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Current Bibliographies in Medicine 92-13


Meta-Analysis




CBM  92-13  



Meta-Analysis


January 1980 through December 1992

337 Citations




Prepared by


Catherine Roos Selden, M.L.S.

















U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health


National Library of Medicine
Reference Section
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland  20894


1992



SERIES  NOTE


Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) is a continuation in part of
the National Library of Medicine's Literature Search Series, which
ceased in 1987 with No. 87-15.  In 1989 it also subsumed the
Specialized Bibliography Series.  Each bibliography in the new series
covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a
current awareness function.  Citations are usually derived from
searching a variety of online databases.  NLM databases utilized include
MEDLINE, AVLINE, BIOETHICSLINE, CANCERLIT,
CATLINE, HEALTH, POPLINE and TOXLINE.  The only
criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance
to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the
material is not considered.

Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to:

Karen Patrias, Editor
Current Bibliographies in Medicine
Reference Section
National Library of Medicine
Bethesda, MD  20894
Phone: 301-496-6097
Fax: 301-402-1384
Internet: patrias@nlm.nih.gov


Ordering Information:

Current Bibliographies in Medicine is sold by the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 
20402.  To order the entire CBM series for the calendar year 1992
(approx. 14 bibliographies), send $41.00 ($51.25 foreign) to the
Superintendent of Documents citing GPO List ID: CBM92.  For your
convenience an order blank is given inside the back cover.  Orders for
individual bibliographies in the series ($3.25, $4.06 foreign) should be
sent to the Superintendent of Documents citing the title, CBM number,
and the GPO List ID given above.





META-ANALYSIS


The 1989 amendments to the Public Health Service Act called for the
National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the Agency for Health Care
Policy and Research (AHCPR) to work together to develop and
enhance information services in health services research.  In response to
this mandate, NLM established its Health Services Research
Information Program.  NLM's highest priorities for this program are to
1) enhance NLM's basic collection development, organization, and
dissemination services to provide better coverage of the results of
health services research, and 2) promote the use of these services by
the health services research community.  One area specifically targeted
in this program is the development and dissemination of information on
techniques and methodologies useful for health services research, such
as meta-analysis.

The National Library of Medicine defines meta-analysis as "a
quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies
(usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing
summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic
effectiveness, plan new studies, etc.  It is often an overview of clinical
trials."  Interest in medical applications of meta-analysis has increased
significantly in recent years, although meta-analytic procedures have
been widely employed in the social sciences since the early 1970s. 
Meta-analysis is being used to draw conclusions from results collected
from literature or narrative reviews and data pooled from independent
studies, often clinical trials.  It is a systematic method that uses
statistical analysis for extracting, comparing, and combining results
from independent studies to get quantifiable outcomes.  Meta-analysis
also can help to identify gaps in knowledge found in the published
literature and thus can help provide guidance for future research.

This bibliography includes selected references from many disciplines. 
References are to works describing the methodology of meta-analysis
including coding studies, data analytic methods, differences between
results of competing models for meta-analysis, searching the literature,
and publication bias.  The selected references generally reflect the
literature published since 1980 in journals, reports, books, book
chapters, academic theses and dissertations, proceedings of meetings,
guides, bibliographies and conference papers.  A few selected
references published before 1980 have been included because of their
significance in the evolution of meta-analysis.  Meta-analyses which are
substantive and do not provide information about the methodology are
excluded.  Foreign-language works are included although most
publications are in English.  The bibliography is arranged in eight
sections.  The first section includes books and reports while the second
has general references on meta-analysis and related methodologies. 
The remaining sections are arranged in specific subject categories;
references appear in only one section.  

We would like to thank Dr. Lawrence Hedges, University of Chicago,
for his critical review and editorial suggestions; Dr. David Schriger of
the UCLA Medical Center and Ione Auston and Kristine Scannell of
the National Library of Medicine for their efforts in conceptualizing the
project; and Marlyn Schepartz of the National Library of Medicine for
editorial and project assistance.



SEARCH  STRATEGY


A variety of online databases are usually searched in preparing
bibliographies in the CBM series.  To assist you in updating or
otherwise manipulating the material in this search, the strategy used for
the NLM's MEDLINE database is given below.  Please note that the
search strategies presented here differ from individual demand searches
in that they are generally broadly formulated and irrelevant citations
edited out prior to printing.



SS 1 = META-ANALYSIS (MH) OR META-ANALYSIS (PT)

SS 2 = ALL METAANALY:

SS 3 = (TW) ALL META# AND ALL ANALY:

SS 4 = TS :META#ANALY: (TI) OR :META#ANALY: (AB)

SS 5 = ODDS RATIO OR SELECTION BIAS

SS 6 = (TW) ALL PUBLICATION# AND BIAS

SS 7 = 1 OR 2 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 




GRATEFUL MED

To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers
GRATEFUL MED, microcomputer-based software that provides a
user-friendly interface to most NLM databases.  This software was
specifically developed for health professionals and features multiple
choice menus and "fill in the blank" screens for easy search preparation. 
GRATEFUL MED runs on an IBM PC (or IBM-compatible) with
DOS 2.0 or a Macintosh, and requires a Hayes (or Hayes-compatible)
modem.  It may be purchased from the National Technical Information
Service in Springfield, Virginia, for $29.95 (plus $3.00 per order for
shipping).  For your convenience, an order blank has been enclosed at
the back of this bibliography.

SAMPLE  CITATIONS

Citations in this bibliographic series are formatted according to the
rules established for Index Medicus*.  Sample journal and monograph
citations appear below.  For journal articles written in a foreign
language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for
monographs, the title is given in the original language.  In both cases
the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation
appearing at the end of the citation.  Note also that a colon (:) may
appear within an author's name or article title.  The NLM computer
system automatically inserts this symbol in the place of a diacritical
mark.


Journal Article:

Authors                  Article Title

Gerbarg ZB, Horwitz RI.  Resolving conflicting
clinicaltrials:guidelines for meta-analysis. 
J Clin Epidemiol 1988;41(5):503-9.  

Abbreviated Journal    Date  Volume Issue  Pages
Title


Monograph:

Authors/Editors         Title

Hedges LV, Olkin I.  Statistical methods for meta-analysis.
New York: Academic Press; 1985.  360p.

Place of      Publisher       Date    Total No.
Publication                         of Pages

_________________________________
*For details of the formats used for references, see the following
publication:

Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for
bibliographic citation.  Bethesda (MD):  The Library; 1991 Apr. 
Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030.


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS



Books and Other Monographs

General

Coding

Searching the Literature

Publication Bias

Statistics

General
Combining Studies with Discrete Endpoints
Combining Studies with Continuous Endpoints



BOOKS AND OTHER MONOGRAPHS


Berry DA.   A Bayesian approach to multicenter trials and
meta-analysis.  Washington: National Science Foundation; 1989. 12 p.

Cook TD.   Meta-analysis for explanation - a casebook.  New York:
Russell Sage Foundation; 1992. 378 p.

Cooper HM.   Integrating research: a guide for literature reviews.  2nd
ed. Newbury Park (CA): Sage Publications; 1989.  157 p.

Cooper HM, Hedges LV.   The handbook of research synthesis.  New
York: Russell Sage Foundation. Forthcoming. To be published in Fall
1993.

Eddy DM.  A manual for assessing health practices and designing
practice policies: the explicit approach.  Philadelphia (PA): American
College of Physicians; 1992.  126 p.

Eddy DM, Hasselblad V, Shachter RD.   Meta-analysis by the
confidence profile method: the statistical synthesis of evidence. 
Boston: Academic Press; 1991. 428 p.

Eddy DM.   Statistical issues in combining environmental studies. 2nd
ASA/EPA Conferences on Interpretation of Environmental Data; 1986
Oct 1-2.  Washington: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Policy, Planning and Evaluation; [1986]. 102 p.

Food and Drug Administration (US). Center for Drug Evaluation and
Research.  Guideline for the format and content of the clinical and
statistical sections of new drug applications.  Rockville (MD): The
Administration; 1988 Jul. 125 p.

Gelijns AC, editor.   Modern methods of clinical investigation. 
Washington: National Academy Press; 1990.  222 p. (Medical
innovation at the crossroads; vol. 1).

General Accounting Office (US).   Cross design synthesis: a new
strategy for medical effectiveness research.  Washington: The Office;
1992 Mar. Report No.: GAO/PEMD-92-18. 121 p.

Glass GV, et al.   Integration of research studies: meta-analysis of
research. Methods of integrative analysis; Final report. Boulder:
University of Colorado; 1980 Aug 15. 340 p.

Glass GV, McGaw B, Smith ML.   Meta-analysis in social research. 
Beverly Hills (CA): Sage Publications; 1981. 279 p.

Hedges LV, et al.   A practical guide to modern methods of
meta-analysis.  Washington: National Science Teachers Association;
1989.  80 p.

Hedges LV, Olkin I.   Statistical methods for meta-analysis.  New
York: Academic Press; 1985. 360 p.

Hunter JE, Schmidt FL.   Methods of meta-analysis correcting error
and bias in research findings.  Newbury Park (CA): Sage Publications;
1990.  592 p.

Hunter JE, Schmidt FL, Jackson GB.   Meta-analysis cumulating
research findings across studies.  Beverly Hills (CA): Sage Publications;
1982. 176 p.

Jackson GB.   Methods for reviewing and integrating research in the
social sciences. Final report.  Washington: George Washington
University, Social Research Group; 1978 May.  136 p.

Light RJ, Pillemer D.   Summing up.  Cambridge (MA): Harvard Univ.
Press; 1984.  191 p.

Mullen B.   Advanced BASIC meta-analysis.  Hillsdale (NJ): L.
Erlbaum Associates; 1990.  169 p.

Mullen B, Rosenthal R.   BASIC meta-analysis: procedures and
programs.  Hillsdale (NJ): L. Earlbaum Associates; 1985.  144 p.

Preiss RW.   Meta-analysis: A bibliography of conceptual issues and
statistical methods.  In: ERIC [database online]. Washington: U.S.
Dept. of Education, Educational Resource Information Center;
1966-1992. Accession No.: ED300411; [2 screens]. 28 page
bibliography, 1988.

Rosenthal R.   Judgment studies design, analysis, and meta-analysis. 
New York: Cambridge University Press; 1987. 255 p.

Rosenthal R.   Meta-analytic procedures for social research.  Rev. ed. 
Newbury Park (CA): Sage Publications; 1991. 155 p.

Wachter KW, Straf ML, editors.   The future of meta-analysis.  New
York: Russell Sage Foundation; 1990.  210 p.

Wolf FM.   Meta-analysis quantitative methods for research synthesis. 
Beverly Hills: Sage Publications; 1986.  65 p.

Wortman PM, Yeaton WH (Institute for Social Research, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor). Role of research synthesis in medical
technology assessment. Executive summary report for 1 May 81-30
Apr 84.  Rockville (MD): National Center for Health Services Research
and Health Care Technology Assessment; 1984 Jul.  Report No.:
NCHSR-88-10. Contract No.: PHS-HS-04849.  6 p. 
GENERAL


Abramson JH.   Meta-analysis: a review of pros and cons.  Public
Health Rev 1990-91;18(1):1-47.

Adami HO.   What can epidemiological methods mean to surgical
research?  Ups J Med Sci 1988;93(2):155-60.

Altman DG, Dor:e CJ.   Randomisation and baseline comparisons in
clinical trials.  Lancet 1990 Jan 20;335(8682):149-53.

Altman DG, Elbourne D.   Combining results from several clinical
trials.  Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988 Jan;95(1):1-2.

Andersen JW, Harrington D.   Meta-analyses need new publication
standards [editorial].  J Clin Oncol 1992 Jun;10(6):878-80.

Anderson C.   Congress looks for methods to assess clinical research
[news].  Nature 1992 May 7;357(6373):5.

Angell M.   Negative studies [editorial].  N Engl J Med 1989 Aug
17;321(7):464-6.

Antczak-Bouckoms A, Tulloch JF.   Update on technology assessment
in dentistry.  Curr Opin Dent 1992 Jun;2:10-4.

Antman EM, Lau J, Kupelnick B, Mosteller F, Chalmers TC.   A
comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and
recommendations of clinical experts. Treatments for myocardial
infarction.  JAMA 1992 Jul 8;268(2):240-8.

Bangert-Drowns RL.   Review of developments in meta-analytic
method.  Psychol Bull 1986;99(3):388-99.

Beardsley RS, Larson DB, Lyons JS, Gottlieb GL, Rabins P, Rovner B. 
Health services research in nursing homes: a systematic review of three
clinical geriatric journals.  J Gerontol 1989 Jan;44(1):M30-5.

Berlin J, Chalmers TC.   Commentary on meta-analysis in clinical trials. 
Hepatology 1988 May-Jun;8(3):690-1.

Boden WE.   Meta-analysis in clinical trials reporting: has a tool
become a weapon? [editorial].  Am J Cardiol 1992 Mar 1;69(6):681-6.

Boissel JP, Blanchard J, Panak E, Peyrieux JC, Sacks H.  
Considerations for the meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
Summary of a panel discussion.  Control Clin Trials 1989
Sep;10(3):254-81.

Boissel JP, Sacks HS, Leizorovicz A, Blanchard J, Panak E, Peyrieux
JC.   Meta-analysis of clinical trials: summary of an international
conference.  Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988;34(6):535-8.

Brook RH.   Health services research: is it good for you and me?  Acad
Med 1989 Mar;64(3):124-30.

Brown SA.   Effects of educational interventions in diabetes care: a
meta-analysis of findings.  Nurs Res 1988 Jul-Aug;37(4):223-30.

Bulpitt CJ.   Meta-analysis.  Lancet 1988 Jul 9;2(8602):93-4.

Burnand B, Gutzwiller F, Paccaud F.   [Clinical epidemiology:
definitions, uses and reasons for development in Switzerland].  Schweiz
Med Wochenschr 1988 Jun 4;118(22):849-55. (Fre).

Chalmers TC.   Meta-analysis [letter].  Lancet 1987 Jun 27;
1(8548):1492.

Chalmers TC.   Meta-analysis in clinical medicine.  Trans Am Clin
Climatol Assoc 1987;99:144-50.

Chalmers TC.   Problems induced by meta-analyses.  Stat Med 1991
Jun;10(6):971-9;discussion 979-80.

Chalmers TC, Berrier J, Sacks HS, Levin H, Reitman D, Nagalingam
R.   Meta-analysis of clinical trials as a scientific discipline. II: replicate
variability and comparison of studies that agree and disagree.  Stat Med
1987 Oct-Nov;6(7):733-44.

Chalmers TC, Levin H, Sacks HS, Reitman D, Berrier J, Nagalingam
R.   Meta-analysis of clinical trials as a scientific discipline. I: control of
bias and comparison with large co-operative trials.  Stat Med 1987
Apr-May;6(3):315-28.

Chang LB, Becker BJ.   A comparison of three integrative review
methods: different methods, different findings? Paper presented at:
Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association;
1987 Apr 20-24; Washington, DC. [24p.].

Chlebowski RT, Blackburn GL, Nixon DW, Jochimsen P, Scanlon EF,
Insull W Jr, Buzzard IM, Wynder EL, Elashoff R.   Unpublished data
summaries and the design and conduct of clinical trials. The nutrition
adjuvant study experience and commentary.  Control Clin Trials 1989
Dec;10(4):368-77.

Cook TD, Leviton LC.   Reviewing the literature: a comparison of
traditional methods with meta-analysis.  J Pers 1980 Dec;48(4):449-72.

Cooper HM.   Scientific guidelines for conducting integrative research
reviews.  Rev Educ Res 1982 Summer;52(2):291-302.

Cordray DS, Sonnefeld LJ.   Quantitative Synthesis: an actuarial base
for planning impact evaluations.  New Dir Test Meas 1985
Sep;27:29-48.

Cornwell JM.   Content analysis of meta-analytic studies from I/O
psychology.  Paper presented at: 96th Annual Meeting of the American
Psychological Association; 1988 Aug 12-16; Atlanta, GA. [15p.].

Cross design synthesis: a new strategy for studying medical outcomes?
[editorial].  Lancet 1992 Oct 17;340(8825):944-6.

Cunningham AS.   Meta-analysis and methodology review: what's in a
name? [editorial].  J Pediatr 1988 Aug;113(2):328-9.

Curlette WL, Cannella KS.   Going beyond the narrative summarization
of research findings: the meta-analysis approach.  Res Nurs Health
1985 Sep;8(3):293-301.

Davila-Vel:azquez J, Mart:inez-Cairo S, Mart:inez-Garc:ia MC,
Gardu:no-Espinosa J.   [Meta-analysis: an alternative method in clinical
research].  Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 1991 Aug; 48(8):576-82. (Spa).

Delgado Rodr:iguez M, Sillero Arenas M, G:alvez Vargas R.  
[Meta-analysis in epidemiology (1): the general characteristics].  Gac
Sanit 1991 Nov-Dec;5(27):265-72. (Spa).

Demets DL.   Methods for combining randomized clinical trials:
strengths and limitations.  Stat Med 1987 Apr-May;6(3):341-50.

DerSimonian R.   Combining evidence from clinical trials [editorial]. 
Anesth Analg 1990 May;70(5):475-6.

Duffy ME.   Meta-analysis: a quantitative approach to synthesizing
research findings across studies.  Nurs Health Care 1988
Jun;9(6):287-89.

Durlak JA, Lipsey MW.   A practitioner's guide to meta-analysis.  Am J
Community Psychol 1991 Jun;19(3):291-332.

Eddy DM.   The challenge.  JAMA 1990 Jan 12;263(2):287-90.

Eddy DM.   Clinical decision making: from theory to practice.
Designing a practice policy. Standards, guidelines, and options.  JAMA
1990 Jun 13;263(22):3077, 3081, 3084.

Eddy DM.   Clinical decision making: from theory to practice.
Guidelines for policy statements: the explicit approach.  JAMA 1990
Apr 25;263(16):2239-40, 2243.

Eddy DM.   Clinical decision making: from theory to practice.
Resolving conflicts in practice policies.  JAMA 1990 Jul
18;264(3):389-91.

Eddy DM.   Comparing benefits and harms: the balance sheet.  JAMA
1990 May 9;263(18):2493, 2498, 2501 passim.

Eddy DM.   Practice policies: where do they come from?  JAMA 1990
Mar 2;263(9):1265, 1269, 1272 passim.

Eddy DM.   Selecting technologies for assessment.  Int J Technol
Assess Health Care 1989;5(4):485-501.

Eddy DM.   Successes and challenges of medical decision making. 
Health Aff (Millwood) 1986 Summer;5(2):108-15.

Eddy DM, Billings J.   The quality of medical evidence: implications for
quality of care.  Health Aff (Millwood) 1988 Spring;7(1):19-32.

Einarson TR, Leeder JS, Koren G.   A method for meta-analysis of
epidemiological studies.  Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1988
Oct;22(10):813-24.

Elashoff JD.   Combining results of clinical trials [editorial]. 
Gastroenterology 1978 Dec;75(6):1170-2.

Ellenberg JH.   Biostatistical collaboration in medical research. 
Biometrics 1990 Mar;46(1):1-18;discussion 19-32.

Ellenberg SS.   Meta-analysis: the quantitative approach to research
review.  Semin Oncol 1988 Oct;15(5):472-81.

Engle VF, Graney MJ.   Meta-analysis for the refinement of
gerontological nursing research and theory.  J Gerontol Nurs 1990
Sep;16(9):12-5.

Farr BR, Shachter RD.   Representation of preferences in
decision-support systems.  Comput Biomed Res 1992
Aug;25(4):324-35.

Feller ER.   The language of epidemiology (XII.): Meta-analysis,
studying studies.  R I Med 1992 Jun;75(6):291-2.

Fernandez-Ballart JD, Vobecky J, Marti-Henneberg C.  
[Meta-analysis: the synthesis and integration of the results of
independent studies in medicine].  Med Clin (Barc) 1991 Mar
16;96(10):382-7. (Spa).

Fetter MS, Feetham SL, D'Apolito K, Chaze BA, Fink A, Frink BB,
Hougart MK, Rushton CH. Randomized clinical trials: issues for
researchers.  Nurs Res 1989 Mar-Apr;38(2):117-20.

Fiske DW.   The meta-analytic revolution in outcome research.  J
Consult Clin Psychol 1983 Feb;51(1):65-70.

Fleiss JL, Gross AJ.   Meta-analysis in epidemiology, with special
reference to studies of the association between exposure to
environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer; a critique.  J Clin
Epidemiol 1991;44(2);127-39.

Friedman MA.   Potential pooling opportunities: cancer.  Stat Med
1987 Apr-May;6(3):307-14.

Ganiats TG, Schneiderman LJ.   Principles of cost- effectiveness
research.  J Fam Pract 1988 Jul;27(1):77-84.

Gelber RD, Goldhirsch A.   The concept of an overview of cancer
clinical trials with special emphasis on early breast cancer.  J Clin Oncol
1986 Nov;4(11):1696-703.

Gelber RD, Goldhirsch A.   Meta-analysis in clinical research [letter]. 
Ann Intern Med 1988 Jan;108(1):158-9.

Gerbarg ZB, Horwitz RI.   Resolving conflicting clinical trials:
guidelines for meta-analysis.  J Clin Epidemiol 1988;41(5):503-9.

Gilbert JP, McPeek B, Mosteller F.   Progress in surgery and
anesthesia: benefits and risks of innovative therapy. In: Bunker JP,
Barnes BA, Mosteller F, editors. Costs, risks, and benefits of surgery.
New York: Oxford Univ.; 1977.  p. 125-69.

Glass GV.   Meta-analysis: an approach to the synthesis of research
results.  J Res Sci Teach 1982 Feb;19(2):93-112.

Glass GV.   Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis research.  Educ Res
1976;5:3-8.

Goodman SN.   Have you ever meta-analysis you didn't like?
[editorial].  Ann Intern Med 1991 Feb 1;114(3):244-6.

Goodman SN.   Meta-analysis and evidence [published erratum appears
in Control Clin Trials 1989 Dec; 10(4):435].  Control Clin Trials 1989
Jun;10(2):188-204.

Graney MJ, Engle VF.   Meta-analysis techniques.  J Gerontol Nurs
1990 Sep;16(9):16-9.

Greenland S.   Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic
literature.  Epidemiol Rev 1987;9:1-30.

Hasselblad V, Eddy DM, Kotchmar DJ.   Synthesis of environmental
evidence: nitrogen dioxide epidemiology studies.  J Air Waste Manage
Assoc 1992 May;42(5):662-71.

Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Hebert PR.   Implications of overviews of
randomized trials.  Stat Med 1987 Apr-May;6(3):397-409.

Henry DA, Wilson A.   Meta-analysis. Part 1: an assessment of its aims,
validity and reliability.  Med J Aust 1992 Jan 6;156(1):31-8.

Hlatky MA.   Combining data from different studies. In: Grady ML,
Schwartz HA.  Medical effectiveness research data methods. Summary
report. Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research;
1992 Jul. p. 33-6. (AHCPR Pub. No. 92-0056). 

Hlatky MA, Califf RM, Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Mark DB, Muhlbaier
LH, Pryor DB.   Clinical judgment and therapeutic decision making.  J
Am Coll Cardiol 1990 Jan;15(1):1-14.

Hogue CJ.   Ethical issues in sharing epidemiologic data.  J Clin
Epidemiol 1991;44 Suppl 1:103S-107S.

Hoskins HD Jr.   Proof: an elusive ideal [editorial].  Ophthalmic Surg
1988 May;19(5):313-4.

Jackson GB.   Methods for integrative reviews.  Rev Educ Res 1980
Fall;50(3):438-60.

Jenicek M.   Meta-analysis in medicine. Where we are and where we
want to go.  J Clin Epidemiol 1989;42(1):35-44.

Jones DR.   Meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies: a
review.  J R Soc Med 1992 Mar;85(3):165-8.

Kassirer JP.   Clinical trials and meta-analysis. What do they do for us?
[editorial].  N Engl J Med 1992 Jul 23;327(4):273-4.

Katerndahl D.   When plagiarism becomes research.  Fam Pract 1991
Dec;8(4):382-3.

Kavale KA, Glass GV.   Meta-analysis and the integration of research
in special education.  J Learn Disabil 1981 Nov;14(9):531-38.

Kulik JA.   Uses and misuses of meta-analysis.  Paper presented at:
Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association;
1984 Apr 23-27; New Orleans, LA.  [10 p.].

Kulik JA, Kulik C-LC.   Meta-analysis in education.  Int J Educ Res
1989;13(3):221-340.

L'Abbe KA, Detsky AS, O'Rourke K.   Meta-analysis in clinical
research.  Ann Intern Med 1987 Aug;107(2):224-33.

Lau J, Antman EM, Jimenez-Silva J, Kupelnick B, Mosteller F,
Chalmers TC.   Cumulative meta-analysis of therapeutic trials for
myocardial infarction.  N Engl J Med 1992 Jul 23;327(4):248-54.

Lederman RP.   Biases in meta-analysis and how to compensate.  MCN
Am J Matern Child Nurs 1992 Jul-Aug;17(4):215.

Lederman RP.   Guidelines for using meta-analysis.  MCN Am J
Matern Child Nurs 1992 Sep-Oct;17(5):265.

Lederman RP.   Reviews of research literature: meta-analysis for
synthesizing.  MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 1992 May-Jun;17(3):157.

Leizorovicz A, Haugh M, Boissel JP.   Meta-analysis and multiple
publication of clinical trial reports [letter].  Lancet 1992 Oct
31;340(8827):1102-3.

L'Hommedieu R, et al.   Putting the "But" back in meta-analysis: issues
affecting the validity of quantitative reviews.  Paper presented at:
Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association;
1987 Apr 20-24; Washington, D.C. [12 p.].

Light RJ.   Accumulating evidence from independent studies: what we
can win and what we can lose.  Stat Med 1987 Apr-May;6(3):221-31.

Light RJ.   Accumulating evidence: using meta-analysis to carry out
research reviews in pediatrics.  Pediatrics 1986 Dec;78(6):1145-7.

Light RJ.   Six evaluation issues that synthesis can resolve better than
single studies.  New Dir Program Eval 1984 Dec;24:57-73.

Light RJ, Pillemer DB.   Numbers and narrative: combining their
strengths in research reviews.  Harvard Educ Rev 1982 Feb;52(1):1-26.

Llaurado JG.   Metanalysis: a new scientific endeavor [editorial].  Int J
Biomed Comput 1988 Mar;22(2):77-9.

Louis TA, Fineberg HV, Mosteller F.   Findings for public health from
meta-analyses.  Annu Rev Public Health 1985;6:1-20.

Lycka BA.   Meta-analysis for dermatologists.  Int J Dermatol 1990
Apr;29(3):229-31.

Lynn MR.   Meta-analysis: appropriate tool for the integration of
nursing research?  Nurs Res 1989 Sep-Oct;38(5):302-5.

Makuch R, Johnson M.   Issues in planning and interpreting active
control equivalence studies.  J Clin Epidemiol 1989;42(6):503-11.

Malone MD, Strube MJ, Scogin FR.   Meta-analysis of non-medical
treatments for chronic pain [published erratum appears in Pain 1989
Apr;37(1):128].  Pain 1988 Sep;34(3):231-44.

Mann C.   Meta-analysis in the breech [news].  Science 1990 Aug
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Martin PH.   Meta-analysis, meta-evaluation and secondary analysis. 
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Last updated: 31 December 1996