenous estrogens, proliferative breast disease, and other variables on breast cancer risk. Cancer 1989 Mar 1;63(5):948-57.

Gammon M. Oral contraceptive use and HER-2/neu-positive breast cancer among White and Black women. Annual report. 1 Oct 94-30 Sep 95. New York: Columbia Univ.; 1996 Feb. 7 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4250.

Gapstur SM, Dupuis J, Gann P, Collila S, Winchester DP. Hormone receptor status of breast tumors in black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white women. An analysis of 13,239 cases. Cancer 1996 Apr 15;77(8):1465-71.

Gay JW, Cardwell MS. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. Mo Med 1990 Oct;87(10):763-7.

Gordon NH. Association of education and income with estrogen receptor status in primary breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1995 Oct 15;142(8):796-803.

Harlan LC, Coates RJ, Block G, Greenberg RS, Ershow A, Forman M, Austin DF, Chen V, Heymsfield SB. Estrogen receptor status and dietary intakes in breast cancer patients. Epidemiology 1993 Jan;4(1):25-31. Comment in: Epidemiology 1995 Mar;6(2):201-2.

Herman-Giddens ME. Breast cancer and menarche in Asian women [letter]. Environ Health Perspect 1993 Dec;101(7):566-7. Comment on: Environ Health Perspect 1993 Jun;101(2):116-20.

Hertz-Picciotto I, Tseng M, Newman B, Schroeder J, Vine M. Re: Breast cancer and lactation history in Mexican women [letter]. Am J Epidemiol 1998 Apr 15;147(8):795-6.

Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer. Who Drug Inform 1998;12(1):6.

Horn-Ross PL. Phytoestrogens, body composition, and breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1995 Nov;6(6):567-73.

Hunt K. Breast cancer risk and hormone replacement therapy: a review of the epidemiology. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1994;39 Suppl 2:67-74.

Lee M, Lee F, Stewart S. Pathways to early breast and cervical detection for Chinese American women. Health Educ Q 1996 Dec;23 Suppl:S76-88.

Lopez-Carrillo L, Bravo-Alvarado J, Poblano-Verastegui O, Ortega Altamirano D. Reproductive determinants of breast cancer in Mexican women. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997 Dec 26;837:537-50.

Maskarinec G, Singh S, Meng L, Franke AA. Dietary soy intake and urinary isoflavone excretion among women from a multiethnic population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998;7(7):613-9.

Miller WR. Oestrogens and breast cancer: biological considerations. Br Med Bull 1991 Apr;47(2):470-83.

National Women's Health Network. Use of Depo Provera for contraception. [place unknown]: The Network; [date unknown]. 7 p.

Neves-e-Castro M. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. Hum Reprod 1994 Dec;9(12):2263-4.

Newcomb PA, Klein R, Klein BE, Haffner S, Mares-Perlman J, Cruickshanks KJ, Marcus PM. Association of dietary and life-style factors with sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Epidemiology 1995 May;6(3):318-21. Comment in: Epidemiology 1995 May;6(3):209-11.

Newcomb PA, Longnecker MP, Storer BE, Mittendorf R, Baron J, Clapp RW, Bogdan G, Willett WC. Long-term hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1995 Oct 15;142(8):788-95. Published erratum appears in Am J Epidemiol 1996 Mar 1; 143(5);527. Comment in: Am J Epidemiol 1996 Oct 15;144(8):798-9.

Newcomb PA, Longnecker MP, Storer BE, Mittendorf R, Baron J, Clapp RW, Trentham-Dietz A, Willett WC. Recent oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1996 Sep;7(5):525-32. Comment in: Cancer Causes Control 1996 Sep;7(5):495-6.

Oral contraceptives and breast cancer [letter]. JAMA 1989 Jul 14;262(2):206-7.

Patil P, Elem B, Zumla A. Pattern of adult malignancies in Zambia (1980-1989) in light of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 epidemic. J Trop Med Hyg 1995 Aug;98(4):281-4.

Pike MC. Reducing cancer risk in women through lifestyle-mediated changes in hormone levels. Cancer Detect Prev 1990;14(6):595-607.

Remez L. Long-term injectable use does not increase risk of breast cancer, but it may lower bone density. Fam Plann Perspect 1992 Jan-Feb;24(1):43-4.

Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Sowmya R, Adams-Campbell LL. Correlates of postmenopausal female hormone use among black women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91(3):454-8.

Taioli E, Garte SJ, Trachman J, Garbers S, Sepkovic DW, Osborne MP, Mehl S, Bradlow HL. Ethnic differences in estrogen metabolism in healthy women [letter]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 May 1;88(9):617. Comment in: J Natl Cancer Inst 1997 Jan 1;89(1):89-90; J Natl Cancer Inst 1997 Nov 5;89(21):1626-8.

Tan PH, Sng IT. Male breast cancer: a retrospective study with immunohistochemical analysis of hormone receptor expression. Pathology 1997 Feb;29(1):2-6.

Thomas HV, Reeves GK, Key TJ. Endogenous estrogen and postmenopausal breast cancer: a quantitative review. Cancer Causes Control 1997 Nov;8(6):922-8.

Woods MN, Barnett JB, Spiegelman D, Trail N, Hertzmark E, Longcope C, Gorbach SL. Hormone levels during dietary changes in premenopausal African-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88(19):1369-74.

Wu AH, Ziegler RG, Pike MC, Nomura AMY, West DW, Kolonel LN, Horn-Ross PL, Rosenthal JF, Hoover RN. Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Br J Cancer 1996 Mar;73(5):680-6.

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Reproduction

Chie W-C, Chen C-F, Lee W-C, Chen C-J. Socioeconomic status, lactation and breast cancer risk of parous women in Taiwan. Oncol Rep 1996;3(3):497-501.

Chie W-C, Fu C-M, Lee W-C, Li C-Y, Huang C-S, Chang K-J, Lin R- S. Ages at different reproductive events, numbers of menstrual cycles in between and breast cancer risk. Oncol Rep 1997;4(5):1039-43.

dos Santos Silva I, Beral V. Socioeconomic differences in reproductive behaviour. IARC Sci Publ 1997;(138):285-308.

Hu Y-H, Kuroishi T, Matsushita Y, Nagata C, Shimizu H. Birth season and breast cancer risk in Japan. Breast Cancer Res Treatt 1996;39(3):315-9.

Jones LA, Insull W, Shallenberger R, Johnston D, Yick J, Klish WJ. Triglycerides (TG), SHBG, nonprotein bound estradiol (NPBE) levels, ethnicity and breast cancer (BCA) [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1994;35:A1565.

Mayberry RM. Age-specific patterns of association between breast cancer and risk factors in black women, ages 20 to 39 and 40 to 54. Ann Epidemiol 1994 May;4(3):205-13.

Mayberry RM, Branch PT. Breast cancer risk factors among Hispanic women. Ethn Dis 1994 Winter;4(1):41-6.

Mayberry RM, Stoddard-Wright C. Breast cancer risk factors among black women and white women: Similarities and differences. Am J Epidemiol 1993;136(12):1445-56.

Nagata C, Hu YH, Shimizu H. Effects of menstrual and reproductive factors on the risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis of the case-control studies in Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995 Oct;86(10):910-5.

Nagata C, Kabuto M, Takatsuka N, Shimizu H. Associations of alcohol, height, and reproductive factors with serum hormone concentrations in postmenopausal Japanese women. Steroid hormones in Japanese postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997;44(3):235-41.

Pikhut PM, Levshin VF. [Reproductive function and risk of breast cancer in different ethnic groups]. Vopr Onkol 1988;34(6):685-9. (Rus).

Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Sowmya R, Adams-Campbell LL. Correlates of postmenopausal female hormone use among black women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91(3):454-8.

Ursin G, Henderson BE, Haile RW, Pike MC, Zhou N, Diep A, Bernstein L. Does oral contraceptive use increase the risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA1 / BRCA2 mutations more than in other women? Cancer Res 1997 Sep 1;57(17):3678-81.

White E, Velentgas P, Mandelson MT, Lehman CD, Elmore JG, Porter P, Yasui Y, Taplin SH. Variation in mammographic breast density by time in menstrual cycle among women aged 40-49 years. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998 Jun 17;90(12):906-10.

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Physical Activity

Agurs-Collins T, Kim KS, Dunston GM, Adams-Campbell LL. Plasma lipid alterations in African-American women with breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1998;124(3-4):186-90.

Bernstein L, Henderson BE, Hanisch R, Sullivan-Halley J, Ross RK. Physical exercise and reduced risk of breast cancer in young women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86(18):1403-8.

Cerhan JR, Chiu BC-H, Wallace RB, Lemke JH, Lynch CF, Torner JC, Rubenstein LM. Physical activity, physical function, and the risk of breast cancer in a prospective study among elderly women. J Gerontol Ser A 1998;53(4):M251-6.

Chen C-L, White E, Malone KE, Daling JR. Leisure-time physical activity in relation to breast cancer among young women (Washington, United States). Cancer Causes Control 1997;8(1):77-84.

Claus EB, Risch N, Thompson WD, Carter D. Relationship between breast histopathology and family history of breast cancer. Cancer 1993;71(1):147-53.

Gammon MD, Schoenberg JB, Britton JA, Kelsey JL, Coates RJ, Brogan D, Potischman N, Swanson CA, Daling JR, Stanford JL, Brinton LA. Recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk among women under age 45 years. Am J Epidemiol 1998 Feb 1;147(3):273-80.

Goodman MT, Cologne JB, Moriwaki H, Vaeth M, Mabuchi K. Risk factors for primary breast cancer in Japan: 8-year follow-up of atomic bomb survivors. Prev Med 1997 Jan-Feb;26(1):144-53.

McTiernan A, Stanford JL, Weiss NS, Daling JR, Voigt LF. Occurrence of breast cancer in relation to recreational exercise in women age 50-64 years. Epidemiology 1996;7(6):598-604.

Simopoulos AP. Energy imbalance and cancer of the breast, colon and prostate. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1990;7(2-3):109-20.

Thune I, Brenn T, Lund E, Gaard M. Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1997;336(18):1269-75.

Ueji M, Ueno E, Osei-Hyiaman D, Takahashi H, Kano K. Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study of Japanese women. J Epidemiol 1998 Jun;8(2):116-22.

Zheng W, Shu XO, McLaughlin JK, Chow WH, Gao YT, Blot WJ. Occupational physical activity and the incidence of cancer of the breast, corpus uteri, and ovary in Shanghai. Cancer 1993 Jun 1;71(11):3620-4.

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Other

Breast-feeding may reduce breast-cancer risk. Indian Med Tribune 1994 Apr 30;2(7):4.

Cline JM, Hughes CL Jr. Phytochemicals for the prevention of breast and endometrial cancer. Cancer Treat Res 1998;94:107-34.

Dupont WD, Page DL. Relative risk of breast cancer varies with time since diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia. Hum Pathol 1989 Aug;20(8):723-5.

Dupont WD, Page DL, Parl FF, Vnencak-Jones CL, Plummer WD Jr, Rados MS, Schuyler PA. Long-term risk of breast cancer in women with fibroadenoma. N Engl J Med 1994 Jul 7;331(1):10-5.

Dupont WD, Page DL, Rogers LW, Parl FF. Influence of exogenous estrogens, proliferative breast disease, and other variables on breast cancer risk. Cancer 1989 Mar 1;63(5):948-57.

Jensen RA, Page DL, Dupont WD, Rogers LW. Invasive breast cancer risk in women with sclerosing adenosis. Cancer 1989 Nov 15;64(10):1977-83.

Jensen RA, Page DL, Holt JT. Identification of genes expressed in premalignant breast disease by microscopy-directed cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994 Sep 27;91(20):9257-61.

Kasami M, Olson SJ, Simpson JF, Page DL. Maintenance of polarity and a dual cell population in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast: an immunohistochemical study. Histopathology 1998 Mar;32(3):232-8.

Levin L, Simon K, Abraham N, Alfonso C, Cohen MA, Navarro G, Garcia M, Singh K, Schoolcraft B, Haque H, Shenoy S, et al. Sexual dysfunction among cancer patients from an inner city hospital [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995;14:A1659.

Page DL, Dupont WD. Anatomic indicators (histologic and cytologic) of increased breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993 Nov;28(2):157-66.

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Environmental Exposure

Allen RH, Gottlieb M, Clute E, Pongsiri MJ, Sherman J, Obrams GI. Breast cancer and pesticides in Hawaii: the need for further study. Environ Health Perspect 1997 Apr;105 Suppl 3:679-83.

Brody JG, Rudel R, Maxwell NI, Swedis SR. Mapping out a search for environmental causes of breast cancer. Public Health Rep 1996 Nov-Dec;111(6):494-507.

Cantor KP, Stewart PA, Brinton LA, Dosemeci M. Occupational exposures and female breast cancer mortality in the United States. J Occup Environ Med 1995;37(3):336-48.

Cocco P, Figgs L, Dosemeci M, Hayes R, Linet MS, Hsing AW. Case-control study of occupational exposures and male breast cancer. Occup Environ Med 1998;55(9):599-604.

Cunningham AR. SAR Studies to assess the risk of breast cancer due to environmental estrogens. Annual report.1 Jun 97-31 May 98. Pittsburgh (PA): Univ. of Pittsburgh; 1998 Jun. 52 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-97-1-7049.

Dewailly E, Dodin S, Verreault R, Ayotte P, Sauve L, Morin J, Brisson J. High organochlorine body burden in women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Feb 2;86(3):232-4.

Epstein B. Grassroots environmentalism and strategies for social change. New Polit Sci 1995 Summer; 32:1-24.

Goodman MT, Cologne JB, Moriwaki H, Vaeth M, Mabuchi K. Risk factors for primary breast cancer in Japan: 8-year follow-up of atomic bomb survivors. Prev Med 1997 Jan-Feb;26(1):144-53.

Kagawa-Singer M. Socioeconomic and cultural influences on cancer care of women. Semin Oncol Nurs 1995 May;11(2):109-19.

Kipen HM, Wartenberg D, Scully PF, Greenberg M. Are non-whites at greater risk for occupational cancer? Am J Ind Med 1991;19(1):67-74. Comment in: Am J Ind Med 1991;20(6):811, 813-4.

Krieger N. Exposure, suceptibility, and breast cancer risk: A hypothesis regarding exogenous carcinogens, breast tissue development, and social gradients, including black/white differences, in breast cancer incidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1989;13(3):205-23.

Krieger N, Wolff MS, Hiatt RA, Rivera M, Vogelman J, Orentreich N. Breast cancer and serum organochlorines: a prospective study among white, black, and Asian women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Apr 20;86(8):589-99. Comment in: J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Apr 20;86(8):572-3; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Apr 20;86(8):576-7; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Jul 20;86(14):1094-6; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Aug 17;86(16):1255-6.

Laden F, Hunter DJ. Environmental risk factors and female breast cancer. Annu Rev Public Health 1998;19:101-23.

Lopez-Carrillo L, Blair A, Lopez-Cervantes M, Cebrian M, Rueda C, Reyes R, Mohar A, Bravo J. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane serum levels and breast cancer risk: a case-control study from Mexico. Cancer Res 1997 Sep 1;57(17):3728-32.

Malkin R, Moss CE. Re: Breast cancer mortality among female electrical workers in the United States [letter]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Dec 7;86(23):1801-2. Comment on: J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Jun 15;86(12):921-5.

McCarthy EP, Moskowitz M. Prior mammography utilization: does it explain Black-White differences in breast cancer outcomes. Annual report. 15 Apr 96-14 Apr 97. Boston (MA): Boston Univ.; 1997 May. 11 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6011.

Norman SA, Berlin JA, Soper KA, Middendorf BF, Stolley PD. Cancer incidence in a group of workers potentially exposed to ethylene oxide. Int J Epidemiol 1995 Apr;24(2):276-84. Comment in: Int J Epidemiol 1996 Jun;25(3):685-6.

Perlmutter D. Organochlorines, breast cancer, and GATT [letter]. JAMA 1994 Apr 20;271(15):1160-1.

Peters J. Magnetic fields and breast cancer risk. Annual report. 30 Sep 95-29 Sep 96. Los Angeles: Univ. of California; 1996 Oct. 10 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4255.

Peters J. Magnetic fields and breast cancer risk. Annual report 30 Sep 96-29 Sep 97. Los Angeles: Univ. of Southern California; 1997 Oct . 10 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4255.

Rubin CH, Burnett CA, Halperin WE, Seligman PJ. Occupation as a risk identifier for breast cancer. Am J Public Health 1993 Sep;83(9):1311-5.

Savitz DA. Re: Breast cancer and serum organochlorines: a prospective study among white, black, and Asian women [letter]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Aug 17;86(16):1255-6. Comment on: J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Apr 20;86(8):589-99.

Schecter A, Toniolo P, Dai LC, Thuy LT, Wolff MS. Blood levels of DDT and breast cancer risk among women living in the north of Vietnam. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1997 Nov;33(4):453-6.

Stellman SD, Djordjevic MV, Muscat JE, Gong L, Bernstein D, Citron ML, White A, Kemeny M, Busch E, Nafziger AN. Relative abundance of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in adipose tissue and serum of women in Long Island, New York. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998 Jun;7(6):489-96.

Wolff MS, Weston A. Breast cancer risk and environmental exposures. Environ Health Perspect 1997;105 Suppl 4:891-6.

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Behavioral/Sociological/Psychological Factors

Attitude to Health, Cultural Influences, Education

Audrain J, Lerman C, Rimer B, Cella D, Steffens R, Gomez-Caminero A. Awareness of heightened breast cancer risk among first-degree relatives of recently diagnosed breast cancer patients. The High Risk Breast Cancer Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995 Jul-Aug;4(5):561-5.

Baker F. Behavioral science applied to cancer screening. Curr Opin Oncol 1998;10(5):455-60.

Balcazar H, Castro FG, Krull JL. Cancer risk reduction in Mexican American women: the role of acculturation, education, and health risk factors. Health Educ Q 1995 Feb;22(1):61-84.

Bhakta P. Asian women's attitudes to breast self-examination. Nurs Times 1995 Feb 22-8;91(8):44-7.

Brathwaite DMJ. Psychological stressors, coping mechanism: breast cancer in Black women and white women [dissertation]. Detroit (MI): Wayne State Univ.; 1990. 158 p.

Broadnax PA. Health beliefs, health locus-of-control, self-efficacy and breast self examination behaviors among adult African American women [dissertation]. [Fairfax (VA)]: George Mason Univ.; 1994. 127 p.

Chavez LR, Hubbell FA, McMullin JM, Martinez RG, Mishra SI. Structure and meaning in models of breast and cervical cancer risk factors: a comparison of perceptions among Latinas, Anglo women, and physicians. Med Anthropol Q 1995 Mar;9(1):40-74. Published erratum appears in Med Anthropol Q 1995 Jun;9(2):following table of contents . Comment in: Med Anthropol Q 1995 Mar;9(1):75-9; Med Anthropol Q 1995 Mar;9(1):77-9.

Chavez LR, Hubbell FA, McMullin JM, Martinez RG, Mishra SI. Understanding knowledge and attitudes about breast cancer. A cultural analysis. Arch Fam Med 1995 Feb;4(2):145-52.

Chiu L. Spirituality of women living with breast cancer in Taiwan: a phenomenological study [dissertation]. Austin: Univ. of Texas at Austin; 1996. 251 p.

Conrad ME, Brown P, Conrad MG. Fatalism and breast cancer in black women [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1996 Dec 1;125(11):941-2. Comment on: Ann Intern Med 1996 May 15;124(10):897-905.

Dibble SL, Vanoni JM, Miaskowski C. Women's attitudes toward breast cancer screening procedures: differences by ethnicity. Womens Health Issues 1997 Jan-Feb;7(1):47-54.

Duke SS, Gordon-Sosby K, Reynolds KD, Gram IT. A study of breast cancer detection practices and beliefs in black women attending public health clinics. Health Educ Res 1994;9(3):331-42.

Flores MR, Cassileth P, Pozo C, Sumrall E, Bean J, Morrell L, Hurley J, Love N, Trapido E, Richman S. Assessment of socioeconomic, cultural, health care diversity and patient characteristics in breast cancer patients: an interim analysis [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1994;13:A1570.

Forgach SE, Posada A, Sanchez BC, Gerson R. Nutritional, socioeconomic, cultural, and gyneco-obstetric characteristics of breast cancer in two different populations in Mexico: a preliminary report [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995;14:A216.

Glazer HR, Kirk LM, Bosler FE. Patient education pamphlets about prevention, detection, and treatment of breast cancer for low literacy women. Patient Educ Couns 1996 Mar;27(2):185-9.

Gordon NH. Association of education and income with estrogen receptor status in primary breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1995 Oct 15;142(8):796-803.

Hosaka T, Tokuda Y, Aoki T, Kojoh Y. Coping styles among Japanese women with breast cancer. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1995 Jul;20(2):137-41.

Hughes C, Gomez-Caminero A, Benkendorf J, Kerner J, Isaacs C, Barter J, Lerman C. Ethnic differences in knowledge and attitudes about BRCA1 testing in women at increased risk. Patient Educ Couns 1997 Sep-Oct;32(1-2):51-62.

Hughes C, Lerman C, Lustbader E. Ethnic differences in risk perception among women at increased risk for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;40(1):25-35.

Kobasa SC, Spinetta JJ, Cohen J, Crano WD, Hatchett S, Kaplan BH, Lansky SB, Prout MN, Ruckdeschel JC, Siegel K, et al. Social environment and social support. Cancer 1991 Feb 1;67(3 Suppl):788-93.

LaFia C, Fosket JR. Cultural metaphors and gender discourses on women's bodies: media and breast cancer from 1913-1994. Washington: American Sociological Association; 1995.

Lau Y, Lau PY, Chan CM, Yip A. The potential impact of breast cancer screening in Hong Kong. Aust N Z J Surg 1998 Oct;68(10):707-11.

Lauver D. Care-seeking behavior with breast cancer symptoms in Caucasian and African-American women. Res Nurs Health 1994 Dec;17(6):421-31.

Makabe R. Social support, psychological and physical states among Japanese women with breast cancer [dissertation]. Baltimore: Univ. of Maryland at Baltimore; 1997.

Mathews HF, Lannin DR, Mitchell JP. Coming to terms with advanced breast cancer: black women's narratives from eastern North Carolina. Soc Sci Med 1994 Mar;38(6):789-800.

Mayberry RM, Stoddard-Wright C. Breast cancer risk factors among black women and white women: Similarities and differences. Am J Epidemiol 1993;136(12):1445-56.

Mayo RM. Attributional beliefs and fatalism toward breast cancer in rural women [dissertation]. Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina; 1997.

Miller AM, Champion VL. Attitudes about breast cancer and mammography: racial, income, and educational differences. Women Health 1997;26(1):41-63.

Morgan C, Park E, Cortes DE. Beliefs, knowledge, and behavior about cancer among urban Hispanic women. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):57-63.

Parkin DM. Breast cancer screening by physical examination: a randomized trial in the Phillipines. Annual report. 30 Sep 96-29 Sep 97. Lyons (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1997 Nov. 23 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4327.

Powell DR. Social and psychological aspects of breast cancer in African-American women. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994 Dec 30;736:131-9.

Richman SP, Smith SA, Trapido EJ, McCoy CB, Lojko SA. Ethnic differences in barriers to mammography re-screening [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996;15:A237.

Rowe R. Breast cancer education program targets African American women. Am Nurse 1995 Jul-Aug;27(5):30.

Royak-Schaler R, Cheuvront B, Wilson KR, Williams CM. Addressing women's breast cancer risk and perceptions of control in medical settings. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 1996 Sep;3(3):185-99.

Saint-Germain MA, Bassford TL, Montano G. Surveys and focus groups in health research with older Hispanic women. Qual Health Res 1993 Aug;3(3):341-67.

Salazar MK. Hispanic women's beliefs about breast cancer and mammography. Cancer Nurs 1996 Dec;19(6):437-46.

Sanchez-Ayendez M. Knowledge and beliefs of breast cancer among elderly Puerto Rican women. Annual report. 20 Sep 96-19 Sep 97. San Juan: Univ. of Puerto Rico; 1997 Oct. 52 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4390.

Shankar AD. Pilot study: The influence of cultural components of breast cancer patients' perceptions of their support systems. Howard J Commun 1997 Jan-Mar;8(1):101-11.

Skinner CS, Strecher VJ, Hospers H. Physicians' recommendations for mammography: do tailored messages make a difference? Am J Public Health 1994 Jan;84(1):43-9. Comment in: Am J Public Health 1994 Jan;84(1):12-3.

Skinner CS, Sykes RK, Monsees BS, Andriole DA, Arfken CL, Fisher EB. Learn, share, and live: breast cancer education for older, urban minority women. Health Educ Behav 1998 Feb;25(1):60-78.

Stark D. Celebrating life: African American women speak out about breast cancer . J Psychosoc Oncol 1996;14(3):81-3.

Stimac DG. Level of hope, social support, and time since diagnosis among women with breast cancer [masters thesis]. Anchorage: Univ. of Alaska; 1994. 88 p.

Taylor BD. Breast Health Education Study. Annual report. 1 Jul 96-30 Jun 97. Atlanta: Morehouse School of Medicine; 1997 Jul. 132 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4134.

Tortolero-Luna G, Glober GA, Villarreal R, Palos G, Linares A. Screening practices and knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about cancer among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women 35 years old or older in Nueces County, Texas. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):49-56.

Valdimarsdottir H. Psychobehavioral impact of genetic counseling and breast cancer gene testing in healthy women of African descent. Annual report. 16 Sep 96-15 Sep 97. New York: Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research; 1997 Oct. 29 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6293.

Walker-Shaw M. A comparison of strategies for influencing breast cancer knowledge, beliefs, and screening practices among Black women [dissertation]. Denton: Texas Woman's Univ.; 1995. 224 p.

Wismer BA, Moskowitz JM, Chen AM, Kang SH, Novotny TE, Min K, Lew R, Tager IB. Mammography and clinical breast examination among Korean American women in two California counties. Prev Med 1998 Jan-Feb;27(1):144-51.

Yi JK, Prows SL. Breast cancer screening practices among Cambodian women in Houston, Texas. J Cancer Educ 1996 Winter;11(4):221-5.

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Rural Location

Bourjolly JN. A comparison of cognitive appraisal, coping, coping resources and social functioning among Black and White women with breast cancer [dissertation]. Bryn Mawr (PA): Bryn Mawr College, Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research; 1996. 176 p.

Cancer and the rural black family. Nurs RSA 1993 Sep;8(9):26-30.

Dunaway FW, Hueston WJ, Clevinger L. An exploratory study of the experiences of rural women with breast cancer. J Ky Med Assoc 1995 Jun;93(6):241-5.

LaFia C, Fosket JR. Cultural metaphors and gender discourses on women's bodies: media and breast cancer from 1913-1994. Washington: American Sociological Association; 1995.

Mickley J, Soeken K. Religiousness and hope in Hispanic- and Anglo-American women with breast cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 1993 Sep;20(8):1171-7.

Mullineaux DG, French SA. Lesbian couples and cancer. Nebr Nurse 1997 Aug;30(3):30-1.

Newman V, Rock CL, Faerber S, Flatt SW, Wrigth FA, Pierce JP. Dietary supplement use by women at risk for breast cancer recurrence. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98(3):285-92.

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Socioeconomic Status

Auvinen A, Karjalainen S. Possible explanations for social class differences in cancer patient survival. IARC Sci Publ 1997;(138):377-97.

Chie W-C, Chen C-F, Lee W-C, Chen C-J. Socioeconomic status, lactation and breast cancer risk of parous women in Taiwan. Oncol Rep 1996;3(3):497-501.

Conrad ME, Brown P, Conrad MG. Fatalism and breast cancer in black women [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1996 Dec 1;125(11):941-2. Comment on: Ann Intern Med 1996 May 15;124(10):897-905.

Doak CC, Doak LG, Friedell GH, Meade CD. Improving comprehension for cancer patients with low literacy skills: strategies for clinicians. CA Cancer J Clin 1998 May-Jun;48(3):151-62.

Helping low-income minority women reduce cancer risk. Oncology (Huntingt) 1993 Feb;7(2):22.

Liu L. Socioeconomic status and cancer risk among diverse populations in Los Angeles County, 1972-1992 [dissertation]. Los Angeles: Univ. of Southern California; 1996. 336 p.

McDonald KG, Doan B, Kelner M, Taylor KM. A sociobehavioural perspective on genetic testing and counselling for heritable breast, ovarian and colon cancer. CMAJ 1996;154(4):457-64.

Morgan C, Park E, Cortes DE. Beliefs, knowledge, and behavior about cancer among urban Hispanic women. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):57-63.

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Substance Abuse (smoking, alcohol, drugs)

Adami HO, Lund E, Bergstrom R, Meirik O. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer in young women. Br J Cancer 1988 Dec;58(6):832-7.

Ambrosone CB, Freudenheim JL, Graham S, Marshall JR, Vena JE, Brasure JR, Michalek AM, Laughlin R, Nemoto T, Gillenwater KA, Shields PG. Cigarette smoking, N-acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk. JAMA 1996 Nov 13; 276(18):1494-501. Comment in: JAMA 1996 Nov 13; 276(18):1511-2; JAMA 1997 Feb 19;277(7):533; discussion 534; JAMA 1997 Feb 19;277(7):533-4; discussion 534.

Baron JA, Newcomb PA, Longnecker MP, Mittendorf R, Storer BE, Clapp RW, Bogdan G, Yuen J. Cigarette smoking and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996 May;5(5):399-403.

Baumgartner K. Dietary intake, alcohol consumption, and menopausal status: a comparison Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women. Annual report. 1 Sep 96-31 Aug 97. Houston: Texas Univ. Health Science Center at Houston; 1997 Sep. 11 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6227.

Bennicke K, Conrad C, Sabroe S, Toft Sorensen H. Cigarette smoking and breast cancer. BMJ 1995;310(6992):1431-3.

Bowlin SJ, Leske MC, Varma A, Nasca P, Weinstein A, Caplan L. Breast cancer risk and alcohol consumption: results from a large case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 1997 Oct;26(5):915-23.

Braga C, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Filiberti R, Franceschi S. Cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1996;5(3):159-64.

Cancer. Mortality trends for selected smoking-related cancers and breast cancer, 1950-1990. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1994 Apr 15;69(15):107-10.

Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Graham S, Laughlin R, Vena JE, Swanson M, Ambrosone C, Nemoto T. Lifetime alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer. Nutr Cancer 1995;23(1):1-11.

Lee M, Lee F, Stewart S. Pathways to early breast and cervical detection for Chinese American women. Health Educ Q 1996 Dec;23 Suppl:S76-88.

Longnecker MP, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK. Lifetime alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women in Los Angeles. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995 Oct-Nov;4(7):721-5.

Mayberry RM, Stoddard-Wright C. Breast cancer risk factors among black women and white women: Similarities and differences. Am J Epidemiol 1993;136(12):1445-56.

Moller H, Tonnesen H. Alcohol drinking, social class and cancer. IARC Sci Publ 1997;(138):251-63.

Nagata C, Kabuto M, Takatsuka N, Shimizu H. Associations of alcohol, height, and reproductive factors with serum hormone concentrations in postmenopausal Japanese women. Steroid hormones in Japanese postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997;44(3):235-41.

Nasca PC, Liu S, Baptiste MS, Kwon CS, Jacobson H, Metzger BB. Alcohol consumption and breast cancer: estrogen receptor status and histology. Am J Epidemiol 1994 Dec 1;140(11):980-8.

Petrakis NL, Miike R, King EB, Lee L, Mason L, Chang-Lee B. Association of breast fluid coloration with age, ethnicity, and cigarette smoking. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1988;11(3):255-62.

Plant ML. Alcohol and breast cancer: a review. Int J Addict 1992 Feb;27(2):107-28.

Roth HD, Levy PS, Shi L, Post E. Alcoholic beverages and breast cancer: some observations on published case-control studies. J Clin Epidemiol 1994 Feb;47(2):207-16. Comment in: J Clin Epidemiol 1995 Apr;48(4):497-500.

Shields PG, Ambrosone CB, Graham S, Bowman ED, Harrington AM, Gillenwater KA, Marshall JR, Vena JE, Laughlin R, Nemoto T, Freudenheim JL. A cytochrome P4502E1 genetic polymorphism and tobacco smoking in breast cancer. Mol Carcinog 1996;17(3):144-50.

Simon MS, Carman W, Wolfe R, Schottenfeld D. Alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer: a report from the Tecumseh Community Health Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1991;44(8):755-61.

Tonnesen H, Moller H, Andersen JR, Jensen E, Juel K. Cancer morbidity in alcohol abusers. Br J Cancer 1994;69(2):327-32.

Vaeth PA, Satariano WA. Alcohol consumption and breast cancer stage at diagnosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998 Jun;22(4):928-34.

Viel JF, Perarnau JM, Challier B, Faivre-Nappez I. Alcoholic calories, red wine consumption and breast cancer among premenopausal women. Eur J Epidemiol 1997 Sep;13(6):639-43.

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Other

Epstein B. Grassroots environmentalism and strategies for social change. New Polit Sci 1995 Summer; 32:1-24.

Yancey AK, Walden L. Stimulating cancer screening among Latinas and African-American women: A community case study. J Cancer Educ 1994;9(1):46-52.

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Breast Cancer Screening and Early Detection

General/Overview

Anderson ALJ. Variables discriminating uninsured and underinsured mammography acceptors from mammography decliners [dissertation]. Milwaukee: Univ. of Wisconsin - Milwaukee; 1996. 37 p.

Ashford AR, Neugut AI, Lantigua R, Gemson D, Bloch S, Saxon J, Perez B. Attitudes towards cancer screening among primary care physicians practicing in urban minority communities [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995;14:A337.

Baskin-Smith J, Miaskowski C, Dibble SL, Weekes D, Nielsen BB. Perceptions of the mammography experience. Cancer Nurs 1995;18(1):47-52.

Bastani R, Marcus AC, Maxwell AE, Das IP, Yan KX. Evaluation of an intervention to increase mammography screening in Los Angeles. Prev Med 1994 Jan;23(1):83-90.

Benedict S, Williams RD, Hoomani J. Method of discovery of breast cancer. Cancer Pract 1996;4(3):147-55.

Bhakta P, Donnelly P, Mayberry J. Management of breast disease in Asian women. Pr Nurse 1995 Dec;11(3):187-9.

Bick RL, Miller F, Janes J, Reeves B. Breast cancer screening in younger women: are new recommendations by the National Cancer Institute truly sound? [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995;14:A119.

Blackshear LA. Breast cancer information system designed to foster increased proactive prevention activities among minority populations. Vol. 2, Appendices. Final report. Annapolis (MD): Telesonic; 1997 Jul. 147 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4282.

Blackshear LA. Breast cancer information system designed to foster increased proactive prevention activities among minority populations. Vol. 1, Narrative. Final report. Annapolis (MD): Telesonic; 1997 Jul. 72 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4282.

Botha JL, Manku-Scott TK, Moledina F, Williams A. Indirect discrimination and breast screening. Ethn Dis 1993 Spring;3(2):189-95.

Breast cancer screening for women ages 40-49. NIH Consens Statement 1997 Jan 21-23;15(1):1-42.

Brownstein JN, Cheal N, Ackermann SP, Bassford TL, Campos-Outcalt D. Breast and cervical cancer screening in minority populations: A model for using lay health educators. J Cancer Educ 1992;7(4):321-6.

Building partnerships for breast health outreach [videocassette]. Burhansstipanov L. Pittsburgh (PA) : WQED; 1996. 1 videocassette: 60 min; sound., color; 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. Recorded at a teleconference held Apr. 24, 1996. Moderator, Carole Simpson.

Burack RC, Gimotty PA. Promoting screening mammography in inner-city settings. The sustained effectiveness of computerized reminders in a randomized controlled trial. Med Care 1997 Sep;35(9):921-31.

Calle EE, Flanders WD, Thun MJ, Martin LM. Demographic predictors of mammography and pap smear screening in US women. Am J Public Health 1993 Jan;83(1):53-60.

Champion V, Miller AM. Recent mammography in women aged 35 and older: Predisposing variables. Health Care Women Int 1996 May-Jun;17(3):233-45.

Chaudary MA. Patterns of recurrence in Western and Japanese women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1991 May;18 Suppl 1:S115-8.

Clayton S. Comunication processes in an inner-city cancer education program [dissertation]. Los Angeles: Univ. of California, Los Angeles; 1995. 284 p.

Colditz GA, Hoaglin DC, Berkey CS. Cancer incidence and mortality: the priority of screening frequency and population coverage. Milbank Q 1997;75(2):147-73.

Collaborating with managed care organizations for mammography screening and rescreening: guidance for NBCCEDP grantees. Final report. Atlanta (GA): Macro International, Inc.; 1997 Jan 20. 30 p. Sponsored by National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, GA. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DHHS-200-93-0696-15.

Coughlin SS, Etheredge GD, Parikh NR, Mcdivitt JA. Cancer screening practices of Cajun and non-Cajun women in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana. J La State Med Soc 1997 Apr;149(4):125-9.

Daniel DM. An assessment of breast cancer screening and the determination of barriers in a biracial population [dissertation]. Charleston: Medical Univ. of South Carolina; 1997. 263 p.

Ehmann JL. BSE Rap: intergenerational ties to save lives. Oncol Nurs Forum 1993 Sep;20(8):1255-9.

Ferrell BR, Grant MM, Funk BM, Otis-Green SA, Garcia NJ. Quality of life in breast cancer survivors: implications for developing support services. Oncol Nurs Forum 1998 Jun;25(5):887-95.

Fletcher SW. Why question screening mammography for women in their forties? Radiol Clin North Am 1995 Nov;33(6):1259-71.

From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Strategies for providing follow-up and treatment services in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program--United States, 1997. JAMA 1998 Jun 24;279(24):1941-2.

From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, 1992-1993. JAMA 1993 Oct 20;270(15):1793-4.

Funkhouser E, Waterbor JW, Cole P, Rubin E. Mammographic patterns and breast cancer risk factors among women having elective screening. South Med J 1993 Feb;86(2):177-80.

Gail M, Rimer B. Risk-based recommendations for mammographic screening for women in their forties. J Clin Oncol 1998;16(9):3105-14.

Ghazal M, Tetu-Mouradjian LM, Jones A, Block SH. Inner-city breast and cervical cancer screening: a cooperative report. R I Med 1993 Apr;76(4):195-8.

Glazer HR, Kirk LM, Bosler FE. Patient education pamphlets about prevention, detection, and treatment of breast cancer for low literacy women. Patient Educ Couns 1996 Mar;27(2):185-9.

Gotay CC, Wilson ME. Social support and cancer screening in African American, hispanic, and native American women. Cancer Pract 1998;6(1):31-7.

Guidry JJ, Fagan P, Walker V. Cultural sensitivity and readability of breast and prostate printed cancer education materials targeting African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 1998 Mar;90(3):165-9.

Hargreaves MK. Obstacles to the primary and secondary prevention breast cancer in African-American women. Annual report. 1 Sep 96-31 Aug 97. Nashville (TN): Meharry Medical Coll.; 1997 Oct. 153 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD71-96-1-6272.

Hill GJ, Raina S, Klein K, Cook S, Pyatt G, Scarpa R, Gargiulo S, Nolan D, Rush BF Jr. Breast cancer in the inner city: problems in diagnosis, treatment and outcome [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1993;12:A126.

Hillman AL. Cancer prevention for minority women in a Medicaid HMO. Abstract, executive summary and final report. Report. for 30 Sep 93-29 Sep 96. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania; 1996 Sep. 25 p. Sponsored by Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Rockville, MD.

Hoffman-Goetz L, Breen NL, Meissner H. The impact of social class on the use of cancer screening within three racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Ethn Dis 1998 Winter;8(1):43-51.

Holt HL. Progress report: the national strategic plan for the early detection and control of breast and cervical cancers. J Womens Health 1998 May;7(4):411-3.

Horton JA, Cruess DF, Romans MC. Compliance with mammography screening guidelines: 1995 Mammography Attitudes and Usage Study Report. Womens Health Issues 1996 Sep-Oct;6(5):239-45.

Hunt JP, Gohagan JK. Breast cancer screening in women ages 40-49 [bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine; 1996. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 96-5). 334 selected citations from January 1985 through November 1996.

Hunter CP, Redmond CK, Chen VW, Austin DF, Greenberg RS, Correa P, Muss HB, Forman MR, Wesley MN, Blacklow RS, et al. Breast cancer: factors associated with stage at diagnosis in black and white women. Black/White Cancer Survival Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993 Jul 21;85(14):1129-37.

Hurdle DE. The influence of social support and gender-sensitive education on breast cancer screening by high-risk women [disssertation]. Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina; 1996. 163 p.

Hyman RB, Baker S, Ephraim R, Moadel A, et al. Health Belief Model variables as predictors of screening mammography utilization. J Behav Med 1994 Aug;17(4):391-406.

Iverson DC. Involving providers and patients in cancer control and prevention efforts: Barriers to overcome. Cancer 1993;72(3 Suppl):1138-43.

Johnson KM, Taylor VM, Lessler D, Thompson B, Goldberg HI. Inner city primary care providers' breast cancer screening knowledge: implications for intervention. J Community Health 1998 Feb;23(1):1-13.

Kang SH, Bloom JR. Social support and cancer screening among older black Americans. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993 May 5;85(9):737-42.

Kernohan EE. Evaluation of a pilot study for breast and cervical cancer screening with Bradford's minority ethnic women; a community development approach, 1991-93. Br J Cancer Suppl 1996 Sep;29:S42-6.

Lacey L, Whitfield J, DeWhite W, Ansell D, Whitman S, Chen E, Phillips C. Referral adherence in an inner city breast and cervical cancer screening program. Cancer 1993 Aug 1;72(3):950-5.

Lacoy J. An analysis of low-income Caucasian, Black, and Hispanic women's responses to Project: Aware, a two-year televised informational campaign about breast cancer [dissertation]. [Amherst]: Univ. of Massachusetts; 1994. 137 p.

Lantz PM, Stencil D, Lippert MT, Beversdorf S, Jaros L, Remington PL. Breast and cervical cancer screening in a low-income managed care sample: the efficacy of physician letters and phone calls. Am J Public Health 1995 Jun;85(6):834-6. Published erratum appears in Am J Public Health 1995 Aug;85(8 Pt 1):1063.

Lantz PM, Stencil D, Lippert MT, Beversdorf S, Jaros L, Remington PL. Erratum: Breast and cervical cancer screening in a low-income managed care sample: The efficacy of physician letters and phone calls . Am J Public Health 1995;85(8):1063. Published erratum of Am J Public Health 1995;85:834-6.

Lillington L. Determinants of African-American women's participation in breast cancer prevention research. Annual report. 1 Aug 95-31 Jul 96. Torrance (CA): Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Research and Education Inst.; 1996 Aug. 61 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4163.

Mahloch J. The development of a culturally relevant breast self-examination video. [place of publication, publisher, date unknown]. 6 p.

Mammography services paid by Medicare: state and county rates 1994-1995. Washington: Health Care Financing Administration; 1997 Oct. 276 p.

Mandelblatt J, Freeman H, Winczewski D, Cagney K, Williams S, Trowers R, Tang J, Gold K, Lin TH, Kerner J. The costs and effects of cervical and breast cancer screening in a public hospital emergency room. The Cancer Control Center of Harlem. Am J Public Health 1997 Jul;87(7):1182-9.

Massett HA. Appropriateness of Hispanic print materials: A content analysis. Health Educ Res 1996;11(2):231-42.

McGovern PG, Lurie N, Margolis KL, Slater JS. Accuracy of self-report of mammography and Pap smear in a low-income urban population. Am J Prev Med 1998 Apr;14(3):201-8.

McKennett M. Changing guidelines for screening mammography. West J Med 1993 May;158(5):520-1.

Meshack AF. For health's sake: cervical and breast cancer screening [dissertation]. Houston: Univ. of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health; 1993. 152 p.

Metsch LR, McCoy CB, McCoy HV, Pereyra M, Trapido E, Miles C. The role of the physician as an information source on mammography. Cancer Pract 1998;6(4):229.

Montague J. Public health--catching breast cancer early. Hosp Health Netw 1995 Oct 5;69(19):90.

Morrison C. Using PRECEDE to predict breast self-examination in older, lower-income women. Am J Health Behav 1996 Mar-Apr;20(2):3-14.

Mullai N, Chou C, Wong A, Samuel J, Hussein L, McDunn S, Shiomoto G, Santhiraj M. Analysis of risk factors in breast cancer [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996;15:A207.

National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program at a glance 1. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1997. 8 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA.

National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: breast cancer screening for women ages 40-49, January 21-23, 1997. National Institutes of Health Consensus Developmental Panel. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1997;(22):vii-xviii.

Newman LA, Alfonso AE. Age-related differences in breast cancer stage at diagnosis between black and white patients in an urban community hospital. Ann Surg Oncol 1997 Dec;4(8):655-62.

Olive TE. Cultural and collective stories of health and illness: an analysis of women's stories and media representations of breast cancer [dissertation]. Tampa: Univ. of South Florida; 1996. 262 p.

Pankow JS, Vachon CM, Kuni CC, King RA, Arnett DK, Grabrick DM, Rich SS, Anderson VE, Sellers TA. Genetic analysis of mammographic breast density in adult women: Evidence of a gene effect. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89(8):549-56.

Patient education for screening mammography: the unmet need. R I Med 1993 Jul;76(7):366-7.

Persson K, Svensson PG, Ek AC. Breast self-examination: an analysis of self-reported practice. J Adv Nurs 1997 May;25(5):886-92.

Pike MC. Hormonal contraception with LHRH agonists and the prevention of breast and ovarian cancer. In: Mann RD, editor. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. The implications of the present findings for informed consent and informed choice. Carnforth (England): Parthenon Publishing Group; 1990. p. 323-48.

Rajaram SS, Rashidi A. Minority women and breast cancer screening: the role of cultural explanatory models. Washington: American Sociological Association; [date unknown]. Available from: Sociology Express, 800-752-3945.

Rakowski W, Pearlman D, Rimer BK, Ehrich B. Correlates of mammography among women with low and high socioeconomic resources. Prev Med 1995 Mar;24(2):149-58.

Reaching women for mammography screening. Successful strategies. National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) grantees. Final report. Atlanta: Macro International, Inc.; 1996 Dec. 150 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DHHS-200-93-0696-15.

Rebentisch DP, Rebentisch HD, Thomas K, Karat S, Jadhav AJ. A proven and highly cost-effective method of early detection of breast cancer for developing countries. Radiother Oncol 1995 Dec;37(3):246-8.

Rimer BK. Interventions to increase breast screening. Lifespan and ethnicity issues. Cancer 1994 Jul 1;74(1 Suppl):323-8.

Rimer BK. Mammography use in the U.S.: Trends and the impact of interventions. Ann Behav Med 1994;16(4):317-26.

Robinson KD, Kimmel EA, Yasko JM. Reaching out to the African American community through innovative strategies. Oncol Nurs Forum 1995 Oct;22(9):1383-91.

Roetzheim RG, Fox SA, Leake B. The effect of risk on changes in breast cancer screening rates in Los Angeles, 1988-1990. Cancer 1994 Jul 15;74(2):625-31.

Roetzheim RG, Van Durme DJ, Brownlee HJ, Herold AH, Woodard LJ, Blair C. Barriers to screening among participants of a media-promoted breast cancer screening project. Cancer Detect Prev 1993;17(3):367-77.

Rojas M, Mandelblatt J, Cagney K, Kerner J, Freeman H. Barriers to follow-up of abnormal screening mammograms among low-income minority women. Cancer Control Center of Harlem. Ethn Health 1996 Sep;1(3):221-8.

Romans MC. Utilization of mammography. Social and behavioral trends. Cancer 1993 Aug 15;72(4 Suppl):1475-7.

Salzmann P, Kerlikowske K, Phillips K. Cost-effectiveness of extending screening mammography guidelines to include women 40 to 49 years of age. Ann Intern Med 1997;127(11):955-65.

Schildkraut JM, Lerman C, Lustbader E, Rimer BK. Adherence to mammography among subgroups of women at high risk for breast cancer. J Womens Health 1995;4(6):645-54.

Sent L, Ballem P, Paluck E, Yelland L, Vogel AM. The Asian Women's Health Clinic: addressing cultural barriers to preventive health care. CMAJ 1998 Aug 25;159(4):350-4.

Simon MS, Gimotty PA, Coombs J, McBride S, Moncrease A, Burack RC. Factors affecting participation in a mammography screening program among members of an urban Detroit health maintenance organization. Cancer Detect Prev 1998;22(1):30-8.

Taplin SH, Taylor V, Montano D, Chinn R, Urban N. Specialty differences and the ordering of screening mammography by primary care physicians. J Am Board Fam Pract 1994 Sep-Oct;7(5):375-86. Comment in: J Am Board Fam Pract 1994 Sep-Oct;7(5):449-51.

Thompson B, Montano DE, Mahloch J, Mullen M, Taylor V. Attitudes and beliefs toward mammography among women using an urban public hospital. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1997 May;8(2):186-201.

Trends in cancer screening--United States, 1987 and 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996 Jan 26;45(3):57-61.

Update: National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program--July 1991-September 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996 Jun 14;45(23):484-7.

Vernon SW, Laville EA, Jackson GL. Participation in breast screening programs: a review. Soc Sci Med 1990;30(10):1107-18.

Vernon SW, Vogel VG, Halabi S, Bondy ML. Factors associated with perceived risk of breast cancer among women attending a screening program. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993;28(2):137-44.

Wells BL, Horm JW. Targeting the underserved for breast and cervical cancer screening: The utility of ecological analysis using the national health interview survey. Am J Public Health 1998;88(10):1484-9.

Wiggins CL, Becker TM, Key CR, Samet JM. Cancer mortality among New Mexico's Hispanics, American Indians, and non- Hispanic Whites, 1958-1987. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85(20):1670-8.

Womeodu RJ, Bailey JE. Barriers to cancer screening. Med Clin North Am 1996 Jan;80(1):115-33.

Zaloznik A. Screening mammography use: a comparison of four racial groups [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995;14:A58.

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Access to Health Care

Bedell MB, Wood ME, Lezotte DC, Sedlacek SM, Orleans MM. Delay in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer: Implications for education. J Cancer Educ 1995;10(4):223-8.

Bernstein JA. Access to mammography for older women of color: the relationship between individual factors and structural barriers. Abstract and executive summary. Report for 1 Sep 95-31 May 96. Report No.: AHCPR-HS-08949. Waltham (MA): Brandeis Univ.; 1996 Apr. 13 p.

Blustein J. Medicare coverage, supplemental insurance, and the use of mammography by older women. N Engl J Med 1995 Apr 27;332(17):1138-43. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1995 Apr 27;332(17):1164-8.

Bush RA, Langer RD. The effects of insurance coverage and ethnicity on mammography utilization in a postmenopausal population. West J Med 1998 Apr;168(4):236-40.

Clark RA. Economic issues in screening mammography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992 Mar;158(3):527-34.

Freeman HP, Muth BJ, Kerner JF. Expanding access to cancer screening and clinical follow-up among the medically underserved. Cancer Pract 1995 Jan-Feb;3(1):19-30.

Gotay CC, Issell BF, Hernandez BY, Serxner S. Barriers to mammography in a low income, multiethnic clinic population. Hawaii Med J 1996 Aug;55(8):136-40.

Harper AP. Mammography utilization in the poor and medically underserved. Cancer 1993;72(4 Suppl):1478-82.

Mandelblatt J, Andrews H, Kao R, Wallace R, Kerner J. Impact of access and social context on breast cancer stage at diagnosis. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1995;6(3):342-51.

Margolis KL, Lurie N, McGovern PG, Finnegan J, Slater JS. Increasing cancer screening among low-income women at a county hospital [abstract]. J Invest Med 1995;43 Suppl 3:449A.

Margolis KL, Lurie N, McGovern PG, Tyrrell M, Slater JS. Increasing breast and cervical cancer screening in low-income women. J Gen Intern Med 1998;13(8):515-21.

Marshall AA, Smith SW, McKeon JK. Persuading low-income women to engage in mammography screening: Source, message, and channel preferences. Health Commun 1995;7(4):283-99.

McCarthy EP. Prior mammography utilization: does it explain Black-White differences in breast cancer outcomes. Annual report. 15 Apr 96-14 Apr 98. Boston (MA): Boston Univ. Medical Center; 1998 Apr. 35 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6011.

McCarthy EP. Prior mammography utilization: does it explain Black-white differences in breast cancer outcomes? [disseration]. New Orleans (LA): Tulane Univ.; 1996. 694 p.

McCoy CB, Smith SA, Metsch LR, Anwyl RS, Correa R, Bankston L, Zavertnik JJ. Breast cancer screening of the medically underserved: results and implications. Cancer Pract 1994 Jul-Aug;2(4):267-74. Comment in: Cancer Pract 1994 Jul-Aug;2(4):247.

Meshack AF. For health's sake: cervical and breast cancer screening [dissertation]. Houston: Univ. of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health; 1993. 152 p.

Mickey RM, Durski J, Worden JK, Danigelis NL. Breast cancer screening and associated factors for low-income African-American women. Prev Med 1995 Sep;24(5):467-76.

Pasick RJ. Breast cancer outreach for underserved women: a randomized trial and cost-effectiveness analysis. Annual report. 1 Jun 97-31 May 98. Union City (CA): Northern California Cancer Center; 1998 Jun. 54 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6070.

Pasick RJ. Breast cancer outreach for underserved women: a randomized trial and cost-effectiveness analysis. Annual report. 1 Jun 96-31 May 97. Union City: Northern California Cancer Center; 1997 Jul. 88 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6070.

Reid VJ, Garcia B. Use of mammography in Jamaica. The Jamaica Cancer Society experience. West Indian Med J 1994 Jun;43(2):34-5.

Reynolds AL. Health promotion habits of nurses: nurses practice and teaching of breast self examination (BSE) in a minority community [dissertation]. New York: Columbia Univ. Teachers College; 1995. 161 p.

Self-reported use of mammography and insurance status among women aged > or =40 years--United States, 1991-1992 and 1996-1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998 Oct 9;47(39):825-30.

Self-reported use of mammography among women aged less than or equal to 40 years - United States, 1989 and 1995. JAMA 1997;278(17):1395-6.

Self-reported use of mammography among women aged > or = 40 years -- United States, 1989 and 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997 Oct 10;46(40):937-41. Published erratum appears in MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997 Oct 17;46(41):974.

Solis JM, Marks G, Garcia M, Shelton D. II. Acculturation, access to care, and use of preventive services by Hispanics: Findings from HHANES 1982-84. Am J Public Health 1990;80 Suppl:11-9.

Stovall CE, Wright SA. Reaching African-American and Native-American women: Evaluation of local breast cancer screening initiatives. Cancer 1998 Oct 15;83(8 Suppl):1840-2.

Suarez L, Pulley L. Comparing acculturation scales and their relationship to cancer screening among older Mexican-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):41-7.

Urban N, Anderson GL, Peacock S. Mammography screening: how important is cost as a barrier to use? Am J Public Health 1994 Jan;84(1):50-5.

Valdini A, Cargill LC. Access and barriers to mammography in New England community health centers. J Fam Pract 1997 Sep;45(3):243-9.

Vilor M, Herrera L. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) expression in preinvasive and invasive breast lesions in african-americans [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1994;13:A224.

Vilor M, O'Riordan B, Frelick R, Berkowitz I, Herrera L. Incidence of preinvasive lesions in african-american patients with breast cancer [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1994;13:A248.

Vogel VG, Bondy M, Halabi S, Lord J, Laville EA. The Texas Breast Screening Project: Part II. Demographics, risk profiles, and health practices of participants. South Med J 1993 Apr;86(4):391-6.

Vogelzang NJ, Breitbart W, Cella D, Curt GA, Groopman JE, Horning SJ, Itri LM, Johnson DH, Scherr SL, Portenoy RK. Patient, caregiver, and oncologist perceptions of cancer-related fatigue: results of a tripart assessment survey. The Fatigue Coalition. Semin Hematol 1997 Jul;34(3 Suppl 2):4-12.

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Cultural Influences and Attitudes About Prevention

Atri J, Falshaw M, Gregg R, Robson J, Omar RZ, Dixon S. Improving uptake of breast screening in multiethnic populations: a randomised controlled trial using practice reception staff to contact non-attenders. BMJ 1997 Nov 22;315(7119):1356-9.

Bildner C. Coping with mammography: effects of problem-solving ability, information, and information coping style [dissertation]. [Philadelphia]: Allegheny Univ. of Health Sciences; 1997. 154 p.

Calle EE, Miracle HL, Moss RE, Heath CW. Personal contact from friends to increase mammography usage [abstract]. Paper presented at: 17th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Preventive Oncology; 1993 Mar 20-23; Tucson, AZ.

Carpenter V, Colwell B. Cancer knowledge, self-efficacy, and cancer screening behaviors among Mexican-American women. J Cancer Educ 1995 Winter;10(4):217-22.

Champion V, Miller AM. Recent mammography in women aged 35 and older: Predisposing variables. Health Care Women Int 1996 May-Jun;17(3):233-45.

Davis TC, Arnold C, Berkel HJ, Nandy I, Jackson RH, Glass J. Knowledge and attitude on screening mammography among low-literate, low-income women. Cancer 1996 Nov 1;78(9):1912-20.

Foxall MJ, Barron CR, Houfek J. Ethnic differences in breast self-examination practice and health beliefs. J Adv Nurs 1998 Feb;27(2):419-28.

Frazier EL, Jiles RB, Mayberry R. Use of screening mammography and clinical breast examinations among black, Hispanic, and white women. Prev Med 1996 Mar-Apr;25(2):118-25.

Freeman JL. Mammagraphy use by older Mexican American women. Annual report. 1 Jul 97-30 Jun 98. Galveston: Univ. of Texas; 1998 Jul. 34 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6215.

Freeman JL. Mammography use by older Mexican American women. Annual report. 1 Jul 96-30 Jun 97. Galveston: Texas Univ. Medical Branch at Galveston; 1997 Jul. 105 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6215.

Friedman LC, Webb JA, Weinberg AD, Lane M, Cooper HP, Woodruff A. Breast cancer screening: racial/ethnic differences in behaviors and beliefs. J Cancer Educ 1995 Winter;10(4):213-6.

Gregg J, Curry RH. Explanatory models for cancer among African-American women at two Atlanta neighborhood health centers: the implications for a cancer screening program. Soc Sci Med 1994 Aug;39(4):519-26.

Hoeman SP, Ku YL, Ohl DR. Health beliefs and early detection among Chinese women. West J Nurs Res 1996 Oct;18(5):518-33.

Hoffman-Goetz L, Mills SL. Cultural barriers to cancer screening among African American women: a critical review of the qualitative literature. Womens Health 1997 Fall-Winter;3(3-4):183-201.

Holden DJ. The impact of perceived risk on low income, rural, postmenopausal women's decisions to get mammograms [dissertation]. Raleigh: North Carolina State Univ.; 1996.

Hubbell FA, Chavez LR, Mishra SI, Valdez RB. Differing beliefs about breast cancer among Latinas and Anglo women. West J Med 1996 May;164(5):405-9.

Hubbell FA, Mishra SI, Chavez LR, Valdez RB. The influence of knowledge and attitudes about breast cancer on mammography use among Latinas and Anglo women. J Gen Intern Med 1997 Aug;12(8):505-8.

Jackson RH, Davis TC. Mammography use in black women [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1997 Feb 15; 126(4):333-4. Comment on: Ann Intern Med 1996 Aug 1;125(3):173-82.

Jones LA, Gonzalez R, Pillow PC, Gomez-Garza SA, Foreman CJ, Chilton JA, Linares A, Yick J, Badrei M, Hajek RA. Dietary fiber, Hispanics, and breast cancer risk? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997 Dec 26;837:524-36.

Kang SH, Bloom JR, Romano PS. Cancer screening among African-American women: their use of tests and social support. Am J Public Health 1994 Jan;84(1):101-3.

Lipkus I. Mammography screening among African-American women with a family history of breast cancer. Annual report. 1 Aug 96-31 Jul 97. Durham (NC): Duke Univ. Medical Center; 1997 Aug. 86 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6148.

Mandelblatt J, Andrews H, Kao R, Wallace R, Kerner J. Impact of access and social context on breast cancer stage at diagnosis. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1995;6(3):342-51.

Marks JP. Gut feelings, the Holy Spirit, and a processed world: embodied knowledge of breast cancer risks in African-American women [dissertation]. Cleveland (OH): Case Western Reserve Univ.; 1998. 454 p.

McCarthy EP. Prior mammography utilization: does it explain Black-White differences in breast cancer outcomes. Annual report. 15 Apr 96-14 Apr 98. Boston (MA): Boston Univ. Medical Center; 1998 Apr. 35 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6011.

McCarthy EP. Prior mammography utilization: does it explain Black-white differences in breast cancer outcomes? [disseration]. New Orleans (LA): Tulane Univ.; 1996. 694 p.

Mickley J, Soeken K. Religiousness and hope in Hispanic- and Anglo-American women with breast cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 1993 Sep;20(8):1171-7.

Miller AM, Champion VL. Attitudes about breast cancer and mammography: racial, income, and educational differences. Women Health 1997;26(1):41-63.

Morgan C, Park E, Cortes DE. Beliefs, knowledge, and behavior about cancer among urban Hispanic women. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):57-63.

Nagata C. Assessment of preference for breast cancer chemoprevention in Japanese young women. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997 Sep;88(9):792-6.

Olsen SJ, Frank-Stromborg M. Cancer prevention and early detection in ethnically diverse populations. Semin Oncol Nurs 1993 Aug;9(3):198-209.

Paskett ED, DeGraffinreid C, Tatum CM, Margitic SE. The recruitment of African-Americans to cancer prevention and control studies. Prev Med 1996 Sep-Oct;25(5):547-53.

Paskett ED, McMahon K, Tatum C, Velez R, Shelton B, Case LD, Wofford J, Moran W, Wymer A. Clinic-based interventions to promote breast and cervical cancer screening. Prev Med 1998 Jan-Feb;27(1):120-8.

Patel S. An effectiveness study of a cancer prevention intervention for low-income ethnic minority women [dissertation]. Los Angeles: California School of Professional Psychology; 1996. 247 p.

Perez JJ. Breast self-examination practices, ethnicity, and education: a study of female university employees [masters thesis]. Clear Lake (TX): Univ. of Houston; 1996. 46 p.

Pike M. We are on the threshold of an era when breast cancer...can be prevented. Oncology 1991 May;5(5):14, 16, 21-2.

Richards CL, Viadro CI, Earp JA. Bringing down the barriers to mammography: A review of current research and interventions. Breast Dis 1998;10(3-4):33-44.

Rimer BK, Conaway MR, Kornguth PJ, Stout AL, Catoe KE, Brackett JS. Effects of force, race, and coping style on pain during patient-controlled mammography. J Womens Health 1993;2(3):249-55.

Rimer BK, Conaway MR, Lyna PR, Rakowski W, Woods-Powell CT, Tessaro I, Yarnall KS, Barber LT. Cancer screening practices among women in a community health center population. Am J Prev Med 1996 Sep-Oct;12(5):351-7.

Skinner CS, Arfken CL, Sykes RK. Knowledge, perceptions, and mammography stage of adoption among older urban women. Am J Prev Med 1998 Jan;14(1):54-63.

Stonbely SM. Determinants of noncompliance of breast screening behaviors among Dade County women [dissertation]. Miami: Florida International Univ.; 1994. 151 p.

Strategies for providing follow-up and treatment services in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program--United States, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998 Mar 27;47(11):215-8.

Varricchio CG. Issues to consider when planning cancer control interventions for women. Womens Health Issues 1995 Summer;5(2):64-72.

Wardlow H, Curry RH. Sympathy for my body: breast cancer and mammography at two Atlanta clinics. Med Anthropol 1996 Mar;16(4):319-40.

Yancey AK, Walden L. Stimulating cancer screening among Latinas and African-American women. A community case study. J Cancer Educ 1994;9(1):46-52.

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Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Groups

African Americans

Adderley-Kelly B, Green PM. Breast cancer education, self-efficacy, and screening in older African American women. J Natl Black Nurses Assoc 1997 Spring-Summer;9(1):45-57.

Altpeter M, Earp JA, Schopler JH. Promoting breast cancer screening in rural, African American communities: the science and art of community health promotion. Health Soc Work 1998 May;23(2):104-15.

Anderson RB, McMillion PY. Effects of similar and diversified modeling on African American women's efficacy expectations and intentions to perform breast self-examination. Health Commun 1995;(4):327-43.

Ansell D, Lacey L, Whitman S, Chen E, Phillips C. A nurse-delivered intervention to reduce barriers to breast and cervical cancer screening in Chicago inner city clinics. Public Health Rep 1994 Jan-Feb;109(1):104-11.

Ansell DA, Dillard J, Rothenberg M, Bork J, Fizzotti GF, Alagaratnam D, Shiomoto G, Gunther T, Greager JA II. Breast cancer screening in an urban black population. A preliminary report. Cancer 1988;62(2):425-8.

Baldwin D. An Afrocentric approach to breast and cervical cancer early detection and screening. An educational program for undergraduate and advanced practice nursing students. Washington: American Nurses Pub.; 1996. 48 p.

Baldwin D. A model for describing low-income African American women's participation in breast and cervical cancer early detection and screening. Adv Nurs Sci 1996 Dec;19(2):27-42.

Barnett SG. African-American women's health beliefs about breast cancer and breast self-examination [masters thesis]. San Jose: San Jose State Univ.; 1993. 95 p.

Bloom JR, Hayes WA, Saunders F, Hodge F. Physician induced and patient induced utilization of early cancer detection practices among black Americans. Prog Clin Biol Res 1989;293:279-96.

Bowen D, Hickman KM, Powers D. Importance of psychological variables in understanding risk perceptions and breast cancer screening of African American women. Womens Health 1997 Fall-Winter;3(3-4):227-42.

Bowen DJ, Christensen CL, Powers D, Graves DR, Anderson CAM. Effects of counseling and ethnic identity on perceived risk and cancer worry in African American women. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 1998 Sep;5(3):365-79.

Bowie JV. Predicting repeat mammography intention in African American women [dissertation]. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins Univ.; 1997. 284 p.

Bressler J, Ansell D, Parker J, Dillard J, Whitman S. Breast cancer screening in an urban public hospital. Five-year results. Cancer 1993 Dec 15;72(12):3636-40.

Brown LW, Williams RD. Culturally sensitive breast cancer screening programs for older black women. Nurse Pract 1994 Mar;19(3):21, 25-6, 31 passim.

Burns RB, McCarthy EP, Freund KM, Marwill SL, Shwartz M, Ash A, Moskowitz MA. Black women receive less mammography even with similar use of primary care. Ann Intern Med 1996 Aug 1; 125(3):173-82. Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1996 Aug 1;125(3):237-9; Ann Intern Med 1997 Feb 15;126(4):333-4.

Calle EE, Flanders WD, Thun MJ, Martin LM. Demographic predictors of mammography and pap smear screening in US women. Am J Public Health 1993 Jan;83(1):53-60.

Calle EE, Miracle HL, Moss RE, Heath CW. Personal contact from friends to increase mammography usage [abstract]. Paper presented at: 17th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Preventive Oncology; 1993 Mar 20-23; Tucson, AZ.

Caplan LS, Wells BL, Haynes SG. Breast cancer screening among older racial/ethnic minorities and Whites: Barriers to early detection. J Gerontol 1992;47 Spec Issue:101-10.

Champion V, Menon U. Predicting mammography and breast self-examination in African American women. Cancer Nurs 1997 Oct;20(5):315-22.

Champion VL, Menon U, McQuillen DH, Scott C. Validity of self-reported mammography in low-income African-American women. Am J Prev Med 1998 Feb;14(2):111-7.

Champion VL, Scott CR. Reliability and validity of breast cancer screening belief scales in African American women. Nurs Res 1997 Nov-Dec;46(6):331-7.

Chang SW, Kerlikowske K, Napoles-Springer A, Posner SF, Sickles EA, Perez-Stable EJ. Racial differences in timeliness of follow-up after abnormal screening mammography. Cancer 1996 Oct 1;78(7):1395-402.

Danigelis NL, Roberson NL, Worden JK, Flynn BS, Dorwaldt AL, Ashley JA, Skelly JM, Mickey RM. Breast screening by African-American women: insights from a household survey and focus groups. Am J Prev Med 1995 Sep-Oct;11(5):311-7.

Danigelis NL, Worden JK, Mickey RM. The importance of age as a context for understanding African-American women's mammography screening behavior. Am J Prev Med 1996 Sep-Oct;12(5):358-66.

Douglass M, Bartolucci A, Waterbor J, Sirles A. Breast cancer early detection: differences between African American and white women's health beliefs and detection practices. Oncol Nurs Forum 1995 Jun;22(5):835-7.

Eng E. The Save our Sisters Project. A social network strategy for reaching rural black women. Cancer 1993 Aug 1;72(3 Suppl):1071-7.

Facione NC. The intention to helpseek for breast cancer symptoms in African American women [dissertation]. San Francisco: Univ. of California, San Francisco; 1995.

Forte DA. Community-based breast cancer intervention program for older African American women in beauty salons. Public Health Rep 1995 Mar-Apr;110(2): 179-83.

Friedman LC, Webb JA, Weinberg AD, Lane M, Cooper HP, Woodruff A. Breast cancer screening: racial/ethnic differences in behaviors and beliefs. J Cancer Educ 1995 Winter;10(4):213-6.

Fulton JP, Rakowski W, Jones AC. Determinants of breast cancer screening among inner-city Hispanic women in comparison with other inner-city women. Public Health Rep 1995;110(4):476-82.

Gaston MH, Moody LE. Improving utilization of breast and cervical cancer screening in your office practice. J Natl Med Assoc 1995 Sep;87(9):700-4.

Glanz K, Resch N, Lerman C, Rimer BK. Black-white differences in factors influencing mammography use among employed female health maintenance organization members. Ethn Health 1996 Sep;1(3):207-20.

Gregg J, Curry RH. Explanatory models for cancer among African-American women at two Atlanta neighborhood health centers: the implications for a cancer screening program. Soc Sci Med 1994 Aug;39(4):519-26.

Guidry JJ, Fagan P, Walker V. Cultural sensitivity and readability of breast and prostate printed cancer education materials targeting African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 1998 Mar;90(3):165-9.

Hiatt RA, Pasick RJ. Unsolved problems in early breast cancer detection: focus on the underserved. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;40(1):37-51.

Hoffman-Goetz L, Breen NL, Meissner H. The impact of social class on the use of cancer screening within three racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Ethn Dis 1998 Winter;8(1):43-51.

Hoffman-Goetz L, Mills SL. Cultural barriers to cancer screening among African American women: a critical review of the qualitative literature. Womens Health 1997 Fall-Winter;3(3-4):183-201.

Jackson RH, Davis TC. Mammography use in black women [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1997 Feb 15;126(4):333-4. Comment on: Ann Intern Med 1996 Aug 1;125(3):173-82.

Kang SH, Bloom JR, Romano PS. Cancer screening among African-American women: their use of tests and social support. Am J Public Health 1994 Jan;84(1):101-3.

Kirby SD. Peripheral cues and argument strength as variables in persuasive communications for promoting mammography among low-income African-American women [dissertation]. [Columbia]: Univ. of South Carolina; 1994.

Long E. Breast cancer in African-American women: Review of the literature. Cancer Nurs 1993;16(1):1-24.

Lowe JI, Barg FK, Bernstein MW. Educating African-Americans about cancer prevention and detection: a review of the literature. Soc Work Health Care 1995;21(4):17-36.

Luna K, Jarrett AR, Schapira DV. Breast cancer screening compliance in african american women [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996;15:A325.

Maddox MA, Gibson F. Affordable preventive health screening: mammograms for older African American women. Ky Nurse 1995 Apr-Jun;43(2):17-8.

Mandelblatt J, Freeman H, Winczewski D, Cagney K, Williams S, Trowers R, Tang J, Kerner J. Implementation of a breast and cervical cancer screening program in a public hospital emergency department. Cancer Control Center of Harlem. Ann Emerg Med 1996 Nov;28(5):493-8.

Mandelblatt J, Traxler M, Lakin P, Kanetsky P, Kao R. Targeting breast and cervical cancer screening to elderly poor black women: who will participate? The Harlem Study Team. Prev Med 1993 Jan;22(1):20-33.

Mandelblatt J, Traxler M, Lakin P, Kanetsky P, Thomas L, Chauhan P, Matseoane S, Ramsey E. Breast and cervical cancer screening of poor, elderly, black women: clinical results and implications. Harlem Study Team. Am J Prev Med 1993 May-Jun;9(3):133-8.

Mandelblatt J, Traxler M, Lakin P, Thomas L, Chauhan P, Matseoane S, Kanetsky P. A nurse practitioner intervention to increase breast and cervical cancer screening for poor, elderly black women. The Harlem Study Team. J Gen Intern Med 1993 Apr;8(4):173-8.

McCarthy EP. Prior mammography utilization: does it explain Black-White differences in breast cancer outcomes. Annual report. 15 Apr 96-14 Apr 98. Boston (MA): Boston Univ. Medical Center; 1998 Apr. 35 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6011.

Mickey RM, Durski J, Worden JK, Danigelis NL. Breast cancer screening and associated factors for low-income African-American women. Prev Med 1995 Sep;24(5):467-76.

Miller LY, Hailey BJ. Cancer anxiety and breast cancer screening in African-American women: a preliminary study. Womens Health Issues 1994 Fall;4(3):170-4.

Morgan C, Levin G. A cancer-prevention intervention for disadvantaged women: design and implementation. J Cancer Educ 1995 Fall;10(3):168-75.

Morrison C. Breast cancer detection behaviors in low-income women over forty: characteristics associated with frequency and proficiency of breast self-examination [dissertation]. College Park (MD): Univ. of Maryland; 1994. 276 p.

O'Malley MS, Earp JA, Harris RP. Race and mammography use in two North Carolina counties. Am J Public Health 1997 May;87(5):782-6.

Oladepo O, Adegoke F. Breast self-examination among female students in tertiary institutions in a Nigerian city. Int Q Community Health Educ 1997;16(2):175-85.

Paskett ED, DeGraffinreid CR, Tatum C. The recruitment of African-Americans in cancer prevention and control studies [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1994;35:665-6.

Paskett ED, Tatum C, Wilson A, Dignan M, Velez R. Use of a photoessay to teach low-income African American women about mammography. J Cancer Educ 1996 Winter;11(4):216-20.

Patterson EA. Racial differences in breast cancer screening behaviors and beliefs in urban public school. Annual report. 15 Sep 96-14 Sep 97. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania; 1997 Oct. 34 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6110.

Patterson EA. Screening guidelines for African-American women: looking at the facts and sorting out the confusion [news]. J Natl Med Assoc 1994 Jun;86(6):415-6.

Patterson SK, Helvie MA, Joynt LK, Roubidoux MA, Strawderman M. Mammographic appearance of breast cancer in African-American women: report of 100 consecutive cases. Acad Radiol 1998 Jan;5(1):2-8.

Pearlman DN, Rakowski W, Ehrich B, Clark MA. Breast cancer screening practices among black, Hispanic, and white women: reassessing differences. Am J Prev Med 1996 Sep-Oct;12(5):327-37.

Phillips JM. Adherence to breast cancer screening guidelines among African American women of differing employment status [dissertation]. Chicago: Univ. of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center; 1993. 180 p.

Phillips JM, Wilbur J. Adherence to breast cancer screening guidelines among African-American women of differing employment status. Cancer Nurs 1995 Aug;18(4):258-69.

Price JH, Desmond SM, Slenker S, Smith D, Stewart PW. Urban black women's perceptions of breast cancer and mammography. J Community Health 1992;17(4):191-204.

Reynolds T. Screening and prevention trials step up minority recruitment [news]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 Sep 18;88(18):1265-7.

Roberson NL. Breast cancer screening in older black women. Cancer 1994 Oct 1;74(7 Suppl):2034-41.

Roberson NL. Comparison of breast screening outcomes from a cancer control intervention for African-American and white women in western New York. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 1997;8(2):29-33.

Robinson KD, Kimmel EA, Yasko JM. Reaching out to the African American community through innovative strategies. Oncol Nurs Forum 1995 Oct;22(9):1383-91.

Royak-Schaler R, Cheuvront B, Wilson KR, Williams CM. Addressing women's breast cancer risk and perceptions of control in medical settings. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 1996 Sep;3(3):185-99.

Royak-Schaler R, deVellis BM, Sorenson JR, Wilson KR, Lannin DR, Emerson JA. Breast cancer in African-American families. Risk perception, cancer worry, and screening practices of first-degree relatives. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995 Sep 30;768:281-5.

Sadler GR, Thomas AG, Dhanjal SK, Gebrekristos B, Wright FA. Breast cancer screening adherence in African-American women: Black cosmetologists promoting health. Cancer 1998 Oct 15;83(8 Suppl):1836-9.

Schneider KM. Screening for breast and cervical cancer among low-income African American women [disseration]. Chicago: Univ. of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center; 1995. 133 p.

Schweitzer ME, French MT, Ullmann SG, McCoy CB. Cost-effectiveness of detecting breast cancer in lower socioeconomic status African American and Hispanic women through mobile mammography services. Med Care Res Rev 1998 Mar;55(1):99-115.

Scroggins TG, Bartley TK. Cancer knowledge and perceptions from disadvantaged african-americans [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996;15:A323.

Smigel K. BCPT drops enrollment target [news]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 Oct 2;88(19):1340.

Soo HK, Bloom JR. Social support and cancer screening among older Black Americans. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85(9):737-42.

Soo HK, Bloom JR, Romano PS. Cancer screening among African-American women: Their use of tests and social support. Am J Public Health 1994;84(1):101-3.

Suarez L, Nichols DC, Brady CA. Use of peer role models to increase Pap smear and mammogram screening in Mexican-American and black women. Am J Prev Med 1993 Sep-Oct;9(5):290-6.

Suhayda L, Riley MA, Roth L, McDonough K, Sparico A, Clement L. Cancer screening in the community. Taking the show on the road. Cancer Pract 1997 Mar-Apr;5(2):105-10. Published erratum appears in Cancer Pract 1997 Jul-Aug;5(4):219.

Sung JF, Blumenthal DS, Coates RJ, Alema-Mensah E. Knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and cancer screening among inner-city African-American women. J Natl Med Assoc 1997 Jun;89(6):405-11.

Sung JFC, Coates RJ, Williams JE, Liff JM, Greenberg RS, McGrady GA, Avery BY, Blumenthal DS. Cancer screening intervention among black women in inner-city Atlanta - Design of a study. Public Health Rep 1992;107(4):381-8.

Swanson GM, Satariano ER, Satariano WA, Threatt BA. Racial differences in the early detection of breast cancer in metropolitan Detroit, 1978 to 1987. Cancer 1990;66(6):1297-301.

Tatum C, Wilson A, Dignan M, Paskett ED, Velez R. Development and implementation of outreach strategies for breast and cervical cancer prevention among African American women. FoCaS Project. Forsyth County Cancer Screening. J Cancer Educ 1997 Spring;12(1):43-50.

Tessaro I, Eng E, Smith J. Breast cancer screening in older African-American women: Qualitative research findings. Am J Health Promot 1994 Mar-Apr;8(4):286-93.

Thompson JH. Breast self-examination practice among black women: implications for health education strategies [dissertation]. Denton: Texas Woman's University; 1993. 148 p.

Ursin G, Henderson BE. Breast cancer prevention in African-American women [editorial]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 Oct 2;88(19):1332-3. Comment on: J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 Oct 2;88(19):1369-74.

Viadro CI, Earp JAL, Altpeter M. Designing a process evaluation for a comprehensive breast cancer screening intervention: challenges and opportunities. Eval Program Plan 1997 Aug;20(3):237-49.

Whitman S, Lacey L, Ansell D, Dell J, Chen E, Phillips CW. An intervention to increase breast and cervical cancer screening in low-income African-American women. Fam Community Health 1994 Apr;17(1):56-63.

Williams GA, Abbott RR, Taylor DK. Using focus group methodology to develop breast cancer screening programs that recruit African American women. J Community Health 1997 Feb;22(1):45-56.

Zhu K. Intervention study on screening for breast cancer among single African-American women aged 65 and older. Annual report. 1 Sep 96-31 Aug 97. Nashville (TN): Meharry Medical Coll.; 1997 Sep. 72 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6271.

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American Indians/Alaska Natives

Bar-Cohen A. A state and community partnership in developing a breast and cervical cancer screening program within the Minnesota American indian community [abstract]. Paper presented at: 10th National Conference on Chronic Disease Prevention and Control; 1995 Dec 6-8; Atlanta.

Bartow SA, Pathak DR, Mettler FA, Key CR, Pike MC. Breast mammographic pattern: a concatenation of confounding and breast cancer risk factors. Am J Epidemiol 1995 Oct 15;142(8):813-9.

Blackshear LA. Breast cancer information system designed to foster increased proactive prevention activities among minority populations. Vol. 1, Narrative. Final report. Annapolis (MD): Telesonic; 1997 Jul. 72 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4282.

Blackshear LA. Breast cancer information system designed to foster increased proactive prevention activities among minority populations. Vol. 2, Appendices. Final report. Annapolis (MD): Telesonic; 1997 Jul. 147 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4282.

Breen N, Kessler LG, Brown ML. Breast cancer control among the underserved: An overview. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;40(1):105-15.

Brownstein JN, Cheal N, Ackermann SP, Bassford TL, Campos-Outcalt D. Breast and cervical cancer screening in minority populations: A model for using lay health educators. J Cancer Educ 1992;7(4):321-6.

Calle EE, Flanders WD, Thun MJ, Martin LM. Demographic predictors of mammography and Pap smear screening in US women. Am J Public Health 1993 Jan;83(1):53-60.

Coughlin SS. Implementing breast and cervical cancer prevention programs among the Houma Indians of Southern Louisiana: cultural and ethical considerations. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1998 Feb;9(1):30-41.

Eng E. The Save Our Sisters Project: A social network strategy for reaching rural black women. Cancer 1993;72(3 Suppl):1071-7.

Erwin DO, Spatz TS, Stotts RC, Hollenberg JA, Deloney LA. Increasing mammography and breast self-examination in African American women using the Witness Project model. J Cancer Educ 1996 Winter;11(4):210-5.

Erwin DO, Spatz TS, Turturro CL. Development of an African-American role model intervention to increase breast self-examination and mammography. J Cancer Educ 1992;7(4):311-9.

Frazier EL, Jiles RB, Mayberry R. Use of screening mammography and clinical breast examinations among black, Hispanic, and white women. Prev Med 1996 Mar-Apr;25(2):118-25.

Giuliano A, Papenfuss M, de Guernsey de Zapien J, Tilousi S, Nuvayestewa L. Breast cancer screening among southwest American Indian women living on-reservation. Prev Med 1998 Jan-Feb;27(1):135-43.

Gordon PR, Campos-Outcalt D, Steele L, Gonzales C. Mammography and Pap smear screening of Yaqui Indian women. Public Health Rep 1994 Jan-Feb;109(1):99-103.

Hampton JW. Cancer prevention and pontrol in American Indians/Alaska Natives. Am Indian Culture Res J 1992;16(3):41-9.

Indian Health Service (US), Office of Health Program Research & Development. Women's cancer : a survey Indian Health Service providers regarding screening for breast and cervical cancer. Tucson (AZ): The Program; 1991. 9 p.

Kaur JS, Roubidoux M, Sloan J, Lobell M. Clinical and mammographic correlates of breast disease in sioux women [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997;16:A472.

Kirby SD. Peripheral cues and argument strength as variables in persuasive communications for promoting mammography among low-income African-American women [dissertation]. Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina; 1993. 242 p.

Kottke TE, Trapp MA. Implementing nurse-based systems to provide American Indian women with breast and cervical cancer screening. Mayo Clin Proc 1998 Sep;73(9):815-23. Comment in: Mayo Clin Proc 1998 Sep;73(9):916.

Lanin DR. Culturally based intervention for breast cancer in rural African Americans. Annual report 1 Sep 96-31 Aug 97; Greenville (NC): East Carolina Univ.; 1997 Sep.

Mahmoodian S. Cervical and breast cancer screening rates in Sioux Indian women. South Med J 1997 Mar;90(3):316-20.

Partin MR, Korn JE, Slater JS. Questionable data and preconceptions: reconsidering the value of mammography for American Indian Women. Am J Public Health 1997 Jul;87(7):1100-2.

Risendal BC. Cancer screening among urban American Indian women [dissertation]. Tucson: Univ. of Arizona; 1998. 198 p.

Roubidoux MA, Kaur JS, Giroux J. Mammographic findings and family history risk for breast cancer in American Indian women. Cancer 1998 Oct 15;83(8 Suppl):1830-2.

Urban N, Taplin SH, Taylor VM, Peacock S, et al. Community organization to promote breast cancer screening among women ages 50-75. Prev Med 1995 Sep;24(5):477-84. Special Issue: Cancer research in Native American populations.

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Asians

Bailey S, Bennett P, Hicks J, Kemp C, Warren SH. Cancer detection activities coordinated by nursing students in community health. Cancer Nurs 1996 Oct;19(5):348-52.

Bhakta P. Asian women's attitudes to breast self-examination. Nurs Times 1995 Feb 22-8;91(8):44-7.

Bhopal R. Uptake of breast screening by Asian women [letter]. J Public Health Med 1995 Mar;17(1):118; discussion 118-9. Comment on: J Public Health Med 1994 Jun;16(2):179-85.

Chan LK, Lam HS, Chan ES, Lau Y, Chan M, Gwi E, Leung TY. Mammogram screening of Chinese women in Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong. Australas Radiol 1998 Feb;42(1):6-9.

Chang SW, Kerlikowske K, Napoles-Springer A, Posner SF, Sickles EA, Perez-Stable EJ. Racial differences in timeliness of follow-up after abnormal screening mammography. Cancer 1996 Oct 1;78(7):1395-402.

Chie WC, Cheng KW, Fu CH, Yen LL. A study on women's practice of breast self-examination in Taiwan. Prev Med 1993 May;22(3):316-24.

Fung S-Y. Factors associated with breast self-examination behaviour among Chinese women in Hong Kong. Patient Educ Couns 1998 Mar;33(3):233-43.

Hen NE. The Singapore breast screening project: a preliminary report [abstract]. Paper presented at: 12th Asia Pacific Cancer Conference; 1995 Oct 17-20; Singapore.

Hiatt RA, Pasick R. The challenge of interventions in multiethnic communities: breast and cervical cancer screening [abstract]. Paper presented at: 19th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Preventive Oncology; 1995 Mar 8-11; Houston, TX.

Hoare T, Thomas C, Biggs A, Booth M, Bradley S, Friedman E. Can the uptake of breast screening by Asian women be increased? A randomized controlled trial of a linkworker intervention. J Public Health Med 1994 Jun;16(2):179-85. Comment in: J Public Health Med 1995 Mar;17(1):117-8; discussion 118-9; J Public Health Med 1995 Mar;17(1):118; discussion 118-9.

Hoeman SP, Ku YL, Ohl DR. Health beliefs and early detection among Chinese women. West J Nurs Res 1996 Oct;18(5):518-33.

Kelly AW, Fores Chacori M, Wollan PC, Trapp MA, Weaver AL, Barrier PA, Franz WB 3rd, Kottke TE. A program to increase breast and cervical cancer screening for Cambodian women in a midwestern community. Mayo Clin Proc 1996 May;71(5):437-44.

Kurebayashi J, Shimozuma K, Sonoo H. The practice of breast self-examination results in the earlier detection and better clinical course of Japanese women with breast cancer. Surg Today 1994;24(4):337-41.

Lau Y, Lau PY, Chan CM, Yip A. The potential impact of breast cancer screening in Hong Kong. Aust N Z J Surg 1998 Oct;68(10):707-11.

Laudico AV. Breast cancer in the Philippines [abstract]. Paper presented at: 12th Asia Pacific Cancer Conference; 1995 Oct 17-20; Singapore.

Lu ZJ. Variables associated with breast self-examination among Chinese women. Cancer Nurs 1995 Feb;18(1):29-34.

Maxwell AE, Bastani R, Warda US. Breast cancer screening and related attitudes among Filipino-American women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997 Sep;6(9):719-26.

Maxwell AE, Bastani R, Warda US. Mammography utilization and related attitudes among Korean-American women. Women Health 1998;27(3):89-107.

McBride MR. Early cancer detection for Filipino American women. Annual report. 1 Oct 94-31 Sep 95. Union City (CA): Northern California Cancer Center; 1995 Oct. 14 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4215.

McBride MR. Early cancer detection for Filipino American women. Annual report. 1 Oct 95-30 Sep 96. Union City (CA): Northern California Cancer Center; 1996 Oct. 133 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4215.

McPhee SJ, Bird JA, Davis T, Ha NT, Jenkins CN, Le B. Barriers to breast and cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese-American women. Am J Prev Med 1997 May-Jun;13(3):205-13.

McPhee SJ, Bird JA, Ha NT, Jenkins CN, Fordham D, Le B. Pathways to early cancer detection for Vietnamese women: Suc Khoe La Vang] (Health is Gold]). Health Educ Q 1996 Dec;23 Suppl:S60-75.

McPhee SJ, Stewart S, Brock KC, Bird JA, Jenkins CN, Pham GQ. Factors associated with breast and cervical cancer screening practices among Vietnamese American women. Cancer Detect Prev 1997;21(6):510-21.

Mills PK, Yang R. Cancer incidence in the Hmong of Central California, United States, 1987-94. Cancer Causes Control 1997 Sep;8(5):705-12.

Ng EH, Ng FC, Tan PH, Low SC, Chiang G, Tan KP, Seow A, Emmanuel S, Tan CH, Ho GH, Ng LT, Wilde CC. Results of intermediate measures from a population-based, randomized trial of mammographic screening prevalence and detection of breast carcinoma among Asian women: the Singapore Breast Screening Project. Cancer 1998 Apr 15;82(8):1521-8. Published erratum appears in Cancer 1998 Jul 1;83(1):191.

Okamoto H, Ogawara T, Arihara F, Kobayashi K, Inoue S, Nagahori K, Yamamoto M, Sekikawa T, Matsumoto Y. Usefulness of ultrasonography combined with conventional physical examination in mass screening for breast cancer: a retrospective study of Yamanashi Health Care Center results from 1989 to 1994. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996 Mar;87(3):317-23.

Oshima A. A critical review of cancer screening programs in Japan. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1994;10(3):346-58.

Pinhey TK, Iverson TJ, Workman RL. The influence of ethnicity and socioeconomic status on the use of mammography by Asian and Pacific island women on Guam. Women Health 1994;21(2-3):57-69.

Seow A, Straughan PT, Ng EH, Emmanuel SC, Tan CH, Lee HP. Factors determining acceptability of mammography in an Asian population: a study among women in Singapore. Cancer Causes Control 1997 Sep;8(5):771-9.

Straughan PT, Seow A. Barriers to mammography among Chinese women in Singapore: A focus group approach. Health Educ Res 1995;10(4):431-41.

Taylor EH, Barton LS. Southeast Asian refugee english proficiency & education in Texas: findings from the Texas Refugee Study. Austin: Texas State Dept. of Human Services; Texas State Office of Immigration and Refugee Affairs; 1994 Apr.

Teh JM, Gale AG, Boggis CR, Faragher B, Roebuck EJ. Breast screening in chinese women: comparison of parenchymal patterns in chinese and caucasian women [abstract]. Br J Radiol 1993;66 Congress Suppl:14.

Turnbull AE, Kapera L, Cohen ME. Mammographic parenchymal patterns in Asian and Caucasian women attending for screening. Clin Radiol 1993 Jul;48(1):38-40.

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Hispanics

Ascunze Elizaga N, Gonzalez Enriquez J, Gonzalez Navarro A, Herranz Fernandez C, Marques Bravo A, Martin Perez J. [The general criteria and recommendations for the elaboration of programs for the early detection of breast cancer and cervical cancer in Spain. The Working Group for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer and Cervical Cancer]. Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr) 1993 Jan-Feb;67(1):23-37. (Spa).

Bakemeier RF, Krebs LU, Murphy JR, Shen Z, Ryals T. Attitudes of Colorado health professionals toward breast and cervical cancer screening in Hispanic women. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):95-100.

Borrayo EA. Breast cancer screening behaviors of Mexican-American women age 50 and older: health beliefs and acculturation [masters thesis]. Denton: Univ. of North Texas; 1997. 114 p.

Breen N, Kessler LG, Brown ML. Breast cancer control among the underserved: An overview. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;40(1):105-15.

Brownell MD. Self-efficacy and breast self-examination in Latina women [masters thesis]. Fresno: California State Univ., Fresno; 1993. 153 p.

Bundek NI, Marks G, Richardson JL. Role of health locus of control beliefs in cancer screening of elderly Hispanic women. Health Psychol 1993 May;12(3):193-9.

Calle EE, Flanders WD, Thun MJ, Martin LM. Demographic predictors of mammography and Pap smear screening in US women. Am J Public Health 1993 Jan;83(1):53-60.

Campbell KM. The correlates of breast self-exam in young Latinas [dissertation]. Los Angeles: Univ. of California, Los Angeles; 1995.

Carpenter V, Colwell B. Cancer knowledge, self-efficacy, and cancer screening behaviors among Mexican-American women. J Cancer Educ 1995 Winter;10(4):217-22.

Castro FG, Elder J, Coe K, Tafoya-Barraza HM, Moratto S, Campbell N, Talavera G. Mobilizing churches for health promotion in Latino communities: Companeros en la Salud. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):127-35.

Chang SW, Kerlikowske K, Napoles-Springer A, Posner SF, Sickles EA, Perez-Stable EJ. Racial differences in timeliness of follow-up after abnormal screening mammography. Cancer 1996 Oct 1;78(7):1395-402.

Coe K, Harmon MP, Castro FG, Campbell N, Mayer JA, Elder JP. Breast self-examination: knowledge and practices of Hispanic women in two southwestern metropolitan areas. J Community Health 1994 Dec;19(6):433-48.

Fernandez ME. Evaluation of an interactive videodisc on breast and cervical cancer prevention and early detection for hispanic women [dissertation]. College Park (MD): Univ. of Maryland College Park; 1995. Available from: University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI; AADAA-I9539647.

Flores ET, Mata AG. Latino male attitudes and behaviors on their spouses' and partners' cancer-screening behavior: focus group findings. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):87-93.

Fox SA, Roetzheim RG. Screening mammography and older Hispanic women. Current status and issues. Cancer 1994 Oct 1;74(7 Suppl):2028-33.

Fox SA, Stein JA, Gonzalez RE, Farrenkopf M, Dellinger A. A trial to increase mammography utilization among Los Angeles Hispanic women. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1998 Aug;9(3):309-21.

Frazier EL, Jiles RB, Mayberry R. Use of screening mammography and clinical breast examinations among black, Hispanic, and white women. Prev Med 1996 Mar-Apr;25(2):118-25.

Freeman JL. Mammagraphy use by older Mexican American women. Annual report. 1 Jul 97-30 Jun 98. Galveston: Univ. of Texas; 1998 Jul. 34 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6215.

Freeman JL. Mammography use by older Mexican American women. Annual report. 1 Jul 96-30 Jun 97. Galveston: Texas Univ. Medical Branch at Galveston; 1997 Jul. 105 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6215.

Friedman LC, Webb JA, Weinberg AD, Lane M, Cooper HP, Woodruff A. Breast cancer screening: racial/ethnic differences in behaviors and beliefs. J Cancer Educ 1995 Winter;10(4):213-6.

Frost FJ, Tollestrup K, Trinkaus KM, Rodgers D, Kunde T, Petersen HV, Stidley CA. Mammography screening and breast cancer tumor size in female members of a managed care organization. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998 Jul;7(7):585-9.

Fulton JP, Rakowski W, Jones AC. Determinants of breast cancer screening among inner-city Hispanic women in comparison with other inner-city women. Public Health Rep 1995;110(4):476-82.

Gardezi HA, Jarrett AR, Schapira DV. Breast cancer screening practices of hispanic women [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996;15:A238.

Giuliano A, Alberts D. Cancer prevention among US Hispanics [editorial]. Arch Intern Med 1994 May 23;154(10):1057-8. Comment on: Arch Intern Med 1994 May 23;154(10):1073-81; Arch Intern Med 1994 May 23;154(10):1083-8.

Goldsmith DF, Sisneros GC. Cancer prevention strategies among California farmworkers: Preliminary findings. J Rural Health 1996;12(4):343-8.

Gonzalez JT. Social support, barriers to utilization, and self-efficacy as predictors of breast self-examination among Mexican-American women. Washington: American Sociological Association; 1989.

Guerra LG, Meza AD, Ho H, Casner PR, Moldes O. Medicine residents' practices in cancer screening in a Hispanic population. South Med J 1994 Jun;87(6):631-3.

Hiatt RA, Pasick R. The challenge of interventions in multiethnic communities: breast and cervical cancer screening [abstract]. Paper presented at: 19th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Preventive Oncology; 1995 Mar 8-11; Houston, TX.

Hiatt RA, Pasick RJ. Unsolved problems in early breast cancer detection: focus on the underserved. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;40(1):37-51.

Hiatt RA, Perez-Stable EJ, Quesenberry C Jr, Sabogal F, Otero-Sabogal R, McPhee SJ. Agreement between self-reported early cancer detection practices and medical audits among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white health plan members in northern California. Prev Med 1995 May;24(3):278-85.

Hoffman-Goetz L, Breen NL, Meissner H. The impact of social class on the use of cancer screening within three racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Ethn Dis 1998 Winter;8(1):43-51.

Hubbell FA, Chavez LR, Mishra SI, Magana JR, Burciaga Valdez R. From ethnography to intervention: developing a breast cancer control program for Latinas. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):109-15.

Hubbell FA, Chavez LR, Mishra SI, Valdez RB. Differing beliefs about breast cancer among Latinas and Anglo women. West J Med 1996 May;164(5):405-9.

Hubbell FA, Mishra SI, Chavez LR, Valdez RB. The influence of knowledge and attitudes about breast cancer on mammography use among Latinas and Anglo women. J Gen Intern Med 1997 Aug;12(8):505-8.

Jones LA, Gonzalez R, Pillow PC, Gomez-Garza SA, Foreman CJ, Chilton JA, Linares A, Yick J, Badrei M, Hajek RA. Dietary fiber, Hispanics, and breast cancer risk? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997 Dec 26;837:524-36.

Kaplan RM, Navarro AM, Castro FG, Elder JP, Mishra SI, Hubbell A, Chrvala C, Flores E, Ramirez A, Fernandez-Esquer ME, Ruiz E. Increased use of mammography among Hispanic women: baseline results from the NCI Cooperative Group on Cancer Prevention in Hispanic Communities. Am J Prev Med 1996 Nov-Dec;12(6):467-71.

Laws MB Jr. The Latina breast cancer control study [dissertation]. Boston: Brandeis Univ., the F. Heller Graduate School for Advanced Studies in Social Welfare; 1997. 255 p.

Laws MB, Mayo SJ. The Latina breast cancer control study, year one: Factors predicting screening mammography utilization by urban Latina women in Massachusetts. J Community Health 1998;23(4):251-67.

Lee M, Lee F, Stewart S. Pathways to early breast and cervical detection for Chinese American women. Health Educ Q 1996 Dec;23 Suppl:S76-88.

Lobell M, Bay C, Rhoads K, Keske B. Barriers to cancer screening in hispanic women [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1994;13:A466.

Lobell M, Bay RC, Rhoads KV, Keske B. Barriers to cancer screening in Mexican-American women. Mayo Clin Proc 1998 Apr;73(4):301-8. Comment in: Mayo Clin Proc 1998 Apr;73(4):386-8; Mayo Clin Proc 1998 Jul;73(7):705.

Love GD. Just say si: influencing mammography compliance behavior in Latinas [dissertation]. Los Angeles: Univ. of Southern California; 1993.

Massett HA. Appropriateness of Hispanic print materials: A content analysis. Health Educ Res 1996;11(2):231-42.

McAlister AL, Fernandez-Esquer ME, Ramirez AG, Trevino F, Gallion KJ, Villarreal R, Pulley LV, Hu S, Torres I, Zhang Q. Community level cancer control in a Texas barrio: Part II--Base-line and preliminary outcome findings. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):123-6.

Mishra SI, Chavez LR, Magana JR, Nava P, Valdez RB, Hubbell FA. Improving breast cancer control among Latinas: Evaluation of a theory-based educational program. Health Educ Behav 1998 Oct;25(5):653-70.

Morgan C, Levin G. A cancer-prevention intervention for disadvantaged women: design and implementation. J Cancer Educ 1995 Fall;10(3):168-75.

Morgan C, Park E, Cortes DE. Beliefs, knowledge, and behavior about cancer among urban Hispanic women. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):57-63.

Pearlman DN, Rakowski W, Ehrich B, Clark MA. Breast cancer screening practices among black, Hispanic, and white women: reassessing differences. Am J Prev Med 1996 Sep-Oct;12(5):327-37.

Peragallo NP, Fox PG, Alba ML. Breast care among Latino immigrant women in the U.S. Health Care Women Int 1998 Mar-Apr;19(2):165-72.

Perez-Stable EJ, Sabogal F, Otero-Sabogal R. Use of cancer-screening tests in the San Francisco Bay area: comparison of Latinos and Anglos. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):147-53.

Polednak AP, Lane DS, Burg MA. Mammography use in Hispanic and Anglo visitors to community health centers. Health Values 1993 May-Jun;17(3):42-8.

Ramirez AG, McAlister A, Gallion KJ, Ramirez V, Garza IR, Stamm K, de la Torre J, Chalela P. Community level cancer control in a Texas barrio: Part I--Theoretical basis, implementation, and process evaluation. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):117-22.

Ramirez AG, Villarreal R, Suarez L, Flores ET. The emerging Hispanic population: a foundation for cancer prevention and control. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):1-9.

Rosenberg RD, Lando JF, Hunt WC, Darling RR, Williamson MR, Linver MN, Gilliland FD, Key CR. The New Mexico Mammography Project. Screening mammography performance in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1991 to 1993. Cancer 1996 Oct 15;78(8):1731-9.

Saint-Germain MA, Longman AJ. Breast cancer screening among older Hispanic women: knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Health Educ Q 1993 Winter;20(4):539-53.

Salazar MK. Hispanic women's beliefs about breast cancer and mammography. Cancer Nurs 1996 Dec;19(6):437-46.

Sanchez-Ayendez M. Knowledge and beliefs of breast cancer among elderly Puerto Rican women. Annual report. 20 Sep 95-19 Sep 96. San Juan: Univ. of Puerto Rico; 1996 Oct. 194 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4390.

Skaer TL, Robison LM, Sclar DA, Harding GH. Cancer-screening determinants among Hispanic women using migrant health clinics. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1996 Nov;7(4):338-54.

Skaer TL, Robison LM, Sclar DA, Harding GH. Financial incentive and the use of mammography among Hispanic migrants to the United States. Health Care Women Int 1996 Jul-Aug;17(4):281-91.

Skaer TL, Robison LM, Sclar DA, Harding GH. Knowledge, attitudes, and patterns of cancer screening: A self-report among foreign born Hispanic women utilizing rural migrant health clinics. J Rural Health 1996;12(3):169-77.

Suarez L. Pap smear and mammogram screening in Mexican-American women: the effects of acculturation. Am J Public Health 1994 May;84(5):742-6.

Suarez L, Goldman DA, Weiss NS. Validity of Pap smear and mammogram self-reports in a low-income Hispanic population. Am J Prev Med 1995 Mar-Apr;11(2):94-8.

Suarez L, Lloyd L, Weiss N, Rainbolt T, Pulley L. Effect of social networks on cancer-screening behavior of older Mexican-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 May 18;86(10):775-9.

Suarez L, Nichols DC, Brady CA. Use of peer role models to increase Pap smear and mammogram screening in Mexican-American and black women. Am J Prev Med 1993 Sep-Oct;9(5):290-6.

Suarez L, Nichols DC, Pulley L, Brady CA, McAlister A. Local health departments implement a theory-based model to increase breast and cervical cancer screening. Public Health Rep 1993 Jul-Aug;108(4):477-82.

Suarez L, Pulley L. Comparing acculturation scales and their relationship to cancer screening among older Mexican-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995;(18):41-7.

Suarez L, Roche RA, Nichols D, Simpson DM. Knowledge, behavior, and fears concerning breast and cervical cancer among older low-income Mexican-American women. Am J Prev Med 1997 Mar-Apr;13(2):137-42.

Suarez L, Roche RA, Pulley LV, Weiss NS, Goldman D, Simpson DM. Why a peer intervention program for Mexican-American women failed to modify the secular trend in cancer screening. Am J Prev Med 1997 Nov-Dec;13(6):411-7.

Tsuyuki D. Multi-steroid regulated expression of the PIP/GCDFP-15/SABP gene in human breast cancer [dissertation]. Manitoba (Canada): Univ. of Manitoba; 1993. 263 p.

Zapka JG, Harris DR, Hosmer D, Costanza ME, Mas E, Barth R. Effect of a community health center intervention on breast cancer screening among Hispanic American women. Health Serv Res 1993 Jun;28(2):223-35.

Zavertnik JJ. Strategies for reaching poor blacks and hispanics in Dade County, Florida. Cancer 1993 Aug 1;72(3 Suppl):1088-92.

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Native Hawaiians/Other Pacific Islanders

Banner RO, DeCambra H, Enos R, Gotay C, Hammond OW, Hedlung N, Issell BF, Matsunaga DS, Tsark JA. A breast and cervical cancer project in a native Hawaiian community: Wai'anae cancer research project. Prev Med 1995 Sep;24(5):447-53.

Maskarinec G. The impact of mammography utilization on breast cancer incidence in Hawaii [dissertation]. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii; 1996. 146 p.

Maskarinec G, Wilkens L, Meng L. Mammography screening and the increase in breast cancer incidence in Hawaii. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997 Mar;6(3):201-8.

Matsunaga DS, Enos R, Gotay CC, Banner RO, DeCambra H, Hammond OW, Hedlund N, Ilaban EK, Issell BF, Tsark JA. Participatory research in a Native Hawaiian community. The Wai'anae Cancer Research Project. Cancer 1996 Oct 1;78(7 Suppl):1582-6.

Mishra SI, Luce-Aoelua PH, Wilkens LR. Cancer among indigenous populations: The experience of American Samoans. Cancer 1996;78(7 Suppl):1553-7.

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Other Special Populations

Aged

Black ME. What did popular women's magazines from 1929 to 1949 say about breast cancer? Cancer Nurs 1995 Aug;18(4):270-7.

Black MEA. The role of the self-concept in influencing mammography screening behavior of older women [dissertation]. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan; 1997. 163 p.

Blair KA. Cancer screening of older women: A primary care issue. Cancer Pract 1998;6(4):217-22.

Blustein J. Medicare coverage, supplemental insurance, and the use of mammography by older women. N Engl J Med 1995 Apr 27;332(17):1138-43. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1995 Apr 27;332(17):1164-8.

Brown LW, Williams RD. Culturally sensitive breast cancer screening programs for older black women. Nurse Pract 1994 Mar;19(3):21, 25-6, 31 passim.

Burns RB, McCarthy EP, Freund KM, Marwill SL, Shwartz M, Ash A, Moskowitz MA. Variability in mammography use among older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996 Aug;44(8):922-6.

Caplan LS, Haynes SG. Breast cancer screening in older women. Public Health Rev 1996;24(2):193-204.

Champion V. Breast self-examination in women 65 and older. J Gerontol 1992 Nov;47 Spec No:75-9.

Costanza ME. The extent of breast cancer screening in older women. Cancer 1994;74(7 Suppl):2046-50.

Costanza ME. Issues in breast cancer screening in older women. Cancer 1994;74(7 Suppl):2009-15.

From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of mammography services by women aged > or = 65 years enrolled in Medicare--United States, 1991-93. JAMA 1995 Nov 8;274(18):1420.

Mammography and breast examination for older women. --results from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1992. Oncology (Huntingt) 1993 Dec;7(12):48-50, 53.

Mammography and clinical breast examinations among women aged 50 years and older--Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993 Oct 1;42(38):737-41.

Mandelblatt J, Traxler M, Lakin P, Kanetsky P, Kao R. Targeting breast and cervical cancer screening to elderly poor black women: who will participate? The Harlem Study Team. Prev Med 1993 Jan;22(1):20-33.

Mandelblatt J, Traxler M, Lakin P, Kanetsky P, Thomas L, Chauhan P, Matseoane S, Ramsey E. Breast and cervical cancer screening of poor, elderly, black women: clinical results and implications. Harlem Study Team. Am J Prev Med 1993 May-Jun;9(3):133-8.

Mandelblatt J, Traxler M, Lakin P, Thomas L, Chauhan P, Matseoane S, Kanetsky P. A nurse practitioner intervention to increase breast and cervical cancer screening for poor, elderly black women. The Harlem Study Team. J Gen Intern Med 1993 Apr;8(4):173-8.

McCool WF. Barriers to breast cancer screening in older women. A review. J Nurse Midwifery 1994 Sep-Oct;39(5):283-99.

Morrison C. Breast cancer detection behaviors in low-income women over forty: characteristics associated with frequency and proficiency of breast self-examination [dissertation]. College Park (MD): Univ. of Maryland; 1995.

Morrison C. Determining crucial correlates of breast self-examination in older women with low incomes. Oncol Nurs Forum 1996 Jan-Feb;23(1):83-93.

Pena JM. Mammography use among women 75 years and older: a tri-ethnic study [masters thesis]. Galveston: Univ. of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Science; 1998. 49 p.

Silliman RA, Dukes KA, Sullivan LM, Kaplan SH. Breast cancer care in older women: Sources of information, social support, and emotional health outcomes. Cancer 1998;83(4):706-11.

Stock LZ. Asessing factors that influence elderly women's clinical breast examination (CBE) behavior [dissertation]. Atlanta: Georgia State Univ.; 1995. 121 p.

Thomas LR, Fox SA, Leake BG, Roetzheim RG. The effects of health beliefs on screening mammography utilization among a diverse sample of older women. Women Health 1996;24(3):77-94.

Trontell AE, Franey EW. Use of mammography services by women aged greater than or equal to 65 years enrolled in Medicare - United States, 1991-1993. JAMA 1995;274(18):1420.

Use of clinical preventive services by adults aged <65 years enrolled in health-maintenance organizations-- United States, 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998 Jul 31;47(29):613-9.

Use of clinical preventive services by Medicare beneficiaries aged > or = 65 years--United States, 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997 Dec 5;46(48):1138-43. Published erratum appears in MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998 Apr 17;47(14):287-9.

Use of mammography services by women aged > or = 65 years enrolled in Medicare--United States, 1991-1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995 Oct 20;44(41):777-81.

Van Dijck JAAM, Broeders MJM, Verbeek ALM. Mammographic screening in older women. Is it worthwhile? Drugs Aging 1997;10(2):69-79.

Van Dijck JAAM, Verbeek ALM, Beex LVAM, Hendriks JHCL, Holland R, Mravunac M, Straatman H, Werre JM. Mammographic screening after the age of 65 years: Evidence for a reduction in breast cancer mortality. Int J Cancer 1996;66(6):727-31.

Van Dijck JAAM, Verbeek ALM, Hendriks JHCL, Holland R. [Breast cancer screening after the age of 70: The effect on breast cancer mortality] . Nederls Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde 1995;139(9):428-33. (Dut).

Weber BE, Reilly BM. Enhancing mammography use in the inner city. A randomized trial of intensive case management. Arch Intern Med 1997 Nov 10;157(20):2345-9.

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Ashkenazi Jews

Bryant H. Genetic screening for breast cancer in Ashkenazi women. Lancet 1996 Jun 15;347(9016): 1638-9. Comment on: Lancet 1996 Jun 15; 347(9016):1643-5; Lancet 1996 Jun 15; 347(9016):1645-6.

Richards CS, Ward PA, Roa BB, Friedman LC, Boyd AA, Kuenzli G, Dunn JK, Plon SE. Screening for 185delAG in the Ashkenazim. Am J Hum Genet 1997 May;60(5):1085-98.

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Rural Populations

Altpeter M, Earp JA, Schopler JH. Promoting breast cancer screening in rural, African American communities: the science and art of community health promotion. Health Soc Work 1998 May;23(2):104-15.

Butcher CS. Psychological ad sociodemographic barriers to health care access of rural women diagnosed with breast carcinoma [masters thesis]. East Lansing (MI): Michigan State Univ.; 1995. 73 p.

Carr WP, Maldonado G, Leonard PR, Halberg JU, Church TR, Mandel JH, Dowd B, Mandel JS. Mammogram utilization among farm women. J Rural Health 1996;12(4):278-90.

Carreno OJ, Field RJ 3rd, Field RJ Jr. A ten year retrospective study of breast cancer in a rural Mississippi setting. J Miss State Med Assoc 1994 Sep;35(9):255-8.

Cockburn J, Sutherland M, Cappiello M, Hevern M. Predictors of attendance at a relocatable mammography service for rural women. Aust N Z J Public Health 1997 Dec;21(7):739-42.

Davis C, Girgis A, Williams P, Beeney L. Needs assessment of rural and remote women travelling to the city for breast cancer treatment. Aust N Z J Public Health 1998 Aug;22(5):525-7.

Earp JAL, Altpeter M, Mayne L, Viadro CI, O'Malley MS. The North Carolina Breast Cancer Screening Program: Foundations and design of a model for reaching older, minority, rural women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1995;35(1):7-22.

Eng E. The Save Our Sisters Project: A social network strategy for reaching rural black women. Cancer 1993;72(3 Suppl):1071-7.

Flamm L, Michel AG, Lasky HJ, Maher ML, Sylvester J, Sener SF, Hoeksema J. A grassroots mammography demonstration project targeted to medically underserved rural and urban Illinois women of diverse races and ethnicity. Breast J 1997;3(1):25-39.

Flynn BS, Gavin P, Worden JK, Ashikaga T, Gautam S, Carpenter J. Community education programs to promote mammography participation in rural New York State. Prev Med 1997 Jan-Feb;26(1):102-8.

Friedell GH, Linville LH, Hullet S. Cancer control in rural Appalachia. Cancer 1998 Oct 15;83(8 Suppl):1868-71.

German RR. The distribution of West Virginia women targeted for screening of breast and cervical cancers. W V Med J 1996 Mar-Apr;92(2):82-6.

Goldsmith DF, Sisneros GC. Cancer prevention strategies among California farmworkers: Preliminary findings. J Rural Health 1996;12(4):343-8.

Harlan-Ivy MC. Barriers to mammograms among women who are 50 years and older in a multi-cultural rural setting [masters thesis]. Spokane (WA): Gonzaga Univ.; 1994. 162 p.

Holden DJ. The impact of perceived risk on low income, rural, postmenopausal women's decisions to get mammograms [dissertation]. Raleigh: North Carolina State Univ.; 1996.

Ives DG, Lave JR, Traven ND, Schulz R, Kuller LH. Mammography and pap smear use by older rural women. Public Health Rep 1996 May-Jun;111(3):244-50.

Khojasteh A, Hackman A, Heckathorn P, Stone J. Barriers to breast self examination (BSE) in rural areas of mid-Missouri [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996;15:A1608.

Kinsinger LS, Harris R, Qaqish B, Strecher V, Kaluzny A. Using an office system intervention to increase breast cancer screening. J Gen Intern Med 1998;13(8):507-14.

Kreher NE, Hickner JM, Ruffin MT 4th, Lin CS. Effect of distance and travel time on rural women's compliance with screening mammography: an UPRNet study. Upper Peninsula Research Network. J Fam Pract 1995 Feb;40(2):143-7.

Kuhns-Hastings J, Brakey MR, Marshall IA. Effectiveness of a comprehensive breast cancer-screening class for women residing in rural areas. Appl Nurs Res 1993 May;6(2):71-9.

Lanin DR. Culturally based intervention for breast cancer in rural African Americans. Annual report 1 Sep 96-31 Aug 97; Greenville (NC): East Carolina Univ.; 1997 Sep.

Lantz PM, Weigers ME, House JS. Education and income differentials in breast and cervical cancer screening. Policy implications for rural women. Med Care 1997 Mar;35(3):219-36.

Muldoon JT, Schootman M, Morton RF. Utilization of cancer early detection services among farm and rural nonfarm adults in Iowa. J Rural Health 1996 Fall;12(4):321-31.

Reding D, Huber J, Lappe K. Breast cancer control: a public health professional education intervention [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1993;12:A484.

Reding D, Lappe K, Huber J. A breast health education intervention for rural public health professionals [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1994;13:A169.

Reding DJ, Lappe KA, Krueger M, Kolehouse BL, Steneil D, Leer RA. Cancer screening and prevention in rural Wisconsin: the Greater Marshfield Experience. Wis Med J 1997 Aug;96(8):32-7.

Richardson JT. Utilization of screening mammography: factors influencing the decision in rural women [dissertation]. Richmond: Virginia Commonwealth Univ.; 1993.

Rohrer JE. Regulation of accountable health plans in rural areas. J Public Health Policy 1995;16(2):198-212.

Rosenman KD, Gardiner J, Swanson GM, Mullan P, Zhu Z. U.S. farm women's participation in breast cancer screening practices. Cancer 1995 Jan 1;75(1):47-53.

Skaer TL, Robison LM, Sclar DA, Harding GH. Knowledge, attitudes, and patterns of cancer screening: A self-report among foreign born Hispanic women utilizing rural migrant health clinics. J Rural Health 1996;12(3):169-77.

Sortet JP, Banks SR. Health beliefs of rural Appalachian women and the practice of breast self-examination. Cancer Nurs 1997 Aug;20(4):231-5.

Sparks BT, Ragheb NE, Given BA, Swanson GM. Breast cancer screening in rural populations: A pilot study. J Rural Health 1996;12(2):120-9.

Urban N. Reaching rural mammographers for quality improvement. Annual report. 16 Sep 96-15 Sep 97. Seattle (WA): Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; 1997 Oct 97. 84 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6288.

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Socioeconomically Disadvantaged

Bastani R, Kaplan CP, Maxwell AE, Nisenbaum R, Pearce J, Marcus AC. Initial and repeat mammography screening in a low income multi-ethnic population in Los Angeles. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995 Mar;4(2):161-7.

Brandt EN Jr, Broyles RW, Hann NE, Coleman BA. Breast cancer in Oklahoma. Unnecessary deaths. J Okla State Med Assoc 1995 Feb;88(2):62-7.

Breast and cervical cancer screening among underserved women. Baseline survey results from six states. The National Cancer Institute Cancer Screening Consortium for Underserved Women. Arch Fam Med 1995 Jul;4(7):617-24.

Breen N, Kessler LG, Brown ML. Breast cancer control among the underserved: An overview. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;40(1):105-15.

Bressler J, Ansell D, Parker J, Dillard J, Whitman S. Breast cancer screening in an urban public hospital. Five-year results. Cancer 1993 Dec 15;72(12):3636-40.

Burack RC, Gimotty PA. Promoting screening mammography in inner-city settings: The sustained effectiveness of computerized reminders in a randomized controlled trial. Med Care 1997 Sep;35(9):921-31.

Burack RC, Gimotty PA, Stengle W, Warbasse L, Moncrease A. Patterns of use of mammography among inner-city Detroit women: contrasts between a health department, HMO, and private hospital. Med Care 1993 Apr;31(4):322-34.

Burnett CB, Steakley CS, Tefft MC. Barriers to breast and cervical cancer screening in underserved women of the District of Columbia. Oncol Nurs Forum 1995 Nov-Dec;22(10):1551-7.

Burnett CB, Steakley CS, Tefft MC. Low-income, minority women. Barriers to cancer screening. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995 Sep 30;768:277-80.

Champion VL, Menon U, McQuillen DH, Scott C. Validity of self-reported mammography in low-income African-American women. Am J Prev Med 1998 Feb;14(2):111-7.

Coyne CA, Hohman K, Levinson A. Reaching special populations with breast and cervical cancer public education. J Cancer Educ 1992 Winter;7(4):293-303.

Currence C. Demographic and lifestyle data: A practical application to stimulating compliance with mammography guidelines among poor women. In: Goldberg ME, Fishbein M, et al., editors. Social marketing: Theoretical and practical perspectives. Mahwah (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.; 1997. p. 111-20.

Davis TC, Arnold C, Berkel HJ, Nandy I, Jackson RH, Glass J. Knowledge and attitude on screening mammography among low-literate, low-income women. Cancer 1996 Nov 1;78(9):1912-20.

Dershaw DD, Loring L, True SJ, Momrow DC, Liberman L, Morris EA. A comparison of screening mammography results from programs for women of different socioeconomic status. Cancer 1998 May 1;82(9):1692-7.

Dietrich AJ, Tobin JN, Sox CH, Cassels AN, Negron F, Younge RG, Demby NA, Tosteson TD. Cancer early-detection services in community health centers for the underserved. A randomized controlled trial. Arch Fam Med 1998 Jul-Aug;7(4):320-7; discussion 328. Comment in: Arch Fam Med 1998 Jul-Aug;7(4):315-6.

Dole GF, Carney PA. Characteristics of underserved women who did and those who did not use a free/low-cost voucher as part of a mammography screening program. J Cancer Educ 1998 Summer;13(2):102-7.

Doyle JP, Parker RM, Jacobson TA, McNagny SE. Breast and cervical cancer screening in an inner-city medical walk-in clinic: taking advantage of an often missed opportunity. Am J Prev Med 1996 Sep-Oct;12(5):345-50.

Englisbe BH, Jimpson GE, Harper GR, Cohen M. Encouraging mammography use among underserved women through a celebration of breast health [news]. Am J Public Health 1995 Oct;85(10):1446-7.

Flamm L, Michel AG, Lasky HJ, Maher ML, Sylvester J, Sener SF, Hoeksema J. A grassroots mammography demonstration project targeted to medically underserved rural and urban Illinois women of diverse races and ethnicity. Breast J 1997;3(1):25-39.

Freeman HP, Muth BJ, Kerner JF. Expanding access to cancer screening and clinical follow-up among the medically underserved. Cancer Pract 1995 Jan-Feb;3(1):19-30.

Friedell GH, Linville LH, Hullet S. Cancer control in rural Appalachia. Cancer 1998 Oct 15;83(8 Suppl):1868-71.

Garvican L, Littlejohns P. Comparison of prognostic and socio-economic factors in screen-detected and symptomatic cases of breast cancer. Public Health 1998 Jan;112(1):15-20.

German RR. The distribution of West Virginia women targeted for screening of breast and cervical cancers. W V Med J 1996 Mar-Apr;92(2):82-6.

Ghazal M, Tetu-Mouradjian LM, Jones A, Block SH. Inner-city breast and cervical cancer screening: a cooperative report. R I Med 1993 Apr;76(4):195-8.

Hardy RE, Eckert C, Hargreaves MK, Belay Y, Jones TN, Cebrun AJ. Breast and cervical cancer screening among low-income women: impact of a simple centralized HMO intervention. J Natl Med Assoc 1996 Jun;88(6):381-4.

Harper AP. Mammography utilization in the poor and medically underserved. Cancer 1993 Aug 15;72(4 Suppl):1478-82.

Hiatt RA, Pasick R. The challenge of interventions in multiethnic communities: breast and cervical cancer screening [abstract]. Paper presented at: 19th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Preventive Oncology; 1995 Mar 8-11; Houston, TX.

Hiatt RA, Pasick RJ. Unsolved problems in early breast cancer detection: focus on the underserved. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;40(1):37-51.

Iverson DC. Involving providers and patients in cancer control and prevention efforts: Barriers to overcome. Cancer 1993;72(3 Suppl):1138-43.

Johnson KM, Taylor VM, Lessler D, Thompson B, Goldberg HI. Inner city primary care providers' breast cancer screening knowledge: implications for intervention. J Community Health 1998 Feb;23(1):1-13.

Kerner JF. Breast cancer prevention and control among the medically underserved. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;40(1):1-9.

Kiefe CI, McKay SV, Halevy A, Brody BA. Is cost a barrier to screening mammography for low-income women receiving Medicare benefits? A randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 1994 Jun 13;154(11):1217-24.

Kirby SD. Peripheral cues and argument strength as variables in persuasive communications for promoting mammography among low-income African-American women [dissertation]. Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina; 1993. 242 p.

Lacoy J. An analysis of low-income Caucasian, Black, and Hispanic women's responses to Project: Aware, a two-year televised informational campaign about breast cancer [dissertation]. [Amherst]: Univ. of Massachusetts; 1994. 137 p.

Lauver D. Understanding barriers to mammography use among women of low socioeconomic status: Comparisons from quantitative and qualitative data. J Womens Health 1996;5(5):473-80.

Linton MJ. Education: an approach to break down the bariers to breast screening in medically underserved women [dissertation]. Normal: Illinois State Univ.; 1997. 108 p.

Mandelblatt J, Traxler M, Lakin P, Kanetsky P, Kao R. Targeting breast and cervical cancer screening to elderly poor black women: who will participate? The Harlem Study Team. Prev Med 1993 Jan;22(1):20-33.

Mandelblatt J, Traxler M, Lakin P, Kanetsky P, Thomas L, Chauhan P, Matseoane S, Ramsey E. Breast and cervical cancer screening of poor, elderly, black women: clinical results and implications. Harlem Study Team. Am J Prev Med 1993 May-Jun;9(3):133-8.

Manfredi C, Czaja R, Freels S, Trubitt M, Warnecke R, Lacey L. Prescribe for health. Improving cancer screening in physician practices serving low-income and minority populations. Arch Fam Med 1998 Jul-Aug;7(4):329-37. Comment in: Arch Fam Med 1998 Jul-Aug;7(4):315-6.

May DS, Lee NC, Nadel MR, Henson RM, Miller DS. The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program: report on the first 4 years of mammography provided to medically underserved women. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998 Jan;170(1):97-104. Comment in: AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998 Jul;171(1):269.

McCoy CB, Smith SA, Metsch LR, Anwyl RS, Correa R, Bankston L, Zavertnik JJ. Breast cancer screening of the medically underserved: results and implications. Cancer Pract 1994 Jul-Aug;2(4):267-74. Comment in: Cancer Pract 1994 Jul-Aug;2(4):247.

McGovern PG, Lurie N, Margolis KL, Slater JS. Accuracy of self-report of mammography and Pap smear in a low-income urban population. Am J Prev Med 1998 Apr;14(3):201-8.

McTavish FM, Gustafson DH, Owens BH, Wise M, Taylor JO, Apantaku FM, Berhe H, Thorson B. CHESS: An interactive computer system for women with breast cancer piloted with an under-served population. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care 1994;599-603.

McWhorter WP, Schatzkin AG, Horm JW, Brown CC. Contribution of socioeconomic status to black/white differences in cancer incidence. Cancer 1989;63(5):982-7.

Mickey RM, Durski J, Worden JK, Danigelis NL. Breast cancer screening and associated factors for low-income African-American women. Prev Med 1995 Sep;24(5):467-76.

Mickey RM, Vezina JL, Worden JK, Warner SL. Breast screening behavior and interactions with health care providers among lower income women. Med Care 1997 Dec;35(12):1204-11.

Montague J. Public health--catching breast cancer early. Hosp Health Netw 1995 Oct 5;69(19):90.

Montano DE, Thompson B, Taylor VM, Mahloch J. Understanding mammography intention and utilization among women in an inner city public hospital clinic. Prev Med 1997 Nov-Dec;26(6):817-24.

Morgan C, Levin G. A cancer-prevention intervention for disadvantaged women: design and implementation. J Cancer Educ 1995 Fall;10(3):168-75.

Morrison C. Breast cancer detection behaviors in low-income women over forty: characteristics associated with frequency and proficiency of breast self-examination [dissertation]. College Park (MD): Univ. of Maryland; 1995.

Morrison C. Determining crucial correlates of breast self-examination in older women with low incomes. Oncol Nurs Forum 1996 Jan-Feb;23(1):83-93.

Parker J, Gebretsadik T, Sabogal F, Newman J, Lawson HW. Mammography screening among California medicare beneficiaries: 1993- 1994. Am J Prev Med 1998;15(3):198-205.

Paskett ED, Rushing J, D'Agostino R Jr, Tatum C, Velez R. Cancer screening behaviors of low-income women: the impact of race. Womens Health 1997 Fall-Winter;3(3-4):203-26.

Persson K, Svensson PG, Ek AC. Breast self-examination: an analysis of self-reported practice. J Adv Nurs 1997 May;25(5):886-92.

Price JH. Economically disadvantaged females' perceptions of breast cancer and breast cancer screening. J Natl Med Assoc 1994 Dec;86(12):899-906.

Renneker M, Lim N, Wheatley B, Collins S, Pirkle R, Beers L, Rambo M, Schleper J, Jones T, Butler B, et al. An inner-city cancer prevention clinic in West Oakland, California. Cancer Pract 1994 Nov-Dec;2(6):427-37.

Schymura MJ, Harper GR, Baptiste MS, Crucetti J, Blanchard CG. Consistency of mammography predictors among low SES women [abstract]. Paper presented at: 19th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Preventive Oncology; 1995 Mar 8-11; Houston, TX.

Song L, Fletcher R. Breast cancer rescreening in low-income women. Am J Prev Med 1998;15(2):128-33.

Stein JA, Fox SA, Murata PJ. The influence of ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and psychological barriers on use of mammography. J Health Soc Behav 1991 Jun;32(2):101-13.

Stoner TJ, Dowd B, Carr WP, Maldonado G, Church TR, Mandel J. Do vouchers improve breast cancer screening rates? Results from a randomized trial. Health Serv Res 1998 Apr;33(1):11-28.

Sugg Skinner C, Zerr AD, Damson RL. Incorporating mobile mammography units into primary care: Focus group interviews among inner-city health center patients. Health Educ Res 1995;10(2):179-89.

Sung JF, Blumenthal DS, Coates RJ, Williams JE, Alema-Mensah E, Liff JM. Effect of a cancer screening intervention conducted by lay health workers among inner-city women. Am J Prev Med 1997 Jan-Feb;13(1):51-7.

Taylor VM, Thompson B, Montano DE, Mahloch J, Johnson K, Li S. Mammography use among women attending an inner-city clinic. J Cancer Educ 1998 Summer;13(2):96-101.

Thomas SM, Fick AC. Women's health: early detection and screening practices for breast and cervical cancer. J La State Med Soc 1994 Apr;146(4):152-8.

Thomas SM, Fick AC. Women's health. Part II: Individual, environmental and economic factors affecting adherence to recommended screening practices for breast cancer. J La State Med Soc 1995 Apr;147(4):149-55.

Vacek PM, Mickey RM, Worden JK. Reliability of self-reported breast screening information in a survey of lower income women. Prev Med 1997 May-Jun;26(3):287-91.

Vellozzi CJ, Romans M, Rothenberg RB. Delivering breast and cervical cancer screening services to underserved women: Part I. Literature review and telephone survey. Womens Health Issues 1996 Mar-Apr;6(2):65-73.

Weber BE, Reilly BM. Enhancing mammography use in the inner city. A randomized trial of intensive case management. Arch Intern Med 1997 Nov 10;157(20):2345-9.

Zabora JR, Morrison C, Olsen SJ, Ashley B. Recruitment of underserved women for breast cancer detection programs. Cancer Pract 1997 Sep-Oct;5(5):297-303.

Zapka JG, Bigelow C, Hurley T, Ford LD, et al. Mammography use among sociodemographically diverse women: The accuracy of self-report. Am J Public Health 1996 Jul;86(7):1016-21.

Zavertnik JJ, McCoy CB, Love N. Breast cancer control program for the socioeconomically disadvantaged. Screening mammography for the poor. Cancer 1994 Oct 1;74(7 Suppl):2042-5.

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Other

Amonkar MM. Matching Appalachians' preventive servces' utilization and managed care strategies for preventive care [dissertation]. Morgantown: West Virginia Univ.; 1997. 382 p.

Ellingson LA. Breast self-examination, the health belief model and sexual orientaton in women [dissertation]. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.; 1996. 118 p.

Ellingson LA, Yarber WL. Breast self-examination, the Health Belief Model, and sexual orientation in women. J Sex Educ Ther 1997;22(3):19-24.

Michels TC, Taplin SM, Carter WB, Kugler JP. Barriers to screening: the theory of reasoned action applied to mammography use in a military beneficiary population. Mil Med 1995 Sep;160(9):431-7.

Peterson KJ, Bricker-Jenkins M. Lesbians and the health care system. J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv 1996;5(1):33-47.

Rankow EJ. Lesbian health issues for the primary care provider. J Fam Pract 1995 May;40(5):486-96. Comment in: J Fam Pract 1995 Sep;41(3):224; discussion 227; J Fam Pract 1995 Sep;41(3):227.

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Mortality/Survival Issues

Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Differences in Mortality and Survival

General/Overview

Austin SG, Huang N, Woernle CW. PMR study of mortality among Alabama workers and farmers. Am J Ind Med 1995 Jan;27(1):29-36.

Calle EE, Murphy TK, Rodriguez C, Thun MJ, Heath CW Jr. Occupation and breast cancer mortality in a prospective cohort of US women. Am J Epidemiol 1998 Jul 15;148(2):191-7.

Chevarley F, White E. Recent trends in breast cancer mortality among White and Black US women. Am J Public Health 1997;87(5):775-81.

Coates RJ, Clark WS, Eley JW, Greenberg RS, Huguley CM Jr, Brown RL. Race, nutritional status, and survival from breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82(21):1684-92.

Deaths from breast cancer - United States, 1991. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28(6):823.

Deaths from breast cancer--United States, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994 Apr 22;43(15):273, 279-81.

Edwards MJ, Gamel JW, Vaughan WP, Wrightson WR. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast: the survival impact of race. J Clin Oncol 1998 Aug;16(8):2693-9.

Eley JW, Hill HA, Chen VW, Austin DF, Wesley MN, Muss HB, Greenberg RS, Coates RJ, Correa P, Redmond CK, et al. Racial differences in survival from breast cancer. Results of the National Cancer Institute Black/White Cancer Survival Study. JAMA 1994 Sep 28;272(12):947-54. Comment in: JAMA 1995 Apr 5;273(13):1000.

Elias EG, Suter CM, Brown SD, Buda BS, Vachon DA. Survival differences between black and white women with breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 1994 Jan;55(1):37-41. Comment in: J Surg Oncol 1994 Sep;57(1):30.

From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breast cancer incidence and mortality--United States, 1992. JAMA 1996 Oct 23-30;276(16):1293-4.

From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mortality trends for selected smoking-related cancers and breast cancer--United States, 1950-1990. JAMA 1993 Dec 1;270(21):2541-2.

Gornick ME, Eggers PW, Reilly TW, Mentnech RM, Fitterman LK, Kucken LE, Vladeck BC. Effects of race and income on mortality and use of services among Medicare beneficiaries. N Engl J Med 1996 Sep 12;335(11):791-9.

Hill GJ, Rush BF Jr, Hill HZ, Pliner LF, Raina S, Cook S, Klein K, Gerne C, Slimowitz R. Breast cancer in the inner city: intensive efforts may be succeeding. J Med 1996;27(3-4):135-51.

Howard DL, Penchansky R, Brown MB. Disaggregating the effects of race on breast cancer survival. Fam Med 1998 Mar;30(3):228-35.

Howard J, Hankey BF, Greenberg RS, Austin DF, Correa P, Chen VW, Durako S. A collaborative study of differences in the survival rates of black patients and white patients with cancer. Cancer 1992;69(9): 2349-60.

Hsu JL, Glaser SL, West DW. Racial/ethnic differences in breast cancer survival among San Francisco Bay Area women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997 Sep 3; 89(17):1311-2.

Ishimoto H, Nakamura H, Miyoshi T. Epidemiological study on relationship between breast cancer mortality and dietary factors. Tokushima J Exp Med 1994 Dec;41(3-4):103-14.

Jones B. Race differences in breast cancer survival. Annual report, 1 Jul 96-30 Jun 97. New Haven (CT): Yale Univ. School of Medicine; 1997 Jul. 34 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6101.

Jones BA. Race differences in stage at diagnosis of breast cancer [dissertation]. New Haven (CT): Yale Univ.; 1993.

Jones BA, Kasl SV, Curnen MG, Owens PH, Dubrow R. Can mammography screening explain the race difference in stage at diagnosis of breast cancer? Cancer 1995 Apr 15;75(8):2103-13.

Jones BA, Kasl SV, Curnen MGM, Owens PH, Dubrow R. Severe obesity as an explanatory factor for the black/white difference in stage at diagnosis of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146(5):394-404.

Joslyn SA. Racial differences in survival from breast cancer [letter]. JAMA 1995 Apr 5;273(13):1000. Comment on: JAMA 1994 Sep 28;272(12):947-54.

Kato PM. On nothing and everything: The relationship between ethnicity and health. In: Kato PM, Mann T, et al., editors. Handbook of diversity issues in health psychology. New York: Plenum Press; 1996. p. 287-300.

Krieger N. Prevalence prognostic biomarkers in archival specimens and breast cancer survival among White, Black, and Asian women. Final report. 1 Sep 94-31 May 98. Oakland (CA): Kaiser Foundation Research Inst.; 1998 Jun. 39 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4388.

Krieger N, van den Eeden SK, Zava D, Okamoto A. Race/ethnicity, social class, and prevalence of breast cancer prognostic biomarkers: a study of white, black, and Asian women in the San Francisco bay area. Ethn Dis 1997 Spring-Summer;7(2):137-49.

Kuderer NM, Lyman SL, Cox CE, Reintgen DS, Williams CC, Lyman GH. The importance of race for breast cancer survival [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996;15:A122.

Le Marchand L. Ethnic variation in breast cancer survival: a review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1991 May;18 Suppl 1:S119-26.

Lyman GH, Kuderer NM, Lyman SL, Cox CE, Reintgen D, Baekey P. Importance of race on breast cancer survival. Ann Surg Oncol 1997 Jan;4(1):80-7.

Mandelblatt J, Andrews H, Kerner J, Zauber A, Burnett W. Determinants of late stage diagnosis of breast and cervical cancer: The impact of age, race, social class, and hospital type. Am J Public Health 1991;81(5): 646-9.

Menendez-Tuckman AT, Raventos-Suarez C. Re: Tumor biologic factors and breast cancer prognosis among white, Hispanic, and black women in the United States [letter]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Sep 7;86(17):1352-3. Comment on: J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 May 4;86(9):705-12.

Moormeier J. Racial differences in breast cancer clinical characteristics, biology, and treatment. Annual report. 1 Jul 94-30 Jun 95. Kansas City (MO): Univ. of Missouri-Kansas City; 1995 Jul 17 . 14 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4413.

Moormeier J. Racial differences in breast cancer clinical characteristics, biology, and treatment. Annual report. 1 Jul 95-30 Jun 96. Kansas City (MO): Univ. of Missouri-Kansas City; 1996 Jul. 14 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4413.

Mortality trends for selected smoking-related cancers and breast cancer--United States, 1950-1990. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993 Nov 12;42(44):857, 863-6.

Perkins CI, Wright WE, Young JL. Trends in breast cancer mortality in california, 1973-1993 [abstract]. Paper presented at: North American Association of Central Cancer Registries Conference; 1995 April 17-20; San Francisco.

Perkins P, Cooksley CD, Cox JD. Breast cancer. Is ethnicity an independent prognostic factor for survival? Cancer 1996 Sep 15;78(6):1241-7.

Randal J. Does the timing of breast cancer surgery affect survival? [news]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997 Apr 2;89(7):473-7.

Ranstam J, Olsson H, Garne JP, Aspegren K, Janzon L. Survival in breast cancer and age at start of oral contraceptive usage. Anticancer Res 1991 Nov-Dec;11(6):2043-6.

Results from the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, October 31 1991-September 30 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994 Jul 29;43(29):530-4.

Simon M, Severson R, Ramnath N, LoRusso P, Kellogg C. Racial differences in survival of female breast cancer [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995;14:A418.

Sondik EJ. Breast cancer trends. Incidence, mortality, and survival. Cancer 1994 Aug 1;74(3 Suppl):995-9.

Terling T, Frisbie WP, Sowards KA, Bradshaw BS. Ethnic differentials in mortality from breast cancer. Austin (TX): Univ. of Texas, Texas Population Research Center; 1994. 13 p. (Texas Population Research Center paper; no. 94-95-02).

Trends and regional differences in breast cancer mortality. Stat Bull 1988 Jul-Sep;69(3):26-31. Compiled by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.

van Loon AJ, Brug J, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Differences in cancer incidence and mortality among socioeconomic groups. Scand J Soc Med 1995;23(2):110-20.

Van Loon AJ, Goldbohm RA, Van den Brandt PA. Socioeconomic status and breast cancer incidence: a prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 1994 Oct;23(5):899-905.

Wagener DK, Schatzkin A. Temporal trends in the socioeconomic gradient for breast cancer mortality among US women. Am J Public Health 1994 Jun;84(6):1003-6.

West DW, Satariano WA, Ragland DR, Hiatt RA. Comorbidity and breast cancer survival: a comparison between black and white women. Ann Epidemiol 1996 Sep;6(5):413-9.

Wingo PA. Five-year survival of women with breast cancer according to prior use of oral contraceptives [dissertation]. Atlanta: Emory Univ.; 1993. 183 p.

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African Americans

Caplan LS, Helzlsouer KJ, Shapiro S, Freedman LS, Coates RJ, Edwards BK. System delay in breast cancer in whites and blacks. Am J Epidemiol 1995 Oct 15;142(8):804-12.

Caplan LS, Helzlsouer KJ, Shapiro S, Wesley MN, et al. Reasons for delay in breast cancer diagnosis. Prev Med 1996 Mar;25(2):218-24.

Chaulk CP, Kazandjian VA, Pipesh F. Racial differences in illness and mortality among Maryland women hospitalized with breast cancer under an all-payer hospital system. J Womens Health 1995;4(1):27-33.

Dansey RD, Hessel PA, Browde S, Lange M, Derman D, Nissenbaum M, Bezwoda WR. Lack of a significant independent effect of race on survival in breast cancer. Cancer 1988;61(9):1908-12.

Elledge RM, Clark GM, Chamness GC, Osborne CK. Tumor biologic factors and breast cancer prognosis among white, Hispanic, and black women in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 May 4;86(9):705-12. Comment in: J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Sep 7;86(17):1352-3.

Elledge RM, Clark GM, Chamness GC, Osborne CK. Tumor biologic factors and breast cancer prognosis in white, Hispanic, and Black women [abstract]. Breast Cancer Treat Res 1993;27(1-2):132.

Equal access to health care improves black women's survival from breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1998;34(7):947.

Franzini L, Williams AF, Franklin J, Singletary SE, Theriault RL. Effects of race and socioeconomic status on survival of 1,332 black, Hispanic, and white women with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 1997 Mar;4(2):111-8. Comment in: Ann Surg Oncol 1997 Mar;4(2):102-3.

Freeman HP, Wasfie TJ. Cancer of the breast in poor black women. Cancer 1989;63(12):2562-9.

Guillory JA. Relationships of selected physiological, psychosocial and spiritual variables associated with survivorship in socioeconomically disadvantaged African American women with breast cancer [dissertation]. Augusta: Medical College of Georgia; 1993.

Hardy RE, Hargreaves MK. Cancer prognosis in black Americans: a mini-review. J Natl Med Assoc 1991 Jul;83(7):574-9.

Heimann R, Ferguson D, Powers C, Suri D, Weichselbaum RR, Hellman S. Race and clinical outcome in breast cancer in a series with long-term follow-up evaluation. J Clin Oncol 1997 Jun;15(6):2329-37.

Jones BA. Race differences in breast cancer survival. Annual report. 1 Jul 97-30 Jun 98. New Haven (CT): Yale Univ., School of Medicine; 1998 Jul. 20 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-96-1-6101.

Krieger N. Prevalence prognostic biomarkers in archival specimens and breast cancer survival among White, Black, and Asian women. Final report. 1 Sep 94-31 May 98. Oakland (CA): Kaiser Foundation Research Inst.; 1998 Jun. 39 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4388.

Krieger N, van den Eeden SK, Zava D, Okamoto A. Race/ethnicity, social class, and prevalence of breast cancer prognostic biomarkers: a study of white, black, and Asian women in the San Francisco bay area. Ethn Dis 1997 Spring-Summer;7(2):137-49.

Long E. Breast cancer in African-American women. Review of the literature. Cancer Nurs 1993 Feb;16(1):1-24.

Meshack AF. For health's sake: cervical and breast cancer screening [dissertation]. Houston: Univ. of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health; 1993. 152 p.

Muss H, Wesley M, Chen V, Coates R, Austin D, Harlan L, Hunter C, Blacklow R, Shapiro S, Edwards B. Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) are related to survival in Black and white women with breast cancer (BC): the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Black/white cancer survival study experience [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1994;13:A117.

Neale AV. Racial and marital status influences on 10 year survival from breast cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 1994 May;47(5):475-83.

Pelton E, Griggs J, Collichio F. Reduced dose of adjuvant chemotherapy in a group of black women compared with white women with breast cancer [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997;16:A653.

Polednak AP. Cancer mortality in a higher-income black population in New York State. Comparison with rates in the United State as a whole. Cancer 1990;66(7):1654-60.

Ragland KR. Black-white differences in cancer survival: an analysis of seven selected sites [dissertation]. Berkeley: Univ. of California, Berkeley; 1991.

Reid CC 3rd. An analysis of the increased mortality of African-American women due to breast cancer [masters thesis]. New York: New York Medical College; 1998. 68 p.

Reynolds P, Boyd PT, Blacklow RS, Jackson JS, Greenberg RS, Austin DF, Chen VW, Edwards BK. The relationship between social ties and survival among black and white breast cancer patients. National Cancer Institute Black/White Cancer Survival Study Group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994 Apr-May;3(3):253-9.

Roach M 3rd, Alexander M. The prognostic significance of race and survival from breast cancer: a model for assessing the reliability of reported survival differences. J Natl Med Assoc 1995 Mar;87(3):214-9.

Roach M 3rd, Cirrincione C, Budman D, Hayes D, Berry D, Younger J, Hart R, Henderson IC. Race and survival from breast cancer: based on Cancer and Leukemia Group B trial 8541. Cancer J Sci Am 1997 Mar-Apr;3(2):107-12. Comment in: Cancer J Sci Am 1997 Mar-Apr;3(2):76-7.

Rosenman KD. Causes of mortality in primary and secondary school teachers. Am J of Ind Med 1994 May;25(5):749-58.

Shiao Y-H. Distinct mechanisms of P53 alterations between black and white breast cancer patients [dissertation]. New Orleans: Louisiana State Univ. Medical Center at New Orleans; 1993. 154 p.

Simon MS, Severson RK. Racial differences in breast cancer survival: the interaction of socioeconomic status and tumor biology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997 Jun;176(6):S233-9.

Sturgeon SR, Schairer C, Gail M, McAdams M, Brinton LA, Hoover RN. Geographic variation in mortality from breast cancer among white women in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995 Dec 20;87(24):1846-53. Comment in: J Natl Cancer Inst 1995 Dec 20;87(24):1819-20.

Walker Jr B, Figgs LW, Zahm SH. Differences in cancer incidence, mortality, and survival between African Americans and whites. Environ Health Perspect 1995;103 Suppl 8:275-81.

Wojcik BE, Spinks MK, Optenberg SA. Breast carcinoma survival analysis for African American and white women in an equal-access health care system. Cancer 1998 Apr 1;82(7):1310-8.

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American Indians/Alaska Natives

Frost F, Tollestrup K, Hunt WC, Gilliland F, Key CR, Urbina CE. Breast cancer survival among New Mexico Hispanic, American Indian, and non-Hispanic white women (1973-1992). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996 Nov;5(11):861-6.

Nutting PA, Helgerson SD, Beaver SK, Bates PM, Berg LE. Preventable cancer mortality in American Indian and Alaska Native women. Final report. Rockville (MD): Indian Health Service; 1990 May 1. 142 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; Y02-CN-90667. Sponsored by National Cancer Inst., Bethesda, MD.

Pattillo RA, Hussa RO, Story MT. Characteristics of antigens from an HCG alpha secreting cell line (ElCo) derived from human breast carcinoma in a Native American patient. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997 Jun;176(6):S246-54.

Sugarman JR, Dennis LK, White E. Cancer survival among American Indians in western Washington State (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1994 Sep;5(5):440-8.

Urbina CE. New Mexico MEDTEP Research Center for Ethnic Populations. Abstract, executive summary and final report. Report. for 9 Sep 92-30 Nov 95. Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico; 1996. 44 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; AHCPR-07389.

Welty TK, Zephier N, Schweigman K, Blake B, Leonardson G. Cancer risk factors in three Sioux tribes. Use of the Indian-specific health risk appraisal for data collection and analysis. Alaska Med 1993 Oct-Dec;35(4):265-72.

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Asians

Chie W-C, Chang K-J. Factors related to tumor size of breast cancer at treatment in Taiwan. Prev Med 1994;23(1):91-7.

Chie WC, Chen CF, Lee WC, Chen CJ, Lin RS. Age-period-cohort analysis of breast cancer mortality. Anticancer Res 1995 Mar-Apr;15(2):511-5.

Chow LW, Au GK, Poon RT. Breast conservation therapy for invasive breast cancer in Hong Kong: factors affecting recurrence and survival in Chinese women. Aust N Z J Surg 1997 Feb-Mar;67(2-3):94-7.

Chow LW, Au GW, Poon RT. Breast conservative therapy for invasive breast cancer in Hong Kong [abstract]. Paper presented at: 12th Asia Pacific Cancer Conference; 1995 Oct 17-20; Singapore.

Elledge RM, Clark GM, Chamness GC, Osborne CK. Tumor biologic factors and breast cancer prognosis among white, Hispanic, and black women in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 May 4;86(9):705-12. Comment in: J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Sep 7;86(17):1352-3.

Elledge RM, Clark GM, Chamness GC, Osborne CK. Tumor biologic factors and breast cancer prognosis in white, Hispanic, and Black women [abstract]. Breast Cancer Treat Res 1993;27(1-2):132.

Guo WD, Chow WH, Zheng W, Li JY, Blot WJ. Diet, serum markers and breast cancer mortality in China. Jpn J Cancer Res 1994 Jun;85(6):572-7.

Hanley AJ, Choi BC, Holowaty EJ. Cancer mortality among Chinese migrants: a review. Int J Epidemiol 1995 Apr;24(2):255-65.

Hanley AJG. Cancer mortality patterns among Chinese migrant populations in Ontario [masters thesis]. Toronto (Canada): Univ. of Toronto; 1993. 173 p.

Holden C. Koreans make gene-therapy debut. Science 1997;276(5315):1035.

Kagawa-Singer M, Wellisch DK, Durvasula R. Impact of breast cancer on Asian American and Anglo American women. Cult Med Psychiatry 1997 Dec;21(4):449-80.

Krieger N. Prevalence prognostic biomarkers in archival specimens and breast cancer survival among White, Black, and Asian women. Final report. 1 Sep 94-31 May 98. Oakland (CA): Kaiser Foundation Research Inst.; 1998 Jun. 39 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DAMD17-94-J-4388.

Krieger N, van den Eeden SK, Zava D, Okamoto A. Race/ethnicity, social class, and prevalence of breast cancer prognostic biomarkers: a study of white, black, and Asian women in the San Francisco bay area. Ethn Dis 1997 Spring-Summer;7(2):137-49.

Lloyd OL, Wong SL, Yu TS, Wong TW. Mortality mapping in Hong Kong, 1979-83 and 1984-88: feasibility study and the patterns of cancers. Asia Pac J Public Health 1995;8(2):66-73.

Ng EH, Chiang G, Sng I, Nambiar R, Soo KC. Difficulty of obtaining wide tumour to deep fascial margins in Asian women with breast cancers: implications on treatment and prognosis. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1996 Mar;25(2):241-4.

Noguchi M, Yagasaki R, Kawahara F, Minami M, Tsuyama H, Earashi M, Kinoshita K, Taniya T, Miwa K, Nishijima H, Takanaka T, Kawashima H, Takashima C, Kanno M, Nakamura S, Mizukami Y, Nonomura A, Michigishi T, Yokoyama K. Breast conserving treatment versus modified radical mastectomy in Japanese patients with operable breast cancer. Int Surg 1997 Jul-Sep;82(3):289-94.

Schneider T, Hubert D, Degrange JP, Bertin M. Use of risk projection models for the comparison of mortality from radiation-induced breast cancer in various populations. Health Phys 1995 Apr;68(4):452-9.

Stellman SD, Wang Q-S. Cancer mortality in Chinese immigrants to New York City: Comparison with Chinese in Tianjin and with United States-born whites. Cancer 1994;73(4):1270-5.

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Hispanics

Arias LC, Borrell C. [Mortality inequalities according to education in the city of Barcelona]. Med Clin (Barc) 1998 Feb 14;110(5):161-6. (Spa).

Cady B. Effects of race and socioeconomic status on survival of women with breast cancer [editorial]. Ann Surg Oncol 1997 Mar;4(2):102-3. Comment on: Ann Surg Oncol 1997 Mar;4(2):111-8.

del Valle Gomez MO, Lopez Gonzalez ML, Arcos Gonzalez PI, Cueto Espinar A. [An analysis of the potential years of life lost to cancer in Asturias and Spain]. Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr) 1993 Mar-Apr;67(2):129-43. (Spa).

Delgado DJ. The role of hispanic race/ethnicity and poverty in breast cancer survival [dissertation]. Los Angeles: Univ. of California, Los Angeles; 1994.

Delgado DJ, Lin WY, Coffey M. The role of Hispanic race/ethnicity and poverty in breast cancer survival. P R Health Sci J 1995 Jun;14(2):103-16.

Franzini L, Williams AF, Franklin J, Singletary SE, Theriault RL. Effects of race and socioeconomic status on survival of 1,332 black, Hispanic, and white women with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 1997 Mar;4(2):111-8. Comment in: Ann Surg Oncol 1997 Mar;4(2):102-3.

Frost F, Tollestrup K, Hunt WC, Gilliland F, Key CR, Urbina CE. Breast cancer survival among New Mexico Hispanic, American Indian, and non-Hispanic white women (1973-1992). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996 Nov;5(11):861-6.

Guidry JJ, Aday LA, Zhang D, Winn RJ. Cost considerations as potential barriers to cancer treatment. Cancer Pract 1998 May-Jun;6(3):182-7.

Lopez-Rios O, Lazcano-Ponce EC, Tovar-Guzman V, Hernandez-Avila M. [Epidemiology of cancer of the breast in Mexico. Consequences of demography transition]. Salud Publica Mex 1997 Jul-Aug;39(4):259-65. (Spa).

Prieto-Ramos F, Serra-Majem L, La Vecchia C, Ramon JM, Tresserras R, Salleras L. Mortality trends and past and current dietary factors of breast cancer in Spain. Eur J Epidemiol 1996 Apr;12(2):141-8.

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Native Hawaiians/Other Pacific Islanders

Chong C. Cancer in Native Hawaiians. Cancer 1998 Oct 15;83(8 Suppl):1865-7.

Higuchi CM, Serxner SA, Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN. Histopathological predictors of breast cancer death among Caucasians and Japanese in Hawaii. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993 May-Jun;2(3):201-5.

Mastrofrancesco L. Contoversies in breast cancer diagnosis and management. Hawaii Med J 1994 Sep;53(9):246.

Meng L, Maskarinec G, Lee J. Ethnicity and conditional breast cancer survival in Hawaii. J Clin Epidemiol 1997 Nov;50(11):1289-96.

Meng L, Maskarinec G, Lee J. Ethnicity and conditional breast cancer survival in hawaii [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1997;38:A2006.

Meng L, Maskarinec G, Wilkens L. Ethnic differences and factors related to breast cancer survival in Hawaii. Int J Epidemiol 1997 Dec;26(6):1151-8.

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Other Special Populations

Age Groups

Aaltomaa S, Lipponen P, Papinaho S. Young breast cancer patients have unfavorable prognosis because of biologically aggressive tumors. Int J Oncol 1993;2(2):331-4.

Bisgard KM, Folsom AR, Hong CP, Sellers TA. Mortality and cancer rates in nonrespondents to a prospective study of older women: 5-year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 1994 May 15;139(10):990-1000.

Byrne C, Smart CR, Chu KC, Hartmann WH. Survival advantage differences by age. Evaluation of the extended follow-up of the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project. Cancer 1994 Jul 1;74(1 Suppl):301-10.

Caplan LS, Haynes SG. Breast cancer screening in older women. Public Health Rev 1996;24(2):193-204.

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Rural Populations

Howe HL, Johnson TP, Lehnherr M, Warnecke RB, Katterhagen JG, Ford L. Patterns of breast cancer treatment: A comparison of a rural population with an urban population and a community clinical oncology program sample. Cancer Control 1995;2(2):113-20.

Howe HL, Katterhagen JG, Yates J, Lehnherr M. Urban-rural differences in the management of breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1993;4(2):172.

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Socioeconomically Disadvantaged

Ansell D, Whitman S, Lipton R, Cooper R. Race, income, and survival from breast cancer at two public hospitals. Cancer 1993 Nov 15;72(10):2974-8.

Boddie AW, Warso M, Briele H, Sweeney P, Low N, Bork J, Rattan N, Wild L. Multimodal-therapy breast salvage in the urban poor with locally advanced cancer. Arch Surg 1996 Apr;131(4):424-9.

Cady B. Effects of race and socioeconomic status on survival of women with breast cancer [editorial]. Ann Surg Oncol 1997 Mar;4(2):102-3. Comment on: Ann Surg Oncol 1997 Mar;4(2):111-8.

Chen VW, Correa P, Kurman RJ, Wu XC, Eley JW, Austin D, Muss H, Hunter CP, Redmond C, Sobhan M, et al. Histological characteristics of breast carcinoma in blacks and whites. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994 Mar;3(2):127-35.

Delgado DJ. The role of hispanic race/ethnicity and poverty in breast cancer survival [dissertation]. Los Angeles: Univ. of California, Los Angeles; 1994.

Delgado DJ, Lin WY, Coffey M. The role of Hispanic race/ethnicity and poverty in breast cancer survival. P R Health Sci J 1995 Jun;14(2):103-16.

Franzini L, Williams AF, Franklin J, Singletary SE, Theriault RL. Effects of race and socioeconomic status on survival of 1,332 black, Hispanic, and white women with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 1997 Mar;4(2):111-8. Comment in: Ann Surg Oncol 1997 Mar;4(2):102-3.

Freeman HP, Wasfie TJ. Cancer of the breast in poor black women. Cancer 1989;63(12):2562-9.

Garvican L, Littlejohns P. Comparison of prognostic and socio-economic factors in screen-detected and symptomatic cases of breast cancer. Public Health 1998 Jan;112(1):15-20.

Gordon NH, Crowe JP, Brumberg DJ, Berger NA. Socioeconomic factors and race in breast cancer recurrence and survival. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135(6):609-18.

Guillory JA. Relationships of selected physiological, psychosocial and spiritual variables associated with survivorship in socioeconomically disadvantaged African American women with breast cancer [dissertation]. Augusta: Medical College of Georgia; 1993.

Heck KE, Wagener DK, Schatzkin A, Devesa SS, Breen N. Socioeconomic status and breast cancer mortality, 1989 through 1993: an analysis of education data from death certificates. Am J Public Health 1997 Jul;87(7):1218-22.

Kogevinas M, Porta M. Socioeconomic differences in cancer survival: a review of the evidence. IARC Sci Publ 1997;(138):177-206.

Lannin DR, Mathews HF, Mitchell J, Swanson MS, Swanson FH, Edwards MS. Influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors on racial differences in late-stage presentation of breast cancer. JAMA 1998 Jun 10;279(22):1801-7.

Nandakumar A, Anantha N, Venugopal TC, Sankaranarayanan R, Thimmasetty K, Dhar M. Survival in breast cancer: a population-based study in Bangalore, India. Int J Cancer 1995 Mar 3;60(5):593-6.

Schrijvers CT, Mackenbach JP. Cancer patient survival by socioeconomic status in seven countries: a review for six common cancer sites [corrected]. J Epidemiol Community Health 1994 Oct;48(5):441-6. Published erratum appears in J Epidemiol Community Health 1994 Dec;48(6):554.

van Loon AJ, Brug J, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA, Burg J [corrected to Brug J]. Differences in cancer incidence and mortality among socio-economic groups. Scand J Soc Med 1995 Jun;23(2):110-20. Published erratum appears in Scand J Soc Med 1995 Sep;23(3):155.

Wells BL, Horm JW. Stage at diagnosis in breast cancer: Race and socioeconomic factors. Am J Public Health 1992;82(10):1383-5.

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Biological Factors in Survival/Mortality Rates

Tumor Biology

Aaman TB, Stalsberg H, Thomas DB. Extratumoral breast tissue in breast cancer patients: a multinational study of variations with age and country of residence in low- and high-risk countries. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Cancer 1997 May 2;71(3):333-9.

Carnon AG, Ssemwogerere A, Lamont DW, Hole DJ, Mallon EA, George WD, Gillis GR. Relation between socioeconomic deprivation and pathological prognostic factors in women with breast cancer. BMJ 1994 Oct 22;309(6961):1054-7. Comment in: BMJ 1994 Dec 17;309(6969):1662.

Chen VW, Correa P, Kurman RJ, Wu XC, Eley JW, Austin D, Muss H, Hunter CP, Redmond C, Sobhan M, et al. Histological characteristics of breast carcinoma in blacks and whites. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994 Mar;3(2):127-35.

Garvican L, Littlejohns P. Comparison of prognostic and socio-economic factors in screen-detected and symptomatic cases of breast cancer. Public Health 1998 Jan;112(1):15-20.

Marsigliante S, Mottaghi A, Muscella A, Ciardo V, Leo G, Storelli C. Effect of tumour size on the association between pS2 and cathepsin D in primary breast cancer. Int J Oncol 1995;6(1):69-73.

Menendez-Tuckman AT, Raventos-Suarez C. Re: Tumor biologic factors and breast cancer prognosis among white, Hispanic, and black women in the United States [letter]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Sep 7;86(17):1352-3. Comment on: J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 May 4;86(9):705-12.

Muss H, Wesley M, Chen V, Coates R, Austin D, Harlan L, Hunter C, Blacklow R, Shapiro S, Edwards B. Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) are related to survival in Black and white women with breast cancer (BC): the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Black/white cancer survival study experience [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1994;13:A117.

Pattillo RA, Hussa RO, Story MT. Characteristics of antigens from an HCG alpha secreting cell line (ElCo) derived from human breast carcinoma in a Native American patient. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997 Jun;176(6):S246-54.

Shiao Y. Distinct mechanisms of p53 alterations between black and white breast cancer patients [dissertation]. New Orleans: Louisiana State Univ. Medical Center at New Orleans; 1994.

Shiao Y-H, Chen VW, Lehmann HP, Wu XC, Correa P. Patterns of DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction associated with breast cancer survival in blacks and whites. Clin Cancer Res 1997;3(4):587-92.

Shiao YH, Chen VW, Scheer WD, Wu XC, Correa P. Racial disparity in the association of p53 gene alterations with breast cancer survival. Cancer Res 1995 Apr 1;55(7):1485-90.

Shiao YH, Chen VW, Wu XC, Scheer WD, Lehmann HP, Malcom GT, Boudreau DA, Ruiz B. Racial comparison of p53 tumor suppressor gene alterations in breast cancer: difference in prognostic value [abstract]. Anticancer Res 1995;15(5A):1753.

Shiao YH, Chen VW, Wu XC, Scheer WD, Lehmann HP, Malcom GT, Boudreau DA, Ruiz B, Correa P. Racial comparison of p53 alterations in breast cancer: difference in prognostic value. In Vivo 1996 Mar-Apr;10(2):169-73.

Thomas PA, Raab SS, Lannin DR, Slagel DD, Silverman JF. Racial differences in breast cancer in a rural population: Comparison of cytologic nuclear grade, other prognostic factors, and outcomes for tumors diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Breast J 1998;4(2):104-11.

Trock BJ. Breast cancer in African American women: epidemiology and tumor biology. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;40(1):11-24.

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Tumor Stage

Abernathy CM, Hedegaard H, Weger N. Screening for breast cancer detects tumours at an earlier biological stage (5). Br J Surg 1994;81(6):922.

Amey CH, Miller MK, Albrecht SL. The role of race and residence in determining stage at diagnosis of breast cancer. J Rural Health 1997;13(2):99-108.

Bentley JR, Delfino RJ, Taylor TH, Howe S, Anton-Culver H. Differences in breast cancer stage at diagnosis between non-Hispanic white and Hispanic populations, San Diego County 1988-1993. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998;50(1):1-9.

Breen N, Figueroa JB. Stage of breast and cervical cancer diagnosis in disadvantaged neighborhoods: a prevention policy perspective. Am J Prev Med 1996 Sep-Oct;12(5):319-26.

Chen F, Trapido EJ, Davis K. Differences in stage at presentation of breast and gynecologic cancers among whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Cancer 1994 Jun 1;73(11):2838-42.

Chen VW, Wu XC, Andrews PA, Fontham ET, Correa P. Advanced stage at diagnosis: an explanation for higher than expected cancer death rates in Louisiana? J La State Med Soc 1994 Apr;146(4):137-45.

Chie WC, Chang KJ. Factors related to tumor size of breast cancer at treatment in Taiwan. Prev Med 1994 Jan;23(1):91-7.

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Other

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Treatment

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First published: 31 December 1996
Last updated: 17 March 1999
Date Archived: 30 August 2004
Metadata | Permanence level: Permanent: Stable Content


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