Bovine Growth Hormone

TITLE: Bovine Growth Hormone
PUBLICATION DATE:March 1994
ENTRY DATE: March, 1994
EXPIRATION DATE: None
UPDATE FREQUENCY: As needed
CONTACT: Biotechnology Information Center(biotech@nalusda.gov)
National Agricultural Library
DOCUMENT TYPE: Text
DOCUMENT SIZE: 423.2k, approx. 240 pp.

United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library 10301 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 Quick bibliography series; 94-10 ISSN: 1052-5378 bST BOVINE GROWTH HORMONE (January 1991 - January 1994) Jean Larson 281 citations from AGRICOLA Quick bibliography series; 94-10 March 1994

SEARCH STRATEGY

S (bovine? or cattle or caw? or dairy) and (growth(f)hormone? or somatotropin? or somatomedin? or bst or bgh)
S PY1991:PY1994
S S1 and S2

1 NAL Call. No.: 381 J824 The 3'-flanking sequence of the bovine growth hormone gene contains novel elements required for efficient and accurate polyadenylation. Goodwin, E.C.; Rottman, F.M.
Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; 1992 Aug15.
The Journal of biological chemistry v. 267 (23): p. 16330-16334; 1992 Aug15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Structural genes; Exons; Nucleotide sequences; Genetic regulation

Abstract: In addition to the conserved AAUAAA hexanucleotide, GU- and U-rich sequences in the 3'-flanking region are thought to be critical for efficient polyadenylation. The 3'-flanking sequence requirements for efficient and accurate polyadenylation of the bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene were determined by quantitative S1 nuclease analysis of transcripts derived from various BGH 3' deletions and block mutations transiently transfected into COS-1 cells. Though the BGH 3'-flanking sequence contains a portion of the putative GU efficiency element, we find that mutation of this element leads to a marginal decrease in efficiency similar to that from mutation of other sequences that do not contain recognizable GU- or U-rich motifs. The data are consistent with a diffuse efficiency element in the BGH polyadenylation signal rather than a discrete element as is thought to exist in other mammalian signals. We have also determined that a region from 18 to 27 nucleotides downstream of the cleavage site contains sequences required for correctly positioning the cleavage site.

2 NAL Call. No.: QP501.B642 The ability of bovine mammary tissue to synthesize lipids for 96 h when cocultured with liver and adipose tissue.Ô

lishÔ
Descriptors: Dairy cows; Mammary tissue; Adipose tissue; Liver; Explants; Tissue culture; Acetates; Phospholipids; Triacylglycerols; Fatty acids; Biosynthesis; Somatotropin; Models

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Abomasal infusion of casein enhances nitrogen retention in somatotropin-treated steers.
Houseknecht, K.L.; Bauman, D.E.; Fox, D.G.; Smith, D.F. Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1992 Aug. The Journal of nutrition v. 122 (8): p. 1717-1725; 1992 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Steers; Somatotropin; Abomasum; Infusion; Casein; Nitrogen; Retention; Protein requirement; Immunoglobulins; Growth

Abstract: The effects of bovine somatotropin (bST) administration and abomasal protein infusion on nitrogen metabolism were investigated using four abomasally-cannulated Holstein steers in a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Treatments were factorially arranged to include daily abomasal infusion (water or casein, 0.9 g/kg body wt) and daily bST injection (0 or 200 mug/kg body wt). Each treatment period lasted for 23 d and consisted of an adjustment period (d 1 to 7), casein infusion (d 8 to 23) and bST treatment (d 10 to 23). Nitrogen metabolism and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) profiles were characterized on d 16-22. Animals were fed a total mixed diet balanced to achieve 0.75 kg gain/d and supplemented to provide 115% of requirements for crude protein and minerals. Nitrogen retention was increased by casein and bST individually (21 and 33%, respectively) or in combination (75%). Somatotropin treatment increased the biological value of absorbed N, which was consistent with reductions in plasma urea nitrogen. Circulating IGF-I was increased by bST and was highly correlated (r = 0.73) with N retention. Overall, bST altered requirements so that less absorbed N was required per unit of N retained. However, results also demonstrated that because of limitations in amino acids supplied from microbial and ruminal escape protein in young growing cattle, amino acid supply may limit the magnitude of N retention response to bST under many situations.

4 NAL Call. No.: A00109 Action alert! Urge FDA to label milk from BGH-injected cows. Washington, DC : National Biotechnology Policy Center of the National Wildlife Federation; 1991 Oct.
The gene exchange v. 2 (3): p. 10; 1991 Oct.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Public opinion

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Actions of bovine somtotropin on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes in cattle.
Elvinger, F.; Hansen, P.J.; Head, H.H.; Natzke, R.P. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2145-2152; 1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Granulocytes; Lymphocytes; Heifers; Phagocytosis; Heat resistance; Temperature; Plane of nutrition; Growth rate; Mitosis; Mitogens

Abstract: Objectives were to determine 1) in vitro effects of bST on function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes and 2) in vivo effects of bST on leukocyte function of heifers fed to maintain medium or high growth rates. When administered in vitro, bST did not affect function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [Methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation by resting lymphocytes was stimulated by 1000 ng/ml bST. When given in vitro, bST did not further enhance [methyl-3h]thymidine uptake by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes cultured at 38.5 degrees C but reduced the depression of mitogen-stimulated proliferation caused by incubating cells at 42 degrees C. When bST was administered in vivo, phagocytosis and killing of Escherichia coli by polymorphonuclear leukocytes from bST-treated heifers were not different from cells of control heifers. As measured by [methyl-3h]thymidine uptake after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, lymphocytes from bST-treated heifers responded similarly to those of control heifers when incubated at 38.5 degrees C, but the depression in [methyl-3H]thymidine uptake due to culture at 42 degrees C was less for lymphocytes obtained from bST-treated heifers. In conclusion, bST had little effect on function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes but could promote proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro and protect cells from effects of elevated temperature.

6 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Analysis of somatic cell count data by a peak evaluation algorithm to determine inflammation events.
Elvinger, F.; Littell, R.C.; Natzke, R.P.; Hansen, P.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3396-3406; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bovine mastitis; Cell counting; Somatotropin;Ô

Abstract: Increases in SCC are an expression of inflammation events in the udder. Inflammation events are sporadic, of variable amplitude and duration, and can be analyzed by computer programs designed to evaluate pulses of hormone secretion. Baseline values for SCC, which take into account long-term trends, were calculated using the PUL-SAR peak evaluation algorithm. An inflammation event was defined as an increase of log2(SCC) of at least 1 unit from the preceding data point if the observed value exceeded the baseline value by a threshold value. Incidence rate, duration, and amplitude of inflammation events were calculated. Weekly composite milk SCC from individual cows from two Florida dairy farms were recorded. Data were analyzed for effects of season (summer and fall) and bST in two separate data sets. Incidence rate of inflammation events was higher in summer than in fall (4.31 and 2.91 events per cow X year). In one of two data sets only, duration of inflammation events was longer in cows treated with bST (2.4 +/- .2 vs. 1.6 +/- .2 wk). In contrast, least squares analysis of variance of log2(SCC) did not detect differences due to season or bST. The use of the peak evaluation algorithm led to the detection of seasonal and bST effects on inflammation events in cows.

7 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Androgens modulate growth hormone-releasing factor-induced GH release from bovine anterior pituitary cells in static culture. Hassan, H.A.; Merkel, R.A.; Enright, W.J.; Tucker, H.A. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jul. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 9 (3): p. 209-218; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Steers; Heifers; Pituitary; Cell culture; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Androgens

8 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Application of type I and II errors in dairy farm management decision making. Galligan, D.T.; Chalupa, W.; Ramberg, C.F. Jr Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 902-910; 1991 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Decision making; Errors; Sodium bicarbonate;Ô

Abstract: The economic costs of type I and type II errors associated with decisions regarding the use of sodium bicarbonate and bST on dairy farms were calculated. Data from published experiments were used to estimate the mean and SD in production responses and associated changes in DM intake. The frequency distribution of the production response and the expected monetary value of type I error (using a product when it is unprofitable) and type II error (not using a product when it is profitable) were calculated. Supplemental sodium bicarbonate ($.05/cow per d) and bST ($.40/cow per d) were used as sample decision problems. Milk was valued at $.28/kg, and feed was priced at $.15/kg. Based on 12 reports, cows supplemented with .75% sodium bicarbonate in ration DM produced an additional 1.43 kg/d of 3.5% FCM (SD = 1.13) and consumed .36 kg/d more feed type I error costs were $.02/d, whereas type II error costs were $.32/d. From 16 reports, cows supplemented daily with 10 to 15 mg/d of bST produced an additional 3.9 kg/d of 3.5% FCM (SD = 2.1) and consumed .6 kg/d more feed. Type I error costs were $.03/d, whereas type II error costs were $.66/d. Because type II error costs were greater than type I error costs, the economic decision favored the use of sodium bicarbonate or bST or both. Type II error cost was greater than type I for both, products when DM cost was varied from $.064 to .239/kg and milk price was varied from $.145 to $.429/kg.

9 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223 Applications of size exculsion chromatography with low-angle laser light scattering detection to proteins, including somatotropins. Severdia, A.G.; Strohl, G.K.; Fox, O.F.; Iyer, K.S. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1992 Feb. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 40 (2): p. 337-341; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Animal health; Drug formulations; Molecular weight; Proteins; Somatotropin; Chromatography; Lasers

Abstract: Size exclusion chromatography with low-angle laser light scattering detection (SEC/LALLS) has been applied to the separation and characterization of a number of proteins as a function of molecular weight using different SEC columns and elution buffers. The use of a LALLS detector in conjunction with a concentration detector eliminated the need for calibration of the SEC column. Data acquisition and analysis were under computer control. The technique has been demonstrated to determine molecular weights for a variety of proteins, including natural bovine and natural porcine somatotropins. The LALLS detector combined with an SEC column was effective in determining an accurate molecular weight even under conditions when the SEC columns' separation was not strictlyÔ dimers and higher order aggregates, i.e., samples which may arise in protein stability and formulation studies, will be discussed.

10 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Applied dynamics of dairy replacement growth and management. Hoffman, P.C.; Funk, D.A.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (9): p. 2504-2516; 1992 Sep. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Dairy cows; Growth rate; Replacement; Age at first calving; Milk yield; Dystocia; Mammary glands; Somatotropin; Literature reviews

Abstract: The applied objective of rearing dairy replacement heifers is to minimize investment inputs while maximizing profitable outputs. To reduce inputs one fundamental methodology is to reduce rearing time. Research efforts to reduce the age at first calving below 22 to 24 mo have generally resulted in reduced milk yield. Research suggests that reductions in milk yield may be the result of high energy planes of nutrition, employed to reduce calving age, on mammary parenchyma tissue development. This research is vital to an understanding of the effects of growth and development on the output potential of the replacement heifer, but it is not the only consideration in applied management. Other management factors, such as feed efficiency, dystocia, calving weight, and economics, also have a large influence on the decision-making process in management schemes for replacement heifers. When management schemes are developed, all of these factors must be taken into account, but at present, the interrelationships of management factors are poorly understood. As a consequence, only modest progress has been made in dairy replacement heifer management programs over the last three decades. Making positive changes for the future requires creative thought, investigations of new concepts, and application of those concepts by innovative producers in a management program that results in acceptable performance and profitability.

11 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82 Assessment of thermal status of somatotropin-injected lactating Holstein cows maintained under controlled-laboratory thermoneutral, hot and cold environments.
Manalu, W.; Johnson, H.D.; Li, R.Z.; Becker, B.A.; Collier, R.J. Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1991 Dec.Ô references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bovidae; Injection; Somatotropin; Temperature; Heat production; Heat loss

Abstract: Two experiments, with a single-reversal design and 12 cows per experiment, were conducted to study the effects of somatotropin on thermal status of lactating cows under laboratory thermoneutral (18 to 22 degrees C, 30-50% relative humidity), hot (24-35 degrees C, 30-50% relative humidity) and cold (-5 - +5 degrees C, 50-55% relative humidity) conditions. Throughout the experiment six cows were injected with somatotropin (25 mg/d) and six with sodium bicarbonate. All injections were started the first day of the 30-d natural environmental period (22-35 degrees C and 41-97% relative humidity for summer experiment, and -5 - +5 degrees C and 4-25% relative humidity for winter experiment) before the cows were exposed alternatively to laboratory thermoneutral and hot or cold environments. The somatotropin-treated cows had higher energy intake (13 and 17%), heat production (19 and 25%), heat loss (36 and 24%) and milk energy (40 and 49%), than control cows under thermoneutral and hot conditions, respectively. The somatotropin-treated cows had higher heat production (18 and 10%), respiratory heat loss (27 and 17%) and milk energy (14 and 25%) than control cows under thermoneutral and cold conditions, respectively. The increased heat production associated with somatotropin was accompanied by increased heat losses. Part of the increased heat production was attributed to the increased milk energy and energy intake. These results suggest that increased heat production during somatotropin treatment was within the range that could be dissipated by the cows.

12 NAL Call. No.: HD1955.S7 Nr.29 Auswirkungen von Erzeuger- und Verbraucherreaktionen in der EG beim Einsatz von gentechnologisch hergestelltem Bovinem Somatotropin (BST) in der Milchproduktion / von Rudiger Meimberg, Heinrich Wurzbacher [Effects of producer and consumer reactions in the EG by the use of genetically engineered manufactured bovine somatotropin (BST) in milk production]. Meimberg, Rudiger
Munchen : IFO-Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung,; 1992. viii, 241 p. ; 21 cm. (Ifo Studien zur Agrarwirtschaft, 29). Includes bibliographical references.

Language: German

13 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393Ô Stark, M.
Boston, Mass. : Council for Responsible Genetics; 1991 Mar. Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 13; 1991 Mar.

Language: English

Descriptors: Developing countries; Cattle; Somatotropin; Biotechnology; Milk production; Milk products

14 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393 Biotechnology & milk: Benefit or threat?. Hansen, M.K.
Boston, Mass. : Council for Responsible Genetics; 1991 Mar. Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 1-5; 1991 Mar.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Biotechnology; Milk production

15 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54 Biotechnology financing for 1991 already tops $1 billion. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Apr08.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (7): p. 1, 3; 1991 Apr08.

Language: English

Descriptors: Europe; U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety; European communities; Usda; Regulations

16 NAL Call. No.: QH301.F3 Body composition of animals treated with partitioning agents: implications for human health.
Bergen, W.G.; Merkel, R.A.
Bethesda, Md. : The Federation; 1991 Nov. The FASEB journal : offical publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology v. 5 (14): p. 2951-2957; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Beta-adrenergic agonists; Somatotropin; Lipid metabolism; Protein metabolism; Animal products; Body composition; Dietary fat; Meat;Ô

17 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Body composition of dairy cows according to lactation stage, somatotropin treatment, and concentrate supplementation. Chilliard, Y.; Cisse, M.; Lefaivre, R.; Remond, B. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (9): p. 3103-3116; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Body composition; Somatotropin; Lactation stage; Body fat; Body protein; Body condition; Concentrates; Energy intake; Milk yield; Body weight; Grazing

Abstract: Body weight, condition score, deuteriated water dilution space, estimated body lipids and proteins, and calculated energy and protein balances were determined in 24 multiparous Holstein cows at wk 1, 20, and 39 after parturition. Cows received two levels of energy concentrate (high and low groups) from wk 3. The objective was to estimate changes in body composition as affected by stage of lactation, concentrate level, and bST administration or placebo from wk 9 in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Cows from high and low energy groups lost 25 and 35 kg of body lipids and 3.3 and .5 kg of body proteins, respectively, during the first 7 wk of lactation. During the end of the winter period (wk 8 to 20), control and bST-injected cows lost 8.5 and 21.1 kg of body lipids, respectively. During the grazing period (wk 20 to 39), bST-injected cows gained more BW (34 kg), water (36 kg), and estimated proteins (5.8 kg) and lost more condition score (-.2 units) and estimated lipids (-11.5 kg) than controls. Using data from control periods, it was calculated that 1 unit change in body condition score corresponded to changes of 35 to 44 kg in BW (corrected for estimated gut content variation), 21 to 29 kg in body lipids, and 200 to 300 Mcal in body energy. One kilogram of corrected BW change corresponded to a change of 4.3 or 5.5 to 5.9 Mcal in body energy when calculated from cumulative energy balances or body components, respectively.

18 NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N Bovine growth hormone found safe for use. Hileman, B.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 May13. Chemical and engineering news v. 69 (19): p. 7-8; 1991 May13.

Language: EnglishÔ
impact; Dairy farming; Genetic engineering

19 NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535 Bovine somatotropin.
Lean, I.J.; Troutt, H.F.; Bruss, M.L.; Baldwin, R.L. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1992 Mar. The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice v. 8 (1): p. 147-163; 1992 Mar. In the series analytic: Applied pharmacology and therapeutics II / edited by Kenneth W. Hinchcliff and Antoinette D. Jernigan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Physiological functions; Insulin-like growth factor; Effects; Milk production

20 NAL Call. No.: SF768.2.C3B68 1992 Bovine somatotropin and emerging issues an assessment. Hallberg, M. C.
Boulder : Westview Press,; 1992.
xvii, 324 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. (Westview special studies in agriculture science and policy). Includes bibliographical references and index.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bovine somatotropin; Dairy farming; Dairy products; Animal biotechnology

21 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 N953 Bovine somatotropin and the safety of cows' milk: National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference statement. Grumbach, M.M.; Bier, D.M.; Blumenthal, H.; Clark, J. Jr; Dunkley, W.L.; Gray, G.M.; Hintz, R.L.; Hutton, N.E.; Knobil, E.; Lippe, B. New York, N.Y. : Springer-Verlag New York Inc; 1991 Aug. Nutrition reviews v. 49 (8): p. 227-232; 1991 Aug. Paper presented at the "National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference," December 5-7, 1990, Bethesda.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk; Somatotropin; Conferences; Food safety; Toxicity; Adverse effects; Residues; Beef; Nutritive value; Human milk; ComparisonsÔ

22 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Bovine somatotropin: review of an emerging animal technolgoy. Bauman, D.E.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (12): p. 3432-3451; 1992 Dec. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Dosage effects; Literature reviews; Milk composition; Production costs; Lactation; Economic impact

Abstract: One of the first potential biotechnology products for animal production is bST. Research in the technology of bST has involved scientists and support from federal agencies, universities, and private industry. As a consequence of this extensive cooperation, more than 1000 bST studies have been conducted, which involved over 20,000 dairy cows, and results have been confirmed by scientists throughout the world. This quantity of published research is unprecedented for a new technology and greater than most dairy technologies in use. In contrast to steroids, bST is a protein hormone. Milk yield and persistency responses to bST have been observed for all dairy breeds examined. Quality of management is the major factor affecting magnitude of milk response to bST. The mechanism of action of bST involves a series of orchestrated changes in the metabolism of body tissues so that more nutrients can be used for milk synthesis. it is these coordinated changes that allow the arrival to achieve an increased milk yield while remaining normal and healthy. Bioenergetic studies demonstrated that bST-supplemented animals are not stressed. Similarly, there are no adverse health effects from bST even under poor management conditions. Composition of milk (fat, protein, lactose, cholesterol, minerals, and vitamins) is not substantially altered when bST is used and does not differ in manufacturing characteristics. Public perception is of paramount importance bST or any new technology is to be effectively implemented. New technology must be understood and perceived as safe and beneficial both by farmers, who would utilize it, and consumers, who would purchase the dairy products. With bST use, a unit of milk is produced with less feed and protein supplement and with a reduction in animal excreta (manure, urine, and methane). Nationally, the use of bST simply reinforces, but does not fundamentally change, dairy industry trends of increased milk yield per cow, reduced number of cows, and decl

23 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 F7398 Bovine somatotropin safety and effectiveness: an industry perspective. Hecht, D.W.
Chicago, Ill. : Institute of Food Technologists; 1991 Apr.Ô references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk; Food technology; Somatotropin; Food safety; Food quality; Regulations; Biotechnology; Food processing

Abstract: The end goal of technology, when applied to agriculture, is to improve the efficiency of food production or to enhance the quality of our food. That is the goal of bovine somatotropin (BST), one of the first major products of biotechnology being developed for the food industry. This article will discuss (1) how BST came into being and the impact it will have on the food industry; (2) whether it is safe; (3) reasons some people oppose it; (4) regulatory and consumer perception implications; and (5) public benefits.

24 NAL Call. No.: A00067 BST and CAP don't rhyme.
Paris, France : Biofutur S.A.; 1992 Jan20. European biotechnology newsletter (127): p. 3-4; 1992 Jan20.

Language: English

Descriptors: Belgium; Somatotropin; Milk production; Economic impact; Cap; Regulation

25 NAL Call. No.: HD1751.C45 bST & milk: benefit or bane?.
McGuirk, A.M.; Kaiser, H.M.
Ames, Iowa : American Agricultural Economic Association; 1991. Choices : the magazine of food, farm and resource issues v. 6 (1): p. 20-21, 24-26; 1991. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: New York; Virginia; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Economic impact; Innovation adoption; Dairy industry; Supply balance; Food safety; Consumer surveys

26 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5 bST & the EEC: politics vs. science.
Vandaele, W.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Feb.Ô

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Recombinant DNA; Genetic engineering; Milk production; Milk; Food safety; Food and nutrition controversies; European communities; Ec regulations

27 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322 BST, TMR, trade, consumers shape future dairy industry. Schiek, W.A.; Dillon, W.
Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1992 Aug03. Feedstuffs v. 64 (32): p. 16-17; 1992 Aug03. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy industry; Demand; Dairy technology; Innovation adoption; Agricultural policy; Trade policy; Trends; Environmental protection; Population growth; Food safety; Consumer preferences

28 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4 bST to play critical role in dairy industry. Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County Agriculture Program, Education Center; 1991 Sep.
Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange County. p. 8; 1991 Sep.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Somatotropin; Food safety

29 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3 BST-bovine growth hormone--January 1987-January 1992. Larson, J.A.
Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1992 Mar. Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (92-30): 89 p.; 1992 Mar. Updates QB 91-75. Bibliography.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Bovidae; Bibliographies Ô
BST-bovine somatotropin/growth hormone--January 1986-December 1990. Larson, J.A.
Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1991 Apr. Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (91-75): 34 p.; 1991 Apr. Updates QB 90-16. Bibliography.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bovidae; Somatotropin; Bibliographies

31 NAL Call. No.: S1.S68 Cell culture from lung tissue of transgenic rabbit-producer of bovine growth hormone.
Musienko, M.I.; Makarevich, A.V.; Ernst, L.K.; Gol'dman, I.L.; D'yakonov, L.P.; Strel'chenko, N.S.; Semenova, V.A.; Smirnov, O.K.; Matveev, V.A. New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1991.
Soviet agricultural sciences (1): p. 33-36; 1991. Translated from: Vsesoiuznaia akademiia sel'skokhoziaistvennykh nauk. Doklady, (1), 1991, p. 32-35. (20 AK1). Includes references.

Language: English; Russian

Descriptors: Rabbits; Transgenics; Lungs; Animal tissues; Cell culture; Bovidae; Somatotropin; Transfer; Biotechnology; Genetic engineering

32 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823 Changes in concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin and growth hormone in bovine mammary gland secretion ante and post partum. Einspanier, R.; Schams, D.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1991 May. Journal of dairy research v. 58 (2): p. 171-178; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Insulin-like growth factor; Mammary glands; Secretions; Prepartum period; Postpartum period; Dry period; Insulin; Somatotropin; Ph; Binding; Proteins; Colostrum; Milk

33 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Changes in hormones, metabolites, and milk after treatment with sometriboveÔ cows.
Schams, D.; Graf, F.; Meyer, J.; Graule, B.; Mauthner, M.; Wollny, C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p. 1583-1592; 1991 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dual purpose cattle; Breed differences; Controlled release; Blood plasma; Insulin-like growth factor; Insulin; Milk yield; Fatty acids; Milk composition; Body weight; Lactation stage

Abstract: Twelve second-lactation Deutsches Fleckvieh cows, (FV, a dual-purpose breed) and 12 German Black and White (BW, a dairy breed) were used to evaluate similarities and differences in the response to a prolonged-release formulation of sometribove (N-methionyl bovine somatotropin, bST). Cows were milked twice daily and fed a basic diet (70% corn silage, 30% alfalfa hay) ad libitum plus 1 kg of concentrate. Additionally, concentrates and supplements were offered at the rate of 1 kg for each 2.2 kg of milk produced above 12 kg/d. Six cows of each breed were treated s.c. with 500 mg of sometribove at 14-d intervals from wk 9 to 29 postpartum (pp). Blood was collected by jugular vein puncture once weekly from wk 7 to 33 pp and daily for 14 d after the first and last (llth) injection of bST. Somatotropin (ST), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin, thyroid hormones, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), liver enzymes, and blood metabolites were evaluated. During bST treatment, plasma ST increased significantly on d 7 in both breed and then decreased on d 14 after injection. Plasma IGF-I was positively correlated with ST. Plasma NEFA were high on d 7 and decreased on d 14. In response to bST, the average milk yield increased for FV and BW cows by 5.1 kg/d (29.7%) and 5.0 kg/d (28%), respectively, and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) increased by 5.0 kg/d (28%) and 5.3 kg/d (19.9%), respectively. Milk content of fat, protein, lactose, number of somatic cells, and body weight were similar across treatments. No difference in health or reproductive problems were observed between control and bST-treated cows. Results of the study demonstrate that bST is equally effective in improving milk yield in dual-purpose and dairy breeds of cows.

34 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Changes in metabolites, metabolic hormones, and luteinizing hormone before puberty in Angus, Braford, Charolais, and Simmental heifers. Jones, E.J.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p. 1607-1615; 1991 Apr. Includes references.Ô

Descriptors: Beef cows; Heifers; Prepubertal females; Lh; Breed differences; Insulin; Metabolites; Puberty; Blood serum; Fatty acids; Insulin-like growth factor; Somatotropin; Age differences

Abstract: We determined changes in insulin, glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and LH before puberty in Angus, Braford, Charolais, and Simmental heifers. Our primary objective was to identify metabolites and metabolic hormones that serve as metabolic cues for onset of puberty. Angus (n = 12), Braford (n = 7), Charolais (n = 9), and Simmental (n = 7) heifers were assigned at weaning (289 +/- 25 d of age; 264 +/- 23 kg) to open-sided pens with slotted floors, and they were fed a corn silage-concentrate diet formulated to provide gains of .91 kg/d. Puberty was defined as the 1st d (d 0) that serum progesterone (determined in blood samples collected at weekly intervals) exceeded 1 ng/ml. Blood samples were collected before and after feeding at 15-min intervals for 8 h at 21-d intervals before puberty in a subsample of heifers (at least five per breed). Angus and Simmental heifers weighed less and were younger (P < .05) at puberty than Charolais and Braford heifers. Serum FFA before feeding and frequency of LH release increased (P < .05) from d -40 +/- 3 to d -17 +/- 3 in all breeds. Conversely, concentrations of insulin were greater (P < .05) at -40 than at -17 d from puberty in Angus, but not in Braford, Charolais, or Simmental heifers. Frequency of GH release was greater at d -40 than at d -17 in Angus heifers; however, in Braford and Charolais heifers frequency of GH release was greater at d -17 than at d -40. Concentrations of IGF-I (measured every 2 wk) increased linearly (P < .07) from d -56 to 0 from puberty in Angus but not in other breeds. In conclusion, frequency of LH release and concentrations of FFA increased before puberty in all breeds; however, consistent changes in other metabolites and hormones were observed only in Angus heifers.

35 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Characteristics of somatotropin and prolactin profiles in young dairy sires before and after a 72-hour fast during different seasons. Kazmer, G.W.; Canfield, R.W.; Bean, B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 70 (2): p. 503-507; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Ai bulls; Blood serum; Somatotropin; Prolactin; Breeding value; Fasting; Seasonal fluctuations; Computer software; Prediction; SiresÔ
AI sires at 20-min intervals for an 8-h period before and after a 72-h fast. Samples were collected from four different groups of young sires in January (n

23), April (n = 31), July (n = 27), and October (n = 24). Samples were collected for only 6 h for the July group. Plasma somatotropin (ST) and prolactin (PRL) data were analyzed by PULSAR, a computerized peak detection program. The PULSAR parameters, except for number of peaks detected, were not different (P > .05) when calculated using data from the entire 8-h period or just the first 6 h. Because some endocrine characteristics as defined by PULSAR were influenced by season, deviated values were calculated for those characteristics within seasonal groups by subtracting the mean of that group from each individual observation for all PULSAR parameters. Number of ST peaks was correlated (P < .01, r = 26) with USDA pedigree index (PI) for fat yield (PIF), sire predicted transmitting ability for fat PTAF; (P < .01, r = .30), Northeast AI Sire Comparison (NEAISC) PIF (P < .05, r = 24), and sire PTAF (P < .01, r = .33). No ST pulsatile characteristics after fasting were correlated (P > .05) with PI. Prolactin peak length was negatively related to USDA PIF P < .05, r = -.23) before fasting and positively correlated (P < .05, r = .26) after fasting. Seasonal differences in pulsatile characteristics may reduce usefulness of endocrine parameters in assessing genetic merit for production traits.

36 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6 Codex commission foils U.S. effort to open markets to beef with hormones. Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1991 Jul12. Nutrition week v. 21 (27): p. 1-2; 1991 Jul12.

Language: English

Descriptors: Italy; Codex alimentarius; European communities; Beef; Drug residues; Food safety; Somatotropin; Usda; Regulations; Consumer protection; Food additives

Abstract: The United States lost a key battle with the European Community (EC) this week over the use of growth hormones in beef cattle. The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) voted not to approve a committee report supporting the U.S. position that hormones are safe to use in food production.

37 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45 Commercial-scale refolding of recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin. Storrs, S.B.; Przybycien, T.M.
Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1991.
ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (470): p. 197-205; 1991. In the series analytic: Protein refolding / edited by G. Georgiou and E. DeÔ

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Recombinant DNA; Isolation; Analytical methods

Abstract: A method to dissolve and oxidize recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin (mBST) from bacterial inclusion bodies suitable for large scale manufacture has been developed. mBST-containing inclusion bodies are dissolved, refolded, and oxidized in a single step in 4.5 M urea and pH 11.25 at protein concentrations in the 5 - 15 g/L range with yields in excess of 80%. Yield is a strong function of the urea concentration used during the oxidation reaction; optimal yields are obtained at intermediate urea concentrations.

38 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Comparison of alternative diphasic lactation curve models under bovine somatotropin administration.
Weigel, K.A.; Craig, B.A.; Bidwell, T.R.; Bates, D.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 580-589; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation curve; Milk yield; Probabilistic models; Time series; Arima

Abstract: The multiphasic logistic function has recently been proposed as a model for lactation curves in dairy cattle. The applicability of several forms of this function was examined under three levels of recombinant bST administration beginning 100 d postpartum. Lactation curve models were fit to mean daily yields for each of the treatment groups and a control group. The traditional diphasic function was unable to model adequately the steep ascent and early peak in daily milk yield occurring immediately after calving in both treatment and control groups. The early portion of the lactation was more appropriately modeled using a diphasic function with a power transformation of time in the first phase, such that this phase became asymmetric. This modified diphasic function also resulted in smaller residuals and less autocorrelation than the triphasic function, which was used as a reference model, when both models were applied to the control group data. The increase in daily milk yield because of bST administration was modeled by the addition of a term consisting of a rising exponential function. Such a model may be useful for examining dosage effects in long-term bST studies in which injections begin inÔ residuals in both the control and treatment groups, and such models could be useful for removing autocorrelation in lactation curve applications that involve daily or weekly yield observations.

39 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Comparison of performance, clinical chemistry, and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs treated with recombinant ovine or bovine somatotropins. McLaughlin, C.L.; Hedrick, H.B.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Finn, R.F.; Hintz, R.L.; Hartnell, G.F.; Kasser, T.R.; Baile, C.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1453-1463; 1993 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Somatotropin; Species differences; Blood chemistry; Insulin-like growth factor; Blood sugar; Insulin; Blood serum; Nitrogen; Body weight; Organs; Weight; Carcass yield; Carcass quality; Carcass composition; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion

Abstract: The variation in growth and carcass composition responses of lambs to somatotropin (ST) treatment may depend on the source of ST used as well as on other experimental conditions. In the present experiment, growth, carcass composition, and clinical chemistry responses to recombinantly produced ovine ST (oST) and two bovine ST (N-methionyl-bST[M-bST] and N-alanyl-bST[A-bST] were compared. Lambs weighing 42 kg were assigned to treatment groups of control (no injection) or 4 mg/d of M-bST, A-bST, or oST administered by s.c. injection for 6 wk. Growth rate was increased by an average of 30% and feed efficiency was improved by an average of 22% by ST treatment compared with control, and responses did not differ among ST. The IGF-I, insulin, and glucose concentrations were increased by 107, 700, and 53% compared with control, respectively, and did not differ among ST treatment groups. Urea nitrogen responses to A-bST and oST were transiently greater than those to M-bST. Although quality grade was not affected by treatment, an average 8-kg increase in weight of retail cuts was calculated from yield grade. Carcasses of ST-treated lambs were calculated to have 1.3 kg more muscle and 1.9 kg less fat. Although fat and muscle were affected more by oST than by M-bST on a percentage basis, they did not differ among treatment groups on a total weight basis. Thus, both bST variants and oST improved growth performance and carcass leanness. Decreased responses of some carcass variables to M-bST treatment may have been related to the presence of antibodies that were indicated by an increased number of positive responders in a relative bST binding assay.

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Comparison of somatotropin and growth hormone-releasing factor on milk yield, serum hormones, and energy status.
Dahl, G.E.; Chapin, L.T.; Allen, M.S.; Moseley, W.M.; Tucker, H.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3421-3428; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Milk yield; Insulin-like growth factor; Energy consumption; Blood plasma; Adipose tissue

Abstract: Holstein cows received 12 mg/d of growth hormone-releasing factor (continuous i.v. infusion, n = 5), 14 mg/d of bST (single daily i.m. injection, n = 8), or no treatment (controls, n = 8) for 60 d. Compared with controls (31.6 kg/d), bST and growth hormone-releasing factor increased milk yield to 34.2 and 37.0 kg/d, respectively. The increase in milk yield induced by the growth hormone-releasing factor was greater than that for bST. Milk yield was not different among groups following cessation of treatment. Milk energy output was 24.2 Mcal/d in controls, and growth hormone-releasing factor increased milk energy output to 28.5 Mcal/d. Milk energy output of cows receiving BST was 26.1 Mcal/d. Growth hormone-releasing factor increased DMI (23.2 kg/d) over that of controls (21.1 kg/d), whereas bST (21.5 kg/d) did not. Relative to controls, bST increased averaged daily serum somatotropin from 1.3 to 7.6 ng/ml and insulin-like growth factor-I from 67.5 to 116.0 ng/ml. Relative to bST, growth hormone-releasing factor increased serum somatotropin to 16.3 ng/ml and insulin-like growth factor-I to 202.6 ng/ml. Relative to control (115.8 meq/dl) and bST (158.1 meq/dl), growth hormone-releasing factor increased plasma NEFA (230.3 meq/dl). During treatment, calculated energy balance was negative for cows receiving growth hormone-releasing factor but positive for bST and control cows. Milk composition, body condition score, BW, and apparent digestibility of DM were not different among treatments. We conclude that i.v. infusion of 12 mg/d mg of growth hormone-releasing factor has greater galactopoietic activity than i.m. injections of 14 mg/d of bST. These data support the concept that the galactopoietic effects of growth hormone-releasing factor are mediated, via increased secretion of somatotropin and insulin-like growth factor-I.

41 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293 Comparison of the galactopoietic response to pituitary-derived and recombinant-derived variants of bovine growth hormone. Eppard, P.J.; Bentle, L.A.; Violand, B.N.; Ganguli, S.; Hintz, R.L.; Kung, L. Jr; Krivi, G.G.; Lanza, G.M.
Bristol : The Journal; 1992 Jan.Ô
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin; Amino acid sequences; Recombination; Pituitary; Milk; Milk synthesis; Milk composition; Blood serum; Blood chemistry

Abstract: Two studies were designed to examine the differences in galactopoietic potency of molecular variants of pituitary- and recombinant-derived bovine GH (bGH). The recombinant bGH molecules included amino-terminal and position-127 amino acid substitutions which are representative of two of the four natural pituitary variants or of partially degraded bGH molecules. Amino-terminal variants of bGH included methionine (Met1), alanine (Ala1), serine (Ser1) or deletion of four amino acids (delta 1-4). The delta 1-4 variants were representative of degradation products previously isolated in pituitary bGH preparations. In the first study, 54 lactating Holstein cows received i.m. injections of a buffer solution (control), pituitary-derived bGH, or recombinant-derived [Met1, Leu127]-bGH, [Met1, Val127]-bGH, [Ala1, Leu127]-bGH, or [Ala1, Val127]-bGH. Cows received 25 mg bGH/day for 21 days. Substitution of the amino-terminal alanyl residue with methionine did not affect milk response. GH variants with Val127 elicited a greater milk response (8.5 kg/day) than Leu127 bGH variants (6.5 kg/day). The average milk response to the four recombinant bGH variants was 7.5 kg/day greater than controls compared with 4.4 kg/day for pituitary-derived bGH. In contrast, blood bGH concentrations were equivalent for pituitary and recombinant bGH treatments, approximately 20 microgram/l more than control levels at 3 h after injection. Blood free fatty acid concentrations were increased, but insulin and glucose levels were unaffected by bGH treatment. In the second study, 54 lactating Holstein cows received i.m. injections of a buffer control solution or recombinant-derived [Met2, Leu127]-bGH, [Ser1, Leu127]-bGH, [Ser1, Val127]-bGH, [delta 1-4, Leu127]-bGH or [delta 1-4, Val127]-bGH. Cows received 25mg bGH/day for 28 days. The milk response to full-length bGH variants was 6.6 kg/day greater than the response to the amino-terminal deletion variants (P < 0.05). Substitution of valine for leucine did n

42 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Comparison of the growth-promoting properties of daily versus continuous administration of somatotropin in female rats with intact pituitaries. Azain, M.J.; Kasser, T.R.; Sabacky, M.J.; Baile, C.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 384-392; 1993 Feb. Includes references.Ô

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Dosage effects; Controlled release; Subcutaneous injection; Rats; Growth rate; Pigs

Abstract: The effect of dose and mode of delivery of recombinant bovine (rbST) or porcine somatotropin (rpST) on the growth rate of female rats with intact pituitaries was investigated in a series of experiments. The overall objective of these studies was to compare the relationship of dose and mode of delivery on the growth response to somatotropin. The equivalence of rbST and rpST in stimulation of growth was demonstrated. In an initial study, treatment of rats with 0, .67 (3 mg/kg), or 2.0 mg/d (9 mg/kg) of rbST for 28 d resulted in ADG of .8, 2.6, and 3.8 g/d (P < .0001, SEM .1 g). A log-linear dose response to rbST in the range of .07 to 32 mg/d (.3 to 145 mg/kg) for the stimulation of gain was observed. Continuous delivery of rpST in bicarbonate buffer was achieved using osmotic pumps. Sustained, log-linear growth for doses of 0, .5, 1, 2, and 4 mg of rpST/d for 28 d was demonstrated. In a direct comparison of bolus injection and continuous delivery at doses of 0, .22, .67, 2.0, and 6.0 mg of rpST/d, a significant difference in slope (P < .0001) of the modes of delivery was observed; continuous delivery had a greater slope. Depending on the dose administered, bolus injection was either more (< .67 mg/d) or less efficacious (> .67 mg/d) than continuous delivery in its ability to stimulate growth in female rats with intact pituitaries. It is hypothesized that the difference in the slope of the dose-response curves can be accounted for by the animal's ability to utilize the hormone effectively.

43 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I and steroids in follicular fluid of preovulatory bovine ovarian follicles: effect of daily injections of a growth hormone-releasing factor analog and(or) thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
Spicer, L.J.; Enright, W.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 69 (3): p. 1133-1139; 1991 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Ovaries; Graafian follicles; Follicular fluid; Insulin-like growth factor; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Progesterone; Corpus luteum; Estradiol

Abstract: To determine whether long-term administration of growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor (GRF) and(or) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) alters ovarian follicular fluid (FFL) concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-IÔ Hereford heifers (n = 47; 346 +/- 3 kg) were divided into the following four groups: control (vehicle; n = 11); 1 microgram GRF (human [Des NH2 Tyr1, D-Ala2, Ala15] GRF [1-29]-NH2).kg-1 BW.d-1 (n = 12); 1 microgram TRH.kg-1 BW.d-1 (n = 12); or GRF + TRH (n = 12). Daily injections (s.c.) continued for 86 d. On d 89, heifers that had been synchronized were slaughtered and ovaries were removed. Follicles were grouped by magnitude of diameter into the three following sizes: 1 to 3.9 mm (small, n = 55), 4.0 to 7.9 mm (medium, n = 63), and greater than or equal to 8 mm (large, n = 71). Growth hormone-releasing factor and(or) TRH did not affect (P > .10) IGF-I concentrations in FFL of any follicle size group. Growth hormone-releasing factor increased (P < .06) size (average +/- pooled SE) of large follicles (14.7 vs 13.0 +/- .6 mm). Growth hormone-releasing factor also increased (P < .05) progesterone concentrations 4.4-fold above controls in FFL of medium-sized follicles but had no effect on progesterone in FFL of the small or large follicles. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone did not alter FFL progesterone or E2 concentrations in any follicle size group. We conclude that the GRF and(or) TRH treatments we employed did not affect intra-ovarian IGF-I concentrations, but GRF may alter steroidogenesis of medium-sized follicles and growth of large follicles.

44 NAL Call. No.: 500 N21P Constitutive and trophoblast-specific expression of a class of bovine interferon genes.
Cross, J.C.; Roberts, R.M.
Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1991 May01. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America v. 88 (9): p. 3817-3821; 1991 May01. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Conceptus; Interferon; Gene expression; Proteins; Trophoblast; Viral interference; Murine paramyxovirus

Abstract: The early conceptus in sheep and cattle secretes a low molecular weight protein called ovine and bovine trophoblast protein 1 (TP-1) that is critical for establishment of pregnancy. TP-1 is a type I interferon (IFN) and is most related to IFN-omega. Here we have determined if TP-1 genes are regulated similarly to other type I IFNs. Single day 18 bovine conceptuses secrete approximately 10(5) units of IFN antiviral activity per hour in culture, amounts approximately 300 times higher than those produced by Sendai virus-induced leukocytes. Although conceptuses express mRNA for IFN-alpha, IFN-omega, and TP-1, TP-1 constitutes > 99% of the IFN produced. In contrast, leukocytes produce predominantly IFN-alpha, although TP-1 mRNA is inducible by Sendai virus to very low levels. TP-1 mRNA is detectable by Northern analysis in conceptuses from early pregnancy but is absent in late gestation placentaÔ human choriocarcinoma (JAR) cells in the absence of any specific stimulus, whereas these cells do not secrete antiviral activity constitutively or after transfection with a bovine IFN-omega gene. The transfected TP-1 gene is not expressed in nontrophoblast cells (mouse L929 and hamster Chinese hamster ovary), however. The 5' promoter region of the TP-1 gene is sufficient to direct trophoblast-specific expression onto a human growth hormone reporter gene in JAR cells. Deletion of the promoter from -450 to -126 results in a 4- to 5-fold decrease in expression. Together these data demonstrate that the genes for TP-1 are inducible by virus but are expressed preferentially in trophoblast cells and are functionally distinct from IFN-omega genes.

45 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4 Consumer attitudes on bST reflect lack of information. Kaiser, H.M.
Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County Agriculture Program, Education Center; 1991 Jun.
Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange County. p. 5; 1991 Jun.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Hormones; Consumer attitudes

46 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7N45 Consumer attitudes on bST reflect lack of information. Kaiser, H.M.
Belmont, N.Y. : Cooperative Extension Association of Allegany County; 1991 Jun.
News and views v. 76 (6): p. 8-9; 1991 Jun.

Language: English

Descriptors: New York; Somatotropin; Feed additives; Milk consumption; Consumer attitudes

47 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54 Consumer group calls unlabeled hormone-treated milk 'udder insanity'. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1992 May04.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 12 (9): p. 14; 1992 May04.

Language: English
Ô

48 NAL Call. No.: HD1773.A2N6 Consumer perceptions and attitudes towards bovine somatotropin. Kaiser, H.M.; Scherer, C.W.; Barbano, D.M. Ithaca, N.Y. : The Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association; 1992 Apr.
Northeastern journal of agricultural and resource economics v. 21 (1): p. 10-20; 1992 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: New York; Somatotropin; Antibiotics; Usage; Consumer attitudes; Perception; Adverse effects; Economic impact; Milk consumption; Household surveys; Demography; Socioeconomic status; Food safety

49 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6 Consumer's union, states look to limit BGH. Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1992 Apr24. Nutrition week v. 22 (16): p. 3; 1992 Apr24.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Interest groups; Food and nutrition controversies

50 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Contact sensitivity and systemic antibody responses in dairy cows treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin.
Burton, J.L.; McBride, B.W.; Kennedy, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Elsasser, T.H.; Woodward, B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (3): p. 747-755; 1992 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Antibody formation; Hypersensitivity; Organochlorine compounds; Hemagglutination tests; Thickness; Skin

Abstract: Effects of exogenous bST on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in lactating dairy cows were determined. The systemic antibody response to human erythrocytes and the cutaneous sensitivity response induced by dinitrochlorobenzene were the immune responses investigated. Cows wereÔ 4 and 5 of lactation. Systemic immunizations and contact sensitivity were initiated during midlactation, 22 wk after bST treatments began. Hemagglutinating antibody titers and areas under the response profiles were not statistically different for bST-treated versus control cows. The cutaneous sensitivity response was similarly not affected by bST administration. Present antibody titer results agreed with our previous observations that bST did not affect serum IgM concentrations, but the cutaneous sensitivity results were in contrast with our finding of augmented proliferative responsiveness of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes in bST-treated versus control cows. It is possible that exogenous bST affects some immune processes and lymphocyte subsets and not others. Further research is required to determine the practical significance of the variable immunomodulation elicited by exogenous bST.

51 NAL Call. No.: aHD9001.N275 Controversy over livestock growth hormones continues. Blayney, D.P.; Fallert, R.F.; Shagam, S.D. Washington, D.C. : Commodity Economics Division, Economic Research Service, USDA; 1991 Oct.
FoodReview v. 14 (4): p. 6-9; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Livestock; Somatotropin; Food and nutrition controversies; Food safety; Food biotechnology; Farm structure; Surpluses; Animal welfare

Abstract: At the forefront of biotechnology in animal agriculture is the experimental use of somatotropin, growth hormones that occur naturally in animals. The safety, positive and negative implication surrounding the controversy over the use of bovine somatotropin use for milk production are discussed.

52 NAL Call. No.: HD1751.A36 The correspondence of farm and retail milk price movements. Outlaw, J.L.; Capps, O. Jr; Knutson, R.D.; Schwart, R.B. Jr College Station, Tex. : Agricultural & Food Policy Center; 1991 Mar. AFPC policy working paper (91-7): 14 p.; 1991 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk prices; Retail prices; Producer prices; Somatotropin; Marketing margins
Ô
Cortisol, growth hormone, and testosterone concentrations during mating behavior in the bull and boar.
Borg, K.E.; Esbenshade, K.L.; Johnson, B.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Aug. Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3230-3240; 1991 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Boars; Bulls; Testosterone; Hydrocortisone; Somatotropin; Mating; Sexual behavior; Hormone secretion; Blood serum; Stress response

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate peripheral concentrations of cortisol (C), growth hormone (GH), and testosterone (T) in bulls and boars during mating and to correlate mating behaviors with endocrine secretion in the presence of an estrous female. In Exp. 1, six sexually inexperienced mature bulls were bled every 15 min for 2 h before and 2 h after a 30-min exposure to a single, restrained, estrous cow; sampling occurred every 5 min during exposure. In Exp. 2, six sexually experienced boars were bled similarly before and after exposure to a sow and every 5 min during a 15-min exposure to a freely moving, estrous sow. Behavioral events recorded during exposure to a female included the following: flehmen responses (bulls only), mounts, penis extensions, intromissions, ejaculations, and time to first mount and first ejaculation. Of the six bulls, four completed at least one service (intromission + ejaculation), and three of six mounted the estrous cow eight or more times. Completion of one or more services resulted in significant elevations in serum C and GH concentrations, but not T concentrations, during the exposure period. Bulls mounting eight or more times also experienced significant elevations in C concentrations during exposure. Three of six boars completed at least one service. Servicing and mounting the sow fewer than five times were both associated with significant elevations in serum C concentrations. Serum concentrations of T were also elevated as a result of exposure to an estrous sow. Collectively, these data support the suggestion that specific events during natural mating activity can alter endocrine secretions of C and GH in bulls and C and T in boars.

54 NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68 The costs and benefits of bGH may not be distributed fairly. Comstock, G.
Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991. Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p. 121-130; 1991. Includes references.

Language: EnglishÔ
Distribution; Consumers; Farmers; Regions

55 NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68 The costs and benefits of bGH will distributed fairly. Tweeten, L.
Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991. Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p. 108-120; 1991. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cattle; Somatotropin; Cost benefit analysis; Distribution; Consumers; Farmers; Regions

56 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54 Deadline approaches for Wisconsin governor's decision on bST ban. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Dec02.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (23): p. 11; 1991 Dec02.

Language: English

Descriptors: Wisconsin; Somatotropin; Milk production; Regulation

57 NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N Debate slows growth hormone commercialization. Thayer, A.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 May06. Chemical and engineering news v. 69 (18): p. 25; 1991 May06.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety; Genetic engineering; Economic impact

58 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Detection of bovine somatotropin treatment in dairy cattle performance records.
Swalve, H.H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 May. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (5): p. 1690-1699; 1991 May. Includes references.Ô

Descriptors: France; Dairy cattle; Somatotropin; Milk production; Cluster analysis; Lactation curve; Accuracy; Detection

Abstract: Effectiveness of cluster analysis in detecting application of bST was examined. Field data were manipulated by adding a specified percentage of the true performance to original test day records to simulate application of bST. The partly manipulated data then were analyzed using cluster analysis. Test day milk production data came from 42,779 cows of the Bretagne (Northwestern France) that had test days between 1986 and 1989. As criteria in the cluster analysis for differentiation between treated and untreated cows, parameters of the incomplete gamma function along with other variables calculated from test day records were used. The best differentiation was achieved when a persistency parameter, defined as the ratio of second divided by first trimester production, was used as a variable in the cluster analysis. For the assumed scenario of bST application, more than 80% of all cows were classified correctly under random use of bST. Systematic treatment led to improved results.

59 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Development of a culture system for bovine granulosa cells: effects of growth hormone, estradiol, and gonadotropins on cell proliferation, steroidogenesis, and protein synthesis.
Langhout, D.J.; Spicer, L.J.; Geisert, R.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Aug. Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3321-3334; 1991 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Granulosa cells; Cell culture; Culture media; Graafian follicles; Hormone secretion; Progesterone; Estradiol; Insulin; Somatotropin; Lh; Protein synthesis; Serum; Epidermal growth factor

Abstract: The objectives of the present studies were 1) to develop a culture system that has the positive effect of serum on granulosa cell attachment and allows subsequent expression of hormonal effects in serum-free medium and 2) to determine the effect of insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), estradiol (E2), and growth hormone (GH) on growth, steroidogenesis, and(or) protein synthesis of bovine granulosa cells. Cells from small (1 to 5 mm) and large (> 8 mm) follicles were collected from cattle and cultured for either 4 or 6 d. When cells from small follicles were cultured, insulin (5 micrograms/ml) increased (P < .05) cell numbers (cells X 10(5)/well) severalfold compared with controls. Alone, EGF (10 ng/ml), FSH (200 ng/ml), LH (200 ng/ml), E2 (2Ô However, when included with insulin, 30, 100, and 300 ng/ml of GH increased (P < .05) granulosa cell numbers on d 4 of culture. Insulin alone increased (P < .05) progesterone production (ng.10(5) cells-1.24 h-1) by severalfold on d 4, but EGF, FSH, LH, or GH alone had no effect and E2 inhibited progesterone production. In the presence of insulin, FSH and GH (100 ng/ml) increased (P < .05) progesterone production on d 4 of culture, whereas EGF (10 ng/ml) elicited a decrease (P < .05) in production. In cells from both sizes of follicles, GH (300 ng/ml) increased synthesis of cellular proteins (> 10 kDa). In cells from only large follicles, LH (200 ng/ml) decreased synthesis and secretion of proteins (greater than or equal to 3.5 kDa). These results support the hypothesis that GH may have direct effects on bovine ovarian function.

60 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Development of a recombinant bovine leukemia virus vector for delivery of a synthetic bovine growth hormone-releasing factor gene into bovine cells. Mehigh, C.S.; Elias, V.D.; Mehigh, R.J.; Helferich, W.G.; Tucker, H.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 687-693; 1993 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Gene transfer; Somatoliberin; Bovine oncovirus; Vectors; Messenger RNA; Transfection; Cell cultures

Abstract: Continuous intravenous infusion of bovine growth hormone-releasing factor (bGRF) increases milk synthesis in dairy cattle by as much as 46%. We have begun to develop a system for delivery and expression of a synthetic bGRF gene in cultured bovine cells using the provirus of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV). The gene encoding synthetic bGRF, constructed from eight overlapping oligonucleotides, was fused to the whey acidic protein promoter (WAP) or the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter (MMTV). These plasmids, termed pWAP.GRF and pMMTV.GRF, were able to induce transcription of bGRF upon transfection into Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and induction with a lactogenic hormonal milieu (prolactin, hydrocortisone, triiodothyronine, insulin) or dexamethasone. When these constructs were cloned into a BLV vector in place of its oncogenic region, and transfected into MDBK cells, bGRF was expressed. Virus particles were prepared from these cultures and used to deliver the bGRF gene by viral infection into fresh MDBK cells. Northern blot analysis of MDBK total RNA revealed a fivefold higher level of expression of bGRF mRNA in transfected cultures than in virally infected cells, and no expression was detected in control cultures. The bGRF peptide was detected in both cell extracts and media samples from transfected cultures but was not detected inÔ construct may prove useful as a delivery system for peptides into cattle.

61 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Developmental changes in the regulation of plasma growth hormone concentrations in Holstein calves.
Sartin, J.L.; Kemppainen, R.J.; Cummins, K.A.; Marple, D.N.; Williams, J.C. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (9): p. 1397-1400; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Calves; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Biological development; Digestive system; Hormone secretion; Regulation; Hypothalamus; Age differences; Alpha-adrenergic receptors

Abstract: A study was initiated to determine whether development of a functional ruminant digestive system was associated with alterations in plasma growth hormone (GH) concentration. Holstein bull calves were fed milk or milk with grain until studied at the age of 1 month (n = 12). Calves placed on pasture with some grain supplementation were studied at the age of 3 months (n

6) to determine plasma GH concentration in an animal with fully developed ruminant metabolism. Blood samples were taken at 10-minute intervals for 5 hours, followed by administration of bovine GH-releasing factor (0.075 microgram/kg of body weight) and subsequent blood sample collection for 1 hour. On the following day, a blood sample was collected via jugular cannula, clonidine (10 microgram/kg) was administered, and blood samples were subsequently obtained. Data indicated that milk-fed calves had higher mean plasma GH concentration than did either milk/grain-fed or older calves. The difference in mean plasma GH concentration was related to higher secretory pulse amplitude. Pituitary responses to bovine GH-releasing factor did not differ among the 3 groups, but response to clonidine were greater in milk-fed calves than in calves of the other groups. These data indicate that the change from a nonruminant to a ruminant-type gastrointestinal tract, perhaps attributable to subsequent changes in metabolism, may induce changes in hypothalmic function to decrease GH concentration.

62 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4522 Dietetic association prepares to answer questions about government BST decision.
Conroy, D.
Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group; 1993 Mar03. Biotech daily v. 2 (133): p. 1, 4; 1993 Mar03.Ô

Descriptors: Food safety; Somatotropin; Milk production

63 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Dose titration of sustained-release recombinant bovine somatotropin in lactating dairy cows.
Downer, J.V.; Patterson, D.L.; Rock, D.W.; Chalupa, W.V.; Cleale, R.M.; Firkins, J.L.; Lynch, G.L.; Clark, J.H.; Brodie, B.O.; Jenny, B.F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 1125-1136; 1993 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dosage effects; Controlled release; Milk yield; Female fertility; Milk composition; Pregnancy; Feed intake; Nutritional adequacy; Body condition; Animal health; Bovine mastitis

Abstract: Lactating dairy cows (n = 264) were used in seven dose titration experiments at four geographic locations in the United States. A sustained-release formulation of recombinant bST was evaluated for a 30-wk treatment period that began 14 wk postpartum. The first series of four experiments evaluated doses of 0, 140, 350, or 700 mg of bST/14 d (series A); the second series evaluated doses of 0, 56, 140, or 350 mg of bST/14 d (series B). Milk yield, DMI, milk composition, body condition, health, and reproductive parameters were measured. Multiparous cows in series A that were administered 700 mg of bST/14 d yielded 3.0 kg/d more milk and 3.5% FCM than control cows. When all seven experiments were combined, multiparous cows that were administered 350 ml, of bST/14 d yielded 2.7 and 2.6 kg/d more milk and 3.5% FCM than control cows. Dry matter intake was not significantly affected by bST administration. In series A, an increase in milk yield with no increase in DMI resulted in lower adequacy of dietary NE(L) and CP to meet maintenance and yield requirements among multiparous cows administered 700 mg of bST/14 d. Primiparous cows that were administered bST in series A and both parity groups in the combined seven experiments were not different from control cows in the adequacy of dietary NE(L) or CP to meet maintenance and yield requirements. No adverse effects of bST on health parameters were significant, and doses of 350 mg of bST/14 d or less caused no changes in reproductive parameters. Conception rate was decreased by administration of 700 mg of bST/14 d. These data suggest that 350 mg of bST/14 d increased yields of milk and FCM with no adverse effects on DMI, health, or reproduction in dairy cows.

64 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82Ô performance in steers.
Dalke, B.S.; Roeder, R.A.; Kasser, T.R.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Hunt, C.W.; Hinman, D.D.; Schelling, G.T.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jul. Journal of animal science v. 70 (7): p. 2130-2137; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Somatotropin; Dosage effects; Insulin-like growth factor; Growth; Performance; Carcass composition; Blood serum

Abstract: One hundred twenty crossbred beef steers averaging 377 kg were used in a 2 X 4 factorial experiment to determine the dose-response effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) implants on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The implant dosages were 0 (sham), 40, 80, or 160 mg/wk administered s.c. in the tailhead region on a weekly basis throughout the experiment. The steers were fed a high-concentrate diet, which contained either a degradable (DP; soybean meal) or an escape (EP; corn gluten and blood meal) protein source. No dietary protein effect or dietary protein X rbST level interactions were detected. Recombinant bST decreased both DMI (P < .10) and feed/gain (P < .05) in a linear dose-dependent manner. Dosage of rbST did not significantly affect (P > .10) ADG or final weight of the steers. Recombinant bST decreased backfat depth (P < .10), marbling score (P < .05), and quality grade (P < .10) and increased yield grade (P < .10) in a linear dose-dependent manner. Soft tissue composition of the 9-10-11th rib section was altered (P < .01) by rbST administration in a linear dose-dependent manner. The percentage of protein in the rib section was increased by 9.4% and fat was decreased by 11.8% at the 160 mg/wk rbST level compared with the sham-implanted steers. Recombinant bST did not affect (P > .10) dressing percentage, hot carcass weight, kidney, pelvic, and heart fat, or longissimus muscle area. Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations in the steers exhibited a linear response to dosage of rbST (P < .01). These data indicate that rbST is an efficacious method of improving feedlot performance and partitioning nutrient deposition in feedlot steers.

65 NAL Call. No.: 472 N42 Doubts over animal health delay milk hormone. MacKenzie, D.
London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Jan18. New scientist v. 133 (1804): p. 13; 1992 Jan18.

Language: English
Ô

66 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6 Drug companies, activists prepare for explosive controversy over hormone. Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1991 Oct18. Nutrition week v. 21 (41): p. 1, 4-5; 1991 Oct18.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk; Food safety

Abstract: Using lawsuits, grassroots activism, freedom of information requests, and skillful public relations, opponents of bovine growth hormone (BGH, known scientifically as bovine somatotropin or BST) have temporarily partly hobbled supporters' ability to mobilize their two greatest treasure troves: drug company money and millions of dollars from the National Dairy Promotion and Research Board.

67 NAL Call. No.: 286.8 N488 Drug to increase milk from cows is judged safe. Andrews, E.L.
New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co. :.; 1991 May08. The New York times. p. A1, A8; 1991 May08.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Genetic engineering; Food safety

68 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54 EC declares BST safe for humans, effective--but not ready for market. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Apr.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (7): p. 1, 3; 1991 Apr.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk production; European communities; Usda; Economic impact

69 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Economic implications of bovine somatotropin for the United States dairy industry.Ô
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 12-19; 1991. Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy industry; Somatotropin; Economic impact; International trade; Price support; Milk prices; Dairy cows; Dairy farms

70 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Economic implications of bovine somatotropin use for the Arizona dairy industry.
Shoeffling, J.R.; Angus, R.C.; Armstrong, D.V.; Huber, J.T. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2347-2352; 1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Arizona; Milk yield; Somatotropin; Milk prices; Economic impact; Dairy cooperatives; Dairies; Price support; Quotas; Dairy cows

Abstract: This study examined the impacts of bST on income of dairy producers in Arizona. The nature of milk production in Arizona, the institutional aspects of the Milk Order, and die supply management program of the United Dairymen of Arizona (the only milk cooperative in Arizona) were considered in the model. Prices declined with increased milk yields from bST. Three dairy enterprise budgets demonstrated that gross revenue minus variable costs initially increased for adopters of bST but declined for nonadopters. If government milk purchase increases cause support price reductions, gross revenues less variable costs would decrease for both adopters and nonadopters but more for nonadopters. Adjustments in size of dairy farms would be required if increased milk production due to bST is large enough to result in decreases in milk price support levels.

71 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of a prolonged-release formulation of N-methionyl bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on milk composition.
Barbano, D.M.; Lynch, J.M.; Bauman, D.E.; Hartnell, G.F.; Hintz, R.L.; Nemeth, M.A.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1775-1793; 1992 Jul. IncludesÔ

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Milk composition; Milk proteins; Milk yield; Lactation stage; Lactation; Cell counting

Abstract: Forty Holstein cows received biweekly injections of prolonged-release formulation of bST, and 39 received biweekly injections of excipient, in a study to evaluate the effects of long-term bST administration on milk composition and component production. Injections began at 60 +/- 3 d postpartum. Administration of bST increased production of milk and of all measured components. Concentrations of lactose (4.85 and 4.81%), fat (3.76 and 3.67%), total solids (12.57 and 12.44%), SNF (8.83 and 8.75%), casein (2.56 and 2.53%), and true protein (3.13 and 3.08%) were similar in milks from cows receiving bST and excipient, respectively. Percentages of NPN (times 6.38) and total protein were greater in milk from bST-treated cows (.179% NPN and 3.32% total protein) compared with milk from cows injected with excipient (.172% NPN and 3.24% total protein). Use of bST did not change the relative percentages of alpha(S)-casein, beta-casein, kappa-casein, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin, or casein proteolysis products. A cyclical pattern of milk production, component production, and composition within each 14-d injection interval was observed. This suggests that a diminishing amount of bST was delivered during the latter third of each injection interval. There were no effects of bST on milk composition that would be of any practical significance to dairy product manufacturers or consumers.

72 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of a prolonge-release formulation of N-methionyl bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on milk fat.
Lynch, J.M.; Barbano, D.M.; Bauman, D.E.; Hartnell, G.F.; Nemeth, M.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1794-1809; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Milk fat; Fatty acids; Lactation stage; Phospholipids; Cholesterol; Melting point; Milk composition; Milk fat yield; Glycerol

Abstract: Nine Holstein cows were injected biweekly with a prolonged-release formulation of N-methionyl bST, and 9 cows were injected with excipient. Intramuscular injections began at 60 +/- 3 d postpartum and continued at 14-d intervals for the full lactation. Administration of bST increased productionÔ composition of milk fat was not influenced by bST treatment. Stage of lactation had a large influence on production and percentage of individual fatty acids in milk fat from both bST-treated and control cows. The stage of lactation impact on the fatty acid composition of milk fat reflected changes in the relative contributions of body fat mobilization and de novo synthesis of milk fat components in response to changes in energy balance. Initiation of bST treatment caused some transient changes in milk fatty acid composition that were related to energy balance. These changes were small compared with the normal changes because of stage of lactation in all cows. Phospholipid and cholesterol content of milk also changed with stage of lactation but were not influenced by bST treatment. Melting properties of milk fat were influenced greatly by stage of lactation. Bovine somatotropin did not cause any changes in composition or physical properties of milk fat that were outside the range of normal variation.

73 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Effect of active immunization against growth hormone releasing factor on concentrations of somatotropin and insulin-like growth factor I in lactating beef cows.
Moore, K.L.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W.; Campbell, R.M.; Heimer, E.P. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Apr. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 9 (2): p. 125-139; 1992 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Immunization; Blood serum; Opioids; Naloxone; Pregnancy; Somatoliberin; Hormone secretion; Arginine

74 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of active immunization against growth hormone-releasing factor on growth and onset of puberty in beef heifers. Simpson, R.B.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W.; Miller, D.C.; Heimer, E.P.; Campbell, R.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 69 (12): p. 4914-4924; 1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Puberty; Immunization; Somatoliberin; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Growth rate; Breed differences; Beef cows; Age;Ô

Abstract: Angus and Charolais heifers (195 +/- 7 kg) were actively immunized against growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) to evaluate the effect on concentrations of somatotropin (ST), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin (INS), growth, and onset of puberty. Primary immunizations were given at 184 +/- 7 d of age (d 0 of experiment) by injecting (s.c.) 1.5 mg of GRF-(1-29)-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2 conjugated to 1.5 mg of human serum albumin (GRFi, n = 22) or 1.5 mg of human serum albumin (HSAi, n = 21). Booster immunizations of .5 mg of antigen were given on d 62, 92, 153, and 251. Antibody binding (percentage at 1:2,000 dilution) to [125I)GRF on d 69 was greater (P < .01) in GRFi (53.7 +/- 4.5) than in HSAi (10.1 +/- .6) heifers. Serum concentration (ng/ml) and frequency (peaks/5 h) of ST release, respectively, on d 78 were lower (P < .01) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers (3.3 +/- .1 vs 5.6 +/- .2 and .9 +/- .3 vs 2.3 .2). Serum IGF-I (ng/ml) was lower (P < .01) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers on d 69 (41 +/- 5 vs 112 +/- 4). Serum INS (microunit/ml) on d 78 was lower (P < .05) in GRFi (2.2 +/- .1) than in HSAi (3.8 +/- .2) heifers. Feed intake, ADG, and feed efficiency were lower (P < .05) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers. Hip height was lower (P < .01) and fat thickness was greater (P < .05) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers by d 132 and 167, respectively. Percentage of heifers attaining puberty (progesterone > 1 ng/ml for two consecutive weeks) by d 209 and 379 (12.9 and 18.5 mo of age), respectively, was lower (P < .05) in GRFi (40.9 and 45.5) than in HSAi (81.0 and 100). In conclusion, growing heifers were successively immunized against GRF. Active immunization against GRF resulted in decreased serum concentration of ST, IGF-I, and INS. In addition, GRF immunization led to lowered feed intake, ADG, and feed efficiency, increased fat depth, and delayed onset of puberty in heifers. We propose that ST and IGF-I are important metabolic mediators involved in the initiation of puberty in h

75 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Effect of age and intake on growth hormone kinetics in dairy heifers. Lapierre, H.; Farmer, C.; Girard, C.; Brazeau, P. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jul. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 9 (3): p. 199-207; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Somatotropin; Age; Nutrition

76 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Effect of bovine growth hormone gene expression, sex and age on plasma gonadotropins, estrone and testosterone in prepuberal pigs.Ô Brinster, R.L.
Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jul. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (3): p. 423-429; 1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Gilts; Boars; Transgenics; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Gonadotropins; Estrone; Testosterone; Gene expression; Hormone secretion; Sexual maturity; Lh

77 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of bovine somatotropin on production and reproduction in prepubertal Friesian heifers.
Murphy, M.G.; Rath, M.; O'Callaghan, D.; Austin, F.H.; Roche, J.F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2165-2171; 1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Puberty; Reproductive efficiency; Milk composition; Lactation number; Growth rate; Liveweight; Age

Abstract: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of bST on average daily gain, onset of puberty, first lactation milk yield, and reproductive efficiency in Friesian heifers. Heifers (n = 16 per treatment) were allocated to either: 1) control (1.5 ml of vehicle) or 2) bST (15 mg of bST in 1.5 ml of vehicle) using a randomized complete block design. Subcutaneous injections of bST were administered once daily from 7 mo of age for 120 d or until heifers reached puberty. Heifers were weighed every 2 wk, and blood samples were collected twice weekly after heifers reached 200 kg. Progesterone concentrations were used to determine onset of puberty. Heifers were bred between 16 and 18 mo of age and, following parturition, milk yield and composition were recorded twice weekly and once every 2 wk, respectively. Heifers assigned to bST treatment had an average daily gain (kg) of .8 compared with .7 in control heifers. Number of days from birth to onset of puberty for bst-treated heifers was 401 compared with 381 for control heifers. Treatment with bST had no effect on milk yield, milk composition, or reproductive efficiency during the first lactation. These data demonstrate that daily administration of bST to Friesian heifers from 7 to 11 mo of age does not affect average daily gain, onset of puberty, reproductive efficiency, or first lactation milk yield of heifers.Ô 78 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of bovine somototropin and protein on rumen fermentation and forestomach and whole tract digestion in dairy cows. Robinson, P.H.; De Boer, G.; Kennelly, J.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3505-3517; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Rumen fermentation; Dietary protein; Crude protein; Fiber content; Ph; Transit time; Amino acids; Protein requirement

Abstract: Four lactating Holstein cows with permanent ruminal and duodenal cannulas were allocated to one of two TMR with either 17.1 or 23.6% CP at 5 to 9 d postpartum. Cows also were assigned to either bST (20.6 mg/d) or excipient (control) treatment at that time for the 84-d experiment but were switched to different protein levels every 21 d in four periods. Intake of DM and forestomach and whole tract digestion of DM were unaffected by treatments. Forestomach and whole tract apparent digestion of N was higher for cows fed the high protein diet. Forestomach NDF and ADF digestion was higher for cows fed the high protein diet but was significant for control cows only. Rumen pH, ammonia N, and isovalerate were higher for cows fed the high protein diet. Rumen ammonia N and acetate were lower for bST-treated cows. Rumen pool sizes of total ingesta, DM, NDF, and bacterial OM were not affected by either treatment. However, the total pool size of rumen NAN and nonbacterial NAN was larger for cows fed the high protein diet. Duodenal flow of AA was higher for cows fed the high protein diet. However, duodenal protein AA profiles were similar among treatments except for lysine, which was higher, and methionine and alanine, which tended to be lower, for cows fed the high protein diet. There were few bST X protein or bST X duration of treatment interactions. Results support the concept that bST-treated cows have digestive metabolism similar to untreated cows of similar actual production.

79 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of chronobiological alteration of the circadian rhythm of prolactin and somatotrphid release in the dairy cow.
Evans, N.M.; Hacker, R.R.; Hoover, J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (6): p. 1821-1829; 1991 Jun. Includes references.

Language: EnglishÔ
secretion; Blood serum; Circadian rhythm

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine if a skeletal photoperiod administered at the appropriate time of a 24-h day could stimulate prolactin and somatotropin release in dairy cattle. Cows in mo 8 of gestation were exposed to either 12 to 13 h of continuous light or to three skeletal photoperiods consisting of a total of 8 h of light. Cows in the skeletal photoperiod light regimens received 6 h of light from 0500 to 1100 h and a 2-h light pulse at either 1500 to 1700 h, 1800 to 2000 h, or 2100 to 2300 h. Cows exposed to the light regimen pulse at 1800 to 2000 h exhibited a circadian rhythm of prolactin and somatotropin release. The mean prolactin and somatotropin concentrations were also higher in this treatment. It is concluded that a circadian rhythm with a photosensitive phase is present for prolactin and somatotropin release in the lactating dairy cow. The photosensitive phase for both hormones occurs between 13 and 15 h after subjective dawn. The expression of the circadian rhythm of these hormones depends on the photoperiod to which cows are exposed.

80 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The effect of CO-treatment with recombinant bovine somatotrophin on plasma progesterone concentration and number of embryos collected from superovulated Holstein heifers.
Rieger, D.; Walton, J.S.; Goodwin, M.L.; Johnson, W.H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 May. Theriogenology v. 35 (5): p. 863-868; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Holstein-friesian; Somatotropin; Fsh; Superovulation; Superovulated females; Progesterone; Blood plasma; Synthetic pituitary hormones; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Ovulation

Abstract: Mature Holstein heifers were induced to superovulate with twice-daily injections of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and were given either 20 mg i.m. of recombinant bovine somatotrophin (rBST) or saline with each FSH injection. The animals were artificially inseminated and the embryos were collected nonsurgically at Day 7. There was no significant difference in the mean (+/- S.D) total number of embryos collected from rBST-treated animals (8.3 +/- 5.3) when compared with that of the controls (7.2 +/- 6.6), or in the mean number of transferable embryos (5.3 +/- 4.0 vs 5.2 +/- 4.5). However, co-treatment with rBST tended to increase the ovulatory response, and it significantly increased plasma progesterone concentrations at Day 6 (P = 0.04). Based on these latter observations, we conclude that treatment with rBST enhanced the superovulatory response in heifers.Ô 81 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of dietary energy and previous bovine somatotropin on milk yield, mastitis, and reproduction in dairy cows. Hemken, R.W.; Harmon, R.J.; Silvia, W.J.; Tucker, W.B.; Heersche, G.; Eggert, R.G.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (12): p. 4265-4272; 1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dry matter; Feed intake; Body weight; Milk yield; Milk composition; Diet; Caloric value; Lactation number; Bovine mastitis; Ovulation; Conception rate; Female fertility

Abstract: Thirty multiparous lactating Holstein cows were blocked according to time of calving and assigned to a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of two dietary energy concentrations either without or with bST (20.6 mg/d per cow) administered to cows that had not or had received bST during the preceding lactation. Subcutaneous injection of bST began 28 to 35 d postpartum and continued for 39 wk. The dietary energy concentration X bST interaction was not significant for any response variable. Compared with DMI of control cows, DMI was higher for cows receiving bST, being 1.6 and 2.4 kg/d higher for cows receiving bST for one and two lactations, respectively. Milk, fat, and protein yields were higher for cows receiving bST than for controls. Those receiving bST for a second lactation also produced more milk than controls until wk 20; thereafter, milk yields were similar to those of controls. Somatotropin administration had no adverse effect on udder health. Cows receiving bST tended to ovulate less regularly than controls, which may be attributed to their higher milk yield. However, BW gains during lactation were similar for all treatments, indicating that bST-treated cows built energy reserves for the subsequent lactation. Although energy concentrations of the diets had no significant impact on yield, the higher energy diet tended to depress milk fat concentration. Administration of bST to dairy cows for a second, consecutive lactation yielded responses similar for the first 20 wk of the study to those receiving bST for the first time. However, after wk 20, milk yield was less than that by cows receiving bST for the first lactation but similar to that of control cows.

82 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of fish meal and expeller-processed soybean meal fed to dairy cows receiving bovine somatotropin (sometribove). Calsamiglia, S.; Hongerholt, D.D.; Crooker, B.A.; Stern, M.D.; Hartnell, G.F.;Ô Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (9): p. 2454-2462; 1992 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Crude protein; Soybean oilmeal; Fish meal; Protected protein; Chemical composition; Milk yield; Lactation curve; Milk composition; Body condition; Feed conversion; Blood chemistry

Abstract: Forty-eight multiparous cows were blocked by calving date and milk production and assigned randomly to a TMR formulated to contain 68 or 55% of dietary CP as ruminally degradable CP. Diets contained corn silage, alfalfa haylage, and ground corn. Supplemental CP was soybean meal for the control diet or a combination of soybean meal, expeller-processed soybean meal, and fish meal for the low degradable protein diet. Two 10-wk phases began on d 31 +/- 3 (phase 1) and 110 +/- 7 postpartum [phase 2, all cows received subcutaneous implantations of pelleted (400 mg) bST (sometribove) every 14 d]. Dietary energy, CP, ruminally degradable CP, NDF, and ADF were similar between dietary treatments. Production of FCM increased in response to bST but was not affected by dietary treatment. Cows fed the expeller-processed soybean meal and fish meal TMR produced milk that contained less milk fat in phase I and less milk protein content in both phases. The DMI, BW, and body condition scores were not affected by diet. Hematocrit, plasma urea N, albumin, total protein, creatinine, glucose, and serum insulin were similar between dietary treatments. Replacing soybean meal with expeller processed soybean meal and fish meal did not affect ruminal degradation of protein or milk production but decreased milk fat and protein contents.

83 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293 The effect of genetic selection for milk yield on the response to growth hormone secretagogues in immature cattle. Lovendahl, P.; Angus, K.D.; Woolliams, J.A. Bristol : The Journal; 1991 Mar.
The Journal of endocrinology v. 128 (3): p. 419-424; 1991 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Calves; Somatotropin; Hormone secretion; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Arginine; Milk yield; Selection

Abstract: Eighty 4-month-old calves of both sexes and of two selected lines differing by 70 kg in their predicted total yield of milk fat and protein wereÔ liveweight; (i) 0.2 microgram human GH-releasing factor(1-29) (GRF), (ii) 0.2 microgram TRH, (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii), and (iv) 0.1 g arginine hydrochloride. The response of GH was measured for 2 h following administration. Geometric mean concentration of the 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-min samples following GRF, TRH and their combination were 29.3, 19.5 and 156 microgram/l compared with baseline means of 6.5, 10.0 and 12.6 microgram/l respectively, and for arginine (in which the mean response included the 30-min instead of the 5-min sample) 14.6 microgram/l compared with a baseline of 8.31 microgram/l. The line selected for greater yield responded more to each secretagogue by 1.53-fold following GRF (P<0.01), 1.34-fold following TRH (P < 0.05), 1.11-fold following the combination (P>0.01) and 1.26-fold following arginine (P<0.01). Females responded 2.3-fold more than males following GRF administration (P<0.001), only 1.2-fold more following TRH (P>0.1), but less (0.63-fold) than males when GRF was combined with TRH (P<0.05). For all secretagogues the concentration of GH before administration was important in determining the size of response (P<0.001). It was concluded that the increased release of GH following the administration of GRF and TRH was a direct result of selection for dairy merit and that increased yields during lactation may, in part, be mediated directly through pituitary responsiveness.

84 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The effect of grazing location and oronasal treatment with bull urine on reproduction performance and serum prolactin concentrations of beef heifers. Taylor, S.A.; Winder, J.A.; Hallford, D.M. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Dec. Theriogenology v. 38 (6): p. 1145-1161; 1992 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cows; Heifers; Grazing; Rangelands; Semiarid zones; Irrigated pastures; Bulls; Urine; Body weight; Anestrus; Liveweight gain; Body condition; Calving rate; Blood serum; Prolactin; Somatotropin

Abstract: Grazing location and biostimulatory treatments were imposed on 55 Brangus and crossbred heifers in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement. Grazing locations (postweaning) were semi-desert rangeland with supplementation or irrigated small grains pasture. Biostimulatory treatment involved either weekly oronasal application of bull urine or no treatment (control). The duration of bull urine treatments was 8 weeks. Grazing location affected heifer weights from February through August (P < 0.01). Rate of weight gain on irrigated pasture exceeded native range (P < 0.01). Cyclicity was similar between the location groups before the treatment period. Post-treatment cyclicity rates of heifers were 25 and 78% for native range and irrigated pasture, respectively (P < .01). Twenty-five percent of cyclic heifers grazingÔ cyclicity was observed in the heifers on irrigated pasture (P < 0.10). Heifers maintained on irrigated pasture exhibited more standing estrus following synchronization (P < 0.10), higher pregnancy rates following breeding (P < 0.05), heavier fall weights (P < 0.01), higher body condition scores (P < 0.01), and greater pelvic widths (P < 0.05) than those on native range. Cyclic heifers grazing native range had prolactin levels twice those of irrigated pasture heifers. Serum growth hormone levels were not consistently affected by treatments. Heifers which became pregnant while grazing irrigated pasture had much lower prolactin concentrations in serum collected in January than the noncyclic heifers.

85 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of high doses of a sustained-release bovine somatotropin on antibody formation in dairy cows.
Eppard, P.J.; Rogan, G.J.; Boysen, B.G.; Miller, M.A.; Hintz, R.L.; Hammond, B.G.; Torkelson, A.R.; Collier, R.J.; Lanza, G.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (11): . 2959-2967; 1992 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Antibody formation; Dosage effects; Milk yield; Igg; Igm; Blood serum; Calves; Liveweight gain

Abstract: Eighty-two lactating Holstein cows received either one, three, or five concurrent, intramuscular injections of unit dose (.6 g) of zinc methionyl bST (sometribove) or five doses of the vehicle. Injections were administered at 14-d intervals from 60 d postpartum until the end of lactation or necropsy. Thirty-eight cows continued on the same treatment for a 2nd yr. Blood BST antibodies developed within the first 7 wk of treatment, and the number of cows with anti-bST binding generally declined with time. Thirteen out of 59 cows receiving bST developed binding activity > 25% (positives) during the 1st yr. At the .6-g dose level, no binding was detected after wk 15. Seven of the 13 positive cows were among the group randomly selected to continue on study during yr 2. In the 2nd yr, only 2 out of 24 bST-treated cows were positive. Binding activity was associated with the IgG fraction in serum. Binding capacities of antibodies ranged from .625 to 3.04 mg of bST/L, and affinities ranged from 1.14 X 10(8) to 3.14 X 10(8) L/mol. Cows considered to be clinically clinically, positive had performance similar to those of their herdmates having binding < 25%. No evidence of a pathologic effect of antibodies existed in treated cows, their calves, or fetuses. The presence of anti-bST antibodies did not affect milk production of the cow or growth of the calves conceived during bST treatment.Ô 86 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of human growth hormone-releasing factor and(or) thyrotropin-releasing factor on growth, carcass composition, diet digestibility, nutrient balance, and plasma constituents in dairy calves. Lapierre, H.; Pelletier, G.; Petitclerc, D.; Dubreuil, P.; Morisset, J.; Gaudreau, P.; Couture, Y.; Brazeau, P.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 69 (2): p. 587-598; 1991 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cattle; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Feed intake; Digestibility; Growth rate; Feed conversion efficiency; Fat percentage; Insulin

Abstract: Sixty male dairy grain-fed calves, raised from 70 to 223 kg BW in individual crates, were used in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement to determine the effect of administration of human growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29)NH2 (GRF) and(or) thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF). Calves received twice-daily s.c. injections of .9% NaCl (control), GRF (5 microgram/kg BW), TRF (1 microgram/kg BW) or GRF (5 microgram/kg BW) plus TRF (1 microgram/kg BW, GTRF). Average daily gain and days on feed were not affected by treatments, but TRF treatment increased (P < .05) total intake of dry matter (DM) and feed conversion ratio: 3.00, 3.02, 3.08, and 3.22 kg DM/kg weight gain for control, GRF, TRF, and GTRF, respectively. During two 7-d periods, after 66 and 75 d of treatment, feces and urine were collected from 40 calves (5 per treatment per period). Treatment with GRF increased (P < .05) digestibility of DM, nitrogen (N), and energy and tended (P < .20) to increase N retention. At slaughter, withers height was increased (P = .05) by GRF and carcass length was increased (P < .05) by TRF. Pituitary and liver weights were increased (P < .05) by TRF. The combination of GRF and TRF slightly increased (P < .10) protein content and decreased (P < .05) fat content of the 9-10-11th rib section. After d 1, GRF treatment chronically increased (P < .05) insulin concentrations and also increased (P < .10) IGF-I concentrations on d 29 and 57. In summary, chronic treatment with GRF and(or) TRF did not improve growth or efficiency, although GRF increased digestibility of DM, N, and energy and the GRF plus TRF combination resulted in slightly leaner carcasses.

87 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Effect of long-term administration of human growth hormone-releasing factor and (or) thyrotropin-releasing factor on hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows.
Lacasse, P.; Petitclerc, D.; Pelletier, G.; Delorme, L.; Morisset, J.;Ô Auburn, Ala. : Domendo, Inc; 1991 Jan.
Domestic animal endocrinology. p. 99-108; 1991 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Hypothalamic releasing hormones; Thyrotropin releasing hormone

88 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Effect of long-term administration of human growth hormone-releasing factor and(or) thyrotropin-releasing factor on milk production, insulin-like growth factor-I and plasma constituents in dairy cows. Lacasse, P.; Petitclerc, D.; Pelletier, G.; Couture, Y.; Morisset, J.; Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Sep. Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 707-715; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Milk production; Insulin-like growth factor; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Milk composition; Liveweight gain; Blood composition; Long term experiments

89 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of long-term bovine somatotropin (sometribove) treatment on nitrogen (protein) distribution in Jersey milk.
Kindstedt, P.S.; Pell, A.N.; Rippe, J.K.; Tsang, D.S.; Hartnell, G.F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (1): p. 72-80; 1991 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk composition; Protein content; Casein; Whey protein; Nonprotein nitrogen; Milk yield; Cheesemaking

Abstract: Twenty-six Jersey cows were assigned randomly to one of two treatments. Twelve cows received biweekly subcutaneous injection of 500 mg of sometribove, USAN (recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin), beginning 60 plus or minus 3 d postpartum and continuing throughout one lactation. Fourteen control animals received injections of placebo carrier. Milk samples were taken biweekly on weeks alternate to injection when differences in milkÔ samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, noncasein nitrogen, and non-protein nitrogen. The average SCC for control and treatment groups was 44,000 plus or minus 47,000 and 56,000 plus or minus 65,000. Milk from sometribove-treated cows was significantly lower in total protein (3.92, 4.12%), true protein (3.74, 3.95%), and casein (3.11, 3.34%) than that from control cows on d 8 of the 14 d injection cycle. Casein as a percentage of true protein was lower (83.38, 84.52%), and non-protein nitrogen as a percentage of total nitrogen was higher (4.61, 4.26%) in milk from treated cows. The theoretical yield of Cheddar cheese was ca. .07% less for milk from treated cows that from control cows due to ca. 1% less casein as a percentage of true protein in the former. The differences in nitrogen distribution represent the response during the middle of the injection cycle when milk output was the highest and milk protein the lowest rather than the average response for the injection cycle. The results of the study indicate minimal impact on the cheese manufacturer because in practice milk is commingled from many dairies. The observed changes in the milk nitrogen distribution can not be attributed to the effects of negative energy or protein balance of the cows.

90 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 The effect of manipulation in energy allowance during the rearing period of heifers on hormone concentrations and milk production in first lactation cows. Peri, I.; Gertler, A.; Bruckental, I.; Barash, H. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (3): p. 742-751; 1993 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation number; Plane of nutrition; Restricted feeding; Unrestricted feeding; Milk yield; Puberty; Age; Growth factors; Blood serum; Prolactin; Hormone secretion; Liveweight gain; Energy intake; Growth; Body weight

Abstract: Fifteen Holstein heifers that were 175 +/- 4.0 d old and at BW of 175 +/- 4.9 kg were used to determine the effect of three feeding regimens from 6 to 12 mo of age on growth, blood concentration of several hormones, and milk production during first lactation. The feeding regimens consisted of two periods, the first lasting for 4 mo and the other for the subsequent 2 mo. For group A (restricted) heifers, the diet during period I was restricted to 85% of NRC (1988) recommendations (a daily BW gain of .7 kg); during period 2, a high energy, high protein diet was provided for ad libitum intake. Group B (control) heifers received a diet that corresponded to 100 and 90% of the NRC (1988) recommendations in periods 1 and 2, respectively. Group C (ad libitum) intake heifers received a high energy, high protein diet throughout bothÔ .625, .768, and 1.100 kg for period 1 and 1.162, .705, and .797 kg for period 2. The different feeding regimens influenced the age at which the heifers achieved puberty but did not affect BW at puberty. Milk production during 250 d of lactation was 7056, 6070, and 5975 kg for groups A, B, and C, respectively. A statistical model that included serum-derived mitogenic activity and serum prolactin of period 2 accounted for 63% of the difference in milk production at first lactation.

91 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823 Effect of methionyl bovine somatotropin in a prolonged-release vehicle on milk production, hormone profiles and health in dairy cows. Skarda, J.; Markalous, E.; Slaba, J.; Krejci, P.; Skardova, O.; Zednik, J. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1992 Nov. Journal of dairy research v. 59 (4): p. 499-506; 1992 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Czechoslovakia; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Milk yield; Bovine mastitis; Animal health

92 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Effect of plane of nutrition between 6 and 16 months of age on body composition, plasma hormone concentrations and first-lactation milk production in Holstein heifers.
Stelwagen, K.; Grieve, D.G.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Jun. Canadian journal of animal science v. 72 (2): p. 337-346; 1992 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Dairy cattle; Plane of nutrition; Body composition; Somatotropin; Insulin; Blood plasma; Milk production; Milk composition

93 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of prepartum administration of growth hormone-releasing factor on somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor I, milk production, and postpartum return to ovarian activity in primiparous beef heifers. Simpson, R.B.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May. Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1478-1487; 1992 May. IncludesÔ

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cows; Bred heifers; Somatoliberin; Synthetic hormones; Blood serum; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Milk yield; Body weight; Postpartum interval; Estrous cycle; Hormone secretion

Abstract: Forty-one primiparous beef heifers were used over 2 yr to evaluate the effect of prepartum administration of a growth hormone-releasing factor analog (GRF-A) or growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF(1-29)-NH2) on somatotropin (ST), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), milk production, heifer BW, and postpartum (PP) return to ovarian activity. Beginning on d -11 +/- 1 from parturition, heifers were administered (s.c.) GRF-S ([desNH2-Tyr1,D-Ala2,Ala15]GRF(1-29)-NH2, 2.5 mg/kg; Yr 1) or GRF(1-29)-NH2 (12.5 mg/kg; Yr 2) (GRF; n = 17) or vehicle (CON; n = 24) for seven consecutive days. Blood samples were collected at 20-min intervals from -60 to 300 min from the first and fourth injections. Samples were also collected at 20-min intervals for 6 h on d 25 and 69 +/- 1 PP. Area under the curve of ST (nonograms minute-1 milliliter-1) was greater (P < .01) in GRF than in CON heifers (9, 671 +/- 677 vs 2,611 +/- 237). Increases in ST after GRF-A or GRF(1-29)-NH2 were similar. On d 25 +/- 1 PP, frequency of ST release (pulses per 6 h) was greater (P < .01) in CON (3.3 +/- .2) than in GRF (2.1 +/- .2) heifers. Milk production was similar (P < .1) for the two treatments. Heifer BW loss from d -16 to 81 after parturition was greater (P < .01) in GRF (88 +/- 5) than in CON (68 +/- 5) heifers. Postpartum return to ovarian activity (progesterone > 1 ng/mL for two consecutive weeks) was delayed (P < .05) in GRF (97 +/- 14) vs CON (71 +/- 8) heifers. After accounting for variation due to treatment and year, a negative (P < .02) correlation (r = -.39) was detected between concentrations of IGF-I during the first 30 d PP and PP interval to ovarian activity. These results indicate that prepartum administration of GRF altered the release pattern of ST after parturition and was associated with greater PP BW loss and delayed PP return to ovarian activity in heifers.

94 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of prepartum bovine somatotropin in primigravid ewes on mammogenesis, milk production, and hormone concentrations. Stelwagen, K.; Grieve, D.G.; Walton, J.S.; Ball, J.L.; McBride, B.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 992-1001; 1993 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English
Ô
Cells; Gestation period; Tissue proliferation; Insulin-like growth factor; Dna replication; Blood plasma; Ewe lactation

Abstract: Twenty-five primigravid ewes were used to investigate the effect of bST, between 97 and 124 d of gestation, on mammogenesis and subsequent milk production. Five ewes (reference group) were slaughtered at 96 d of gestation, and the remaining ewes were injected daily with saline (control group: n = 10) or .1 mg/kg of BW of bST (bST group: n = 10). Following bST treatment, 5 control and 5 bST group ewes were slaughtered (slaughter group). The remaining ewes were slaughtered after lambing and being milked for 8 wk (production group). Weekly blood samples were obtained from both slaughter and production group ewes. Slaughter group ewes were also subjected to 8-h serial blood sampling at 98 d (period 1) and 123 d (period 2) of gestation. Milk production was 42% higher in ewes treated prepartum with bST than in those treated with saline. Results suggest that the increase in milk was due to an increase in mammary parenchymal cell number rather than to an increase in cellular activity. The high rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into parenchymal tissue in reference group ewes suggests that the increase in parenchyma during the second trimester of gestation is due to cellular hyperplasia but that cellular hypertrophy may be more important during the last trimester. Plasma IGF-I concentrations were significantly higher during bST treatment and remained elevated between daily injections; the increase was greatest in period 2.

95 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 The effect of protein degradability on milk composition and production of early lactation, somatotropin-injected cows. Winsryg, M.D.; Arambel, M.J.; Walters, J.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 May. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (5): p. 1648-1653; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Protein degradation; Rumen digestion; Milk yield; Protein digestibility; Milk composition; Milk protein; Animal protein concentrates

Abstract: Twenty multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation that received 500 mg bST injected every 2 wk were assigned to one of two treatments to examine the influence of diets that varied in degradability of protein. Effects of degradability were determined on milk production and components and on nutrient digestibility. Treatments consisted of a basal ration (control) containing soybean meal as its primary degradable protein source and a ration (treatment) containing corn gluten and meat and bone meals as the primaryÔ undegradability of protein sources did not influence DNI and BW. Milk yield, 3.5% FCM, and production efficiency of bST-treated cows were not affected by increased undegradable protein in the diet. Milk fat and SNF were not significantly increased by treatment. Lactose was significantly higher for the control diet (5.0 vs. 4.9%) but was not biologically significant. Increasing undegradability of protein significantly increased total protein in milk and casein percentage in milk protein (3.14 vs. 2.86% and 62.11 vs. 58.24%, respectively. Total tract digestibility of nutrients was unaffected by treatment; however, CP digestibility tended to be higher as undegradability increased (67.85 vs. 62.83%).

96 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 The effect of recombinant bovine somatotrophin on ovarian follicular growth and development in heifers.
Gong, J.G.; Bramley, T.A.; Webb, R.
Colchester : The Journal; 1993 Jan.
Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 97 (1): p. 247-254; 1993 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Insulin; Follicles; Ovaries; Growth; Biological development; Estrous cycle; Ultrasound

97 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on estradiol-induced estrous behavior in ovariectomized heifers.
Lefebvre, D.M.; Block, E.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (6): p. 1461-1464; 1992 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Ovariectomized females; Somatotropin; Sexual behavior; Blood plasma; Insulin; Insulin-like growth factor; Fatty acids; Estrogens; Estrus

Abstract: To evaluate whether bST administration could affect the intensity of estrous behavior in the absence of the ovary, 17 ovariectomized heifers were assigned to receive a placebo or 500 mg/14 d of recombinant bST and were induced to display behavioral estrus by administration of 2 mg of estradiol cypionate. Estrous behavior was monitored for the following 60 h with aÔ quantified. Blood samples were collected before and after bST administration. Administration of bST numerically elevated plasma insulin and NEFA and caused a significant increase in concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I in plasma. Heifers that received BST started to display estrous behavior later (24.5 +/- 1.1 and 21.9 +/- 1.1 h after estradiol administration for bST and placebo treatments, respectively), displayed estrous behavior of shorter duration (bST, 13.2 +/- 1.2 vs. placebo, 15.8 +/- 1.1 h), and instigated fewer mounting events (bST, 45.5 +/- 5.9 vs. placebo, 62.6 +/- 5.7 mounts) than control heifers, although only the number of mounting events was significantly different between the two groups.

98 NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 The effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on ovarian function in heifers: follicular populations and peripheral hormones. Gong, J.G.; Bramley, T.; Webb, R.
Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1991 Dec. Biology of reproduction v. 45 (6): p. 941-949; 1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Graafian follicles; Somatotropin; Ovulation rate; Insulin-like growth factor; Fsh; Lh; Estradiol; Progesterone; Blood sampling

Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the possible effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (BST) on ovarian folliculogenesis and ovulation rate. Twelve Hereford X Friesian heifers received daily injections of either 25 mg BST (6 heifers) or vehicle (6 heifers) for a period of two estrous cycles until slaughter. Blood samples were collected three times a week for measurements of peripheral growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone. Serial blood samples were also taken every 10 min for 8 h on Days 12 and 19 of the second estrous cycle to monitor GH, IGF-I, FSH, and LH profiles. At the end of treatment (Day 7 of the third estrous cycle), the heifers were killed and their ovaries were collected. Ovulation rate was determined by counting the number of fresh corpora lutea (CL). All antral follicles greater than or equal to 2 mm in diameter were dissected to assess antral follicle populations. Granulosa and thecal cells from the three largest follicles and CL from each heifer were collected for FSH and LH binding measurements. All heifers had a single ovulation. The treated heifers had significantly more antral follicles (60.2 +/- 6.7) than did the animals in the control group (33.2 +/- 3.2) (p < 0.001). When follicles were grouped according to diameter, the mean numbers of follicles >10 mm, 5-10 mm, and 2-5 mm in diameter were 0.8 +/- 0.2, 6.8 +/- 1.4, and 52.5 +/- 6.5 for the treated group, and 0.8 +/- 0.2, 6.5 +/- 1.0, and 25.8 +/- 2.7 for controls. The treated group had significantly higherÔ 0.01), but there were no significant differences in peripheral estradiol and progesterone concentrations (p > 0.05). FSH and LH concentrations throughout the treatment period and LH pulse frequency and pulse amplitude during the mid-luteal and follicular phases of the estrous cycle also showed no significant differences between the two gro

99 NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the superovulatory response to pregnant mare serum gonadotropin in heifers. Gong, J.G.; Bramley, T.A.; Wilmut, I.; Webb, R. Madison : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1993 May. Biology of reproduction v. 48 (5): p. 1141-1149; 1993 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Somatotropin; Superovulation; Pmsg

Abstract: Treatment of mature heifers with recombinant bovine somatotropin (BST) increases the number of ovarian follicles of 2-5 mm in diameter. This study was carried out to investigate whether the increase in the number of small follicles induced by BST treatment can enhance the superovulatory response. In the first experiment, 24 heifers were assigned, in a randomized block design, to four treatment groups: 1) control; 2) BST; 3) pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG); 4) BST + PMSG. On Day 7 of the estrous cycle, animals in groups 2 and 4 received injections of 320 mg BST (in a sustained release formulation), while heifers in groups 1 and 3 received 10 ml saline. Five days later heifers in groups 3 and 4 were treated with a single dose of 2000 IU PMSG to induce superovulation. Embryos were recovered nonsurgically on Days 6-8 of the following cycle, and all heifers underwent laparoscopy on Day 9 to assess ovulation rate. In a second experiment, 24 heifers were assigned randomly to four treatment groups: 1) PMSG (1000 IU); 2) BST (320 mg) + PMSG (1000 IU); 3) PMSG (2000 IU); 4) BST (320 mg) + PMSG (2000 IU), and then treated as for experiment I. In both experiments, all heifers were scanned daily using real-time ultrasound from the day before BST injection until the day of ovulation to monitor dynamics of ovarian follicular growth and development, and blood samples were collected daily throughout the experimental period for measurement of peripheral progesterone, estradiol-17 beta, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). In the first experiment, ovulation rate was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in group 4 (23.2 +/- 3.4) than in group 3 (12.5 +/- 4.1), while it was not different between group 1 (1.0 +/- 0.0) and group 2 (1.0 +/- 0.0). Three heifers from group 3 and 1 from group 4 had a poor response (defined as less than or equal to 3 ovulations and/or development of either follicular cysts or cysticÔ 0.01) in group 4 (7.4 +/- 1.6) when compared to group 3 (3.8 +/- 1.2), while the number of transferable eggs did not differ. In the second experiment, ovulation rates for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 2.5 +/- 0.6, 4.5 +/- 0.7, 10.6 +/- 2.7, and 17.2 +/- 2.8, respectively (p < 0.01). All BST-treated heifers showed a good response to PMSG, while 4 heifers from groups 1 and 3 had a poor response. Numbers of eggs collected for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 1.3 +/- 0.3, 2.1 +/- 0.4, 4.1 +/- 1.3, and 7.1 +/- 1.4, respectively; and numbers of transferable eggs were 1.3 +/- 0.3, 2.1 +/- 0.4, 2.9 +/- 1.0, and 3.6 +/- 1.1, respectively. In both experiments, after BST treatment heifers had significantly higher peripheral GH and IGF-I concentrations and numbers of small follicles. Peripheral concentrations of estradiol-17 beta after PMSG injection, progesterone concentrations from Day 2 of the estrous cycle after superovulation until the end of the experiment, and pop

100 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Effect of recombinantly-derived bovine somatotropin on reproductive performance of dairy cattle.
Cole, W.J.; Madsen, K.S.; Hintz, R.L.; Collier, R.J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct. Theriogenology v. 36 (4): p. 573-595; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Reproductive performance; Milk production; Pregnancy rate; Conception rate; Fetal death

Abstract: Data from 814 cows involved in five separate full lactation studies were used to assess the effect of recombinantly-derived methionyl bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on reproductive performance. Data were separated by parity (first and second or greater), route of administration (intramuscular: i.m. or subcutaneous: s.c.), length of breeding period (number of days in milk), and level of production (high vs low) Through 305 days in milk, pregnancy rates were reduced 18% in primiparous, sometribove-treated (i.m.) cows but were not significantly affected in multiparous cows. No differences were noted in either parity group when sometribove was administered subcutaneously. The level of production was more often found to be a significant factor affecting reproductive parameters than was sometribove administration. In general, length of the breeding period and level of milk production had a greater influence on reproductive performance than treatment with sometribove.

101 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of season, genetic line, and sire on growth concentrations ofÔ Beerepoot, G.M.M.; Freeman, A.E.; Detilleux, J.C. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (9): p. 3202-3208; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Selection responses; Milk yield; Somatotropin; Predicted difference; Sires; Blood serum; Heritability; Line differences; Linear models

Abstract: To determine the effect of selection for milk yield on somatotropin concentrations, blood samples were collected from 128 Holstein cows whose sires had either high or average predicted differences for milk The phenotypic difference in milk yield between the high and average yielding groups was 1726 kg on a 305-d mature equivalent basis. At 37 +/- 7 d postpartum, four blood samples were taken from each cow at 1-h intervals beginning 0800 h. The statistical model contained genetic line, sires within line, and season as whole-plot effects and time of sampling as a subplot effect. The concentration of growth hormone was significantly higher in the high yielding group (1.89) than in the average yielding group (1.49). Cows sampled in summer had die highest concentrations of growth hormone, whereas cows sampled in spring had the lowest concentrations. Sires did not significantly influence the somatotropin concentration of their progeny. In a second analysis with seven extreme outliers (peak values) deleted, the variation of somatotropin concentrations in the cows was significantly accounted for by their sires. Repeatability of somatotropin concentration was .49 within cows.

102 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 B773 Effect of somatotropin administration and duodenal infusion of methionine and lysine on lactational performance and nutrient flow to the small intestine. Aldrich, J.M.; Muller, L.D.; Varga, G.A. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1993 Jan. The British journal of nutrition v. 69 (1): p. 49-58; 1993 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk production; Methionine; Lysine; Somatotropin; Infusion; Duodenum; Milk yield; Milk composition; Milk fat; Milk protein; Blood plasma; Essential amino acids; Urea nitrates; Nutrient transport; Cows

Abstract: Lack of sufficient methionine and lysine delivered post-ruminally may limit milk production response to bovine somatotropin (bST). To test thisÔ used in a 4 X 4 Latin square design with 14 d periods. Treatments were: (1) control, (2) continuous duodenal infusion of 8 g methionine and 24 g lysine/d. (3) injection of 25 mg bST/d and (4) infusion of methionine and lysine plus injection of bST. Infusion of amino acids led to trends for small increases in milk (3%), fat (5.5%), and protein (3.7%) yield. Larger and significant increases (8.7, 14 and 6.9% for milk, fat and protein yield respectively) were achieved with bST administration which also increased milk fat content. Plasma levels of urea-N and essential amino acids were reduced with bST. Duodenal nutrient flow was generally unaffected by treatment. The production response to bST was not enhanced in cows producing an average of 34 kg milk when provided additional methionine and lysine post-ruminally in this short-term study.

103 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Effect of somatotropin and protein supplement on thyroid function of dairy cattle.
McClean, C.; Laarveld, B.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Dec. Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 1053-1061; 1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Somatotropin; Protein supplements; Thyroid function; Rapeseed oilmeal; Thyroid antagonists; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine; Milk production; Milk composition; Iodide; Thiocyanates

104 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of sometribove on rumen fermentation, rate of passage, digestibility, and milk production responses in dairy cows. Winsryg, M.D.; Arambel, M.J.; Kent, B.A.; Walters, J.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3518-3523; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Rumen fermentation; Digesta; Transit time; Milk yield; Ph; Duodenum; Rumen microorganisms; Digestibility

Abstract: Six ruminally and duodenally fistulated Holstein cows 60 d postpartum were assigned randomly to each of two treatments in a single reversal design. Treatments consisted of placebo or 25 mg of sometribove (bST)Ô maintained for 6 wk with a 3-wk adjustment between treatment periods. All cows received a TMR consisting of 16% CP and 1.67 Mcal of NEL/kg of DM. Influence of bST on rumen fermentation characteristics, digesta rate of passage, apparent nutrient digestibility, and milk production was evaluated. Milk yield of treated animals was 4.0 kg/d higher than controls. The 3.5% FCM and milk production efficiency (3.5% FCM/DMI) were significantly higher in treated animals than in controls (29.0 vs. 25.4 kg/d and 1.38 vs. 1.21 kg/kg, respectively). Percentage of rumen cellulolytic bacteria (of total viable bacteria) was not significantly different for bST-treated animals (6.4 vs. 3.4%). Total number of rumen protozoa tended to be higher (7.25 vs. 6.55 X 10(3)/ml) in bST-treated animals. Ruminal percentages of CP, NH3 N, alpha-amino N, VFA, and pH were unaffected by treatment. Sometribove treatment did not significantly affect liquid dilution or solids turnover rates. Percentages of CP, alpha-amino N, and NH3 N content in duodenal samples were unaffected by treatment. Total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients and mean daily DMI were unaffected treatment.

105 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of somidobove sustained release administration on the lactation performance of dairy cows.
McGuffey, R.K.; Basson, R.P.; Snyder, D.L.; Block, E.; Harrison, J.H.; Rakes, A.H.; Emery, R.S.; Muller, L.D.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1263-1276; 1991 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Lactation stage; Dosage effects; Milk composition; Body condition; Calving interval; Feed conversion; Controlled release

Abstract: Lactation performance was determined on 190 multiparous Holsteins from five herds supplemented with 0, 320, 640, or 960 mg of somidobove every 28 d. The experiment consisted of 21 d of pretreatment and treatment periods of various lengths, depending upon stage of lactation of animals at first administration. Somidobove beginning in early (28 to 45 d in milk), mid (111 to 166 d in milk), or late (166 to 334 d in milk) stages of lactation consisted of 9, 6, or 3 administrations. Milk and 3.5% FCM yields were increased by each dose of somidobove in all stages. Milk composition and dry matter and energy intakes were similar among treatments within stage. Milk to DMI ratio and milk energy to net energy intake ratio were improved by somidobove. Gain was positive for all treatments, but less in cows. Lower body weight and condition score at the completion of somidobove treatment resulted.Ô however, total number of inseminations for cows receiving somidobove was twofold greater than control, resulting in a longer calving interval. Results demonstrated efficacy of somidobove administered every 28 d to lactating dairy cattle for increased milk yield.

106 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect on production traits of bovine somatotropin for up to three consecutive lactations.
Gibson, J.P.; McBride, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Politis, I.; Zhao, X. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (3): p. 837-846; 1992 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Feed intake; Dry matter; Energy intake; Feed conversion; Body weight; Lactation stage

Abstract: Thirteen (control) cows were injected daily with saline and 22 with bST (12 at 10.3 mg/d and 10 at 20.6 mg/d) through wk 5 to 42 of lactation. Nine of the treated cows had received bST in the previous lactation, and 7 cows received bST in the previous two lactations. All control cows and 6 treated cows had not previously received bST. Treatment with bST caused substantial increases in milk production, feed intake, and efficiency of feed conversion in the current lactation, which is consistent with previous trials. Increases in feed intake were established fully within 9 wk of starting bST administration, somewhat earlier than usually reported. Treatment with bST in one or two previous lactations caused a statistically significant 14% reduction in production and 8% reduction in efficiency of feed conversion during the first 9 wk of bST treatment in the current lactation; reductions observed later in lactation were not statistically significant. Differences for other traits were not statistically significant. In combination with earlier trials, these results suggest that, although bST has beneficial effects on production and efficiency traits, these benefits may be considerably lower in the second and subsequent lactations of bST use. However, carry-over effects on cows not receiving bST in the current lactation were not explored in this trial.

107 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue and an estradiol-trenbolone acetate implant on somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor I, and metabolite profiles in growing Hereford steers.Ô Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May. Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1439-1448; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Blood plasma; Somatoliberin; Estradiol; Trenbolone; Body weight; Urea; Blood sugar; Liveweight gain

Abstract: Hereford steers (290 +/- 6 kg of BW were implanted (n = 4) with 140 mg of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and 23 mg of estradiol-17beta (E2beta) or nonimplanted (controls, n = 4). In Trial 1, effects of a single i.v. injection of 0, 20, 40, or 80 mg of a growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29 NH2) analogue (GRFa) on release of endogenous somatotropin (ST) were evaluated in a double 4 x 4 Latin square design. Plasma samples (n = 21) were obtained from -20 to 240 min after GRFa injection. Area under the ST response curve (AUC) increased (P = .009) in a dose-dependent manner ).2, 2.6, 3.6, 4.3 mg min-1 mL-1, respectively). Mean ST concentration was not affected (P = .238) by implant but AUC was greater (P = .009) in implanted than in control steers. There was no interaction (P = .460) between dose of GRFa and presence of implant. In Trial 2, 80 mg of GRFa was administered at 12-h intervals to the same eight steers. Response of ST (AUC) to the first and last (13th) i.v. injection of GRFa was similar and not affected by implant. Before GRFa administration, plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations were greater (P = .039) in implanted than in control steers (272 vs 164 ng/mL). Administration of GRFa increased plasma IGF-I (P = .0001), decreased plasma urea N (PUN) (P = .447) in both control and implanted steers. Data indicate that effects of GRFa and TBA/E2beta on plasma IGF-I and PUN concentrations were additive in this study.

108 NAL Call. No.: 381 J824 Effects of a leucine analog on growth hormone processing and secretion by cultured cells.
McAndrew, S.J.; Chen, N.Y.; Kelder, B.; Cioffi, J.A.; Kopchick, J.J. Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; 1991 Aug15.
The Journal of biological chemistry v. 266 (23): p. 15016-15020; 1991 Aug15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Leucine; Amino acid derivatives; Hydrophobicity; Amino acid sequences; Translation; In vitro; CattleÔ signal peptides that direct the hormone to the secretory pathway and are proteolytically cleaved prior to secretion. Previous in vitro translation studies indicated that incorporation of the polar leucine analog beta-hydroxyleucine into de novo synthesized polypeptides inhibits signal peptide function. To test the effects of this analog on GH secretion by cultured animal cells, transfections of mouse L-cells with a bGH expression plasmid or metabolic labeling of endogenous rGH in anterior pituitary cells was performed in the absence or presence of beta-hydroxyleucine. Transient expression of bGH in mouse L-cells or endogenous expression of rGH in anterior pituitary cells resulted in an accumulation of GH in the culture medium. Treatment with beta-hydroxyleucine resulted in a block in secretion as evidenced by an accumulation of GHs within these cells. Amino-terminal sequencing of the intracellular form of the analog-substituted GHs demonstrated accurate signal peptide cleavage. In contrast, in vitro translations of bGH RNA performed in the presence of beta-hydroxyleucine and microsomal membranes resulted in the inhibition of signal peptide cleavage. The results suggest that beta-hydroxyleucine can uncouple signal peptide processing and protein secretion in cultured cells.

109 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of a prolonged-release formulation of sometribove (n-methionyl bovine somatotropin) on Jersey cows.
Pell, A.N.; Tsang, D.S.; Howlett, B.A.; Huyler, M.T.; Meserole, V.K.; Samuels, W.A.; Hartnell, G.F.; Hintz, R.L.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (12): p. 3416-3431; 1992 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Injection; Frequency; Milk yield; Milk composition; Lactation curve; Bovine mastitis; Milk quality; Animal health; Body condition; Feed intake; Dry matter; Energy balance; Body weight; Feed conversion; Lesions; Female fertility

Abstract: Milk production, feed efficiency, health, and reproduction were evaluated in 46 Jersey cows that received either 500 mg of sometribove (n-methionyl bST) in a prolonged-release formulation or an equivalent volume of excipient biweekly beginning at 60 +/- 3 DIM. Cows were fed a TMR for ad libitum intake and were milked twice daily. Treatment with sometribove increased 3.5% FCM production 5.3 kg/d (31.4%) over controls. Milk composition was not changed, except that milk P content averaged 51 ppm higher in bST-treated cows. Net energy intake was 4.8 Mcal/d (22.9%) higher in the bST-treated cows than in the controls. General health of all cows was goodÔ than did the control cows. The bST treatment produced localized reactions at the site of injection in some cows, but these reactions did not affect milk production. Sometribove treatment had no effect on reproductive performance; 85% of the treated and 100% of the control cows calved successfully. Treatment with bST for a full lactation did not affect Performance during the initial 60 d of the subsequent lactation.

110 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Effects of a somatotropin challenge on serum IGF-I concentrations and short-term milk production response in dairy cows. Kerr, D.E.; Laarveld, B.; Chaplin, R.K.; Manns, J.G. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Sep. Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 683-693; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Blood serum; Milk production; Fatty acids; Diurnal variation

111 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of acute thermal stress and amount of feed intake on concentrations of somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II, and thyroid hormones in plasma of lactating Holstein cows. McGuire, M.A.; Beede, D.K.; Collier, R.J.; Buonomo, F.C.; DeLorenzo, M.A.; Wilcox, C.J.; Huntington, G.B.; Reynolds, C.K. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 May. Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 2050-2056; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Feed intake; Insulin-like growth factor; Body temperature; Blood plasma; Somatotropin; Thyroid hormones; Restricted feeding; Environmental temperature

Abstract: Our objective was to evaluate effects of acute thermal stress, independent of reduced feed intake caused by elevated temperatures, and of reduced feed intake in thermal comfort on plasma concentrations of somatotropin, insulin-like growth factors I and II, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine. Six Holstein cows (averaging 475 +/- 18 kg BW, 2.3 +/-.3 parities, and 96 +/- 12 d in lactation) surgically fitted with catheters in the hepatic portal vein, mesenteric vein, and intercostalis posterior arteryÔ restricted (75% of ad libitum) DM intake and a thermal stress environment with ad libitum intake in two balanced 3 X 3 Latin squares. Thermal stress increased rectal temperatures and respiration rates. Dry matter intake of the thermal-stressed cows offered feed ad libitum (11.1 +/- .7 kg/d) was similar to the experimentally imposed reduction in DM intake of the thermal comfort restricted group (11.5 +/- .7 kg/d). Dry matter intake of cows in thermal comfort was 15.1 +/- .7 kg/d. Plasma somatotropin concentrations tended (P < .08) to decrease daring thermal stress but were unchanged by amount of feed intake in thermal comfort environments. Concentrations of IGF-I were not affected by treatments. Concentrations of IGF-II tended (P < .14) to increase with thermal stress compared with thermal comfort treatments. Thyroxine concentrations tended (P < .15) to increase in the thermal stress treatment compared with the thermal comfort restricted intake treatment. Triiodothyronine tended (P < .11) to decrease with restriction in feed intake in the thermal comfort environment. Overall, effects of nutrition and thermal stress did not markedly alter concentrations of metabolic hormones in lactating dairy cows.

112 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Effects of administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the response of lactating and nonlactating cows to heat stress. Cole, J.A.; Hansen, P.J.
Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203 (1): p. 113-117; 1993 Jul01. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Heat stress; Solar radiation; Lactating females; Dry period; Milk yield

113 NAL Call. No.: 100 OK4 (3) Effects of bovine somatotropin on ovarian function in cattle. Spicer, L.J.; Langhout, D.J.
Stillwater, Okla. : The Station; 1991 Jun. Miscellaneous publication - Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University (134): p. 31-34; 1991 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Ovaries; Functional responses; Somatotropin

Ô
Effects of bovine somatotropin on physiologic responses of lactating Holstein and Jersey cows during hot, humid weather. West, J.W.; Mullinix, B.G.; Sandifer, T.G. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 840-851; 1991 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Weather; Humidity; Heat production; Heat stress; Milk; Temperature; Blood chemistry; Fatty acids

Abstract: Thirty-one lactating Holstein and Jersey cows were used to determine the effects of daily injections of 0 or 20 mg of recombinant bST on physiologic responses during hot, humid weather. Body temperature was determined by measuring milk temperature at each milking. Jugular blood was sampled for serum analysis of selected hormones, blood metabolites, and fatty acids, and arterial blood was sampled for blood pH and blood gas analysis. Milk was characterized for fatty acid composition. Blood pH was unchanged, but partial pressure of blood CO2, blood bicarbonate, base excess, and total CO2 declined with administration of bST. Serum triglycerides increased 89% in cows receiving bST. Blood urea nitrogen tended to decline in cows receiving bST. Serum cortisol, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine did not change, but insulin-like growth factor-1 increased 128% with bST use. Reduced milk short-chain fatty acids, increased milk long-chain fatty acids, and increased blood serum C18:1 fatty acid content occurred in cows administered bST and probably reflected tissue mobilization. Cows administered bST in hot weather had higher milk temperatures. Alterations in physiologic and metabolic measures in association with higher milk temperature, suggest an interaction of bST use with hot, humid weather and reflect the need to minimize the effects of heat stress.

115 NAL Call. No.: QP141.A1A63 Effects of exogenous bovine somatotropin on lactation. Bauman, D.E.; Vernon, R.G.
Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews Inc., c1981-; 1993. Annual review of nutrition v. 13: p. 437-461; 1993. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Mode of action

116 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822Ô recombinant bovine somatotropin.
Gibson, J.P.; Meulen, M. van der; McBride, B.W.; Burton, J.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (3): p. 875-884; 1992 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk yield; Breeding value; Somatotropin; Phenotypic correlation; Dosage effects; Genetic differences; Regression analysis

Abstract: Evidence was sought for an interaction between both phenotypic and genetic production potential and response of milk production to administration of bST in three trials of 38, 43, and 35 cows. In each trial, bST was administered in doses of 0, 10.3, 20.6, and, in trial 1 only, 41.2 mg/d for 38 wk from wk 4 of lactation. Data were analyzed for each experiment separately and combined across experiments. Analyses included separate regressions for treated and untreated animals for milk production during the production period on pretreatment production and estimated breeding value for milk production. Breeding value was estimated as the sire's estimated transmitting ability plus one-half of the maternal grandsire's estimated transmitting ability. With the exception of regression on estimated breeding value in trial 1 and in combined data, differences between treated and untreated animals in the regression of milk production on pretreatment milk production or on estimates of breeding value were not statistically significant. However, regressions on pretreatment production were substantially lower for treated than for untreated animals in each of the three trials. Regressions on breeding value estimated from sire and maternal grandsire estimated transmitting abilities were substantially, but not significantly, lower for untreated than for treated animals in all three trials. The results suggest that cows with high production potential for nongenetic reasons may show diminished response to bST, whereas cows with genetically high production potential show enhanced response. However, borderline statistical significance argues for considerable further examination before drawing firm conclusions.

117 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor and feed intake on energy metabolism in growing beef steers: net hormone metabolism by portal-drained viscera and liver.
Lapierre, H.; Reynolds, C.K.; Elsasser, T.H.; Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P.; Tyrrell, H.F.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 70 (3): p. 742-751; 1992 Mar. Includes references.Ô

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Somatoliberin; Insulin-like growth factor; Feed intake; Somatotropin; Insulin; Glucagon; Intestines; Blood plasma; Hormone secretion; Energy metabolism

Abstract: Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and intake on arterial concentrations and net visceral metabolism of hormones were measured in six growing Hereford X Angus steers using a split-plot design with 4-wk injection periods within 8-wk intake periods. Steers were fed a 75% concentrate diet at two intakes and were injected s.c. twice daily with saline or GRF (10 microgram/kg of BW). Arterial concentrations of growth hormone (GH) were measured on d 1 and d 8 to 10 of injections. Eleven measurements, obtained at 30-min intervals, of arterial concentration and net flux of hormones across portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver were obtained on d 8 to 10 of injections (six hourly measurements were used for insulin-like growth factor-I [IGF-I] and somatostatin The area under the GH curve and average and peak GH concentrations were increased (P < .01) by GRF and were greater (P < .10) at low than at high intake. Liver removal of GH was not affected by GRF or intake. Arterial IGF-I concentration was increased (P < .05) by GRF and not affected by intake. Treatments did not affect IGF-I flux across the liver. Arterial insulin concentration was greater (P < .05) at high than at low intake, in part because of greater (P < .01) PDV release. Increased (P < .10) arterial insulin concentration in GRF-treated steers was not attributable to significant changes in PDV or liver net flux. Arterial glucagon concentration was greater (P < .01) at high than at low intake, in part because of greater (P < .05) PDV glucagon release and decreased (P < .10) liver extraction ratio. Effects of intake on arterial concentration of insulin and glucagon were in part due to changes in visceral metabolism, but GRF did not affect PDV or liver hormone metabolism.

118 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor and feed intake on energy metabolism in growing beef steers: whole-body energy and nitrogen metabolism. Lapierre, H.; Tyrell, H.F.; Reynolds, C.K.; Elsasser, T.H.; Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 70 (3): p. 764-772; 1992 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Energy metabolism; Nitrogen retention; Somatoliberin; Feed intake; Energy cost of maintenance; Physiology Ô
metabolism in six growing Hereford X Angus steers were measured using a split-plot design with 4-wk injection periods within 8-wk intake periods. Steers were fed a 75% concentrate pelleted diet at two intakes (low: 50 g/BW.75 and high: 90 g/BW.75 as fed) and injected s.c. with saline or 10 microgram/kg of BW of human GRF(1-29)NH2 twice daily for 3 wk. Measurements of energy and N balance were obtained during wk 3 of treatments. Diet DM digestibility (%) was decreased by greater intake (P < .05) and increased by GRF (P < .06). Treatment with GRF increased (P < .01) N retention by decreasing (P < .05) fecal and urinary excretion: N retention averaged 10.0 and 20.8 g/d at low intake and 25.9 and 46.7 g/d at high intake for control and GRF-treated steers, respectively. Increased ME (P < .05) in GRF-treated steers also resulted from decreased fecal (P < .05) and urinary (P < .07) energy excretion but was countered by increased P < .06) heat energy (HE). Tissue energy (TE), partial efficiency of ME use for TE retention, and estimated maintenance energy were not affected (P > .10) by GRF treatment. In summary, GRF treatment altered the partition of TE by increasing protein retention (108 and 80% for low and high intake, respectively) at the expense of fat retention.

119 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor and feed intake on energy metabolism in growing portal-drained viscera and liver. Reynolds, C.K.; Lapierre, H.; Tyrrell, H.F.; Elsasser, T.H.; Staples, R.C.; Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 70 (3): p. 752-763; 1992 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Intestines; Blood flow; Somatoliberin; Liver; Feed intake; Nitrogen retention; Energy metabolism; Blood plasma; Nutrients

Abstract: Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and intake on net nutrient metabolism by portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver were measured in six growing Hereford X Angus steers fed a 75% concentrate diet at two intakes in a split-plot design with 4-wk saline or GRF injection periods within 8-wk intake periods. Daily rations were fed as 12 equal meals delivered every 2 h. Steers were injected s.c. for 21 d with either saline or 10 microgram/kg of (1-29)NH2 human GRF at 12-h intervals. Six hourly measurements of net nutrient flux (venous-arterial concentration different [VA] X blood flow) across PDV and liver were obtained 8 to 10 d after injections began. Energy and N balances were measured using respiration calorimetry during the last week ofÔ release or removal of most nutrients (P < .10). Exceptions included a decrease (P < .10) in net PDV glucose release with greater intake in saline-treated steers and a decrease (P < .01) in net liver removal of lactate with greater intake. Treatment of steers with GRF decreased net liver removal of alpha-ammonia N (AAN; P < .05) and ammonia N (NH3N; P < .10) and release of urea N (UN; P < .05), increased liver release of glutamate (P < .05), and decreased net PDV release of NH3 N (P < .10). Decreased liver extraction ratio for AAN in GRF-treated steers (P < .01) implies a direct effect of GRF treatment on liver metabolism separate from changes in liver AAN supply. Proportions of body N retention not accounted for by net total splanchnic AAN release increased with GRF treatment. This suggests a change in peripheral utilization of dietary AAN supply or an increase in total splanchnic N retention.

120 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 The effects of hormones, other pharmacological agents and nutrition on plasma triglycerides and carcass composition in lambs and steers. Payne, E.; Cope, B.C.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Aug. Animal production v. 53 (pt.1): p. 51-60; 1991 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Wethers; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Triacylglycerols; Fat metabolism; Fasting; Food intake; Clofibrate; Enzymes; Estradiol; Beef cattle; Trenbolone; Carcass composition

121 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, and gonadotropins on bovine granulosa cell proliferation, progesterone production, estradiol production, and(or) insulin-like growth factor I production in vitro. Spicer, L.J.; Alpizar, E.; Echternkamp, S.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 May. Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1232-1241; 1993 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Granulosa cells; Ovaries; Follicles; Tissue culture; Estradiol; Progesterone; Hormone secretion; Insulin-like growth factor; Messenger RNA; Cell division; Dosage effects; Fsh; Insulin; Liver cells; Steroidogenesis
Ô
of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), testosterone, and FSH on proliferation, progesterone production, and (or) estradiol production of bovine granulosa cells. In addition, existence of IGF-I mRNA in granulosa cells and in vitro IGF-I production by granulosa cells were assessed. Cells from small (1 to 5 mm) and large (> 8 mm) follicles were collected from cattle and cultured for either 3 or 4 d. When cells from small follicles were cultured, insulin (.1 to 10 micrograms/mL) and IGF-I (100 to 400 ng/mL) increased (P < .05) cell numbers compared with controls. Insulin alone or IGF-I alone increased (P < .05) progesterone production per cell by severalfold on d 4. In cells from both sizes of follicles, insulin (1 micrograms/mL), in the presence of FSH, increased estradiol production per cell. In contrast, IGF-I (100 ng/mL) inhibited estradiol production by cells from small follicles and stimulated estradiol production by cells from large follicles. Insulin-like growth factor II (100 ng/mL) and insulin at higher doses (> 5 micrograms/mL) had no effect on estradiol production by cells from small and large follicles. Granulosa cells contained four IGF-I mRNA transcripts and produced IGF-I in vitro. These results support the hypothesis that insulin and IGF-I may have direct local effects on bovine ovarian function, and that these effects are influenced by dose and size of follicle.

122 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of metoclopramide on steers fed Kochia scoparia hay. Rankins, D.L. Jr; Smith, G.S.; Hallford, D.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Sep. Journal of animal science v. 69 (9): p. 3699-3705; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Steers; Kochia scoparia; Hay; Poisoning; Antagonists; Digestibility; Nitrogen balance; Feed intake; Blood serum; Prolactin

Abstract: Kochia hay that had elicited mild toxicosis in sheep and cattle when fed for 21 d was fed to young, growing steers to evaluate the efficacy of metoclopramide for preventing kochia toxicosis. Twelve steers (271 +/- 39 kg) were given ad libitum access to Kochia hay for 38 d. Six steers were dosed orally with 15 mg of metoclopramide/kg of BW three times each week in gelatin capsules, and six steers received empty gelatin capsules. Steers were housed in individual outside pens for the first 28 d, then inside in metabolism stalls for the last 10 d. Kochia intake averaged 1.2 +/- .04 and 1.1 +/- .05% of BW throughout 38 d for kochia-fed control and kochia plus metoclopramide-dosed steers, respectively. During the last 10 d, metoclopramide had no effect (P > .15) on digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, or CP. However, metoclopramide reduced N retention (P < .01; 20 vs 8 g/d).Ô 12.4 to 1.5 ng/ml and from .53 to .23 ng/ml, respectively. Metoclopramide had no effect (P > .50) on prolactin or insulin in steers fed kochia hay. Serum growth hormone was not affected by kochia but was suppressed by metoclopramide in steers fed kochia hay (P < .07). Serum bilirubin (total and unconjugated) was elevated (P < .05), indicating early, mild hepatotoxicosis characteristic of kochia toxicosis. Kochia also increased serum concentrations of iron, total protein, albumin, globulin, and creatinine and decreased urea N (P < .05). Metoclopramide had no effects on serum constituents except to elevate albumin and decrease globulin. Early kochia toxicosis involved hyperbilirubinemia and hypoprolactinemia, but metoclopramide, a dopaminergic antagonist, showed no benefit for alleviating kochia toxicosis.

123 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Effects of pretreatment with adrenocorticotropin on endocrine and behavioral responses of bulls to sexual activity.
Borg, K.E.; Esbenshade, K.L.; Johnson, B.H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct. Theriogenology v. 36 (4): p. 607-618; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bulls; Hydrocortisone; Somatotropin; Testosterone; Corticotropin; Sexual behavior; Hormone secretion

Abstract: Peripheral concentrations of cortisol, growth hormone and testosterone were determined in two experiments which examined the endocrine and behavioral responses of sexually mature Angus bulls to an estrous female (Experiment 1) and to female exposure 5 hours following an adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) injection (Experiment 2). Sexual activity of bulls in Experiment 1 significantly increased levels of cortisol when compared with concentrations before exposure to a female. Administration of ACTH in Experiment 2 consistently elevated levels of cortisol by 30-fold (P<0.01) when compared with pre-ACTH concentrations. This heightened level of cortisol persisted throughout the period of exposure to an estrous cow, although a gradual decline in cortisol concentrations occurred over time (P < 0.05). In Experiment 1, growth hormone profiles tended to increase in response to sexual activity (P < 0.10), whereas in Experiment 2, growth hormone increased in response to ACTH administration (P < 0.01) and to female exposure (P < 0.01). Concentrations of testosterone were unaffected (P > 0.10) by mating activity in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, acute suppression (P < 0.01) in testosterone concentrations 5 hours after ACTH administration coincided with the exposure period to the estrous female. Frequencies of mounting behaviors (penis extension, mounting, intromission and ejaculation) exhibited by ACTH-treated bulls were significantly lower compared with the frequencies two days earlier.Ô altered secretion of cortisol, growth hormone and testosterone. Furthermore, these data provide evidence that specific mating behaviors of the bull can be influenced by circulating steroids.

124 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin on hypophyseal and ovarian functions of lactating dairy cows.
Gallo, G.F.; Block, E.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun. Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 343-353; 1991 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin; Gnrh; Lh; Progesterone; Estrous cycle; Pregnancy; Postpartum interval

125 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on ovarian function in lactating and nonlactating dairy cows. De La Sota, R.L.; Lucy, M.C.; Staples, C.R.; Thatcher, W.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 1002-1013; 1993 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation; Dry period; Blood plasma; Progesterone; Metabolites; Estradiol; Follicles; Size; Graafian follicles

Abstract: Metabolic and ovarian responses of lactating and nonlactating cows to recombinant bST (sometribove) were measured. Eighteen lactating cows (60 to 100 d postpartum) and 6 nonlactating cows (> 400 d postpartum) were injected daily with bST or saline during one of two periods. Concentrations of hormones and metabolites were measured in plasma, and ultrasonography was used to quantify ovarian follicular growth. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, IGF-I, progesterone, and estradiol in plasma were greater in nonlactating cows than in lactating cows. Lactating cows had fewer class 2 (6- to 9-mm) and class 3 (10- to 15-mm) follicles and more class 4 (> 15-mm) follicles than nonlactating cows. Bovine somatotropin increased the numbers of follicles in lactating cows so that the numbers of class 2 and of class 3 follicles were equivalent to those for nonlactating cows. Sizes of the largest follicles were similar for bST- and saline-treated cows. The second largest ovarianÔ dynamics were altered by bST and lactation. Bovine somatotropin increased the numbers of follicles (6 to 15 mm) in lactating cows and size of second largest ovarian follicles in both lactating and nonlactating cows. Lactating cows developed dominant follicles that were larger and less estrogenic than those of nonlactating cows.

126 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin under conditions of high production and heat stress.
Lotan, E.; Sturman, H.; Weller, J.I.; Ezra, E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 May. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (5): p. 1394-1402; 1993 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Israel; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Injection; Heat stress; Milk yield; Milk fat percentage; Feed intake; Dry matter; Liveweight gain; Body composition; Female fertility; Lactation stage; Milk protein percentage; Milk fat yield; Milk protein yield

Abstract: The effect of bST injection on milk production of Israeli Holsteins was tested under conditions of mean production > 9000 kg/yr and climatic stress; mean maximum and minimum summer temperatures are 38 and 25 degrees C, respectively, in the Jordan Valley, located 200 m below sea level. In 1989, 111 cows were injected, and 115 cows were recorded as controls. In 1990, 108 cows were injected, and 93 cows were included as controls. Fifty-nine of the cows injected in 1990 were also injected in 1989. Production records were corrected for parity, calving month, days to first injection, and days in milk. Injection with bST increased total lactation milk production by 12%, fat production by 15%, and protein production by 13%. Injection also resulted in slight increases in fat and protein percentages. Daily milk production during the injection period was increased by 4.4 kg. Injection during the previous lactation slightly decreased production of cows injected during the following lactation. Advancing the commencement of injection from the 4th to the 2nd mo in milk did not affect total lactation production. Weight gains and dry matter intake were higher for injected cows, but body condition score was higher for the control group. Injection had no discernible effect on fertility variables.

127 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin (sometribove) in high producing cows milked three times daily. Jordan, D.C.; Aguilar, A.A.; Olson, J.D.; Bailey, C.; Hartnell, G.F.; Madsen,Ô Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (1): p. 220-226; 1991 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milking interval; Milk production; Milk composition; Body condition; Body weight; Animal health; Mastitis

Abstract: Effects of daily sometribove administration on milk yield and composition, body condition score, BW, and SCC were evaluated in Holstein cows milked three times daily. Lactating cows (n = 104) were assigned randomly to control or sometribove-treated (25 mg/d) groups. The experimental period was 16 wk, consisting of 2-wk pretreatment, 12-wk treatment, and 2-wk posttreatment periods. All cows were injected once daily starting at 53 to 180 d postpartum, housed in free stalls, and fed one of five total mixed rations according to milk production. Body weights were measured weekly, and body condition was scored biweekly. Milk yield was recorded daily, and weekly milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, total solids, and SCC. Milk yield and milk protein were increased 18.8% (38.6 vs. 32.5 kg/d) and 3.3% (3.1 vs. 3.0%), respectively, whereas percentage of milk fat, lactose, SNF, SCC, and BW were unaffected by treatment. Overall average body condition scores were lower for the sometribove-treated group versus control (2.2 vs. 2.4). No apparent differences in the number of cows treated for mastitis, foot rot, displaced abomasum, or lameness were observed between treatment groups. Sometribove treatment significantly enhanced milk yield (6.1 kg/d) with no apparent negative effects on health in high producing cows milked three time per day.

128 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of somatotropin and duodenal infusion of amino acids on nutrient passage to duodenum and performance of dairy cows. Lynch, G.L.; Klusmeyer, T.H.; Cameron, M.R.; Clark, J.H.; Nelson, D.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (9): p. 3117-3127; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lysine; Methionine; Milk yield; Milk composition; Rumen fermentation; Rumen bacteria; Protein synthesis; Duodenum; Digestibility

Abstract: Four multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 4 X 4 Latin square toÔ methionine on ruminal fermentation, flow of nutrients to the small intestine, and animal performance. The treatments were 1) control; 2) control plus 24 g of lysine and 8 g of methionine/d; 3) control plus 25 mg of bST/d; and 4) control plus 25 mg of bST/d plus 24 g of lysine and 8 g of methionine/d. Intakes of DM, OM, CP, starch, NDF, and ADF were similar among treatments. Ruminal characteristics, flow of nutrients to the small intestine, and total tract apparent digestibilities of nutrients were not affected by injection of bST or postruminal infusion of lysine and methionine in this short-term experiment. Milk production, 4% FCM, milk fat percentage and yield, and production of milk CP were increased by administering bST. Postruminal infusion of lysine and methionine did not affect milk production or composition.

129 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of somatotropin and substrates on patterns of liver metabolism in lactating dairy cattle.
Knapp, J.R.; Freetly, H.C.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; Baldwin, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (4): p. 1025-1035; 1992 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Lactation; Somatotropin; Liver; Metabolites; Blood; Glucose; Gluconeogenesis; Oxidation

Abstract: Objectives of this study were to quantitate metabolite fluxes in ruminant liver and to delineate effects of recombinant bST on patterns of nutrient metabolism by liver. Nineteen multiparous cows ranging in previous lactational performance from 6400 to 13,500 kg per 305-d lactation were treated with either placebo or bST (40 mg/d) from wk 11 to 18 of lactation. Liver tissue was collected at slaughter. Tissue slices were incubated with various 14C-labeled substrates, and rates of conversion of label to CO2 and metabolites were measured. In vivo recombinant bST treatment increased in vitro conversion of [1-14C]propionate and [2-14]acetate to glucose more than twofold. At 2.5 mM propionate, bST-treated cows converted propionate to glucose at 90% efficiency. Recombinant bST increased [14C]bicarbonate incorporation into glucose fivefold. Overall, bST treatment resulted in greater C flow from propionate and acetate through the TCA cycle. Acetate had only small effects on propionate metabolism and no effects on lactate plus pyruvate metabolism. Unexpectedly, propionate decrease acetate conversion to ketone bodies. Suggested mechanisms for this observation include depletion of coenzyme A and allosteric regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I by methylmalonyl-coenzyme A formed from propionate. In summary, bST treatmentÔ support of lactation.

130 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of somatotropin on milk yield and physiological responses during summer farm and hot laboratory conditions. Johnson, H.D.; Li, R.; Manalu, W.; Spencer-Johnson, K.J.; Becker, B.A.; Collier, R.J.; Baile, C.A.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1250-1262; 1991 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Environmental temperature; Feed conversion; Heat stress; Milk yield; Summer; Body temperature; Blood composition; Feed intake; Milk fat percentage; Milk protein percentage; Heat production

Abstract: The effects of bST on performance and physiological responses of lactating cows was studied under farm summer and laboratory heat conditions. Twelve cows, 90 to 50 d postpartum, were injected with either bST or vehicle solution for 30 d under farm summer and 10 d under either laboratory thermoneutral or heat conditions. Somatotropin increased milk yield by 6.1 (21%), 8.1 (32%), and 7.3 kg (35%) under the farm summer, laboratory thermoneutral, and heat conditions, respectively. Somatotropin also increased milk fat by 15 and 19% and dry matter intake by 16 and 18% under laboratory thermoneutral and heat conditions, respectively. Somatotropin increased the efficiency of feed conversion into milk without any significant changes in body weight and temperatures. Somatotropin reduced plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine and cortisol and had no effect on plasma prolactin and insulin concentrations. Somatotropin did not increase water intake; however, hematocrit was decreased. The results suggest that stimulatory effects of bST on milk production are still observed on heat-stressed cows without any significant indications of additional heat stress.

131 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of sometribove on performance, carcass composition, and chemical blood characteristics of dairy calves.
Neathery, M.W.; Crowe, C.T.; Hartnell, G.F.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Reagan, J.O.; Blackmon, D.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3933-3939; 1991 Nov. Includes references.Ô

Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Calves; Somatotropin; Growth rate; Nitrogen metabolism; Blood chemistry; Carcass composition; Nitrogen balance; Organs; Weight; Insulin-like growth factor

Abstract: Ten intact male Holstein calves averaging 75 kg of BW and 59 d of age were used to study the effects of daily injections of 0 (control) or 10 mg of sometribove (recombinant methionyl bST) for 6 wk on performance, health, carcass composition, N metabolism, chemical blood characteristics, and hormone profiles, Average daily gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio, and height at withers, hip, and hock were not influenced by bST. Carcasses from bST-treated calves contained 5% more protein and 36% less lipid than controls. Circulating concentrations of Ca, P, glucose, urea N, alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin were not affected by bST. Packed cell volume was decreased about 7% (29.9 vs. 32.4%) in the bST calves. Hormone injection did not adversely affect health of the calves as measured by body temperature and by pulse and respiration rates. The most profound effects of sometribove were a reduction in carcass lipid and an increase in body proteins. These effects may be of some practical importance when leanness of carcass is desirable.

132 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of sometribove on zinc metabolism and tissue mineral concentration in dairy calves.
Neathery, M.W.; Crowe, C.T.; Hartnell, G.F.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Blackmon, D.M.; Azain, M.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (12): p. 4314-4319; 1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Calves; Zinc; Somatotropin; Mineral metabolism; Manganese; Tissues

Abstract: The metabolism of Zn and tissue mineral concentrations were studied after a single oral 65Zn dose in 10 6-wk-old Holstein calves injected subcutaneously daily with 0 (control) or 10 mg of some-tribove (recombinant methionyl bST) for 6 wk Zinc-65 absorption was not significantly affected by bST; its concentration in the semitendinosus muscle was reduced by 32% in the bST calves, but concentrations in liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, heart, small intestine, testicle, and rib were not different from controls. Manganese content was reduced by 27% in liver, 60% in kidney, 99% in spleen, 92% in testicles, and 33% in rib. Iron content of pancreas, spleen, and testicle andÔ metabolism was not affected adversely by bST. Manganese content of several tissues was significantly reduced in the bST calves; however, no clinical signs of an Mn deficiency were evident.

133 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of treatment of dairy cows with recombinant bovine somatotropin over three or four lactations.
Oldenbroek, J.K.; Garssen, G.J.; Jonker, L.J.; Wilkinson, J.I.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (2): p. 453-467; 1993 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation number; Duration; Feed intake; Milk yield; Body weight; Blood plasma; L-thyroxine; Insulin; Metabolites; Milk composition; Somatic cell count; Female fertility; Animal health; Blood picture; Blood chemistry; Culling

Abstract: Jersey, Dutch Red and White, and Friesian cows were subcutaneously injected with 640 mg of recombinant bST at 28-d intervals from 87 to 115 d after calving through four successive lactations. A TMR (6.72 MJ of NE(L) and 168 g of CP/kg of DM) was fed for ad libitum consumption. The bST effects per day were 3.3 kg for milk yield, 189 g for fat yield, 109 g for protein yield, 157 g for lactose yield, 4 MJ of NE(L) for feed intake, and -4 kg for body weight. Responses in blood parameters measured 7 d after injection were -.007 mmol/L for glucose, -1.3 mg of N/100 ml for urea, 221 micromoles/L for 3-hydroxybutyrate, 59 micromoles/L for NEFA, 65 ng/L for insulin, 2.8 micrograms/L for thyroxine, and 26.7 micrograms/L for somatotropin. Somatic cell count in milk was 75,000 cells/ml higher in treated cows. Concentrations of NEFA, Ca, Mg, and phosphorus were unaffected. Repeatability of the maximum response in milk yield after bST treatment was low: .2 within and .5 between lactations. Cows treated in the previous lactation had slightly more retained placentas, and birth weight of their calves was 2 kg less. No differences were between treated and control cows in disease incidence. Six treated cows were culled in third and fourth lactations. No indications for tissue damage, inflammation, or stress after bST injections were detected.

134 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Efficacy of recombinant bovine somatotrophin in the treatment of fat cow syndrome.
Maisey, I.; Andrews, A.H.; Laven, R.A.
London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Sep18.Ô (12): p. 293-296; 1993 Sep18. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Somatotropin; Fatty liver

135 NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1 Endocrine characteristics of a miniature condition in Brahman cattle: circulating concentrations of some growth-related hormones. Hammond, A.C.; Elsasser, T.H.; Olson, T.A. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1991 Sep. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine v. 197 (4): p. 450-457; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Calves; Brahman; Insulin-like growth factor; Somatotropin; Insulin; Glucose; Triiodothyronine; Thyroxine; Blood chemistry; Plane of nutrition

Abstract: Four miniature Brahman calves born in 1988 and 1989, along with four contemporary sex-matched Brahman control calves, were used in experiments to determine circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH), insulin, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine, and plasma glucose response to insulin challenge. The effect of plane of nutrition on plasma concentrations of IGF-I and insulin was also determined and a clinical screen of blood chemistries was conducted to determine effects of calf type. Plasma IGF-I was six times higher in control calves compared with miniature calves (209.0 vs 35.0 ng/ml; P = 0.001). However, miniature calves had mean plasma GH about six times higher (37.8 vs 6.2 ng/ml; P = 0.004) and had twice as many secretory episodes (9 vs 4.5; P = 0.005) over an 8-hr sampling period. Plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (2.54 vs 1.80 ng/ml) and thyroxine (88.8 vs 56.2 ng/ml) were higher in control compared with miniature calves (P = 0.001), but concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in both calf types were within normal ranges. Although miniature calves displayed similar plasma glucose concentrations to controls, hypoglycemic response to insulin challenge tended to be greater in miniature calves. Nutritional regulation of circulating IGF-I appeared to be intact in miniature as well as control calves, as evidenced by a reduction in plasma IGF-I concentration following a decrease in plane of nutrition, and a subsequent increase in plasma IGF-I concentration following realimentation. Serum urea nitrogen was lower (P = 0.02) in control compared with miniature calves. These data describe a miniature condition in Brahman cattle that is manifested by apparently normal proportioned growth but small stature, andÔ of IGF-I in the presence of paradoxically high circulating concentrations of GH. This condition appears to be similar to Laron dw

136 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81 Endocrine-immune interactions: potential role for somatotropic axis in modulating responses to endotoxemia in cattle. Elsasser, T.H.
Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1992 Apr. Cornell veterinarian v. 82 (2): p. 111-114; 1992 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Hypothalamus; Immune response; Endotoxins; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Immunological factors

137 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Energy metabolism of lactating dairy cows treated with prolonged-release bovine somatotropin or energy deficiency. Kirchgessner, M.; Windisch, W.; Schwab, W.; Muller, H.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 35-43; 1991. Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Energy metabolism; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Body fat; Mobilization; Feed intake; Energy balance; Metabolizable energy; Nitrogen balance; Milk composition; Energy requirements

138 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6 The environmental impact of bovine somatotropin use in dairy cattle. Johnson, D.E.; Ward, G.M.; Torrent, J.
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Apr. Journal of environmental quality v. 21 (2): p. 157-162; 1992 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Hormone supplements; Genetic engineering; Environmental impact; Milk production; Cattle manure; Methane production; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Feed requirements; Energy requirements;Ô

Abstract: The environmental impact of bovine somatotropin (bST) use in dairy cattle (Bos taurus) was analyzed with the following assumptions: base herd (1989) of 10.1 X 10(6) cows, milk production 6475 kg of 3.5% fat per 305 d; bST herd of 8.96 X 10(6) cows, 3.5 kg/d increase during 215 d treatment period; 100% adoption rate, 60 d dry period, 40% replacement rate; all formulated diet from: alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay, corn (Zea mays L.) silage, cracked corn, soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] meal, and supplement to satisfy level of production. Using these assumptions, the analysis indicates that the current U.S. milk supply could be produced by 11% fewer cows fed 9% less feed produced on 6% less land, and soil loss would be 5% less. Fossil fuel requirements would be 6% less and irrigation water use would be reduced by 9%. Output of the greenhouse gas methane would be decreased 9%; manure production and outputs of N and P declined by 10, 8, and 10%, respectively.

139 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 Evaluation of a slow-release form of recombinantly derived bovine somatotropin in dairy cattle.
Kim, J.; Campling, R.C.; Wilkinson, J.I.D. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Feb. Animal production v. 52 (pt.1): p. 49-56; 1991 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Body weight; Milk yield; Feed intake; Concentrates; Zero grazing; Grazing; Body condition

140 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Evaluation of sometribove in a prolonged-release system in lactating dairy cows--production responses.
Hartnell, G.F.; Franson, S.E.; Bauman, D.E.; Head, H.H.; Huber, J.T.; Lamb, R.C.; Madsen, K.S.; Cole, W.J.; Hintz, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (8): p. 2645-2663; 1991 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation number; Milk composition; Feed intake; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Dosage effects; Milk yield; Lactation curve; Feed conversion

Abstract: Primiparous (n = 105) and multiparous (n = 136) Holstein cows wereÔ bST) in a dose titration study. Cows were fed TMR for ad libitum intake, were milked twice daily, and were allocated randomly within parity (1 vs. 2+) to treatments of 0, 250, 500, or 750 mg bST/14 d in a prolonged-release formulation. Subcutaneous injections commenced 60 +/- 3 d postpartum and continued throughout lactation. During a standardized treatment period of 252 d, treatment with increasing dosages of bST increased 3.5% FCM yield in a dose-dependent manner for both primiparous (2.5 kg/d, 10.2%; 3.5 kg/d, 14.3%; and 5.9 kg/d, 24.1%) and multiparous cows (3.1 kg/d, 12.1%; 3.9 kg/d, 15.2%; and 6.8 kg/d, 26.5%). Milk content of fat, protein, lactose, ash, Ca and P, and SCC were not affected by treatment. Over the 252-d treatment period, voluntary intake of energy was increased in bST-treated cows such that BW gain, body condition score, and net energy balance did not differ among treatment groups. Productive efficiency (milk per unit NEL intake corrected for BW change) over the treatment period was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner for multiparous cows (4.1, 6.8, and 11%). Results demonstrated that bST administered in a prolonged-release formulation was efficacious in enhancing milk production and feed efficiency.

141 NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1 Evaluation of the biological potency of new agmatine analogs of growth hormone-releasing hormone in the bovine. Roberge, S.; Johnson, H.E.; Zarandi, M.; Schally, A.V.; Reeves, J.J. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1992 May. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine v. 200 (1): p. 109-114; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatoliberin; Agmatine; Analogs; Somatotropin; Hormone secretion; Dosage effects; Blood serum

142 NAL Call. No.: 381 J824 Expression of truncated forms of the bovine growth hormone gene in cultured mouse cells.
McAndrew, S.J.; Chen, N.Y.; Wiehl, P.; DiCaprio, L.; Yun, J.; Wagner, T.E.; Okada, S.; Kopchick, J.J.
Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; 1991 Nov05.
The Journal of biological chemistry v. 266 (31): p. 20965-20969; 1991 Nov05. Includes references.

Language: English
Ô
culture; Mice

Abstract: A synthetic oligonucleotide, 5'-d(CTAGT-CTAGACTAG)-3' which encodes translational termination codons in three reading frames, was inserted into either exon IV (pbGH-4A) or V (pbGH-5A) of the bovine growth hormone gene. The resultant plasmids, under the transcriptional regulation of the mouse metallothionein 1 promoter, were introduced into cultured mouse L-cells or rat GH3 cells. Compared to wild type bGH RNA, bGH-specific RNA transiently expressed from pBGH-5A or pBGH-4A DNA in mouse L-cells was similar or slightly smaller in size, respectively. Unexpectedly, bGH-4A RNA lacked exon IV sequences. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that wild type bGH was localized to the Golgi apparatus, while truncated hormones were confined to the cytoplasmic compartment of transfected cells. In addition, truncated hormones were shown to be secretion-defective albeit the bGH signal peptide was efficiently and precisely processed. Thus, structural alterations in the bGH gene can dramatically affect bGH precursor mRNA processing and hormone localization within cultured mouse fibroblast or rat pituitary cells.

143 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Factors affecting response of cows to biweekly injections of sometribove. Sullivan, J.L.; Huber, J.T.; DeNise, S.K.; Hoffman, R.G.; Kung, L. Jr; Franson, S.E.; Madsen, K.S.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (3): p. 756-763; 1992 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Lactation number; Lactation stage; Body temperature; Diet; Environmental factors; Genetic differences

Abstract: Seventy-eight lactating Holstein cows (18 primiparous and 60 multiparous) were used to study certain factors affecting response in milk yields to biweekly injections of bST. Cows were intramuscularly injected with placebo or with 500 mg of bST every 14 d for 36 wk beginning 60 d postpartum. Primiparous cows responded less to bST than did multiparous cows. Cows were separated into three yield groups within each treatment based on pretreatment yield: low (27.0 kg/d), medium (32.0 kg/d), and high (39.0 kg/d). Response of low yielding cows to bST was numerically greater than that of medium or high yielding cows, but there was no significant interaction between treatment and pretreatment milk yield. Individual cow index for milk yield was used as a measure of genetic potential of cows, which were divided into two index groups: high cow index (greater than -23 kg) and low cow index (less than -23Ô the low index group during treatment, but treatment by cow index interaction was not significant, suggesting that cows of widely ranging genetic potential respond similarly to bST. Response of cows to bST in mid to late lactation was slightly greater than in early lactation (15.9 and 10.6% vs. 17.8%, respectively), but no significant interaction of treatment by days postpartum was noted. Finally, even though cows treated with bST exhibited slightly higher rectal temperatures during the hot summer months, no significant difference in milk yield response to bST was noted during periods of moderate versus high ambient temperatures.

144 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54 FDA advisory committee calls BGH risk to humans 'insignificant, manageable'. Rhein, R.
New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1993 Apr05.
Biotechnology newswatch. p. 3; 1993 Apr05.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Food safety

145 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G456 FDA committee hears testimony on labeling dairy products containing BST. New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert; 1993 Jun01. Genetic engineering news v. 13 (11): p. 3, 32; 1993 Jun01.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Milk products; Labeling; Labeling controls; Somatotropin; Hormone supplements; Public agencies; Food and nutrition controversies; Dairy cows

146 NAL Call. No.: A00035 FDA insists bST is safe, despite critical press. Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 May22. Biotechnology news v. 12 (13): p. 1; 1992 May22.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Food safety; Milk production; Regulations

147 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54Ô New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Feb18.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (4): p. 13; 1991 Feb18.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety; Genetic engineering

148 NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N FDA panel okays bovine growth hormone.
Hileman, B.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1993 Apr05. Chemical and engineering news v. 71 (14): p. 5; 1993 Apr05.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety; Regulations

149 NAL Call. No.: 381 C426 FDA user fees proposal in finding wide support. Begley, R.
New York, N.Y. : McGraw-Hill :.; 1992 Aug19. Chemical week v. 151 (7): p. 12; 1992 Aug19.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk production; Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Mastitis; Antibiotic residues; Regulations

150 NAL Call. No.: A00035 FDA warns Monsanto to stop promoting bovine growth hormone. Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1991 Feb28. Biotechnology news v. 11 (5): p. 2-3; 1991 Feb28.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Usda; Marketing; Guidelines

151 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Finishing lamb performance responses to bovine and porcine somatotropinsÔ McLaughlin, C.L.; Rogan, G.J.; Buonomoo, F.C.; Cole, W.J.; Hartnell, G.F.; Hudson, S.; Kasser, T.R.; Miller, M.A.; Baile, C.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Oct. Journal of animal science v. 69 (10): p. 4039-4048; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Somatotropin; Drug delivery systems; Pumps; Blood chemistry; Urea; Insulin-like growth factor; Growth rate; Feed conversion

Abstract: Daily injection of ovine and bovine somatotropin (oST and bST, respectively) has been shown to improve performance and carcass quality of finishing lambs. To evaluate responses to continuously released bST and porcine ST (pST), which have 99 and 91% sequence homology with oST, respectively, finishing lambs were implanted with 2-wk Alzet pumps containing bST or pST, which was released at rates of 2 or 4 mg/d. Six-week growth rate and feed efficiency responses to bST were greater than those to pST (P < .05). Overall feed efficiency was improved 15% and growth rate was increased 16% in lambs treated with 4 mg/d of bST compared with control lambs and neither trait was affected in pST-treated lambs. Performance responses were reflected by changes in circulating glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations. Scatchard analysis of sera with relative binding of greater than 30% revealed that average binding capacities and affinities of pST-treated lambs were 7.0 mg/liter and 6.0 X 10(9) liters/mol, respectively, and of bST-treated lambs were .8 mg/liter and 1.3 X 10(9) liters/mol, respectively. In addition, lambs with high-capacity pST antibodies had lower 6-wk IGF-I concentrations than those of controls, suggesting that these antibodies may have been attenuating responsiveness to pST. It is concluded that continuously released bST, but not pST, improves performance of finishing lambs.

152 NAL Call. No.: A00034 The fourth hurdle.
London, England : IBC Technical Services :.; 1991 Mar. Biotechnology bulletin v. 10 (2): p. 1; 1991 Mar.

Language: English

Descriptors: Europe; U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Economic impact; European communities; Milk supply; Small farms

153 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293Ô increased concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I in milk and mammary tissue.
Prosser, C.G.; Royle, C.; Fleet, I.R.; Mepham, T.B. Bristol : The Journal; 1991 Mar.
The Journal of endocrinology v. 128 (3): p. 457-463; 1991 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Goats; Lactating females; Goat milk; Mammary tissue; Insulin-like growth factor; Somatotropin; Cows; Milk secretion; Milk yield; Yield correlations; Responses

Abstract: Lactating goats exhibiting widely divergent responses to short-term (4 days) treatment with bovine GH (bGH) were retrospectively divided into two groups based on the magnitude of this response. There was no difference between groups in terms of the pretreatment milk yield, but by day 4 of treatment milk secretion had increased by 4.99 +/- 2.5 (S.E.M.) ml/h (P>0.05 compared with pretreatment) for group 1 and 22.9 +/- 2.4 ml/h (P<0.001) for group 2. Plasma GH increased in both groups, but concentrations were significantly higher both before and during treatment in group 1 compared with group 2. Plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) increased significantly during bGH treatment for both groups and there was no significant difference between the two until day 4 of treatment when levels of IGF-I in group 1 began to decline, whereas those from group 2 were maintained. Concentrations of IGF-I in milk from goats in group 1 were not significantly altered by GH administration, whereas those in goats in group 2 were increased by 40% (P<0.01 compared with pretreatment). Levels of IGF-I in mammary secretory tissue from four animals from group 1 were not altered by bGH (2.8 +/- 0.2 and 2.77 +/- 0.08 nmol/kg tissue before and after treatment respectively), but were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in four animals from group 2 (2.80 +/- 0.2 and 9.9 +/- 1.1 nmol/kg tissue). Thus, it appears that the galactopoietic response in goats was associated with significantly lower levels of GH in plasma after 3 days of treatment and, more strikingly, greater amounts of IGF-I in milk and mammary tissue. This latter observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of bGH on the mammary gland itself are mediated by IGF-I and that the availability of IGF-I to mammary tissue is an important component of the overall galactopoietic response to bGH.

154 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Galactopoietic effects of recombinant somatotropin and growth hormone-releasing factor in dairy cows. Dahl, G.E.; Chapin, L.T.; Moseley, W.M.; Tucker, H.A.Ô Journal of dairy science v. 76 (6): p. 1550-1557; 1993 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Milk yield; Infusion; Milk composition; Feed intake; Dry matter; Blood serum; Body condition; Fatty acids

Abstract: Eight Holsteins per group received 12 mg/d of recombinant growth hormone-releasing factor or 29 mg/d of recombinant bST or served as untreated controls for 60 d. Milk yield and composition were measured for 10 d before infusion, during infusion (d 0 to 59), and for 20 d after infusion ended. Compared with controls, bST and growth hormone-releasing factor increased SCM during infusion. The SCM yield of cows treated with growth hormone-releasing factor was greater than that of bST-treated cows during the final 20 d of infusion. Relative to controls, bST and growth hormone-releasing factor increased serum concentrations of somatotropin and IGF-I during infusion. Concentrations of somatotropin and IGF-I in serum of bST- and growth hormone-releasing factor-treated cows did not differ during infusion. In summary, growth hormone-releasing factor increased SCM yield more than bST, despite similar serum concentrations of somatotropin and IGF-I. Thus, the galactopoietic action of growth hormone-releasing factor was not explained solely by elevation of total radioimmunoassayable somatotropin and IGF-I in serum.

155 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6 GAO: stop BGH sales, improve milk monitoring. Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1992 Aug14. Nutrition week v. 22 (31): p. 2-3; 1992 Aug14.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk marketing; Monitoring; Government organizations; Federal government

156 NAL Call. No.: RA773.F3 The great white hope?.
Hamilton, K.
New York : Family Media, Inc. :.; 1991 May. Health v. 23 (4): p. 50-52. ill., charts; 1991 May.

Language: EnglishÔ
prevention; Nutrient requirements; Food composition tables; Neoplasms; Osteoporosis; Lactose intolerance; Nutrient content

Abstract: Despite concerns about bovine somatotropin contamination, milk has several health benefits. Milk contains calcium for bone development and maintenance and the prevention of osteoporosis. Calcium may also play a role in the prevention of colon cancer, reducing blood cholesterol and treatment of hypertension. Milk also contains B vitamins and vitamins A and D. A table provides the calcium content of a variety of foods. Lactose intolerance and lower fat milk products are also discussed.

157 NAL Call. No.: SF601.B6 Growth and health characteristics of calves born to cows treated with bovine somatotropin during lactation.
Larson, R.A.; Otterby, D.E.; Linn, J.G.; Paulson, J.C.; Annexstad, R.J.; Hansen, W.P.; Eggert, R.G.
Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing Company; 1992 May. Agri-Practice v. 13 (5): p. 7-8, 11-13; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Minnesota; Calves; Somatotropin; Growth; Cows; Lactation; Body measurements; Placenta

158 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Growth and subsequent lactation in primigravid Holstein heifers after prepartum bovine somatotropin treatment. Stelwagen, K.; Grieve, D.G.; McBride, B.W.; Rehman, J.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 463-471; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bred heifers; Somatotropin; Prepartum period; Dosage effects; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Dry matter; Feed conversion; Insulin-like growth factor; Lactation; Milk yield; Gestation period; Calves; Birth weight; Blood plasma

Abstract: Thirty-seven primigravid Holstein heifers (600.7 +/- 9.4 kg) were used to determine the effect of recombinant bST, administered during the last trimester of gestation, on growth and subsequent 270-d milk yield. Treatments consisted of daily subcutaneous injections of saline or of 20 or 40 mg ofÔ receiving saline, 3 receiving 20 mg of bST, and 2 receiving 40 mg of bST) were fitted with jugular catheters, and blood plasma bST and insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations were determined in samples collected during a 9-h period. Feed efficiency (DMI/gain) was improved in heifers treated with 20 mg of bST, but DMI was not affected by treatment. Average daily gain was increased in heifers treated with 20 mg of bST, but not in those treated with 40 mg of bST. Fat-uncorrected milk yield following prepartum bST treatment was 19% higher in heifers treated with 20 mg of bST, but the 40-mg dose of bST did not increase milk yield. Percentage of milk fat was lower in heifers treated with 20 mg of bST prepartum, but daily milk fat yields did not differ among groups. Solids-not-fat yield was highest in the group treated previously with 20 mg of bST. The higher milk yield of these heifers became significant (P < .05) only after 90 d of lactation. Plasma bST and insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations were both elevated in bST-treated animals. There was indirect evidence that the increased milk in heifers previously treated with 20 mg of bST was due to enhanced mammogenesis. However, further research studying changes at the mammary tissue level is needed to confirm this hypothesis.

159 NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1 Growth hormone alters metabolic effects and proteolysis of insulin the adipose tissue during lactation.
Marinchenko, G.V.; McNamara, J.P.; Becker-Khaleel, B.; Parmley, K. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1992 May. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine v. 200 (1): p. 57-66; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Pregnancy; Adipose tissue; Lipogenesis; Insulin; Metabolism; Proteolysis; Proteinases; Enzyme inhibitors; Enzyme activity; In vitro

160 NAL Call. No.: 381 J824 Growth hormone (GH) induction of tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in cells transfected with rat GH receptor cDNA.
Moller, C.; Hansson, A.; Enberg, B.; Lobie, P.E.; Norstedt, G. Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; 1992 Nov15.
The Journal of biological chemistry v. 267 (32): p. 23403-23408; 1992 Nov15. Includes references.

Language: EnglishÔ
Phosphorylation; Cells; Hamsters; Rats

Abstract: The mechanism of growth hormone (GH) action was studied in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with GH receptor cDNA. Cytosolic extracts from GH- or phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoyl 4 beta-phorbol 13-acetate)-treated cells, transfected with full-length GH receptor cDNA, had an enhanced ability to phosphorylate myelin basic protein. Myelin basic protein, a substrate for mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, was maximally phosphorylated using extracts from cells treated with 50 nm bovine GH for 10 min. In addition, GH treatment resulted in an increased cell proliferation by 30-60%. GH and 12-O-tetradecanoyl 4 beta-phorbol 13-acetate cause tyrosine phosphorylation of two proteins with Mr of 40,000 and 42,000 that are also recognized by MAP kinase antibodies. These proteins were identified as MAP kinases by analyzing phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates on Western blots using MAP kinase antibodies. In addition, GH induces mitogenicity, as well as MAP kinase activation, in CHO cells expressing a receptor in which 184 amino acids had been deleted in the carboxyl-terminal part of the intracellular domain. No GH effects were seen in untransfected cells, in CHO cells expressing a truncated GH receptor containing only 5 of 349 amino acids in the intracellular domain, or in cells expressing the soluble GH-binding protein. In conclusion, our data show that GH treatment of CHO cells, reconstituted with GH receptors, initiates a phosphorylation cascade which includes MAP kinase.

161 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Growth hormone parameters at four ages in intact and castrated male female cattle.
Plouzek, C.A.; Trenkle, A.
Auburn, Ala. : Domendo, Inc; 1991 Jan.
Domestic animal endocrinology. p. 63-72; 1991 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bulls; Heifers; Castration; Ovariectomized females; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Hormone secretion; Age; Somatostatin; Hypothalamic releasing hormones

162 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4 Growth hormone will reduce small dairy farms, Cornell researcher says. Holder, W.L.
Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County Agriculture Program, Education Center; 1993 Aug.
Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange County. p. 14;Ô

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy industry; Milk production; Dairy cows; Growth promoters; Dairy farms; Small farms; Farm amalgamations

163 NAL Call. No.: A00035 Growth hormone--a treatment for septic shock?. Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 Aug27. Biotechnology news v. 12 (21): p. 8; 1992 Aug27.

Language: English

Descriptors: Growth factors; Research support; Usda; Somatotropin

164 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Hematological profiles in dairy cows treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin.
Burton, J.L.; McBride, B.W.; Kennedy, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Elasser, T.H.; Woodward, B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May. Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1488-1495; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Blood picture; Lymphocytes; Hematocrit; Hematology; Neutrophils

Abstract: Recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) was administered at 0, 10.3, or 20.6 mg per cow per day to 32 Holsteins for 38 wk. Fifteen currently treated cows had been treated in the previous lactation. Eighteen hematological variables and blood concentration of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were measured at five sample periods. The objectives of the study were to test the effects of bST treatments on hematological profiles and to relate blood IGF-I concentration to these variables. Results indicated little influence (P > .10) of previous bST treatments on hematological profiles measured in the current lactation. Current bST treatments, however, altered hematocrits (P = .10), mean corpuscular volume (P = .03), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (P = .009), and fraction of blood lymphocytes (P = .09). A week x bST treatment interaction also contributed to variation in hematocrit (P = .09), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (P = .05), fraction of neutrophils (P = .02), and fraction of lymphocytes (P = .04). Blood IGF-I concentrationÔ

.04, .02), and monocytes (P = .08, .05). Further in vivo and in vitro studies are warranted because this preliminary evidence suggests that bST and(or) IGF-I contribute to regulation of hematopoiesis in mature dairy cows.

165 NAL Call. No.: 381 B523 A heuristic approach to predicting the tertiary structure of bovine somatotropin.
Carlacci, L.; Chou, K.C.; Maggiora, G.M. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 May07. Biochemistry v. 30 (18): p. 4389-4398; 1991 May07. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Amino acid sequences; Thermodynamics

Abstract: A combination of a heuristic approach and energy minimization was used to predict the three-dimensional structure of bovine somatotropin (bSt), also known as bovine growth hormone, a protein of 191 amino acids. The starting points for energy minimizations were generated from the following two types of inputs: (a) the amino acid sequence and (b) the heuristic inputs, which were derived according to physical, chemical, and biological principles by piecing together all useful information available. The predicted 3-D structure of the bSt molecule has all the features observed in four-helix bundle proteins. The four alpha-helices in bSt are intimately packed to form an assembly with an approximately square cross section. All the adjacent alpha-helices are antiparallel, with a somewhat tilted angle between each of the adjacent pairs so that the assembly of the four helices looks like a left-handed twisted bundle. There are two disulfide bonds in the bSt structure: one "hooking" the middle of a long loop with helix 4 so as to pull the long loop onto the surface of the helix bundle and the other "hooking" the C-terminal segment with the same helix so as to force the C-terminal segment to bend toward the helix bundle. As a consequence, a considerable part of the surface of the four-helix bundle is closely packed or intimately embraced by the loop segments. The predicted bSt structure has a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic exterior surface. The energetic analysis of the predicted bSt structure indicates that the interaction between helices and loops plays a dominant role in stabilizing the four-helix bundle structure from the viewpoint of both electrostatic and nonbonded interactions. A technique called FOLD was meanwhile developed, by which one can fold a polypeptide chain into any shape as desired. This tool proved to be very useful during the heuristic model-building process.

166 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822Ô lactation dairy cows.
De Boer, G.; Robinson, P.H.; Kennelly, J.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (8): p. 2623-2632; 1991 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dietary protein; Milk yield; Insulin-like growth factor; Forage; Chemical composition; Milk composition; Blood plasma; Hormones

Abstract: The effects of bST injection and dietary protein level on blood hormone and metabolite concentrations were examined in four mature Holstein cows in a double crossover design. Cows were assigned at d 5 to 9 postpartum to receive daily injections of either a control (saline) solution or 20.6 mg of bST. Four 3-wk periods were used during which one cow from each group was fed a medium protein diet (17.1% CP), and the other received a high protein diet (23.6% cp). Injections of bST or control solutions began on d 0 of the second period. Intakes of DM were not influenced by dietary protein or bST injection. Milk yield tended to increase with increased CP level but was not affected by bST injection. Based on the rate and extent of decline in milk production after cessation of bST injection, the cows assigned to bST had lower milk production potential than control cows. Thus, the effect of bST injection apparently was to enhance milk yield to levels similar to those of controls. There were no significant CP level or bST injection effects on glucose, FFA, somatostatin, or somatotropin concentrations. Glucagon concentrations were higher in bST-treated cows. Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I were increased with increased CP level and also with bST injection. Significant effects of days on bST were observed for insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, glucose, and FFA. Cows given bST injections and producing equal amounts of milk as control cows did not show major physiological differences in hormones and metabolites with the exception of insulin-like growth factor-I.

167 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Identification and partial purification of serum growth hormone binding protein in domestic animal species.
Davis, S.L.; Graf, M.; Morrison, C.A.; Hall, T.R.; Swift, P.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 70 (3): p. 773-780; 1992 Mar. Includes references.

Language: EnglishÔ
Assays; Activity; Species differences

Abstract: The chemical nature and variations in serum concentrations of growth hormone binding protein (GHBP) from humans, rabbits, and rodents have been reported. To date little is known about the GHBP of domestic animals. Therefore, we initiated these studies to determine whether a serum GHBP was present in domestic animals and to purify the binding protein (BP) from serum of selected species. Using a dextran-coated charcoal separation assay, specific growth hormone (GH) binding was demonstrated in ovine, bovine, chicken, human, goose, porcine, and equine serum (listed in sequence from lowest to highest binding). Variation in BP activity was relatively high, both within and between species. Yearling ewes had higher serum GHBP than either prepubertal (4 mo) or older (5 yr) ewes. The GHBP was partially purified from chicken, ovine, and porcine serum using GH affinity chromatography. These BP had high affinity (Ka = 2 X 10(8) to 2 X 10(9) L/mol, depending on species) and low capacity (2 X 10(-10) to 5 X 10(-11) mol/unit of protein) for human GH but showed lower binding affinity for homologous GH (Ka = 2 X 10(7) L/mol. The porcine GHBP had the highest and ovine GHBP the lowest affinity for human GH. Other heterologous somatotropic hormones, ovine placental lactogen, and ovine GH displayed higher binding affinity to chicken and pig BP than the respective homologous hormones. Further chromatographic purification of the porcine GHBP resulted in an additional 1,000-fold purification. The estimated molecular weight of porcine GHBP is 50,000 to 60,000 Da. These results demonstrate that the serum from all domestic species tested contains a specific GH-binding moiety and that under the conditions described here human GH is a more efficient ligand than the homologous hormone.

168 NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 Immunocytochemical evidence for production of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in separate cells in the bovine. Bastings, E.; Beckers, A.; Reznik, M.; Beckers, J.F. Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1991 Nov. Biology of reproduction v. 45 (5): p. 788-796; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Bulls; Pituitary; Cells; Lh; Fsh; Hormone secretion; Cytology; Morphology; Microscopy

Abstract: In all mammalian females, follicular growth and maturation are essentially dependent on the pituitary gonadotropins, FSH and LH. These glycoprotein hormones have many similarities, but their actions, based on high affinity binding to specific membrane receptors, are quite different. The purpose of this study was to perform a sensitive localization of FSH and LH inÔ morphological study included light microscopy (PAP) and electron microscopy (immunogold single and double labeling) procedures. Histologically, approximately 11.5% of cells were positive for LH, whereas only 5.4% of cells were positive for FSH. With the electron microscope, single labeling allowed identification of morphologically distinct LH-containing cells and FSH-containing cells. Double immunostaining confirmed that no cells contained both hormones. The finding that FSH and LH are produced in separate pituitary cells is in agreement with recent studies that have suggested a specific role and regulatory process for gonadotropins in the bovine species.

169 NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 Immunohistochemical and nucleic acid analysis of somatotropin receptor populations in the bovine ovary.
Lucy, M.C.; Collier, R.J.; Kitchell, M.L.; Dibner, J.J.; Hauser, S.D.; Krivi, G.G.
Madison : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1993 Jun. Biology of reproduction v. 48 (6): p. 1219-1227; 1993 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cows; Dairy cows; Ovaries; Somatotropin; Receptors; Messenger RNA; Corpus luteum

Abstract: Ovaries were analyzed for somatotropin receptor protein and mRNA through use of immunohistochemistry, solution hybridization/nuclease protection, Northern blotting, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). As indicated by immunoperoxidase staining, CL expressed immunoreactive somatotropin receptor (positive stain). Ovarian stroma, connective tissue, endothelium, and erythrocytes did not express somatotropin receptor (negative stain). Within the CL, somatotropin receptor protein was expressed primarily in large luteal cells whereas small luteal cells were negative. Most follicles (1-5 mm, after fixation) were negative for somatotropin receptor. On the basis of solution hybridization/nuclease protection. the mRNA for somatotropin receptor was found in greatest abundance in CL and large luteal cells and was nearly undetectable in small luteal cells or follicles (class 1, 3- 5 mm; class 2, 6-9 mm; and class 3, greater than or equal to 10 mm). Northern blotting of mRNA for somatotropin receptor showed expression of somatotropin receptor mRNA transcripts in whole ovary (4.7 and 4.4 kb), CL (4.7 and 4.4 kb), and liver (4.4 kb); and RT-PCR amplified a single amino acid coding region for somatotropin receptor in CL and liver. In summary, somatotropin receptor (both immunoreactive protein and mRNA) is found primarily in the large luteal cell, and lesser amounts of the expressed receptor or its message are found in the follicle. Alternative sizes of mRNAÔ

170 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Impact of bovine somatotropin on dairying in eastern Europe. Skarda, J.; Mader, H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 72-82; 1991. Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Czechoslovakia; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Feed intake; Body weight; Controlled release; Blood composition; Female fertility; Mastitis; Individual quarters; Infections; Adipose tissue; Lipogenesis

171 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Impact on bovine somatotropin administration beginning at day 70 of lactation on serum metabolites, milk constituents, and production in cows previously exposed to exogenous somatotropin.
Lean, I.J.; Baldwin, R.L.; Troutt, H.F.; Bruss, M.L.; Galland, J.C.; Farver, T.B.; Rostami, J.; Weaver, L.D.; Holmeberg, C.A. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (5): p. 731-741; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Blood serum; Metabolites; Milk composition; Milk production; Energy balance; Milk fat percentage; Ketosis; Ketonemia; Body condition

Abstract: Metabolic and production responses are reported for 72 cows treated with bovine somatotropin (BST) for 30 days starting at day 70 of lactation. Of these 72 cows, 48 had been exposed in the preceding lactation to long-term treatment with BST at 3 dosages and 24 (controls) had not been given BST. Approximately half of the cows in each group were parity-2 cows, the rest were older. Comparisons between groups were made separately for parity-2, and older cows. Analyses, using pretreatment values of each variable as a covariate, indicated that older cows, but not parity-2 cows, significantly (P < 0.05) increased milk production during treatment. Parity-2 cows, however, had a significantly higher milk fat percentage than controls following treatment. Cows treated with 51.6 or 86 mg BST/d in both parity groups has significantlyÔ were significantly lower for older treated cows, but did not significantly differ from controls from for parity-2 treated cows. Older cows in the 86 mg of BST/d group tended to have higher concentrations of blood glucose than did older control-group cows. Treatment with BST did not significantly increase serum ketone concentrations in any group of animals, and none of the cows developed clinical ketosis during this period. Estimated net energy balance (ENEB) during treatment was a significant (P < 0.05) covariate for free fatty acid concentrations in older cows and for milk fat percentage in parity-2 cows. Covariate adjusted analyses, using ENEB during treatment as a covariate, indicated that lipolytic stimuli already acting may be enhanced by treatment with BST, but a negative energy balance was not a necessary precondition for free fatty acid concentrations to increase following somatotropin treatment. Similarly, milk fat percentages for parity-2 treated cows were significantly (P < 0.05) higher during treatment than controls when ENEB during treatment was used as a covari

172 NAL Call. No.: HD1775.O5C87 Impacts of bST adoption under alternative national dairy policies. Peel, D.S.
Stillwater, Okla. : The Station; 1991 Dec. Current farm economics - Agricultural Experiment Station, Division of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University v. 64 (4): p. 30-43; 1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Oklahoma; Somatotropin; Dairy industry; Innovation adoption; Economic impact; Marketing policy; Federal programs; Econometric models; Simulation models; Milk production; Milk supply; Milk prices

173 NAL Call. No.: HD9001.N46 no.29 Impacts of growth stimulants in the domestic livestock sector. Peterson, E. B.
University of Connecticut, Food Marketing Policy Center Storrs, Conn. : Food Marketing Policy Center, Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, University of Connecticut,; 1992. 29 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (NE-165 private strategies, public policies and food system performance. Working paper series ; WP-29). June 1992. Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-24).

Language: English; English

Descriptors: Dairying; Pork industry and trade; Bovine somatotropin; PorcineÔ

174 NAL Call. No.: HD1401.A56 Impacts of growth stimulants in the domestic livestock sectors. Peterson, E.B.; Preckel, P.V.; Hertel, T.W.; McGuirk, A.M. New York, N.Y. : John Wiley; 1992 Jul.
Agribusiness v. 8 (4): p. 287-307; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigmeat; Meat and livestock industry; Dairy industry; Somatotropin; Growth promoters; Economic impact; Sectoral analysis; Domestic markets; Demand; Feeds; Food processing; Retail marketing; International trade; Food production; Agricultural prices; Marketing channels

175 NAL Call. No.: 1 Ag84Ab no.626 Implications of new technology for the livestock sector animal growth hormones.
McClelland, John; Kuchler, Fred; Reilly, John Washington, DC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service,; 1991. 18 p. ; 28 cm. (Agriculture information bulletin ; no. 626). Caption title. September 1991. Includes bibliographical references (p. 18).

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Bovine somatotropin; Porcine somatotropin

176 NAL Call. No.: SF221.D342 Industry perspective on the BST issue.
Hecht, D.W.
Ames, Iowa : International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians, Inc; 1991 Sep.
Dairy, food and environmental sanitation v. 11 (9): p. 499-500, 502; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy industry; Milk products; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dairy farming

177 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Influence of bovine somatotropin and nutrition on production and compositionÔ Austin, C.L.; Schingoethe, D.J.; Casper, D.P.; Cleale, R.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3920-3932; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Nutrient density; Crude protein; Dietary protein; Dietary fat; Milk yield; Milk composition; Dry matter; Feed intake; Fatty acids; Body weight; Amino acids; Blood serum

Abstract: Forty-eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in an experiment with a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to study interactions of bST and nutrient density during wk 5 through 20 postpartum. Main effects were bST (0 or 10.3 mg/d) and diet (control or high protein and energy). The control diet was formulated to contain 16.3% CP and 1.65 Mcal of NE(L)/kg of DM; the high protein and energy diet was formulated to contain 18% CP and 1.74 Mcal of NE(L)/kg of DM with additional energy as fat from extruded soybeans and calcium salts of fatty acids. Diet ratios were 50:25:25 for concentrate:alfalfa hay:corn silage (DM basis). Bovine somatotropin increased milk production (40.9 vs. 37.9 kg/d) and production of 4% FCM (35.7 vs. 32.3 kg/d). The high protein and energy diet increased milk production (40.3 vs. 38.5 kg/d); 4% FCM production was higher for high protein and energy plus bST (36.0 kg) than without bST (33.6 kg). Percentage of milk fat was not affected by treatment. Percentage of milk protein was reduced with the high protein and energy diet, presumably because of the added fat, but this reduction was less with high protein and energy plus bST. Dry matter intake was not significantly elevated by bST (23.1 vs. 22.8 kg/d) but was lower for high protein and energy (22.0 vs. 23.8 kg/d). Increased dietary protein and energy with bST augmented the total milk production response.

178 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Influence of bovine somatotropin on the composition and manufacturing properties of milk.
Laurent, F.; Vignon, B.; Coomans, D.; Wilkinson, J.; Bonnel, A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (8): p. 2226-2234; 1992 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk composition; Cheese milk; Milk yield; Feed intake; Concentrates; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Fatty acids; Milk proteins; Micelles; CheesemakingÔ
effect of injecting dairy cows with various doses (0, 320, 640, or 960 mg/28 d; 0 or 640 mg/28 d; 0, 320 mg/14 d, or 320 or 640 mg/28 d) of bST on milk production, composition, and manufacturing properties. Mean bST response among studies on milk production varied from 0 (trial 1) to 7.3% (trial 2) and from 8.5 to 14.2% (trial 3) in relation to feeding conditions. Neither milk fat nor protein percentages in milk at time of maximum response were affected by the use of bST. Distribution of casein and protein in the whey was not affected by the treatments at any time. The nature of fatty acids varied more with time after injection than with bST doses. Neither coagulation time, standard curd firmness, nor soft or pressed cheese yields were affected by the treatments.

179 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Influence of exogenous bovine somatotropin on the responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogen.
Burton, J.L.; McBride, B.W.; Kennedy, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Elsasser, T.H.; Woodward, B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 916-928; 1991 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Nontarget effects; Immune response; Lymphocytes; Mitosis; Insulin-like growth factor; Lymphocyte transformation; Concanavalin a

Abstract: Our objectives were to determine the effects of exogenous bovine somatotropin on peripheral blood lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogen and on concentrations of serum insulin-like growth factor-I and to determine whether a statistical relationship exists between these two variables. The cows on trial were treated with 0, 10.3, or 20.6 mg/d somatotropin, starting between wk 4 and 5 of lactation and continuing for 266 consecutive d. Lymphocyte proliferation (counts per minute) and concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I (nanograms per milliliter) were recorded from blood sampled at wk 3, 10, 26, 35, and 46 of lactation. The results showed that lymphocytes from the blood of treated cows responded to mitogen with higher proliferative responsiveness than cells from control cows, but that this effect required long-term treatment and adequate mitogen concentrations to be detected. The blood of treated cows also had elevated concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I relative to that of control cows, but these were not statistically associated with the proliferative responsiveness of the peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogen. Our results suggest that somatotropin has a role in the immune system of cows, but its mode of action and target tissues must be determine. Bovine somatotropin, injected at doses that increase milk yield,Ô peripheral blood lymphocytes in culture.

180 NAL Call. No.: MnSUThesis stp parc Influence of genetics and sex on plasma growth hormone in Holstein cattle to one year of age.
Parchuri, Nandakishore
1991; 1991.
xii, 167 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm. Includes bibliographical references.

Language: English

181 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293 Influence of nutrition and bovine growth hormone (GH) on hepatic GH binding, insulin-like growth factor-I and growth of lambs. Bass, J.J.; Oldham, J.M.; Hodgkinson, S.C.; Fowke, P.J.; Sauerwein, H.; Molan, P.; Breier, B.H.; Gluckman, P.D.
Bristol : The Journal; 1991 Feb.
The Journal of endocrinology v. 128 (2): p. 181-186; 1991 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Somatotropin; Animal nutrition; Insulin-like growth factor; Liver; Binding; Growth; Carcass composition; Liveweight gain; Blood chemistry; Blood sugar

Abstract: The effect on young lambs of 0.25 mg recombinant bovine GH (bGH)/kg per day on plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), glucose, specific hepatic GH binding and body composition changes was examined at two levels of nutrition (lucerne pellets; 3 and 1.7% of body weight/day). Lambs on low levels of nutrition had low plasma IGF-I (P<0.001). Plasma concentrations of IGF-I were increased by bGH treatment at both levels of nutrition, with the high nutrition group showing the greatest IGF-I response after 3 and 40 days of bGH treatment. Plasma glucose, after 40 days, was higher overall (P<0.05) in lambs on high nutrition. bGH treatment increased plasma glucose, with the response being greater in the well-fed lambs. Specific binding of GH to liver membranes was highest in lambs on high nutrition and on bGH treatment; no significant interaction between nutrition and bGH treatment was detected, indicating that specific binding of GH was increased proportionally by bGH at both nutritional levels. The major change in body composition was the reduced level of fatness in lambs treated with bGH. There was no significant effect of bGH on body weight although bGH treatment tended to increase weight gain of well-fed lambs and decreasedÔ was a significant P<0.05) bGH/nutrition interaction for IGF-I there was no such interaction for body weight/components or specific GH binding to the liver. The results indicate that an increase in plasma IGF-I does not necessarily result in increases in growth or changes in carcass composition.

182 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293 Influence of protein nutrition on the response of growing lambs to exogenous bovine growth hormone.
MacRae, J.C.; Bruce, L.A.; Hovell, F.D.D.; Hart, I.C.; Inkster, J.; Walker, A.; Atkinson, T.
Bristol : The Journal; 1991 Jul.
The Journal of endocrinology v. 130 (1): p. 53-61; 1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Cattle; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Insulin; Glucose; Protein; Infusion; Nutrient availability; Nitrogen balance; Nitrogen retention; Protein metabolism; Anabolism

Abstract: Interactions between protein supply and the anabolic response to exogenous bovine (b) GH have been examined in two experiments using 28-35 kg lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (700 kJ/kg W(0.75) per day) into the rumen and the casein (600 mg (low protein; LP) or 1200 mg (high protein; HP)/kg W(0.75) per day) into the abomasum. Sheep received continuous i.v. infusions of bGH for 6 days in experiment 1 and for 18 days in experiment 2. Nitrogen balances were determined daily throughout both experiments and blood samples, from indwelling catheters, were assayed for GH, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin and glucose. Infusion of bGH increased plasma GH concentration by five- to sixfold in all animals. There was an increase in N retention in both HP and LP animals over the first 2-3 days of GH administration. HP animals sustained higher N retentions (31%; P<0.05) throughout the GH administration but LP animals did not. In contrast, plasma IGF-I concentrations increased progressively over the first 72 to 96 h of GH administration in all sheep and thereafter remained significantly (P<0.05) elevated until termination of the GH infusion. In lambs which received both HP and LP infusions in experiment 1 the increase in IGF-I concentration by day 6 of GH administration was significantly (P<0.05) greater when they received the higher protein intake. Plasma insulin concentrations increased rapidly (P<0.05) with the onset of GH administration to levels which were 2.5 (LP)- and 4.8 (HP)-fold greater than those observed in the pre- and post-GH periods. Glucose concentration also increased during GH administration (P<0.05), by 35% in LP animals and by 58% in HP animals. High protein availability appeared necessary to sustain a protein anabolic response whereÔ were elevated on both high and low protein treatments.

183 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Influence of recombinant bovine somatotropin (Sometribove) on mononuclear cells during the nonlactating period.
Torre, P.M.; Lewis, M.J.; Ingle, T.L.; Oliver, S.P. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 983-991; 1993 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dry period; Mammary glands; Lymphocytes; Immunostimulation; Interleukin 2; Mitogens; Lymphocyte transformation

Abstract: Recombinant bST was evaluated as a potential immunoenhancer of bovine peripheral blood and mammary gland mononuclear cells during the nonlactating period. Cows (n = 4 per group) were assigned to one of four treatments: 1) untreated, 2) treated with recombinant bST during lactation only, 3) treated with recombinant bST during the nonlactating period only, and 4) treated with recombinant bST during lactation and the nonlactating period. Recombinant bST treatment during the nonlactating period had no effect on proliferation of bovine blood or mammary gland mononuclear cells in response to stimulation by mitogens or allogeneic cells. Recombinant bST treatment during the nonlactating period enhanced interleukin-2 secretion by mononuclear cells isolated from cows treated also with recombinant bST during lactation. However, recombinant bST treatment during the nonlactating period had little effect on interleukin-2 secretion by mononuclear cells from cows not treated with recombinant bST during lactation. Results of this study suggest that recombinant bST alters effector functions rather than proliferation of bovine mononuclear cells.

184 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Influence of somatotropin treatment of lactating cows on maintenance energy expenditures.
McBride, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; MacLeod, G.K.; Early, R.J. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Jun. Canadian journal of animal science v. 72 (2): p. 413-416; 1992 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English
Ô
Skeletal muscle; Ion transport; Protein synthesis; Ions; Sodium; Potassium

185 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Influence of source of rumen-degraded nitrogen on ruminal and whole tract digestion, plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations as well as milk yield and composition in dairy cows.
Robinson, P.H.; De Boer, G.; Kennelly, J.J. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun. Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 417-428; 1991 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Nonprotein nitrogen; Digestion; Rumen digestion; Barley; Urea; Milk yield; Milk composition; Insulin; Glucagon; Somatotropin; Somatostatin; Glucose

186 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Insulin-like growth factors and binding proteins in ruminants and their nutritional regulation.
McGuire, M.A.; Vicini, J.L.; Bauman, D.E.; Veenhuizen, J.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Sep. Journal of animal science v. 70 (9): p. 2901-2910; 1992 Sep. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Insulin-like growth factor; Lactation; Dry period; Milk yield; Binding proteins; Somatomedin; Nutrition; Literature reviews

Abstract: Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are important mediators of growth, lactation, reproduction, and health. Considerable information on their role in ruminant animals has been learned in the past several years, but the precise mechanisms of their action are not known. The exact biological response of target cells is undoubtedly determined by the developmental state of the cell and synergism with other growth factors. Overall, somatomedins and their binding proteins seem to be major links between cellular developmental processes and nutrient supply. The mechanism by which nutrients control biological actions of somatomedins is not known but clearly involves the synthesis of IGF, as well as their binding proteins and receptors. In ruminants, severe feed restriction decreases circulating concentrations of IGF-I, whereas subtle alterations typical of those that occur in production systems have minimal effect. However, the responses of IGF to somatotropin areÔ nutritional status that are typically encountered in animal production systems.

187 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Interactions of heat stress and bovine somatotropin affecting physiology and immunology of lactating cows.
Elvinger, F.; Natzke, R.P.; Hansen, P.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 449-462; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Heat stress; Milk yield; Body temperature; Mammary glands; Lymphocytes; Immune response; Environmental temperature; Hydrocortisone; Cell counting

Abstract: During summer, 34 cows received daily injections of placebo or 25 mg of bST and were placed in a thermoregulated or a heat stress environment. Heat stress increased rectal temperatures, respiration rates, and plasma cortisol concentrations and decreased milk yield. Four of 9 bST-treated cows and none of 8 control cows became atactic on the 1st d of heat stress. When exposed to beat stress, cows treated with bST experienced higher rectal temperatures throughout the trials than cows treated with placebo. Nonetheless, bST increased milk yields in both environments. The major effect of heat stress on immune function was decreased migration of leukocytes to the mammary gland after chemotactic challenge. This effect of heat stress was not altered by bST. In summary, hyperthermia induced by beat stress and associated changes were greater for cows treated with bST. Detected effects of heat stress on the immune system were few and were not alleviated by bST. Use of bST during summer in subtropical climate zones requires careful management to avoid overexposure of bST-treated cows to heat stress.

188 NAL Call. No.: HD101.S6 Introducing foods produced using biotechnology: the case of bovine somatotropin.
McGuirk, A.M.; Preston, W.P.; Jones, G.M. Experiment, Ga. : The Association; 1992 Jul. Southern journal of agricultural economics - Southern Agricultural Economics Association v. 24 (1): p. 209-223; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English
Ô
attitudes; Household surveys; Biotechnology; Demography; Case studies

Abstract: A mailed questionnaire was used to assess consumer concerns and potential consumption response attributable to the introduction of bovine somatotropin (bST). Responses from 605 households in Virginia are described and analyzed. Logit models were estimated to identify which issues shape consumers' decisions to alter milk purchases contingent on the introduction of bST and to determine whether socioeconomic characteristics explain consumers' attitudes toward these issues. Estimates based on survey responses point toward sizable reductions in fluid milk purchases if bST is introduced. Large retail price reductions are predicted to be insufficient to offset these estimated decreases. Consumer education and marketing strategies are discussed.

189 NAL Call. No.: 280.8 SY8 Is Monsanto burning money in its biotech barn?. Siler, J.F.; Crey, J.
New York, N.Y. : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Sep02. Business week (3229): p. 74-75; 1991 Sep02.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Milk production; Pigmeat; Research support; Product development

190 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393 Just say no to milk hormones.
Stauber, J.C.
Boston, Mass. : Council for Responsible Genetics; 1991 Mar. Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 9-11, 13; 1991 Mar.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk products; Biotechnology

191 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Kinetics of amino acid extraction by lactating mammary glands in control and sometribove-treated Holstein cows.
Hanigan, M.D.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters, E.J.; Reis, B.L.; Baldwin, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (1): p. 161-173; 1992 Jan. Includes references.Ô

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Mammary glands; Amino acids; Arteries; Veins; Regression analysis; Equations

Abstract: Studies of mammary arteriovenous difference were conducted on multiparous lactating Holstein cows (n = 21) on d 35, 70, 105, and 126 of lactation to examine kinetic relationships between arterial concentration and mammary gland extraction of AA. Additionally, these cows were paired by previous lactational performance and assigned to bST-treated or control groups to examine the effect of bST treatment on AA concentration and extraction by lactating mammary glands. Treated cows were injected daily with 40 mg of recombinant bST from d 71 through 126 of lactation. Arterial concentrations of Asp, Ser, Asn, Gly, beta-aminoisobutyrate, and Met were increased. Concentrations of Val, Ile, Leu, Phe, Orn, and Lys were decreased in bST-treated cows compared with controls. Increased extractions of Asp and Met by mammary glands in treated versus control cows were correlated positively with treatment-induced changes in arterial concentrations of these AA. However, increased mammary extractions of Arg, cystathionine, Leu, and Lys by bST-treated compared with control cows were not correlated with bST-induced changes in arterial concentrations of these AA. Extractions of Asn, His, Thr, Arg, Tyr, Met, cystathionine, cystine, Ile, Phe, Orn, Glu, Gly, Tau, Cit, Leu, and Val were correlated linearly with arterial concentrations (r2 > .15) of each AA. Extractions of Asp, Glu, Ser, Asn, Gly, Gln, Tau, His, Cit, Thr, Pro, Tyr, Val, cystine, Ile, Leu, Trp, Orn, and Lys also were correlated with arteriovenous differences of Met.

192 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Lactation, health, and reproduction of dairy cows receiving daily injection of sustained-release somatotropin.
Zhao, X.; Burton, J.H.; McBride, B.W.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (11): p. 3122-3130; 1992 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Subcutaneous injection; Controlled release; Milk composition; Milk yield; Lactation number; Feed intake; Dry matter; Energy intake; Body weight; Animal health; Animal welfare; Reproductive performance; Drug formulations

Abstract: Seventy-four Holstein cows (26 primiparous) were utilized to compare the efficacy and safety of sustained-release versus daily injectable formulations of recombinant bST. Twenty-four control cows were injectedÔ bST microsphere; and 25 cows were injected daily with 10.3 mg of bST. Injections were initiated between wk 4 and 5 of lactation and continued for 280 d. Administration of bST caused a moderate increase in milk and FCM production and improved the efficiency of feed and energy conversions. Most health-related and reproduction-related variables did not differ among treatment groups. However, incidence of teat and udder disorders and feet and leg problems tended to be higher during the 40-wk injection period for the bST-treated cows than for the control cows. Incidence of GnRH therapy and number of days to first service were higher for daily bST-treated cows than for controls. No differences existed between sustained-release and daily bST-treated cows for any parameters monitored.

193 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Lactation response and body composition of cows receiving somatotropin and three ratios of forage to concentrate.
McGuffey, R.K.; Basson, R.P.; Spike, T.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (9): p. 3095-3102; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Body composition; Lactation stage; Energy content; Energy intake; Forage; Protein concentrates; Body fat; Milk yield; Body protein

Abstract: Ninety multiparous Holstein cows were used to determine the effect of ration energy density and bST on lactation performance and whole body chemical composition. Seventy-eight cows, averaging 43.6 d postpartum, were assigned for 168 d to TMR with forage: concentrate ratios of 40:60, 50:50, and 60:40 (DM basis). Half of the cows on each ration received subcutaneously either 0 or 640 mg bST/28 d. Whole body chemical composition was determined by comparative slaughter in 12 cows (average = 35.9 d postpartum) prior to initiation of treatment and in 35 cows after either 84 or 168 d of treatment. Net energy intake was greater for 40:60 ad 50:50 than for 60:40. Milk fat percentage was reduced in cows fed 40:60. Ration did not affect milk, 3.5% FCM, and DMI. There were no differences among rations for total body fat, protein, water, and calories. The bST increased milk and 3.5% FCM but had no effect on DM and net energy intakes. Yield of 3.5% FCM by cows receiving bST and fed 40:60 was 1.9 kg/d more and for 50:50 it was 2.7 kg/d more than for those fed 60:40. Administration of bST reduced total body fat and calories but did not affect protein and water. Partitioning of calories to milk at the expense of fat deposition is the primary mechanism for the galactopoietic action of bST.Ô
194 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Lactational response of Jersey cows to bovine somatotropin administered daily or in a sustained-release formulation.
Jenny, B.F.; Grimes, L.W.; Pardue, F.E.; Rock, D.W.; Patterson, D.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (12): p. 3402-3407; 1992 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Feed intake; Dry matter; Feed conversion; Controlled release; Injection; Body weight; Body condition; Bovine mastitis

Abstract: Twenty-four Jersey cows were administered either 0 or 15.5 mg of bST/d or 310 mg of bST/14 d to determine the effect on milk yield, milk composition, feed intake, and body weight. Administration of bST was from wk 14 through 42 postpartum. Cows were housed in a tie-stall barn and fed for ad libitum intake a TMR adjusted to one of two energy protein densities according to milk yield. Milk yield of cows administered bST daily or by sustained-release vehicle increased 27.6 and 24.7%, respectively, over that of control cows; FCM increased by 30.3 and 26.7%. Percentages of fat and protein in milk were unaffected by bST treatment. Dry matter intake of cows administered bST was greater than that of control cows, whether expressed as kilograms per day or as a percentage of body weight. Apparent efficiency of yield increased in cows administered bST. No significant change in body weight occurred; however, cows administered bST had lower body condition scores at 42 wk postpartum. This trial demonstrated comparable effects of bST on lactational performance when administered daily or in a 14-d sustained-release vehicle.

195 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Lactational responses of dairy cows fed unsaturated dietary fat and receiving bovine somatotropin.
Stegeman, G.A.; Casper, D.P.; Schingoethe, D.J.; Baer, R.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1936-1945; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Dietary fat; Somatotropin; Sunflower seeds; Safflower seed; Unsaturated fatty acids; Milk fat; Milk composition; Diet; Fatty acids; Milk proteins; Milk yield; Rumen fermentationÔ bST may effectively alter the fatty acid composition of milk fat This was tested using 16 Holstein cows assigned to one of four treatments during midlactation. Treatments were control, control diet with 15.5 mg of bST/d per cow, dietary fat from sunflower seeds and bST, or dietary fat from safflower seeds and bST. Diets were formulated to contain 19% CP and contained 25% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% concentrate mix on a DM basis. Milk yield was not significantly higher when bST was administered and increased with added fat diets (29.5, 32.7, 40.0, and 34.1 kg/d for the control, control with bST, sunflower seed with bST, and safflower seed with bST treatments, respectively). Percentage of milk fat was similar for aH treatments. Concentrations of long-chain and unsaturated fatty acids in milk were increased slightly by bST and substantially with added fat. Milk protein percentages were not influenced by bST but were reduced by approximately .2 unit with added fat. Added unsaturated dietary fat coupled with bST increased milk yield and produced a greater concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in milk.

196 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54 Leaving bST decisions to farmers, Wisconsin governor ends moratorium. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Dec16.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (24): p. 4; 1991 Dec16.

Language: English

Descriptors: Wisconsin; Somatotropin; Milk production; Regulations

197 NAL Call. No.: QH585.A1I58 Lipid synthesis by co-cultures of mammary, liver, and adipose tissue explants from sometribove (recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin)-treated dairy cows.
Keys, J.E.; Capuco, A.V.; Wood, D.L.
Columbia, Md. : The Association; 1991 Mar. In vitro cellular & development biology : journal of the Tissue Culture Association v. 27A (3,pt.1): p. 249-252; 1991 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Lipogenesis; Explants; Tissue culture; Mammary glands; Liver; Adipose tissue; Milk production

198 NAL Call. No.: HD1751.C45Ô Etherton, T.D.
Ames, Iowa : American Agricultural Economics Association; 1992. Choices : the magazine of food, farm and resource issues v. 7 (1): p. 11-13; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Dairy cows; Meat animals; Pigs; Residues; Food safety

199 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Long-term effects of sometribove in lactating cows during a fourth consecutive lactation of treatment: insulin and somatotropin responses to glucose infusion.
Adriaens, F.A.; Miller, M.A.; Hard, D.L.; Weller, R.F.; Hale, M.D.; Collier, R.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 472-480; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation number; Blood sugar; Glucose tolerance test; Infusion; Milk yield; Milk composition; Dry matter; Feed intake; Insulin; Blood; Body temperature; Heart rate; Respiration rate

Abstract: The effect of sometribove (USAN, methionyl bST) on the endocrine pancreas and blood bST concentrations was investigated in 6 control and 6 treated Friesian cows, averaging 111 and 118 d postpartum in their fourth lactation of treatment. Each lactation the treated cows received sometribove injections (500 mg) every 2 wk (injection cycle) starting 60 +/- 3 d postpartum, increasing milk yield 3.3, 5.9. 1.9, and 4.2 kg/d in lactations 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. On d 8 of a fourth lactation injection cycle, blood was sampled for 390 min, starting 30 min before an intravenous glucose infusion (100 mg/kg) over a 20-min period. Preinfusion concentrations of glucose, insulin, md bST were elevated in sometribove-treated cows versus controls: 82.1 versus 74.4 mg/dl 28.1 versus 19.7 microIU/ml and 4.6 versus .9 ng/ml respectively. Glucose infusion resulted in a rapid increase in blood glucose and insulin concentrations, followed by a sharp decline to preinfusion values across both treatments, resulting in similar net area under the curves for glucose and insulin. Blood bST concentrations remained unchanged. This study supports the concept that sometribove increases milk yield in dairy cows by chronically influencing homeorhetic mechanisms. Ô
Management of the dairy herd treated with bovine somatotropin. Crooker, B.A.; Otterby, D.E.
Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1991 Jul. The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice v. 7 (2): p. 417-437; 1991 Jul. In the series analytic: Dairy nutrition management / edited by C. J. Sniffen and T. H. Herdt. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Cattle husbandry; Mode of action; Animal nutrition; Body weight; Body condition; Animal health; Reproduction

201 NAL Call. No.: HD101.S6 Market impacts of bovine somatropin: a supply and demand analysis. Kaiser, H.M.
Experiment, Ga. : The Association; 1992 Jul. Southern journal of agricultural economics - Southern Agricultural Economics Association v. 24 (1): p. 271-282; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk supply; Economic impact; Demand; Milk marketing; Econometric models; Milk prices; Validity

Abstract: The potential economic impacts of the introduction of bovine somatotropin (bST) on U.S. milk supply and demand are analyzed using a national model of Class I and Class II milk markets. The results indicate that the introduction of bST will lead to lower milk prices, higher milk production, and larger government purchases of dairy products. Unlike previous economic analyses of bST, this analysis considers both supply and demand effects of bST. The implication is that studies that ignore potential demand-side effects may produce misleading results.

202 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Metabolic responses to exogenous bovine somatotropin in Friesian cows of low or high genetic merit.
Michel, A.; McCutcheon, S.N.; Mackenzie, D.D.S.; Tait, R.M.; Wickham, B.W. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Apr. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (2): p. 293-306; 1991 Apr. Includes references.

Language: EnglishÔ
Insulin-like growth factor; Metabolism

203 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27P Milk safety and the use of BST in dairy industry. Cady, R.A.; Hillers, V.
Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1991 May. Extension bulletin - Washington State University, Cooperative Extension Service v.): 4 p.; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Gene splicing; Milk yield; Food safety

204 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Milk yield, health, and reproduction of dairy cows given somatotropin (Somavubove) beginning early postpartum. Stanisiewski, E.P.; Krabill, L.F.; Lauderdale, J.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (8): p. 2149-2164; 1992 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Dosage effects; Conception rate; Body condition; Lactation stage; Diet; Estrus

Abstract: Cows (n = 210) were assigned to the following treatments: uninjected controls through 130 d postpartum; zero to high, uninjected through 60 d then injected with 14 mg of bST/d from 61 through 130 d postpartum; low, 5 mg of bST/d from 14 through 130 d postpartum; low to high, 5 mg of bST/d from 14 through 60 d then 14 mg of bST/d from 61 through 130 d postpartum; and high, 14 mg of bST/d from 14 through 130 d postpartum, Cows given 5 mg of bST/d (low and low to high treatments) yielded 1.2 kg of FCM/d more and high group cows yielded 1.3 kg of FCM/d more than control cows between 14 and 60 d postpartum. Cows given bST yielded 2.7 to 4.1 kg of FCM/d more than control cows during 61 to 130 d postpartum. Overall, control cows yielded 35.1 kg of FCM/d, and bST-dosed cows yielded 2.2 to 3.2 kg/d more FCM. Low group cows had improved pregnancy rate (80.0%) and conception rate (82.2%) compared with high group cows (57.2 and 60.3%). Neither pregnancy (70.0%) nor conception rates (71.5%) of controls differed from other groups. However, low group cows had first service conception rate of 57.8% compared with 34.3% for high and 38.2% for low to high group cows. First postpartum estrus was observed in high group cows about 13 to 16 d later than in low and low to high group cows, whereasÔ group had lower body condition than controls (2.5 vs. 2.9), but other groups did not differ (2.7 to 2.9) from controls. Health was not adversely affected. Early postpartum bST administration at 5 mg/d increases FCM and, perhaps, reproductive performance of dairy cattle compared with herdmates.

205 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Milk yield of dairy cows receiving somatotropin (somavubove) daily with periodic 14-day interruption.
Stanisiewski, E.P.; Meeuwse, D.M.; Krabill, L.F.; Lauderdale, J.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (12): p. 4195-4201; 1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Intramuscular injection; Timing

Abstract: Thirty multiparous (cows) and 15 primiparous (heifers) lactating Holstein cattle were used in a 112-d study to examine the effects of pattern of administration of recombinantly derived bST on 3.5% FCM yield. Ten cows and 5 heifers each received either no injection (controls), 14 mg of bST daily, or four repetitions of 14 mg of bST/d for 14 d followed by 14 d of no injection (intermittent bST). Because there was an interaction between treatment groups and parity, analyses were performed separately for cows and heifers. All cows and heifers produced more FCM when given bST than controls. Comparing FCM only during the last 7 d of each period of injection for the intermittent bST group with contemporary daily injected cattle indicated that cows produced equivalent amounts of milk at those times, whereas heifers given daily bST produced 3.4 kg/d more than intermittently injected animals. Furthermore, over each of the four repetitive periods, cows and heifers given daily or intermittent bST responded similarly, although heifers given continuous bST produced more FCM than the intermittent group during each of periods 2 through 4. We conclude that daily administration of bST lends itself to dosing termination during established lactation with concomitant decline of FCM; resumption of bST allows milk yields of cows to achieve levels comparable with those prior to short-term interruption.

206 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823 Milk yield responses to sequential treatments with recombinant bovine somatotrophin and frequent milking in lactating goats. Knight, C.H.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1992 May.Ô references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Goats; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milking interval; Mode of action; Mammary glands; Insulin-like growth factor

207 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Milk yields and hormone concentrations of Holstein cows in repsonse to sometribove (somatotropin) treatment during the dry period. Bachman, K.C.; Wilfond, D.H.; Head, H.H.; Wilcox, C.J.; Singh, M. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1883-1890; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dry period; Milk yield; Lactation curve; Blood serum; Insulin; L-thyroxine; Triiodothyronine; Prolactin; Insulin-like growth factor

Abstract: Holstein cows (n = 135) under commercial management were used to determine whether sometribove (recombinant methionyl bST, 25 mg/d) administered during the dry period affected milk yield during the ensuing lactation. Cows scheduled to begin lactations (greater than or equal to 2) during January to March were assigned randomly to treatments of sodium bicarbonate excipient (n = 67) or bST (25 mg/d, n = 68). Subcutaneous injections were given for 14 d, corresponding to d -21 to -7 relative to expected calving date. Days dry prior to first injection (64.0, 60.2) and number of injections received (13.9, 13.8) were similar for control and treatment groups, but days from last injection to calving (8.8, 7.1) differed. No differences in incidence of dystocia or udder edema were detected. Previous lactation yields were 8251 and 7952 kg, and yields for lactations following treatment were 8328 and 7852 kg, based on complete lactation data. Mean test date 3.5% FCM yields for control and treated groups during experimental lactation differed before (30.3 vs. 28.1 kg) but not after (29.5 vs. 28.4 kg) covariance adjustment for previous total lactation milk yield. Test of heterogeneity of regression provided no evidence that respective curves for FCM yield during lactation were not parallel or of different magnitude. Elevation of serum bST during 2 wk of the dry period resulted in no apparent increase in extent of mammogenesis or lactogenesis that was translated into an increase in milk yield.

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Modification of animal growth with growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors.
Ballard, F.J.; Francis, G.L.; Walton, P.E.; Knowles, S.E.; Owens, P.C.; Read, L.C.; Tomas, F.M.
Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1993.
Australian journal of agricultural research v. 44 (3): p. 567-577; 1993. In special issue: Quantitative animal nutrition and metabolism. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Pigs; Poultry; Feed conversion efficiency; Growth; Insulin-like growth factor; Nitrogen balance; Somatotropin; Man; Rats; Literature reviews

209 NAL Call. No.: 286.8 N488 Monsanto told to halt promotion of its gene-engineered milk drug. New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co. :.; 1991 Feb13. The New York times. p. A14; 1991 Feb13.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk production; Genetic engineering

210 NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N Monsanto told to stop promoting bovine hormone. Hileman, B.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 Feb18. Chemical and engineering news v. 69 (7): p. 5; 1991 Feb18.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety

211 NAL Call. No.: A00034 NIH panel gives BST a clean bill of health. London, England : IBC Technical Services :.; 1991 Jan. Biotechnology bulletin v. 9 (12): p. 2-3; 1991 Jan.

Language: English
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safety

212 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Northern and in situ hybridization analyses of the effects of somatotropin on bovine mammary gene expression.
Glimm, D.R.; Baracos, V.E.; Kennelly, J.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (10): p. 2687-2705; 1992 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Rna; Gene expression; Receptors; Mammary tissue; Northern blotting; Autoradiography; Biochemical techniques

Abstract: We investigated the potential roles of insulin-like growth factor-I and epidermal growth factor, both multifunctional regulators of mammary physiology, in somatotropin-stimulated lactation of dairy cattle. One insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA (7.4 kb) was detected in lactating mammary tissue; however, it became undetectable after somatotropin administration. Four type I insulin-like growth factor receptor mRNA (11.3, 6.2, 4.9, and 3.3 kb) were detected in mammary tissue and primarily expressed in alveolar epithelial cells. All of these receptor mRNA markedly decreased in mammary tissue from somatotropin-treated animals, although the cellular distribution pattern of receptor gene expression did not change. One epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA (10.5 kb) was present in mammary tissue and predominantly expressed in alveolar epithelial cells. Epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA decreased after somatotropin administration. The results from this study are consistent with the idea that the stimulatory effect of somatotropin during lactation is in part due to its ability to regulate the expression of specific genes or the stability of their mRNA in mammary tissue. The data also suggest roles for insulin-like growth factor-I and epidermal growth factor, as well as their homologous receptors, in controlling cellular changes in the mammary gland during somatotropin-stimulated lactation.

213 NAL Call. No.: A00062 Now, drink your milk.
Greensboro, N.C. : [Greensboro News & Record, Inc.].; 1991 May09. Greensboro news & record. p. A14; 1991 May09.

Language: English
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Genetic engineering; Economic impact; Dairy farming

214 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82 Nutrient balance and stage of lactation affect responses of insulin, insulin-like growth factors I and II, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 to somatotropin administration in dairy cows. Vicini, J.L.; Buonomo, F.C.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Miller, M.A.; Clemmons, D.R.; Collier, R.J.
Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1991 Oct. The Journal of nutrition v. 121 (10): p. 1656-1664; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Dietary protein; Energy content; Somatotropin; Lactation stage; Insulin; Insulin-like growth factor; Binding proteins

Abstract: Six Holstein cows were used in a complete block design to examine effects of period of lactation and somatotropin (bST) administration on concentrations of insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-II), IGF-binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2). During late lactation, the dry period and the subsequent early lactation, cows received injections of NaHCO3 buffer for 5 d and bST for 7 d. Cows were in positive energy and protein balances during late lactation and the dry period and in slight negative balances during early lactation. Basal insulin concentrations were highest in late lactation (170 pmol/L), whereas bST concentrations were higher in early lactation (0.6 microgram/L). Insulin was increased by BST in the dry period (255 pmol/L) and late lactation (149 pmol/L) but not in early lactation (14 pmol/L), probably because of greater availability of glucose during positive nutrient balance. Basal IGF-I was lowest in early lactation (63.6 MA) but was increased by bST during all periods. The IGF-I response to bST administration was lower during early lactation (74.1 microgram/L) compared with late lactation (123.6 microgram/L) arid dry period (146.0 microgram/L). The IGF-I concentrations were not affected by period of lactation of bST administration but IGF-II tended to be higher during bST administration when cows were dry. Concentration of IGFBP-2 was higher during early lactation when cows were in negative nutrient balance (479.5 microgram/L) than during the dry period (289.2 microgram/L) arid was decreased with bST. These data support a role of insulin and IGF in regulation of milk production. Availability of nutrients may be involved in regulating these hormones, particularly during bST treatment.

215 NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5Ô on serum luteinizing hormone and insulin-like growth factor I. Richards, M.W.; Wettemann, R.P.; Spicer, L.J.; Morgan, G.L. Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1991 Jun. Biology of reproduction v. 44 (6): p. 961-966; 1991 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cows; Animal nutrition; Anestrus; Ovariectomy; Lh; Insulin-like growth factor; Blood serum

Abstract: The objectives of this experiment were to determine if a postcastration increase in concentrations of LH occurs in nutritionally anestrous beef cows and to examine the relationships between body energy reserves and secretion of LH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Nonpregnant, nonlactating, Hereford cows were fed to maintain (M) body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and normal estrous cycles (n = 5) or were fed a restricted (R) diet for 26 wk to lose BW and BCS and to become anestrus (n = 10). At 5-7 wk after the initiation of anestrus, R cows were randomly allotted to be ovariectomized (OVX) via flank incision (n = 5) or to remain intact (INT, n = 5). OVX was performed when R cows became anestrous. All M cows were OVX. Serum was collected frequently the day before and during the first 10 days after OVX, and concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, LH and IGF-I were quantified. On Day 10 after OVX, 1 mg of estradiol was injected into 3 cows from each group and serum was collected for 30 h. After OVX, there was a treatment-by-day effect for mean serum LH and IGF-I concentrations. Concentrations of LH increased (p < 0.01) and concentrations of IGF-I decreased (p < 0.05) in M-OVX cows when compared with R-OVX and R-INT cows. Concentrations of LH and IGF-I were similar for R-OVX and R-INT cows. The number of LH pulses was similar for M and R cows. Estradiol treatment increased LH secretion in all M cows but not in all R cows. Concentrations of IGF-I in serum increased (p < 0.05) in M-OVX cows after treatment with estradiol, but IGF-I was not altered by estradiol treatment of R cows. We conclude that secretion of LH and IGF-I is greater, before and during the first 10 days after OVX, in cows fed to maintain BW than in nutritionally restricted cows that become anestrous. One mechanism by which reduced body energy reserves decrease secretion of LH may be independent of ovarian control and may involve decreased IGF-I secretions. Estradiol can acutely enh

216 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Nutritional implications of bovine somatotropin for the lactating dairy cow. McGuffey, R.K.; Wilkinson, J.I.D.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 63-71; 1991. Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989,Ô

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Nutrient requirements; Energy intake; Feed conversion; Energy metabolism; Literature reviews

217 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24 Observations on intramammary infection and somatic cell counts in cows treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin.
Lissemore, K.D.; Leslie, K.E.; McBride, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Willan, A.R.; Bateman, K.G.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Apr. Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire v. 55 (2): p. 196-198; 1991 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Bovine mastitis; Udders; Dosage effects; Bacterial count; Lactation stage; Cell counting

218 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Ontogeny of hepatic bovine growth hormone receptors in cattle. Badinga, L.; Collier, R.J.; Thatcher, W.W.; Wilcox, C.J.; Head, H.H.; Bazer, F.W.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 May. Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 1925-1934; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Calves; Growth factors; Hormone receptors; Binding site; Blood serum; Liver; Microsomes; Membranes; Insulin; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine; Age differences

Abstract: A series of studies examined the binding characteristics and ontogeny of hepatic growth hormone binding sites in dairy bulls on d 2, 30, 180, and 365 of age. Binding of iodinated recombinant bovine growth hormone ([125I]rbGH) to liver membrane receptors was membrane protein-dependent. Receptors were considered growth hormone-specific, because physiological concentrations of bovine prolactin (bPRL) failed to displace [125I]rbGH from bovine hepatocyte membranes. Only 50% of [125I]rbGH was bound reversibly to hepatic microsomes. Addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) to the receptor-assayÔ time-dependent manner. Moderate concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++ in the receptor-assay buffer had no detectable effects on binding of [125I]rbGH to hepatic microsomes. In growing dairy bulls, specific binding of [125I]rbGH per milligram of membrane protein increased from 1.9 +/- 1.8% at d 2 to 14.1 +/- 1.8% at d 180 and then declined to 5.2 +/- 1.6% at d 365. Likewise, concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in serum was low during the lst mo of age (d 2, 13.3 +/- 8.8 ng/ml; d 30, 9.7 +/- 8.8 ng/ml), but it became maximal at d 180 (151.0 +/- 8.8 ng/ml). Circulating concentrations of IGF-II increased linearly during the lst yr of growth. Serum concentrations of GH, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine declined from 39.9 +/- 6.5, 2.7 +/-.2, and 75.4 +/- 4.6 ng/ml at d 2 to 16.5 +/- 6.5, 1.3 +/- .2, and 53.4 +/- 4.6 ng/ml at d 30, respectively, and remained low through 1 yr of age. Insulin concentration in serum did not change significantly with development. Results indicated that increasing concentrations of specific bGH receptors in the bovine liver may play a key role in regulating postnatal growth in cattle.

219 NAL Call. No.: HD1773.A3N6 Optimal dairy policy with bovine somatotropin. Tauer, L.W.; Kaiser, H.M.
East Lansing, Mich. : Michigan State University; 1991 Jan. Review of agricultural economics v. 13 (1): p. 1-17; 1991 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dairy industry; Agricultural policy; Production controls; Milk production; Milk prices; Price support; Government; Removal; Surpluses; Economic impact; Profitability; Innovation adoption; Social welfare; Optimization; Dynamic models

Abstract: A control model of the U.S. dairy sector was constructed to determine optimal policy when bovine somatotropin is released. Social welfare, defined as consumer plus producer surplus minus adjustment and net government costs, was maximized. Control variables were the milk support price and government purchases of cows. Compared to previous simulation research where government policy and adoption are modeled exogenously, the results show that decreases in milk prices and farm profits are not as severe.

220 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Optimizing heifer growth rates in high-producing dairy herds. Day, J.D.
Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Apr. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13Ô

Language: English

Descriptors: Heifers; Growth rate; Body measurements; Somatotropin; Age at first calving; Economic impact; Body weight; Case studies; Dairy herds; Milk production

221 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G452 OTA adds its assurance: bovine somatotropin harmless. Washington, D.C. : Gershon W. Fishbein; 1991 Apr24. Genetic engineering letter v. 11 (9): p. 2; 1991 Apr24.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Food safety; Biotechnology

222 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6 OTA report clearing bST heats up controversy. Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1991 May24. Nutrition week v. 21 (21): p. 6; 1991 May24.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk; Somatotropin; Residues; Health hazards; Food safety; Adverse effects; Animal disorders; Milk production; Farmers' associations; Consumer protection

223 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Ovarian follicular populations in lactating dairy cows treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin (sometribove) or saline and fed diets differing in fat content and energy.
Lucy, M.C.; De La Sota, R.L.; Staples, C.R.; Thatcher, W.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 1014-1027; 1993 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dietary fat; Diet; Long chain fatty acids; Metabolizable energy; Protected fat; Milk yield; Feed intake; Blood plasma; Metabolites; Estradiol; Follicles; Size; Ovulation rate Ô
(sometribove) injections were tested for their effects on ovarian function. Lactating dairy cows were fed one of three diets differing in energy concentration (NE(L)) and percentage of DM of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids: diet 1, 1.68 Mcal/kg and 0%; diet 2, 1.68 Mcal/kg and 2.2%; and diet 3, 1.78 Mcal/kg and 2.2%. Cows were injected daily with bST or saline during one of two 19-d interestrous periods (crossover design) in which ovarian follicles were measured by ultrasonography. The bST-treated cows produced more FCM and were in lower energy balance than saline-treated cows. Before d 12 (first follicular wave, estrus = d 0), bST-treated cows had more ovarian follicles in classes 1 (3 to 5 mm; cows on diet 3) or 2 (6 to 9 mm; cows on diets 1 and 2) than saline-treated cows. After d 12 (preovulatory follicular wave), numbers of follicles in different size classes were similar for bST-treated and saline-treated cows, but cows fed diet 2 had larger preovulatory follicles. Lower dietary energy and bST treatment were both associated with larger subordinate follicles. Ovarian follicles less than 10 mm were stimulated by bST, and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids increased diameters of preovulatory follicles.

224 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Partial purification of somatotropin receptors from pig liver: they arise from a single somatotropin receptor messenger RNA transcript. Louveau, I.; Etherton, T.D.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Nov. Journal of animal science v. 70 (11): p. 3421-3428; 1992 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Liver; Hormone receptors; Microsomes; Membranes; Messenger RNA; Northern blotting; Purification

Abstract: Specific binding sites for porcine somatotropin (pST) have been identified in pig liver microsomal membranes. Little information, however, is available about the size and number of ST receptor (ST-R) forms present. Therefore, the present study was conducted to characterize ST-R in pig liver using two approaches. In the first set of experiments, cross-linking of [125I]bST (bovine ST) to microsomal membranes, followed by gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, revealed the presence of a predominant protein of 107 kDa and four other proteins of 71, 52, 40, and 26 kDa. In a second set of experiments, ST-R were partially purified using affinity chromatography. Binding studies indicated that there was an approximately 1,800-fold purification compared to liver homogenate. Two specific proteins of 107 and 40 kDa were detected after crosslinking of [125I]bST to partially purified ST-R. Northern blot analysis revealed that these proteins arise by posttranslationalÔ transcript. Although the present study indicates that several forms of ST-R are present in pig liver, it is not clear what physiological role these different ST-R play in mediating the hepatic effects of PST. It is evident, however, that the smaller proteins are generated from the 107-kDa protein, which is the predominant isoform present in liver microsomal membranes.

225 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Patterns of nutrient uptake by the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows. Miller, P.S.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters, E.J.; Baldwin, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3791-3799; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Mammary glands; Nutrient uptake; Blood plasma; Somatotropin; Fatty acids; Equations; Prediction; Blood sugar; Lactic acid; Acetates; Cholesterol; 3-hydroxybutyric acid; Triacylglycerols

Abstract: Twenty-one multiparous lactating dairy cows with previous 305-d milk production records varying from 5900 to 13,600 kg were used to examine patterns of nutrient uptake by the mammary glands. On d 71 and continuing until d 126 of lactation, animals were injected daily with 40 mg of sometribove (bST group) or bicarbonate buffer (control group). Arterial and venous blood plasma samples were collected over a 12-h period on d 35, 70, 105, and 126 of lactation. Regression equations developed to evaluate linear effects of plasma arterial concentrations on net arterial-venous difference across the mammary glands demonstrated that, for acetate, NEFA, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, plasma arterial concentration accounted for over 50% of variation in uptake by the mammary glands. Additionally, a sigmoidal equation fitted the relationship between D-beta-hydroxybutyrate plasma arterial concentration and mammary gland uptake (r2 = .70). Triacylglyceride concentration was less effective in predicting uptake (r2 = .25). Administration of bST did not alter patterns of nutrient uptake, but a fourfold increase in NEFA uptake was predicted for bST-treated cows from this study, using NEFA concentrations from the literature. These observations indicate that plasma concentration of acetate, NEFA, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, and triacylglyceride are major determinants of uptake by the mammary glands. Factors other than plasma concentration, such as mammary gland biosynthetic capacity, availability of other nutrients, and blood flow, determine uptakes of glucose, lactate, and total and free cholesterol (r2 less than or equal to .03).

Ô
Patterns of nutrient uptake by the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows. Miller, P.S.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters, E.J.; Baldwin, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3791-3799; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

227 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Pharmacokinetics of a recombinant bovine growth hormone and pituitary bovine growth hormone in lactating dairy cows. Toutain, P.L.; Schams, D.; Laurentie, M.P.; Thomson, T.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 May. Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1219-1225; 1993 May. Includes references.
Ô

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Pharmacokinetics; Intravenous injection; Synthetic pituitary hormones; Bioavailability

Abstract: The disposition of pituitary-derived bovine growth hormone (pbST) and of a recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbST) produced by Lilly (somidobove, USAN) were compared after an intravenous bolus administration (36.69 micrograms/kg for pbST and 35 micrograms/kg for rbST) to eight lactating cows in a crossover study. It was shown that dose-dependent parameters (volume of distribution, clearance) were significantly different between the two test articles. The steady mean state volume of distribution (.10 +/- .018 vs .12 +/- .015 L/kg) and clearance (.119 +/- .012 vs .143 +/- .011 L . kg-1 . h-1) were lower for the pbST than for the somidobove. In contrast, the mean (+/- SD) residence times were not different for the two test articles (50.0 +/- 8.6 vs 46.9 +/- 5.9 min for pbST and somidobove, respectively). The origin of the difference is unclear, but it cannot be explained by the slight difference between the administered dose of the two test articles (< 5%) because the actual dose rate was used to calculate all dose-dependent parameters.

228 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Physiological responses to somatotropin in the ruminant. Breier, B.H.; Gluckman, P.D.; McCutcheon, S.N.; Davis, S.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 20-34; 1991. Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Goats; Sheep; Somatotropin; Mammary glands; Lactation; Insulin-like growth factor; Lipid metabolism; Carbohydrate metabolism; Receptors; Literature reviews

229 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Plasma growth hormone and insulin concentrations in, and free fatty acid release from adipose tissue cultured in vitro from Holstein cows to differing cow index during early and late lactation. Kazmer, G.W.; Oyler, R.H.
Auburn, Ala. : Domendo, Inc; 1991 Jan.
Domestic animal endocrinology. p. 81-86; 1991 Jan. Includes references.

Language: EnglishÔ
Blood plasma; Somatotropin; Insulin; Fatty acids

230 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Postparturient metabolic and production responses in cows previously exposed to long-term treatment with somatotropin. Lean, I.J.; Troutt, H.F.; Bruss, M.L.; Farver, T.B.; Baldwin, R.L.; Galland, J.C.; Kratzer, D.; Holmberg, C.A.; Weaver, L.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3429-3445; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Ketosis; Metabolism; Body condition; Milk composition; Blood serum; Metabolites; Body weight; Milk yield

Abstract: Postparturient metabolic and production responses were studied for 85 multiparous cows consisting of controls and animals that had been previously exposed to long-term treatment with bST. Older cows previously exposed to bST at high doses (51.6 mg/d) had lower milk yields than controls. However, there were no significant differences compared with controls in milk yield for lower dose (17.2 mg/d) older cows or parity 2 cow groups. The bST-treated groups had higher postpartum DMI, lower serum FFA, lower serum beta-hydroxybutyrate levels, and higher serum glucose than controls. Some bST-exposed groups had lower milk fat but higher milk protein levels. All bST-treated groups had significantly lower ratios of C8 to C4 to 10 milk fatty acids. Control cows of both parity groups were in higher body condition and weighed more than bST-treated cows prior to calving. The differences in postpartum metabolism may be attributed to differences in body composition resulting from BST treatment in the prior lactation, because use of body condition score prior to calving as a covariate did not substantially alter responses. The control cows probably had greater reserves of mobilizable lipid, These contentions are supported by changes in milk composition for bST-treated cows, which were consistent with animals of greater appetite, mobilizing less lipid. The bST-treated cows were probably more energetically efficient milk producers because, they produced milk from feed rather than from mobilization of tissue stores. These data suggest that bST use in a prior lactation may have potential benefit in reducing risk of metabolic disorders associated with lipid mobilization in the postparturient period.

231 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223 Prediction and characterization of the water sorption isotherm for bovine somatotropin.Ô
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1992 Feb. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 40 (2): p. 342-347; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Stability; Cattle; Drug formulations; Mathematical models; Water uptake

Abstract: The sorption of water by recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbSt) solids was described by a sigmoidal-shaped isotherm. Isotherm predictions based on rbSt's primary sequence and the H2O binding capacity of various functional groups provided reasonable estimates of the isotherm, depending on the rbSt salt used. The isotherms were described mathematically by the BET and GAB equations, resulting in "monolayer" values of 5-8 g of H2O/100 g of protein (60-100 mol of H2O/mol of protein), depending on the salt of rbSt. The isotherms were independent of particle surface area, and H2O/N2 surface area ratios were greater than 1, both consistent with the penetration of water into the solid. The hysteresis in the sorpion-desorption isotherms was consistent with kinetically metastable states typically observed in amorphous polymeric systems. The importance of moisture on rbSt stability was demonstrated and discussed with respect to potential plasticization of the solid by water.

232 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223 Preformulation studies oriented toward sustained delivery of recombinant somatotropins.
Hageman, M.J.; Bauer, J.M.; Possert, P.L.; Darrington, R.T. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1992 Feb. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 40 (2): p. 348-355; 1992 Feb. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Animal health; Drug formulations; Recombinant DNA; Literature reviews

Abstract: Preformulation studies supporting development of sustained-release formulations for bovine (rbSt) and porcine (rpSt) somatotropins emphasized the importance of protein stability within the delivery systems following implantation. Intermolecular dimerization reactions via covalent non-disulfide crosslinks were more predominant in the solid state than in solution. Fates of dimerization in the solid increased upon exposure to increasing relative vapor pressure (rvp) and lyophilization from solutions of increasing pH. However, the fractional amount of rbSt lost via dimerization vs other pathways wasÔ to dry heat or 60Co irradiation makes the use of terminal sterilization unlikely. The dissolution of rpSt was faster than that of rbSt, consistent with rpSt's greater solubility. However, the relationship between solubility and dissolution rate for somatotropins was unclear, and application of conventional dissolution models/techniques was limited.

233 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4522 Pure food campaign opens hotline on BGH. Goonen, A.B.
Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group; 1993 Mar08. Biotech daily v. 2 (136): p. 1, 2; 1993 Mar08.

Language: English

Descriptors: Food safety; Genetic engineering; Somatotropin; Milk production

234 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5 Putting the bST human-health controversy to rest. Miller, H.I.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Feb. Bio/technology v. 10 (2): p. 147; 1992 Feb.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Recombinant DNA; Genetic engineering; Milk production; Milk; Food safety; Food and nutrition controversies

235 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 AM34 Recombinant bovine and porcine somatotropin: Safety and benefits of these biotechnologies.
Etherton, T.D.; Kris-Etherton, P.M.; Mills, E.W. Chicago, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Feb. Journal of the American Dietetic Association v. 93 (2): p. 177-180; 1993 Feb. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Safety; Literature reviews; Biotechnology; Milk production; Carcass composition; Animal fat; Meat quality; Cows; Pigs

Abstract: This article reviews the literature about the safety and benefits of two recombinantly derived proteins, bovine somatotropin (bST) and porcineÔ future. When administered to dairy cows, bST increases milk production per cow approximately 15% to 20% and improves productive efficiency approximately 10%. Administration of pST to growing pigs reduces carcass fat content by as much as 70% to 80% and improves productive efficiency 15% to 35%. Because meat is a major source of total fat and saturated fatty acids in the diets of human beings, pST will allow consumers to include leaner, more nutrient-dense pork in their diets and still meet current dietary guidelines. Although these biotechnologies have not yet received regulatory approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for commercial use, information published by the FDA, the National Institutes of Health, the US Congress Office of Technology Assessment, and the American Academy of Pediatrics, as well as an extensive body of scientific evidence, indicate that these products are safe for the consumer. Nonetheless, it is important that consumers understand the benefits and safety of these biotechnologies. Dietitians can play an important role in providing information to consumers about the safety and benefits of bST and pST.

236 NAL Call. No.: SF768.2.C3D68 1991 Recombinant bovine growth hormone a consumer's perspective. Douthitt, Robin A.
Madison, Wis. : Robert M. La Follette Institute of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin--Madison,; 1991.
24 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. (La Follette issues). Includes bibliographical references (p. 21-23).

Language: English

Descriptors: Bovine somatotropin; Consumers' preferences

237 NAL Call. No.: SF243.U54 1992 Recombinant bovine growth hormone FDA approval should be withheld until the mastitis issue is resolved : report to Congressional requesters.. FDA approval should be withheld until the mastitis issue is resolved United States. General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. : The Office ; Gaithersburg, MD (P.O. Box 6015, Gaithersburg 20877) : The Office [distributor,; 1992; GA 1.13:PEMD-92-26. 64 p. ; 28 cm. Cover title. August 1992. GAO/PEMD-92-26. "B-248450"--P. 1. Includes bibliographical references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bovine somatotropin; Mastitis; Milk contamination; Milk productionÔ
238 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Recombinant bovine somatotropin improves growth performance in finishing beef steers.
Moseley, W.M.; Paulissen, J.B.; Goodwin, M.C.; Alaniz, G.R.; Claflin, W.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 70 (2): p. 412-425; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Somatotropin; Dosage effects; Liveweight gain; Feed conversion; Carcass composition; Carcass yield; Blood serum; Insulin-like growth factor; Abomasum; Lesions

Abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of various doses of rbST on ADG and feed efficiency (FE) and to describe carcass composition changes in finishing beef steers. In Exp. 1, 96 crossbred beef steers (393 kg) received daily i.m. injections of buffer or 33, 100, or 300 microgram/kg of BW of rbst (0ST, 33ST, 1OOST, 300ST). In Exp. 2, 200 crossbred beef steers (417 kg) received daily i.m. injections of buffer or 8.25, 16.5, 33, or 66 microgram/kg of BW of rbST (0ST, 8.25ST, 16.5ST, 33ST, 66ST). Treatments were administered until steer BW per pen averaged 540 kg in Exp. 1 and 560 kg in Exp. 2. An 86% concentrate:14% roughage diet was fed once daily (CP: 16.5% in Exp. 1, 20.2% in Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, growth performance of steers receiving rbst was dose-dependent; ADG changed linearly (P = .01), DMI decreased linearly (P = .03), and FE changed quadratically (P < .03). The 33ST steers responded with improved ADG and FE, 100ST with improved FE, and 300ST with lower ADG and poorer FE, compared with 0ST. In Exp. 2, the ADG response was quadratic (P = .01), DMI decreased linearly (P = .003), and FE improved quadratically (P = .004) with increasing dose of rbst. Steers receiving 16.5ST and 33ST responded with improved ADG and FE, whereas steers receiving 8.25ST and 66ST responded with improved FE but not ADG relative to 0ST steers. In Exp. 1 and 2, rbST administration altered carcass composition by increasing carcass protein and decreasing carcass fat. Our results indicate that a daily dose between 16.5 and 33 microgram/kg of BW was required to optimize both ADG and FE in finishing beef steers; however, the dose response for changes in carcass chemical composition had not attained a plateau even at 300 microgram/kg of BW.

239 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Recombinant bovine somatotropin with lactating cows fed diets differing in energy density.
Tessmann, N.J.; Dhiman, T.R.; Kleinmans, J.; Radloff, H.D.; Satter, L.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Aug.Ô references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Forage; Feed grains; Body weight; Body condition; Milk composition; Plane of nutrition; Alfalfa silage; Lactation number; Energy content; Mastitis; Milk yield

Abstract: Sixty-four Holstein cows (32 primiparous) were assigned randomly at parturition to one of two diets differing in forage:grain ratio and were further assigned to either control or treatment with recombinant bST. A full lactation study was conducted. Total mixed rations consisted of alfalfa silage, high moisture ear corn, soybean meal, and vitamin and mineral supplements. Percentages of forage in die diet (dry basis) for the high and medium energy diets were wk 1 to 12, 38.2 and 58.2; wk 13 to 26, 48.2 and 68.2; and wk 27 to 44, 68.2 and 88.2. Injection of a saline placebo or 20.6 mg/d per cow of bST started at wk 13 and stopped at wk 43 of lactation. Administration of bST increased 305-d milk yield by 19.9 and 18.3% for multiparous cows fed high and medium grain diets and by 13.0 and 5.9% for primiparous cows fed the same diets. Body weight gain during lactation tended to be lower for cows treated with bST, and body condition scores were significantly lower for those treated with bST and fed the medium energy diets. Daily injection of bST did not change concentrations of glucose or urea in blood or beta hydroxybutyrate in plasma. Multiparous cows had a transitory increase in plasma FFA concentration immediately after bST treatment started. Milk composition, health, and reproductive parameters observed were not adversely affected by bST administration. Cows fed low energy diets during bST administration in the first lactation did not produce as much milk as controls when compared during the first 10 wk of their second lactation.

240 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Relationship of early lactation and bovine somatotropin on nutrient uptake by cow mammary glands.
Miller, P.S.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters, E.J.; Baldwin, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3800-3806; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Mammary glands; Lactation stage; Nutrient uptake; Fatty acids; Arteries; Veins; Metabolites

Abstract: Twenty-one multiparous lactating dairy cows with previous 305-dÔ investigate effects of bST administration and stage of lactation on nutrient plasma arterial concentrations and arterial-venous differences across the mammary glands (uptake). On d 71 and continuing until d 126 of lactation, cows were injected with 40 mg of sometribove (bST group) or bicarbonate buffer (placebo group). Arterial and venous blood plasma samples were collected over a 12-h period on d 35, 70, 105, and 126 of lactation. Plasma concentration of glucose was 7% higher in midlactation compared with early lactation cows. Plasma concentration of acetate decreased from 2.11 to 1.87 mM in placebo versus bST-treated cows. Plasma arterial concentration and uptake of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate were .52 and .18 mM higher, respectively, in early versus midlactation cows. Concentration and uptake of NEFA were elevated in both early lactation and bST-treated cows. Triacylglyceride concentrations were 24 and 19% lower in early lactation and bST-treated cows compared with midlactation cows receiving placebo. Likewise, uptake of triacylglyceride was reduced in early lactation and with bST treatment compared with midlactation. The mediation of nutrient delivery and uptake by the mammary gland appears to be markedly similar between early lactation and bst-treated cows, suggesting a similarity between these physiological states and the homeostatic and homeorhetic mechanisms regulating nutrient partitioning in the lactating dairy cow. In early compared with midlactation cows receiving placebo, uptakes of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA were reduced, and triacylglyceride uptake increased.

241 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Relationship of early lactation and bovine somatotropin on nutrient uptake by cow mammary glands.
Miller, P.S.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters, E.J.; Baldwin, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3800-3806; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Mammary glands; Lactation stage; Nutrient uptake; Fatty acids; Arteries; Veins; Metabolites

Abstract: Twenty-one multiparous lactating dairy cows with previous 305-d milk production records varying from 5900 to 13,600 kg were used to investigate effects of bST administration and stage of lactation on nutrient plasma arterial concentrations and arterial-venous differences across the mammary glands (uptake). On d 71 and continuing until d 126 of lactation, cows were injected with 40 mg of sometribove (bST group) or bicarbonate buffer (placebo group). Arterial and venous blood plasma samples were collected over a 12-h period on d 35, 70, 105, and 126 of lactation. Plasma concentration ofÔ Plasma concentration of acetate decreased from 2.11 to 1.87 mM in placebo versus bST-treated cows. Plasma arterial concentration and uptake of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate were .52 and .18 mM higher, respectively, in early versus midlactation cows. Concentration and uptake of NEFA were elevated in both early lactation and bST-treated cows. Triacylglyceride concentrations were 24 and 19% lower in early lactation and bST-treated cows compared with midlactation cows receiving placebo. Likewise, uptake of triacylglyceride was reduced in early lactation and with bST treatment compared with midlactation. The mediation of nutrient delivery and uptake by the mammary gland appears to be markedly similar between early lactation and bst-treated cows, suggesting a similarity between these physiological states and the homeostatic and homeorhetic mechanisms regulating nutrient partitioning in the lactating dairy cow. In early compared with midlactation cows receiving placebo, uptakes of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA were reduced, and triacylglyceride uptake increased.

242 NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1 Relationship of liver and skeletal muscle IGF-1 mRNA to plasma GH profile, production of IGF-1 by liver, plasma IGF-1 concentrations, and growth rates of cattle.
Hannon, K.; Gronowski, A.; Trenkle, A.
Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1991 Feb. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine v. 196 (2): p. 155-163; 1991 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bulls; Steers; Heifers; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Thyroid hormones; Messenger RNA; Liver; Skeletal muscle; Blood plasma; Growth rate; Hormone secretion; Correlation analysis

Abstract: Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1),and thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) concentrations in blood plasma of 18 crossbred cattle (six bulls, six steers, and six heifers) were measured over an 8-hr period. One week later at slaughter, IGF-1 production by liver slices and IGF-1 mRNA concentrations in skeletal muscle and liver were measured. Bulls had higher (P < 0.05) mean plasma GH and GH peak amplitudes (P < 0.01) than heifers, and values for steers were intermediate between bulls and heifers. Baseline GH concentrations and number of GH peaks were not significantly different for the three groups. Bulls had 1.6-fold (P < 0.01) and 3.0-fold (P < 0.01) greater liver IGF-1 mRNA concentrations than steers or heifers, respectively, whereas the steers had 1.8-fold (P < 0.05) greater IGF-1 mRNA in liver than heifers. Production of IGF-1 by liver slices was greater (P < 0.05) in bulls than steers or heifers. Bulls had 1.3-fold greater plasma IGF-1 thanÔ heifers (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in concentrations of skeletal muscle IGF-1 mRNA between the three groups of animals. Liver IGF-1 mRNA, liver IGF-1 production, and plasma IGF-1 were all significantly correlated with gain and mean GH peak amplitude, but not with GH baseline, GH peak frequency, or concentrations of T3 and T4. Concentrations of IGF-1 mRNA in skeletal muscle were not correlated to gain or any parameter of the GH profile. Plasma concentrations of T3 were significantly (P < 0.05) negatively correlated to plasma GH baseline concentrations. Muscle IGF-1 mRNA concentration was negatively related to plasma T4 and T3. The results of this study suggest that the cascade of events starting with secretion of GH from the pituitary, expression of liver IGF-1 mRNA, and secretion of IGF-1 by the liver are important phenomena for growth of cattle.

243 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Relationship of thyroid status to growth hormone and insulin-lke growth factor-I (IGF-I) in plasma and IGF-I mRNA in liver and skeletal muscle of cattle.
Hannon, K.; Trenkle, A.
Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (4): p. 595-600; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Liver; Skeletal muscle; Thyroid gland; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Messenger RNA; Blood plasma

244 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Relationships among milk yield, metabolism, and reproductive performance of primiparous Holstein cows treated with somatotropin. Morbeck, D.E.; Britt, J.H.; McDaniel, B.T. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2153-2164; 1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk yield; Somatotropin; Blood; Metabolites; Insulin-like growth factor; Dosage effects; Insulin; Glucose; Estrus; Hormones; Breeding efficiency; Lactation curve; Body weight; Body condition

Abstract: Thirty-two primiparous Holsteins were assigned to receive 0, 5.15, 10.3, or 16.5 mg/d recombinant bST. Treatment began between 28 and 35 dÔ postpartum. Metabolic hormones and metabolites were measured in blood weekly during the first 10 wk of treatment, and progesterone was measured in milk twice weekly to assess ovarian activity until conception. Milk production (305 d, actual) was 8350 +/- 562, 8348 +/- 515, 9571 +/- 515, and 9070 +/- 515 for cows given 0, 5.15, 10.3, or 16.5 mg/d and did not differ statistically. Insulin, glucose, NEFA and blood urea nitrogen were not influenced by dose of bST. However, insulin-like growth factor-I increased linearly with dose of bST. Days from parturition to first detected estrus, days open, and services per conception did not differ among groups; however, days from parturition to first service increased with dose of bST. Rate of detection of estrus decreased with dose of bST, resulting in a longer interval to first insemination. The lower rate of detection of estrus in bst-treated cows may have been associated with reduced expression of estrus. Additional statistical analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between metabolism, milk production, and reproduction over all doses of bST. There was a negative correlation between 305-d milk yield and glucose (r = -.44) and insulin (r = -.46) concentrations during 30 to 100 d postpartum. In stepwise regression analyses, insulin accounted for 21% of the variance in 305-d milk yield. Glucose and NEFA accounted for 18% of the variance in days open, and there was a negative correlation (r = -.32) between glucose and days open. Days open and milk production were not correlated.

245 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Response of dairy cows to high doses of a sustained-release bovine somatotropin administered during two lactations. 1. Production response. Eppard, P.J.; Hudson, S.; Cole, W.J.; Hintz, R.L.; Hartnell, G.F.; Hunter, T.W.; Metzger, L.E.; Torkelson, A.R.; Hammond, B.G.; Collier, R.J.; Lanza, G.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3807-3821; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Bovine mastitis; Dosage effects; Body weight; Feed intake; Controlled release; Injection; Calcium; Phosphorus; Mineral nutrition

Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of sometribove (zinc methionyl bST) in a sustained-release formulation administered to lactating cows at concentrations up to 3.0 g every 14 d over two lactations, Eighty-two lactating Holstein cows in their first, second, or third lactation were assigned to the study. Cows received .6, 1.8, or 3.0 g of bST in one, three, or five intramuscular injections of a unit dose (.6 g) every 2 wk. ControlsÔ treatment) every 2 wk. Injections were administered from 60 +/- 3 d postpartum until dry-off or necropsy. Thirty-eight animals were continued on treatment for a second consecutive lactation. During the 1st yr of treatment, bST increased mean 3.5% FCM by 7.2, 9.4, and 8.4 kg/d over control production (21.1 kg/d). During the 2nd yr, milk response to .6, 1.8, and 3.0 g of bST averaged 10.6, 3.6, and 4.9 kg/d over controls (24.8 kg/d). The incidence of clinical mastitis increased in the 3.0-g group relative to controls during the 2nd yr. Thus, salable FCM averaged 8.1, 9.1, and 6.2 kg/d above controls (yr

and 12.1, 4.7, and -2.8 kg/d (yr 2) for the .6-, 1.8-, and 3.0-g groups. Salable FCM was unaffected by mastitis at a proposed commercial dose (.6 g). Milk fat, protein, lactose, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, and ash concentrations were unaffected by bST treatment. Calculated energy, calcium, phosphorus, and protein balances also were unaffected except for early decreases of up to 5 Mcal/d, and 40, 20, and 600 g/d, respectively, until feed intake increased. Milk serum bST concentrations greater than the assay limit of sensitivity (1 ng/ml) were routinely measurable only at doses of 1.8 and 3.0 g. Results confirmed that bST concentrations in milk serum are exceedingly small. Overall, supraphysiological doses of sometribove increased milk production with little effect on composition. No toxic effects of bST were observed.

246 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Response of dairy cows to high doses of a sustained-release bovine somatotropin administered during two lactations. 2. Health and reproduction. Cole, W.J.; Eppard, P.J.; Boysen, B.G.; Madsen, K.S.; Sorbet, R.H.; Miller, M.A.; Hintz, R.L.; White, T.C.; Ribelin, W.E.; Hammond, B.G.; Collier, R.J.; Lanza, G.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (1): p. 111-123; 1992 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Lactation number; Animal health; Female fertility; Culling; Lameness; Metabolic disorders; Digestive system diseases; Dosage effects; Bovine mastitis; Estrus; Induction; Calves

Abstract: Eighty-two lactating Holstein cows in their first, second, or third lactation received either one, three, or five concurrent i.m. injections of a unit dose (.6 g) of zinc methionyl bST (sometribove) or five doses of the vehicle. Injections were given at 14-d intervals from 60 +/- 3 d postpartum until the end of lactation or necropsy. Thirty-eight animals were continued on treatment for a 2nd yr. Sometribove did not affect the incidence of ketosis,Ô off feed, were increased by bST during yr 1 only. The incidence of lameness was increased by bST in some time frames because of an increase in the 3.0-g bST group. Lameness was not associated with treatment-specific histopathologic changes or with abnormalities in cartilage or bone. Reproductive health generally was unaffected by treatment, but delayed conception and increased incidence of abortion were noted. Incidence of cystic ovaries was unaffected by bST. Pregnancy rates were decreased during the 100-d breeding interval of yr 1 but not during the 215-d interval of yr 2. The incidence of clinical mastitis was increased by bST, primarily at the 3.0-g dose. During the 2-yr study, 0, 3, 3, and 2 cows died or became moribund on 0, .6, 1.8, and 3.0 g of bST, respectively. Health issues identified for further evaluation included lameness and clinical mastitis for the 3.0-g group and early removal from the herd and decreased reproductive performance for all bST groups. Bovine somatotropin caused no treatment-specific toxic effects in dairy cows even at 3.0 g every 14 d.

247 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Response of growth hormone to various doses of growth hormone releasing factor and thyrotropin releasing hormone administered separately and in combination to dairy calves.
Lovendahl, P.; Woolliams, J.A.; Sinnett-Smith, P.A. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Dec. Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 1045-1052; 1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cattle; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Dosage; Synergism; Hormone secretion

248 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Responses by lactating cows in commercial dairy herds to recombinant bovine somatotropin.
Thomas, J.W.; Erdman, R.A.; Galton, D.M.; Lamb, R.C.; Arambel, M.J.; Olson, J.D.; Madsen, K.S.; Samuels, W.A.; Peel, C.J.; Green, G.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 945-964; 1991 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Lactation stage; Body condition; Cells; Commercial farming; Dairy herds; MastitisÔ to control or BST injections (500 mg in a prolonged-release form every 14 d for 12 wk) within three stages of lactation (57 to 100, 101 to 140, and 141 to 189 d postpartum) and two parity groups (primiparous and multiparous). Yield and milk composition were monitored 1 d/wk for 16 wk including 2 wk pretreatment and 2 wk posttreatment. Increases in milk and FCM due to BST injections were less at 57 to 100 d than at 101 to 189 d postpartum (milk 3.6 vs. 5.5; FCM 3.9 vs. 6.1 kg/d per cow), and increases in milk and FCM were more for multiparous than for primiparous cows (milk 5.5 vs. 4.2; FCM 6.0 vs. 4.7 kg/d cow). Temporarily, concentration of milk fat increased and protein decreased; later, concentrations for control and injected cows were similar. Postinjection milk fat concentration decreased, but milk protein concentration increased temporarily. The net increase in milk (and FCM) varied significantly among herds from 2.9 to 7.6 kg/d per cow (mean, 4.9 kg). Responses in FCM were similar over a wide range of pretreatment yields. A great variety of feed ingredients were fed as total mixed rations, and nutrient concentrations varied greatly. The SCC were similar before, during, and after treatment, but increase in FCM of injected cows exhibited a negative correlation with pretreatment SCC. Changes in body condition score of sometribove-injected cows varied among herds (.25 to -.45) and averaged -.02 compared with .07 for controls. There was no pattern in incidence of mastitis during sometribove injections.

249 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 A review of quality and processing suitability of milk from cows treated with bovine somatotropin.
Berg, G. van den
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 2-11; 1991. Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk composition; Milk processing; Fatty acids; Milk fat; Milk proteins; Cells; Energy balance; Cheese milk; Milk quality; Literature reviews

250 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54 Rifkin gets 'no BGH' pledges from two IBA member firms. Rhein, R.
New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1993 Apr05.
Biotechnology newswatch. p. 1, 3; 1993 Apr05. Ô

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Food safety; Public opinion

251 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Role of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factors in mammary development and lactation.
Plaut, K.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (6): p. 1526-1538; 1993 Jun. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Mammary glands; Epidermal growth factor; Transforming growth factor; Organ culture; Literature reviews; Histology; Prolactin; Mammary development; Lactation

Abstract: Epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 are potent effectors of mammary growth that work in concert with endocrine hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone, corticosteroids, and prolactin. Estrogen and progesterone stimulate production of epidermal growth factor or transforming growth factor-alpha to stimulate mammary growth. Epidermal growth factor and prolactin synergize in whole organ culture to cause lobulo-alveolar development and to alter the profile of synthesized milk proteins. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibits mammary development of prepubertal mice. However, once the gland is committed to differentiation, transforming growth factor-beta 1 no longer affects mammary morphogenesis. The role of transforming growth factor-beta 1, in milk protein synthesis is unknown. Transforming growth factor-alpha and -beta 1 MRNA have both been identified in the mammary gland of cows. The gland has epidermal growth factor receptors, and epidermal growth factor or transforming growth factor-alpha can stimulate proliferation of mammary epithelial cells in vitro. The role of transforming growth factor-beta1 in bovine mammary tissue has not been studied. An understanding of the role of epidermal growth factor, the transforming growth factors, and their interactions with endocrine hormones will lead to a more complete understanding of how mammary development and lactation are regulated.

252 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Role of tissue remodeling in mammary epithelial cell proliferation and morphogenesis.
Turner, J.D.; Huynh, H.T.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Aug.Ô references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Mammary glands; Epithelium; Plasmin; Plasminogen; Plasminogen activator; Hormonal control; Somatotropin; Mode of action; Lactation

Abstract: Lactation is a physiological process characterized by the secretion of large quantities of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid. To achieve the production, the mammary gland must grow and then differentiate; both processes require extensive tissue remodeling. Remodeling begins with a carefully controlled proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and cell-cell adhesion proteins. Plasmin is a serine protease that has been implicated in the tissue remodeling associated with the declining phase of lactation and mammary involution. As lactation progresses, the quantity of plasmin activity increases within the mammary tissue and milk. This has led to the hypothesis that gradual involution results from progressive tissue remodeling. Hormonal attenuation of gradual involution by bST would slow tissue remodeling and would be permissive for lactation. In vitro results indicate that insulin-like growth factor-I impairs the secretion of plasminogen activator by bovine mammary epithelial cells. As such, a mechanism of action for bST exists.

253 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Ruminant placental lactogens: structure and biology. Byatt, J.C.; Warren, W.C.; Eppard, P.J.; Staten, N.R.; Krivi, G.G.; Collier, R.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Sep. Journal of animal science v. 70 (9): p. 2911-2923; 1992 Sep. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Ewes; Goats; Placenta; Prolactin; Choriomammotropin; Amino acids; Species differences; Liveweight gain; Literature reviews

Abstract: Ruminant placental lactogens (PL) are members of the somatotropin, prolactin gene family that are synthesized by trophectodermal binucleate cells. The structure and biology of PL has been studied in the cow, sheep, and goat. Ruminant PL have greater structural identity to prolactin than somatotropin, although they bind to both lactogenic and somatogenic receptors. The molecular weights of ovine and caprine PL are approximately 23,000, whereas bovine PL is larger (31,000 to 34,000) due to glycosylation. Placental lactogen is secreted into both the fetal and maternal circulations. The concentration of PL in the fetus decreases with advancing gestation, whereasÔ pregnancy then reaches a plateau. Furthermore, the maternal concentration of PL is 100- to 1,000-fold higher in sheep and goats than in cows. The precise factors that modulate secretion of PL are unknown, although placental mass and nutrition seem to play a role. Ruminant PL have both lactogenic and somatogenic biological activities and may also have unique activities mediated through a specific receptor. There is circumstantial evidence to suggest that PL plays a role in stimulating mammogenesis. Placental lactogen secreted into the fetal compartment may also help regulate fetal growth. Direct experimental data indicate that PL can regulate maternal intermediary metabolism. Thus, it may act as a partitioning agent to regulate nutrient supply for fetal growth. The precise biological function of PL in ruminants, therefore, still needs to be defined.

254 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5 Secretion of active bovine somatotropin in Escherichia coli. Klein, B.K.; Hill, S.R.; Devine, C.S.; Rowold, E.; Smith, C.E.; Galosy, S.; Olins, P.O.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1991 Sep. Bio/technology v. 9 (9): p. 869-872; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Hormone secretion; Escherichia coli

255 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Secretory patterns of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I during peripubertal period in intact and castrate male cattle. Lee, C.Y.; Hunt, D.W.; Gray, S.L.; Henricks, D.M. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (4): p. 481-489; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Bulls; Steers; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Castration; Hormone secretion; Blood serum

256 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823 Separate and additive stimulation of bovine milk yield by the local and systemic galactopoietic stimuli of frequent milking and growth hormone. Knight, C.H.; Hillerton, J.E.; Kerr, M.A.; Teverson, R.M.; Turvey, A.; Wilde, C.J.Ô
Journal of dairy research v. 59 (3): p. 243-252; 1992 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milking interval; Milk yield; Mammary glands; Mammary development; Enzyme activity; Milk synthesis; Epithelium; Cells; Size

257 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293 Serum half-life and in-vivo actions of recombinant bovine placental lactogen in the dairy cow.
Byatt, J.C.; Eppard, P.J.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Sorbet, R.H.; Buonomo, F.C.; Curran, D.F.; Collier, R.J.
Bristol : The Journal; 1992 Feb.
The Journal of endocrinology v. 132 (2): p. 185-193; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Prolactin; Somatotropin; Metabolism; Half life; Insulin; Insulin-like growth factor; Binding proteins; Triiodothyronine; Metabolites; Blood serum; Blood analysis

Abstract: The clearance rate of recombinant bovine placental lactogen (rbPL) from the blood serum of four lactating dairy cows was measured using a specific radio-immunoassay. Two animals were non-pregnant, while the other two were at approximately 120 days of gestation. The rbPL was administered as an i.v. bolus injection (4 mg total) via an indwelling, jugular catheter. Blood samples were taken periodically for 180 min and assayed for rbPL. Analysis of the clearance curves for the bolus injection suggested a single-compartment model and a serum half-life of 7.25 min. in a second experiment with the same animals, following cessation of lactation, rbPL or bovine GH (bGH) were administered by s.c. injection (50 mg day) for 5 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken twice per day during the treatment period and a 3-day pretreatment period. Samples were analysed for glucose. blood urea nitrogen (BUN), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), creatinine, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II, tri-iodothyronine (T3), progesterone and IGF-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) to determine whether rbPL mediates similar metabolic effects to those of bGH. Administration of bGH stimulated an increase in NEFA, glucose, T3 and insulin, whereas none of these variables was affected by rbPL. The plasma concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II were both increased by treatment with rbPL but, to a lesser extent than occurred with bGH. Interestingly, BUN and IGFBP-2 concentrations were reduced equally by bGHÔ agonist but, rather, may have distinct effects on intermediary' metabolism that could be mediated through another specific receptor.

258 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Serum immunoglobulin profiles of dairy cows chronically treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin.
Burton, J.L.; McBride, B.W.; Kennedy, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Elsasser, T.H.; Woodward, B.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 May. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (5): p. 1589-1598; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Blood serum; Igg; Antibody formation; Duration; Treatment; Dosage effects; Lactation stage

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of exogenous somatotropin on blood profiles of the major bovine Ig isotypes. Holsteins were treated with either 0, 10.3, or 20.6 mg recombinant bST/d. Subcutaneous injections were started between wk 4 and 5 of lactation and continued for 266 d. Blood samples were collected by coccygeal venipuncture throughout lactation for serum IgG, G1, G2, A, and M concentration determination . Cows treated with 10.3 mg of bST/d exhibited modest increases in mean blood concentrations of IgG (12.4%) and IgG2 (18.4%) relative to the other groups of cows. In addition, treated cows had 10.1% higher average concentration of IgA than controls. Somatotropin did not influence average lactational concentrations of IgG, or IgM, although the group receiving 10.3 mg/d had higher late lactation concentrations of IgG1 than did the other two groups. However, treatment mean isotype concentrations were always within normal ranges, except for IgG2 from the 10.3 mg/d group, which were higher. The practical significance of elevated serum Ig concentrations observed in the present study is not known. However, the present data do show that bST administered at doses that increased milk yield had no apparent detrimental effect on humoral immunity as measured by blood concentrations of Ig.

259 NAL Call. No.: HD1750.W4 Simulating BST introduction in California for dairy policy analysis. Zepeda, L.; Butler, L.J.; Carter, H.O.
Lincoln, Neb. : Western Agricultural Economics Association; 1991 Dec. Western journal of agricultural economics v. 16 (2): p. 228-237; 1991 Dec. Includes references.
Ô

Descriptors: California; Somatotropin; Milk production; Milk prices; Marketing orders; Economic impact; Agricultural policy; Economic analysis; Simulation models; Econometric models; Dairy industry

260 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Skeletal muscle protein metabolism and serum growth hormone, insulin, and cortisol concentrations in growing steers implanted with estradiol-17 beta, trenbolone acetate, or estradiol-17 beta plus trenbolone acetate. Hayden, J.M.; Bergen, W.G.; Merkel, R.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jul. Journal of animal science v. 70 (7): p. 2109-2119; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Crossbreds; Methylhistidine; Trenbolone; Estradiol; Blood serum; Somatotropin; Insulin; Hydrocortisone; Skeletal muscle; Protein turnover

Abstract: Skeletal muscle protein degradation, measured by urinary N(tau)-methylhistidine excretion, and circulating concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin (INS), and cortisol (CT) were monitored in steers before and after implantation with estradiol-17 beta (E2; 24 mg) and trenbolone acetate (TBA; 300 mg). Yearling crossbred steers (n = 43) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement: nonimplanted controls (C); TBA; E2; and TBA plus E2 (TBA + E2). A subgroup (Block 1) of 16 steers was bled on d -12, 31, and 72 after implanting. Deposition of skeletal muscle protein was markedly increased (P < .001) by E2 and TBA + E2 treatment. This response occurred mainly within the first 40 d after implantation and declined (P < .001) in concert with decreasing (P < .01) concentration of serum E2. Anabolic steroid treatment did not affect the rate of skeletal muscle protein breakdown. There was no apparent relationship between reduced serum CT concentration (linear effect; P < .01) in TBA-treated steers and skeletal muscle protein degradation rate. Blood concentration and pulse activity of INS were not affected by anabolic steroid administration. Both TBA- and TBA + E2-implanted steers displayed a linear decrease (P < .05) in serum GH concentration over time, which was similar to C. Lowered mean GH concentration resulted from a reduction (TBA main effect; P < .05) in pulse amplitude of GH. Unlike TBA, TBA + E2, and C, only E2 maintained serum GH concentrations over time. Although increased muscle protein deposition was evident in TBA + E2-treated steers, an obvious causal relationship between this response and circulating GH, INS, and CT was not revealed. These results do not support the concept that combined androgenic agent and estrogenÔ modulation of circulating endogenous anabolic and antianabolic hormones.

261 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Slow release somatotropin in dairy heifers and cows fed two levels of energy concentrate. 1. Performance and body condition. Remond, B.; Cisse, M.; Ollier, A.; Chilliard, Y. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1370-1381; 1991 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Concentrates; Milk yield; Milk fat percentage; Milk protein percentage; Body condition; Maize silage; Grazing; Feed intake; Digestibility

Abstract: Fifty-two Holstein dairy cows (27 primiparous) were used in a 2 X 2 factorial design during wk 9 to 39 of lactation to assess the effects of slow release recombinant bST (500 mg injected at 14-d intervals) and the effects of the level of energy concentrate in the diet on dairy performance. After a winter period, cows were turned out to pasture at wk 24 of lactation. During winter, cows given low concentrate (2.5 vs. 5.4 kg DM/d) ate significantly more corn silage (13.9 vs. 11.9 kg DM/d), so that treatment had no significant effect on any measured parameter. The milk yield of bST-supplemented cows increased by 2.1 kg/d (11.0%) throughout the total experimental period. The response did not differ according to parity. Milk fat content and SCC were not altered, but milk protein was lower (.8 g/kg) from cows receiving bST during winter, and lactose increased (.5 g/kg). Lactation curves of bST-supplemented cows showed a cyclic response in milk production. Gross efficiency of milk yield was improved (.18 units) by bST administration without change in diet digestibility. No difference due to bST was found in the health or reproduction of cows. Live weight change did not differ among the groups. Multiparous cows gained body condition (bST-supplemented animals gained less than controls: .1 vs. .7 point on a five-point scale; NS). Control primiparous cows gained body condition (.1 point) but bST-supplemented cows significantly lost body condition (1.4 point).

262 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Slow release somatotropin in dairy heifers and cows fed two levels of energy concentrate. 2. Plasma hormones and metabolites. Cisse, M.; Chilliard, Y.; Coxam, V.; Davicco, M.J.; Remond, B. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1382-1394; 1991 Apr. IncludesÔ

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Concentrates; Blood plasma; Insulin; Insulin-like growth factor; Fatty acids; Triiodothyronine; Injection; Metabolites; Milk yield; Homeostasis

Abstract: Fifty Holstein dairy cows (26 primiparous) were used to evaluate effects of level of concentrate and of slow release recombinant bST on plasma hormones and metabolites. Blood was sampled at wk 14 and 20 of lactation, which was 5 and 11 wk after the first bST injection. In addition, at d 3 and 10 after the third bST injection, diurnal profiles of somatotropin and metabolites were studied in 7 bST cows and 5 control cows by blood sampling every 20 min over 6 h. Supplementation by bST enhanced plasma somatotropin and insulin-like growth factor-I but did not significantly affect plasma concentrations of triiodothyronin and insulin. The bST supplementation increased plasma NEFA at wk 14 and reduced uremia at wk 20. Primiparous cows showed higher plasma NEFA and triiodothyronin than multiparous cows at both sampling periods, higher insulin-like growth factor I, and lower beta-hydroxybutyrate at wk 14, and higher glucose and lower insulin at wk 20. In the diurnal kinetic study, bST supplementation did not alter bST spike frequency and duration but increased spike magnitude, the area under the curve above the baseline, and the baseline mean. Sixty-one to 56% of the increase over controls m plasma bST total area was due to increase in the area under the curve above baseline. Preprandial NEFA were increased by bST at d 10.

263 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Somatotropin and endocrine regulation of metabolism during lactation. McDowell, G.H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 44-62; 1991. Paper presented at the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989, Lexington, Kentucky. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Somatotropin; Insulin; Somatomedin; Blood plasma; Blood sugar; Mammary glands; Blood flow; Feed intake; Energy metabolism; Metabolites; Amino acids; Literature reviews

264 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Somatotropin and prolactin profile characterisitics in proven AI dairy sires. Kazmer, G.W.; Canfield, R.W.; Bean, B.Ô Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p. 1601-1606; 1991 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Ai bulls; Somatotropin; Prolactin; Blood plasma; Predicted difference; Selection criteria; Genetic improvement; Milk production; Progeny testing; Genetic correlation

Abstract: Blood samples were collected at 20-min intervals for 8 h from 16 Holstein sires, each of which had U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Northeast AI Sire Comparison (NEAISC) progeny test evaluation data available. Plasma somatotropin (ST) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations were measured, and resulting endocrine profiles were analyzed by PULSAR, a microcomputer-based hormone peak-detection program. The number of ST peaks during the sampling period was negatively related to USDA Predicted Transmitting Ability (PTA) for fat yield, milk and fat product value (PTA$), and for milk fat, and protein product value (PRO$), and ST peak length was negatively related to PTA for protein percentage (PTA %P). Interpeak interval for ST was positively related to NEAISC percentage of Protein Deviation (%P). Prolactin peak length was correlated positively with both USDA PTA %P and NEAISC %P, and peak frequency was correlated positively with NEAISC %P. Interpeak interval for PRL was related positively to NEAISC Milk and Fat Deviations. Area under PRL profile was negatively related (P < .05) to USDA PTA$ and PRO$, and NEAISC Fat Deviation and Dollars. The results indicated that endocrine traits in mature dairy sires are correlated with genetic merit for economically important production traits and suggested that such profile characteristics may be useful in selecting young sires for progeny testing programs.

265 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Somatotropin concentrations in plasma and scrotal circumference in bull calves with different dairy merit.
Parchuri, N.; Chester-Jones, H.; Loseth, K.J.; Wheaton, J.E.; Hansen L.B.; Ziegler, D.M.; Crabo, B.G.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (2): p. 445-452; 1993 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Calves; Breeding value; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Scrotum; Body measurements; Selection criteria; Line differences; Somatoliberin; Hormone secretion; Sires; Age differences Ô
groups with a 2940-kg difference in milk production in estimated breeding value. These bulls were used to determine the blood plasma concentration of bST under normal feeding management, after a 24-h feed and water deprivation, after stimulation with a bST secretagogue, and to evaluate whether selection for dairy merit affected pubertal testicular development and sperm production. Calves selected for higher estimated breeding value had greater average, but similar stimulated, plasma bST concentrations. Age of calves, but not short-term feed and water deprivation, influenced average plasma bST concentrations both before and after stimulation with growth hormone-releasing factor. Body weight tended to be higher at 350 to 400 d of age in bulls selected for higher estimated breeding value. Scrotal circumference was similar in the two groups at all times, as were seminal characteristics at 1 yr of age. The study implied that plasma bST measurements may be used as an aid in selection of young dairy sires for AI.

266 NAL Call. No.: 101 AL1A Somatotropin treatment for three consecutive lactations of dairy cows. De Boer, G.; Kennelly, J.J.; Shelford, J.A. Edmonton : Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Alberta; 1991. Agriculture and forestry bulletin (70th, special issue): p. 31-32; 1991. Feeders' Day Report, May 30, 1991.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Treatment

267 NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3 Speculating on long-term changes in UK dairy farming and the implications for research: a quantitative approach.
Doyle, C.J.; Mainland, D.D.; Thomas, C. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991. Agricultural systems v. 37 (3): p. 243-258; 1991. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Uk; Dairy farming; Milk production; Mathematical models; Prediction; Technical progress; Resource utilization; Agricultural structure; Farm income; Innovation adoption; Somatotropin; Grass sward

268 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393 State action on bGH.
Krimsky, S.; Stark, M.Ô
Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 12; 1991 Mar.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Milk production; Milk products; State government; Legislation

269 NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Stimulation of milk yield and feed intake by bovine placental lactogen in the dairy cow.
Byatt, J.C.; Eppard, P.J.; Munyakazi, L.; Sorbet, R.H.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Curran, D.F.; Collier, R.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 May. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (5): p. 1216-1223; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Feed intake; Lactation stage; Prolactin; Dry matter; Energy balance; Blood sugar; Fatty acids; Urea; Insulin-like growth factor; Insulin; Lactation

Abstract: A 6 X 6 Latin square design was used to test the effects of recombinant bovine placental lactogen on milk yield, milk composition, feed intake, and blood hormone and metabolite levels in nonpregnant lactating cows. The six treatments (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/d of placental lactogen, water as negative control, and 20 mg/d of bST as positive control) were administered by subcutaneous injection twice daily for 9 d. Blood samples were taken during the last 5 d of the treatment period. The three highest doses of placental lactogen increased milk yield, and there was a linear dose effect, although placental lactogen was less potent than bST. Milk concentrations of lactose, protein, and fat were not altered by any of the treatments. Dry matter intake was increased by two of the doses of placental lactogen, but not by bST. Blood urea N concentration was decreased in a dose-dependent manner by placental lactogen and was also decreased by bST. Similarly, serum insulin-like growth factor-I was increased in a dose-dependent manner by placental lactogen and was also increased by bST. Plasma concentrations of NEFA and glucose were increased by bST, but placental lactogen had little or no effect on either of these parameters. Thus, placental lactogen appears to act, in part, as a weak somatotropin agonist; however, it also appears to have specific activities, e.g., stimulating feed intake.

270 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54Ô New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Jul15.
Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (14): p. 10; 1991 Jul15.

Language: English

Descriptors: California; Milk production; Rotational grazing; Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Farm inputs

271 NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6 Study predicts more profit with alternative to BGH. Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1991 Jul19. Nutrition week v. 21 (28): p. 6; 1991 Jul19.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Drug residues; Food safety; Feeds; Milk yield; Profits; Rotational grazing; Milk production; Cows

Abstract: An experimental method for feeding dairy cattle may be safer, cheaper and may produce higher milk yields than injections of synthetic bovine growth hormone (BGH), according to an analysis of several recent studies comparing the two approaches.

272 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 A synthetic opioid peptide increases plasma growth hormone and prolactin in Holstein calves.
Johnson, D.W.; Barnes, M.A.; Akers, R.M.; Pearson, R.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 1004-1009; 1993 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cows; Opioid peptides; Somatotropin; Prolactin; Blood brain barrier; Blood plasma; Haloxon; Antagonists

Abstract: The effect of the synthetic opioid agonist D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Met(O)5-ol enkephalin (DAMME) on plasma growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations in Holstein heifer calves was investigated in this study. The possible site of action of DAMME was determined by pretreating calves with an opioid antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier poorly if at all (N-methyl levallorphan-methane sulphonate [MLM]) or one that crosses readily (naloxone [NAL]). All calves were assigned to one ofÔ or 3) pretreatment with MLM. All groups were injected with DAMME 30 min after pretreatments. Plasma PRL increased after injection of DAMME in calves pretreated with saline. Prolactin concentrations were not different before and after injection of DAMME in calves pretreated with either NAL or MLM. Plasma GH increased after injection of DAMME in saline- and MLM-pretreated calves but was unchanged in NAL-pretreated calves. These data show that peripherally administered DAMME increases plasma GH and PRL in Holstein heifer calves and suggest that DAMME mediates GH release through receptors located somewhere inside the blood-brain barrier, but it can induce PRL secretion at a site located outside the barrier.

273 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Testicular development in bulls treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin. MacDonald, R.D.; Deaver, D.R.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1540-1545; 1993 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Somatotropin; Testes; Blood plasma; Insulin-like growth factor; Lh; Body weight; Testosterone

Abstract: This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that administering recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) would affect testicular development in Holstein bulls. From 4 until 32 wk of age, bulls received a daily injection of either placebo (C) or rbST (.2 mg/kg BW.75, i.m.; n = 10/group). At 14-d intervals, blood was obtained and assayed for testosterone (T); BW, shoulder height (SH), and testis length (TL) were recorded. At 7, 12, and 24 wk of age, bulls were bled at 10-min intervals for 6 h to determine the secretory patterns of LH, growth hormone (GH), and IGF-I. All bulls were killed at 40 wk of age. One testis was used for determination of daily sperm production (DSP), and the number of spermatids per gram of parenchyma (SP/G); the remaining testis was perfused and fixed for histological analysis of numbers of Sertoli cell nuclei (SCN/ ST) and spermatids per seminiferous tubule cross-section (SP/ST). Epididymal spermatozoa were collected to test effects of rbST on the integrity of spermatozoal chromatin structure. Administration of rbST increased (P < .0001) concentrations of GH (nanograms/milliliter) in plasma at all ages (C vs rbST; wk 7, 8.9 +/- 1.0 vs 51.9 +/- 6.8; wk 12, 12.8 +/- 1.4 vs 59.2 +/- 6.4; and wk 24, 5.2 +/- 1.5 vs 42.6 +/- 12.2). There was an age X treatment interaction (P < .0183) for concentrations of IGF-I (nanograms/milliliter) in plasma (C vs rbST; wk 7, 149.7 +/- 6.1 vs 148.6 +/- 8.6; wk 12, 184.1 +/- 12.8 vs 216.6 +/- 15.9; and wk 24, 392.8 +/- 24.8 vs 484.7 +/- 19.9). No differences due to rbST treatment were observed for T, BW,Ô with rbST did not affect DSP, SP/G, SCN/ ST, or SP/ST or integrity of spermatozoal chromatin. We conclude that administering .2 mg/kg BW.75 of rbST throughout the period of Sertoli cell differentiation and replication results in no detectable differences in selected variables of sexual development.

274 NAL Call. No.: 321.8 C762 Udder insanity.
Yonkers, N.Y. : The Union; 1992 May.
Consumer reports - Consumers Union of United States v. 57 (5): p. 330-332; 1992 May.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk; Milk yield; Milk supply; Synthetic hormones; Dairy industry; Milk prices; Insulin-like growth factor; Somatotropin; Antibiotics; Drug residues; Food safety

Abstract: This article examines the use of synthetic bovine growth hormone to stimulate the production of milk in a highly regulated US milk market that produces more than enough milk. The safety of foods produced with this hormone and antibiotics is also addressed.

275 NAL Call. No.: TP248.2.A77 Update on bovine growth hormone.
Stamford, Conn. : Business Communications Co., Inc; 1991 Jun. Applied genetics news v. 11 (11): p. 1-2; 1991 Jun.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Regulations; Food safety

276 NAL Call. No.: A00109 Updates on products/field tests.
Washington, DC : National Biotechnology Policy Center of the National Wildlife Federation; 1992 Apr.
The gene exchange v. 3 (1): p. 10; 1992 Apr.

Language: English

Descriptors: Field tests; European communities; Usda; Somatotropin; Transgenics; Recombinant vaccines
Ô
Use of bovine somatotropin in the tropics: the effect of sometribove on milk production of Bos indicus, dairy crossbed and Bos taurus cows in Zimbabwe. Phipps, R.H.; Madakadze, C.; Mutsvangwa, T.; Hard, D.L.; Kerchove, G de Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1991 Oct. The Journal of agricultural science v. 117 (pt.2): p. 257-263; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Zimbabwe; Cattle; Holstein-friesian; Zebu; Crossbreds; Dairy cows; Drug effects; Somatotropin; Milk production; Milk yield; Milk composition

278 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Utilization of sulfur and other mineral elements by growing dairy heifers treated with bovine somatotropin.
House, W.A.; Crooker, B.A.; Bauman, D.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Sep. Journal of animal science v. 69 (9): p. 3817-3825; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Somatotropin; Sulfur; Mineral metabolism; Dosage effects; Retention; Feed intake; Blood plasma

Abstract: Apparent absorption and retention of Ca, P, Mg, K, Cu, Mn, Zn, and S were determined in Holstein heifers treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST). Six heifers (initial BW averaged 104 kg) were assigned to various doses of bST in a 6 X 6 Latin square design with six consecutive 21-d periods. Treatments were daily i.m. injections of 0, 6.7, 33.3, 66.7, 100, or 200 microgram of bST/kg of BW on d 8 to 21 of each period. All heifers were fed a hay-concentrate diet, and nutrient digestibilities and balances were determined on d 14 to 20 of each period. Mineral concentrations in feed, water, excreta, and blood plasma were determined with an inductively coupled argon plasma-emission spectrometer. Exogenous bST did not affect apparent absorption or retention of Ca, P, Mg, K, Cu, Mn, or Zn. Plasma CU concentration was greater (P < .05) in heifers receiving bST (82 microgram of Cu/dl) than in those receiving excipient (73 microgram of Cu/dl); plasma concentrations of other elements were not affected by bST. Injection of bST did not affect S absorption, but urinary S excretion decreased (P < .05) and S retention increased (P < .05) as dose of bST increased. The amount of S retained (1.5 g/d) when the heifers received the largest dose of bST was approximately 50% greater than the amount retained when heifers receivedÔ metabolism of S. Generally, bST did not affect nutrient digestibilities. Effects of bST on dietary mineral requirements were not determined because of the relatively short (14 d) treatment periods.

279 NAL Call. No.: HD1751.W67 no.92-9 The value of segmenting the milk market into bST-produced and non-bST-produced milk.
Tauer, Loren W.,
New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Dept. of Agricultural Economics
Ithaca, N.Y. : Dept. of Agricultural Economics, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University,; 1992; AGR,544-4,VALSM,92-41128.
19 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (Working papers in agricultural economics ; working paper 92-9). Cover title. July 1992. Includes bibliographical references (p. 14-15).

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk trade; Market segmentation; Bovine somatotropin; Milk

280 NAL Call. No.: T1.T44 Who decides about biotech?.
Roush, W.
Cambridge, Mass. : Alumni Association, Massachusetts Institute of Technology :.; 1991 Jul.
Technology review v. 94 (5): p. 28-34, 36; 1991 Jul.

Language: English

Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety; Public opinion; Economic impact; Factory farming

281 NAL Call. No.: RJ1.P42 Why not have more milk?.
Kretchmer, N.
Elk Grove Village, Ill. : American Academy of Pediatrics; 1991 Nov. Pediatrics v. 88 (5): p. 1056-1057; 1991 Nov.

Language: English

Descriptors: Milk; Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Residues; Food safetyÔ products from cows treated with bovine growth hormone to increase milk production. The author concludes that this genetically engineered hormone is safe for both humans and cows.

AUTHOR INDEX

Adriaens, F.A. 199
Aguilar, A.A. 127
Akers, R.M. 272
Alaniz, G.R. 238
Aldrich, J.M. 102
Allen, M.S. 40
Alpizar, E. 121
Andrews, A.H. 134
Andrews, E.L. 67
Angus, K.D. 83
Angus, R.C. 70
Annexstad, R.J. 157
Arambel, M.J. 95, 104, 248
Armstrong, D.V. 70
Armstrong, J.D. 34, 73, 74, 93
Atkinson, T. 182
Austin, C.L. 177
Austin, F.H. 77
Azain, M.J. 42, 132
Bachman, K.C. 207
Badinga, L. 218
Baer, R.J. 195
Baile, C.A. 39, 42, 130, 151
Bailey, C. 127
Baldwin, R.L. 19, 129, 171, 191, 225, 226, 230, 240, 241 Ball, J.L. 94
Ballard, F.J. 208
Baracos, V.E. 212
Barash, H. 90
Barbano, D.M. 48, 71, 72
Barnes, M.A. 272
Bass, J.J. 181
Basson, R.P. 105, 193
Bastings, E. 168
Bateman, K.G. 217
Bates, D.M. 38
Bauer, J.M. 231, 232
Bauman, D.E. 3, 22, 71, 72, 115, 140, 186, 278 Bazer, F.W. 218 Ô
Becker, B.A. 11, 130
Becker-Khaleel, B. 159
Beckers, A. 168
Beckers, J.F. 168
Beede, D.K. 111
Beerepoot, G.M.M. 101
Begley, R. ÀÀ149
Bentle, L.A. 41
Berg, G. van den 249
Bergen, W.G. 16, 260
Bidwell, T.R. 38
Bier, D.M. 21
Blackmon, D.M. 131, 132
Blayney, D.P. 51
Block, E. 97, 105, 124
Blumenthal, H. 21
Bolt, D.J. 76
Bonnel, A. 178
Borg, K.E. 53, 123
Boysen, B.G. 85, 246
Bramley, T. 98
Bramley, T.A. 96, 99
Brazeau, P. 75, 86, 87, 88, 117, 118, 119 Breier, B.H. 181, 228
Brinster, R.L. 76
Britt, J.H. 244
Brodie, B.O. 63
Bruce, L.A. 182
Bruckental, I. 90
Bruss, M.L. 19, 171, 230
Buonomo, F.C. 111, 214, 257
Buonomoo, F.C. 151
Burton, J.H. 50, 106, 116, 164, 179, 184, 192, 217, 258 Burton, J.L. 50, 164, 179, 258
Butler, L.J. 259
Byatt, J.C. 253, 257, 269
Cady, R.A. 203
Calsamiglia, S. 82
Calvert, C.C. 129, 191, 225, 226, 240, 241 Cameron, M.R. 128
Campbell, R.M. 73, 74
Campling, R.C. 139
Canfield, R.W. 35, 264
Capps, O. Jr 52
Capuco, A.V. 2, 197 Ô
Carlson, K.M. 107
Carter, H.O. 259
Casper, D.P. 177, 195
Chalupa, W. 8
Chalupa, W.V. 63
Chapin, L.T. 40, 154
Chaplin, R.K. 110
Chen, N.Y. 108, 142
Chester-Jones, H. 265
Chilliard, Y. 17, 261, 262
Chou, K.C. 165
Cioffi, J.A. 108
Cisse, M. 17, 261, 262
Claflin, W.H. 238
Clark, J. Jr 21
Clark, J.H. 63, 128
Cleale, R.M. 63, 177
Clemmons, D.R. 214
Cole, J.A. 112
Cole, W.J. 100, 140, 151, 245, 246
Collier, R.J. 11, 85, 100, 111, 130, 169, 199, 214, 218, 245, 246, 253,257,269
Comstock, G. 54
Conroy, D. 62
Coomans, D. 178
Cope, B.C. 120
Couture, Y. 86, 88
Coxam, V. 262
Crabo, B.G. 265
Craig, B.A. 38
Crey, J. 189
Crooker, B.A. 82, 107, 200, 278
Cross, J.C. 44
Crowe, C.T. 131, 132
Cummins, K.A. 61
Curran, D.F. 257, 269p
D'yakonov, L.P. 31
Dahl, G.E. 40, 154
Dalke, B.S. 64
Darrington, R.T. 232
Davicco, M.J. 262
Davis, S.L. 167
Davis, S.R. 228
Day, J.D. 220
De Boer, G. 78, 166, 185, 266 Ô
Deaver, D.R. 273
DeLorenzo, M.A. 111
Delorme, L. 87
DeNise, S.K. 143
DePeters, E.J. 191, 225, 226, 240, 241 Detilleux, J.C. 101
Devine, C.S. 254
Dhiman, T.R. 239
Dibner, J.J. 169
DiCaprio, L. 142
Dillon, W. 27
Douthitt, Robin A. 236
Downer, J.V. 63
Doyle, C.J. 267
Dubreuil, P. 86
Dunkley, W.L. 21
Early, R.J. 184
Echternkamp, S.E. 121
Eggert, R.G. 81, 157
Einspanier, R. 32
Elasser, T.H. 164
Elias, V.D. 60
Elsasser, T.H. 50, 117, 118, 119, 135, 136, 179, 258 Elvinger, F. 5, 6, 187
Emery, R.S. 105
Enberg, B. 160
Enright, W.J. 7, 43
Eppard, P.J. 41, 85, 245, 246, 253, 257, 269 Erdman, R.A. 248
Ernst, L.K. 31
Esbenshade, K.L. 53, 123
Etherton, T.D. 198, 224, 235
Evans, N.M. 79
Ezra, E. 126
Fallert, F.R. 69
Fallert, R.F. 51
Farmer, C. 75
Farver, T.B. 171, 230
Fekry, A.E. 2
Finn, R.F. 39
Firkins, J.L. 63
Fleet, I.R. 153
Fowke, P.J. 181
Fox, D.G. 3
Fox, O.F. 9 Ô
Franson, S.E. 140, 143
Freeman, A.E. 101
Freetly, H.C. 129
Funk, D.A. 10
Galland, J.C. 171, 230
Galligan, D.T. 8
Gallo, G.F. 124
Galosy, S. 254
Galton, D.M. 248
Ganguli, S. 41
Garssen, G.J. 133
Gaudreau, P. 86, 87, 88, 117, 118, 119 Geisert, R.D. 59
Gertler, A. 90
Gibson, J.P. 106, 116
Girard, C. 75
Glimm, D.R. 212
Gluckman, P.D. 181, 228
Gol'dman, I.L. 31
Gong, J.G. 96, 98, 99
Goodwin, E.C. 1
Goodwin, M.C. 238
Goodwin, M.L. 80
Goonen, A.B. 233
Graf, F. 33
Graf, M. 167
Graule, B. 33
Gray, G.M. 21
Gray, S.L. 255
Green, G.A. 248
Grieve, D.G. 92, 94, 158
Grimes, L.W. 194
Gronowski, A. 242
Grumbach, M.M. 21
Guthrie, H.D. 76
Hacker, R.R. 79
Hageman, M.J. 231, 232
Hale, M.D. 199
Hall, T.R. 167
Hallberg, M. C. 20
Hallford, D.M. 84, 122
Hamilton, K. 156
Hammond, A.C. 135
Hammond, B.G. 85, 245, 246
Hanigan, M.D. 191 Ô
Hansen L.B. 265
Hansen, M.K. 14
Hansen, P.J. 5, 6, 112, 187
Hansen, W.P. 157
Hansson, A. 160
Hard, D.L. 199, 277
Harmon, R.J. 81
Harrison, J.H. 105
Hart, I.C. 182
Hartnell, G.F. 39, 71, 72, 82, 89, 109, 127, 131, 132, 140, 151,245 Harvey, R.W. 34, 73, 74, 93
Hassan, H.A. 7
Hauser, S.D. 169
Hayden, J.M. 260
Head, H.H. 5, 140, 207, 218
Hecht, D.W. 23, 176
Hedrick, H.B. 39
Heersche, G. 81
Heimer, E.P. 73, 74
Helferich, W.G. 60
Hemken, R.W. 81
Henricks, D.M. 255
Hertel, T.W. 174
Hileman, B. 18, 148, 210
Hill, S.R. 254
Hillers, V. 203
Hillerton, J.E. 256
Hinman, D.D. 64
Hintz, R.L. 21, 39, 41, 71, 82, 85, 100, 109, 140, 245, 246 Hodgkinson, S.C. 181
Hoffman, P.C. 10
Hoffman, R.G. 143
Holder, W.L. 162
Holmberg, C.A. 230
Holmeberg, C.A. 171
Hongerholt, D.D. 82, 107
Hoover, J. 79
House, W.A. 278
Houseknecht, K.L. 3
Hovell, F.D.D. 182
Howlett, B.A. 109
Huber, J.T. 70, 140, 143
Hudson, S. 151, 245
Hunt, C.W. 64
Hunt, D.W. 255 Ô
Huntington, G.B. 111
Hutton, N.E. 21
Huyler, M.T. 109
Huynh, H.T. 252
Ingle, T.L. 183
Inkster, J. 182
Iyer, K.S. 9
Jenny, B.F. 63, 194
Johnson, B.H. 53, 123
Johnson, D.E. 138
Johnson, D.W. 272
Johnson, H.D. 11, 130
Johnson, H.E. 141
Johnson, W.H. 80
Jones, E.J. 34
Jones, G.M. 188
Jonker, L.J. 133
Jordan, D.C. 127
Jorgenson, D.M. R107
Kaiser, H.M. 25, 45, 46, 48, 201, 219 Kasser, T.R. 39, 42, 64, 151
Kazmer, G.W. 35, 229, 264
Kelder, B. 108
Kemppainen, R.J. 61
Kennedy, B.W. 50, 164, 179, 258
Kennelly, J.J. 78, 166, 185, 212, 266 Kent, B.A. 104
Kerchove, G de 277
Kerr, D.E. 110
Kerr, M.A. 256
Keys, J.E. 2, 197
Kim, J. 139
Kindstedt, P.S. 89
Kirchgessner, M. 137
Kitchell, M.L. 169
Klein, B.K. 254
Kleinmans, J. 239
Klusmeyer, T.H. 128
Knapp, J.R. 129
Knight, C.H. 206, 256
Knobil, E. 21
Knowles, S.E. 208
Knutson, R.D. 52
Kopchick, J.J. 108, 142
Krabill, L.F. 204, 205 Ô
Krejci, P. 91
Kretchmer, N. 281
Krimsky, S. 268
Kris-Etherton, P.M. 235
Krivi, G.G. 41, 169, 253
Kuchler, Fred 175
Kung, L. Jr. 41, 143
Laarveld, B. 103, 110
Lacasse, P. 87, 88
Lamb, R.C. 140, 248
Langhout, D.J. 59, 113
Lanza, G.M. 41, 85, 245, 246
Lapierre, H. 75, 86, 117, 118, 119
Larson, J.A. 29, 30
Larson, R.A. 157
Lauderdale, J.W. 204, 205
Laurent, F. 178
Laurentie, M.P. 227
Laven, R.A. 134
Lean, I.J. 19, 171, 230
Lee, C.Y. 255
Lefaivre, R. 17
Lefebvre, D.M. 97
Leslie, K.E. 217
Lewis, M.J. 183
Li, R. 130
Li, R.Z. 11
Liebrand, C.B. 69
Linn, J.G. 157
Lippe, B. 21
Lissemore, K.D. 217
Littell, R.C. 6
Lobie, P.E. 160
Loseth, K.J. 265
Lotan, E. 126
Louveau, I. 224
Lovendahl, P. 83, 247
Lucy, M.C. 125, 169, 223
Lynch, G.L. 63, 128
Lynch, J.M. 71, 72
MacDonald, R.D. 273
MacKenzie, D. 65
Mackenzie, D.D.S. 202
MacLeod, G.K. 184
MacRae, J.C. 182 Ô
Mader, H. 170
Madsen, K.S. 100, 127, 140, 143, 246, 248 Maggiora, G.M. 165
Mainland, D.D. 267
Maisey, I. 134
Makarevich, A.V. 31
Manalu, W. 11, 130
Manns, J.G. 110
Marinchenko, G.V. 159
Markalous, E. 91
Marple, D.N. 61
Matveev, V.A. 31
Mauthner, M. 33
McAndrew, S.J. 108, 142
McBride, B.W. 50, 94, 106, 116, 158, 164, 179, 184, 192, 217, 258 McClean, C. 103
McClelland, John 175
McCutcheon, S.N. 202, 228
McDaniel, B.T. 244
McDowell, G.H. 263
McGuffey, R.K. 105, 193, 216
McGuire, M.A. 111, 186
McGuirk, A.M. 25, 174, 188
McLaughlin, C.L. 39, 151
McNamara, J.P. 159
Meeuwse, D.M. 205
Mehigh, C.S. 60
Mehigh, R.J. 60
Meimberg, Rudiger 12
Mepham, T.B. 153
Merkel, R.A. 7, 16, 260
Meserole, V.K. 109
Metzger, L.E. 245
Meulen, M. van der 116
Meyer, J. 33
Michel, A. 202
Miller, D.C. 74
Miller, H.I. 234
Miller, K.F. 76
Miller, M.A. 85, 151, 199, 214, 246
Miller, P.S. 225, 226, 240, 241
Mills, E.W. 235
Molan, P. 181
Moller, C. 160
Moore, K.L. 73 Ô
Morgan, G.L. 215
Morisset, J. 86, 87, 88
Morrison, C.A. 167
Moseley, W.M. 40, 154, 238
Muller, H.L. 137
Muller, L.D. 102, 105
Mullinix, B.G. 114
Munyakazi, L. 269
Murphy, M.G. 77
Musienko, M.I. 31
Mutsvangwa, T. 277
Natzke, R.P. 5, 6, 187
Neathery, M.W. 131, 132
Nelson, D.R. 128
Nemeth, M.A. 71, 72
New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Dept. of Agricultural Economics 279
Norstedt, G. 160
O'Callaghan, D. 77
Okada, S. 142
Oldenbroek, J.K. 133
Oldham, J.M. 181
Olins, P.O. 254
Oliver, S.P. 183
Ollier, A. 261
Olson, J.D. 127, 248
Olson, T.A. 135
Otterby, D.E. 157, 200
Outlaw, J.L. 52
Owens, P.C. 208
Oyler, R.H. 229
Palmiter, R.D. 76
Parchuri, N. 265
Parchuri, Nandakishore 180
Pardue, F.E. 194
Parmley, K. 159
Patterson, D.L. 63, 194
Paulissen, J.B. 238
Paulson, J.C. 157
Payne, E. 120
Pearson, R.E. 272
Peel, C.J. 248
Peel, D.S. 172
Pell, A.N. 89, 109
Pelletier, G. 86, 87, 88 Ô
Peterson, E. B. 173
Peterson, E.B. 174
Petitclerc, D. 86, 87, 88
Phipps, R.H. 277
Plaut, K. 251
Plouzek, C.A. 161
Politis, I. 106
Possert, P.L. 231, 232
Preckel, P.V. 174
Preston, W.P. 188
Prosser, C.G. 153
Przybycien, T.M. 37
Pursel, V.G. 76
Radloff, H.D. 239
Rakes, A.H. 105
Ramberg, C.F. Jr 8
Rankins, D.L. Jr 122
Rath, M. 77
Read, L.C. 208
Reagan, J.O. 131
Reeves, J.J. 141
Rehman, J.D. 158
Reilly, John 175
Reis, B.L. 129, 191, 225, 226, 240, 241 Remond, B. 17, 261, 262
Reynolds, C.K. 111, 117, 118, 119
Reznik, M. 168
Rhein, R. 144, 250
Ribelin, W.E. 246
Richards, M.W. 215
Rieger, D. 80
Rippe, J.K. 89
Roberge, S. 141
Roberts, R.M. 44
Robinson, P.H. 78, 166, 185
Roche, J.F. 77
Rock, D.W. 63, 194
Roeder, R.A. 64
Rogan, G.J. 85, 151
Rostami, J. 171
Rottman, F.M. 1
Roush, W. O280
Rowold, E. 254
Royle, C. 153
Sabacky, M.J. 42 Ô
Sandifer, T.G. 114
Sartin, J.L. 61
Satter, L.D. 239
Sauerwein, H. 181
Schally, A.V. 141
Schams, D. 32, 33, 227
Schelling, G.T. 64
Scherer, C.W. 48
Schiek, W.A. 27
Schingoethe, D.J. 177, 195
Schwab, W. 137
Schwart, R.B. Jr 52
Semenova, V.A. 31
Severdia, A.G. 9
Shagam, S.D. 51
Shelford, J.A. 266
Shoeffling, J.R. 70
Siler, J.F. 189
Silvia, W.J. 81
Simpson, R.B. 74, 93
Singh, M. 207
Sinnett-Smith, P.A. 247
Skarda, J. 91, 170
Skardova, O. 91
Slaba, J. 91
Smirnov, O.K. 31
Smith, C.E. 254
Smith, D.F. 3
Smith, G.S. 122
Snyder, D.L. 105
Sorbet, R.H. 246, 257, 269
Spencer-Johnson, K.J. 130
Spicer, L.J. 43, 59, 113, 121, 215
Spike, T.E. 193
Stanisiewski, E.P. 204, 205
Staples, C.R. 125, 223
Staples, R.C. 119
Stark, M. 13, 268
Staten, N.R. 253
Stauber, J.C. 190
Stegeman, G.A. 195
Stelwagen, K. 92, 94, 158
Stern, M.D. 82
Storrs, S.B. 37
Strel'chenko, N.S. 31 Ô
Sturman, H. 126
Sullivan, J.L. 143
Swalve, H.H. 58
Swift, P.J. 167
Tait, R.M. 202
Tauer, L.W. 219
Tauer, Loren W., 279
Taylor, S.A. 84
Tessmann, N.J. 239
Teverson, R.M. 256
Thatcher, W.W. 125, 218, 223
Thayer, A. 57
Thomas, C. 267
Thomas, J.W. 248
Thomson, T.D. 227
Tomas, F.M. 208
Torkelson, A.R. 85, 245
Torre, P.M. 183
Torrent, J. 138
Toutain, P.L. 227
Trenkle, A. 161, 242, 243
Troutt, H.F. 19, 171, 230
Tsang, D.S. 89, 109
Tucker, H.A. 7, 40, 60, 154
Tucker, W.B. 81
Turner, J.D. 252
Turvey, A. 256
Tweeten, L. 55
Tyrell, H.F. 118
Tyrrell, H.F. 117, 119
United States. General Accounting Office 237 University of Connecticut, Food Marketing Policy Center 173 Vandaele, W. 26
Varga, G.A. 102
Veenhuizen, J.J. 39, 64, 131, 132, 186, 214, 257, 269 Vernon, R.G. 115
Vicini, J.L. 186, 214
Vignon, B. 178
Violand, B.N. 41
Wagner, T.E. 142
Walker, A. 182
Walters, J.L. 95, 104
Walton, J.S. 80, 94
Walton, P.E. 208
Ward, G.M. 138 Ô
Weaver, L.D. 171, 230
Webb, R. 96, 98, 99
Weigel, K.A. 38
Weller, J.I. 126
Weller, R.F. 199
West, J.W. 114
Wettemann, R.P. 215
Wheaton, J.E. 107, 265
White, T.C. 246
Wickham, B.W. 202
Wiehl, P. 142
Wilcox, C.J. 111, 207, 218
Wilde, C.J. 256
Wilfond, D.H. 207
Wilkinson, J. 178
Wilkinson, J.I.D. 133, 139, 216
Willan, A.R. 217
Williams, J.C. 61
Wilmut, I. 99
Winder, J.A. 84
Windisch, W. 137
Winsryg, M.D. 95, 104
Wollny, C. 33
Wood, D.L. 2, 197
Woodward, B. 50, 164, 179, 258
Woolliams, J.A. 83, 247
Yun, J. 142
Zarandi, M. 141
Zednik, J. 91
Zepeda, L. 259
Zhao, X. 106, 192
Ziegler, D.M. 265

SUBJECT INDEX

3-hydroxybutyric acid 225, 226
Abomasum 3, 238
Accuracy 58
Acetates 2, 225, 226
Activity 167
Adipose tissue 2, 40, 159, 170, 197, 229 Adverse effects 21, 48, 222
Age 74, 75, 77, 90, 161
Age at first calving 10, 220
Age differences 34, 61, 218, 265 Ô
Agricultural policy 27, 219, 259
Agricultural prices 174
Agricultural structure 267
Ai bulls 35, 264
Alfalfa silage 239
Algorithms 6
Alpha-adrenergic receptors 61
Amino acid derivatives 108
Amino acid sequences 41, 108, 165
Amino acids 78, 177, 191, 253, 263
Anabolism 182
Analogs 141
Analytical methods 37
Androgens 7
Anestrus 84, 215
Animal biotechnology 20
Animal disorders 222
Animal fat 235
Animal health 9, 63, 65, 91, 109, 127, 133, 192, 200, 232, 246 Animal nutrition 181, 200, 215
Animal products 16
Animal protein concentrates 95
Animal tissues 31
Animal welfare 51, 192
Antagonists 122, 272
Antibiotic residues 149
Antibiotics 48, 274
Antibody formation 50, 85, 258
Arginine 73, 83
Arima 38
Arizona 70
Arteries 191, 240, 241
Assays 167
Autoradiography 212
Bacterial count 217
Barley 185
Beef 21, 36
Beef cattle 64, 107, 117, 118, 119, 120, 238, 260 Beef cows 34, 73, 74, 84, 93, 169, 215 Belgium 24
Beta-adrenergic agonists 16
Bibliographies 29, 30
Binding 32, 181
Binding proteins 167, 186, 214, 257
Binding site 218 Ô
Biochemical techniques 212
Biological development 61, 96
Biosynthesis 2
Biotechnology 13, 14, 23, 31, 188, 190, 221, 235 Birth weight 158
Blood 129, 199, 244
Blood analysis 257
Blood brain barrier 272
Blood chemistry 39, 41, 82, 114, 131, 133, 135, 151, 181 Blood composition 88, 130, 170
Blood flow 119, 263
Blood picture 133, 164
Blood plasma 33, 40, 61, 76, 80, 92, 94, 97, 102, 107, 111, 117, 119, 120, 125, 133, 158, 161, 166, 223, 225, 226, 229, 240, 241, 242, 243, 262, 263, 264, 265, 272, 273, 278
Blood sampling 98
Blood serum 34, 35, 39, 41, 53, 64, 73, 79, 84, 85, 90, 93, 101, 110, 122, 141, 154, 167, 171, 177, 207, 215, 218, 230, 238, 255, 257, 258, 260 Blood sugar 39, 107, 181, 199, 225, 226, 263, 269 Boars 53, 76
Body composition 16, 17, 92, 126, 193 Body condition 17, 63, 82, 84, 105, 109, 127, 139, 154, 171, 194, 200, 204, 230, 239, 244, 248, 261
Body fat 17, 137, 193
Body measurements 157, 220, 265
Body protein 17, 193
Body temperature 111, 130, 143, 187, 199 Body weight 17, 33, 39, 81, 84, 90, 93, 106, 107, 109, 127, 133, 139, 158, 170, 177, 178, 192, 194, 200, 220, 230, 239, 244, 245, 273 Bovidae 11, 29, 30, 31
Bovine mastitis 6, 63, 81, 91, 109, 194, 217, 245, 246 Bovine oncovirus 60
Bovine somatotropin 20, 173, 175, 236, 237, 279 Brahman 135
Break-even point 8
Bred heifers 93, 158
Breed differences 33, 34, 74
Breeding efficiency 244
Breeding value 35, 116, 265
Bulls 53, 84, 123, 161, 168, 242, 255 Calcium 156, 245
California 259, 270
Caloric value 81
Calves 61, 83, 85, 86, 131, 132, 135, 157, 158, 218, 246, 247, 265, 272 Ô
Calving rate 84
Cap 24
Carbohydrate metabolism 228
Carcass composition 39, 64, 120, 131, 181, 235, 238 Carcass quality 39
Carcass yield 39, 238
Case studies 188, 220
Casein 3, 89
Castration 161, 255
Cattle 1, 13, 14, 16, 19, 37, 42, 44, 45, 54, 55, 108, 113, 136, 142, 165, 182, 208, 231, 243, 254, 268, 277 Cattle husbandry 200
Cattle manure 138
Cell counting 6, 71, 187, 217
Cell culture 7, 31, 59, 142
Cell cultures 60
Cell division' 121
Cells 94, 160, 168, 248, 249, 256
Cheese milk 178, 249
Cheesemaking 89, 178
Chemical composition 82, 166
Cholesterol 72, 225, 226
Choriomammotropin 253
Chromatography 9
Circadian rhythm 79
Clofibrate 120
Cluster analysis 58
Codex alimentarius 36
Colostrum 32
Commercial farming 248
Comparisons 21
Computer analysis 6
Computer software 35
Concanavalin a 179
Concentrates 17, 139, 178, 261, 262
Conception rate 81, 100, 204
Conceptus 44
Conferences 21
Consumer attitudes 45, 46, 48, 188
Consumer preferences 27
Consumer protection 36, 222
Consumer surveys 25
Consumers 54, 55
Consumers' preferences 236
Controlled release 33, 42, 63, 71, 72, 91, 105, 109, 140, 170,Ô Corpus luteum 43, 169
Correlation analysis 242
Corticotropin 123
Cost analysis 8
Cost benefit analysis 54, 55
Cows 59, 102, 121, 134, 153, 157, 168, 184, 186, 202, 229, 235, 253, 271 Crossbreds 260, 277
Crude protein 78, 82, 177
Culling 133, 246
Culture media 59
Cytology 168
Czechoslovakia 91, 170
Dairies 70
Dairy bulls 35, 218, 264, 265, 273
Dairy cattle 28, 32, 58, 60, 83, 86, 92, 129, 131, 247 Dairy cooperatives 70
Dairy cows 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 17, 22, 26, 33, 38, 40, 41, 50, 63, 69, 70, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 133, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145, 154, 158, 159, 162, 164, 166, 169, 170, 171, 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 185, 187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 207, 212, 214, 216, 217, 219, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 234, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 256, 257, 258, 261, 262, 263, 266, 269, 272, 277, 278 Dairy farming 18, 20, 138, 176, 213, 267 Dairy farms 69, 162
Dairy herds 220, 248
Dairy industry 25, 27, 69, 162, 172, 174, 176, 219, 259, 274 Dairy products 20
Dairy technology 27
Dairying 173
Decision making 8
Demand 27, 174, 188, 201
Demography 48, 188
Detection 58
Developing countries 13
Diet 81, 143, 195, 204, 223
Dietary fat 16, 177, 195, 223
Dietary protein 78, 166, 177, 214
Digesta 104
Digestibility 86, 104, 122, 128, 261
Digestion 185
Digestive system 61
Digestive system diseases 246
Disease prevention 156 Ô
Diurnal variation 110
Dna 160
Dna replication 94
Domestic animals 167
Domestic markets 174
Dosage 247
Dosage effects 22, 42, 63, 64, 85, 105, 116, 121, 140, 141, 158, 204, 217, 238, 244, 245, 246, 258, 278 Drug delivery systems 151
Drug effects 277
Drug formulations 9, 192, 231, 232
Drug residues 36, 271, 274
Dry matter 81, 106, 109, 126, 154, 158, 177, 192, 194, 199, 269 Dry period 32, 112, 125, 183, 186, 207 Dual purpose cattle 33
Duodenum 102, 104, 128
Duration 133, 258
Dynamic models 219
Dystocia 10
EC regulations 26
Econometric models 172, 201, 259
Economic analysis 259
Economic impact 18, 22, 24, 25, 48, 57, 68, 69, 70, 152, 172, 174, 201, 213, 219, 220, 259, 280
Effects 19
Embryo transfer 80
Embryos 80
Endotoxins 136
Energy balance 109, 137, 171, 249, 269 Energy consumption 40
Energy content 193, 214, 239
Energy cost of maintenance 118
Energy expenditure 184
Energy intake 17, 90, 106, 192, 193, 216 Energy metabolism 117, 118, 119, 137, 216, 263 Energy requirements 137, 138
Environmental factors 143
Environmental impact 138
Environmental protection 27
Environmental temperature 111, 130, 187 Enzyme activity 159, 256
Enzyme inhibitors 159
Enzymes 120
Epidermal growth factor 59, 251
Epinephrine 202 Ô
Equations 191, 225, 226
Erosion 138
Errors 8
Escherichia coli 254
Essential amino acids 102
Estradiol 43, 59, 98, 107, 120, 121, 125, 223, 260 Estrogens 97
Estrone 76
Estrous cycle 93, 96, 124
Estrus 97, 204, 244, 246
Europe 15, 65, 152
European communities 15, 26, 36, 68, 152, 276 Ewe lactation 94
Ewes 94, 253
Exons 1, 142
Explants 2, 197
Factory farming 280
Farm amalgamations 162
Farm income 267
Farm inputs 270
Farm results 8
Farm structure 51
Farmers 54, 55
Farmers' associations 222
Fasting 35, 120
Fat metabolism 120
Fat percentage 86
Fat thickness 74
Fatty acids 2, 33, 34, 72, 97, 110, 114, 154, 177, 178, 195, 225, 226, 229, 240, 241, 249, 262, 269 Fatty liver 134
Federal government 155
Federal programs 172
Feed additives 46
Feed conversion 39, 82, 105, 106, 109, 130, 140, 151, 158, 194, 216, 238 Feed conversion efficiency 86, 88, 208 Feed grains 239
Feed intake 39, 63, 81, 86, 88, 106, 109, 111, 117, 118, 119, 122, 126, 130, 133, 137, 139, 140, 154, 158, 170, 177, 178, 192, 194, 199, 223, 245, 261, 263, 269, 278
Feed requirements 138
Feeds 174, 271
Female fertility 63, 81, 109, 126, 133, 170, 246 Fetal death 100
Fiber content 78 Ô
Fish meal 82
Follicles 96, 121, 125, 223
Follicular fluid 43
Food additives 36
Food and nutrition controversies 26, 49, 51, 145, 234 Food biotechnology 51
Food composition tables 156
Food contamination 156
Food intake 120
Food processing 23, 174
Food production 174
Food quality 23
Food safety 15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 36, 47, 48, 51, 57, 62, 66, 67, 144, 146, 147, 148, 198, 203, 210, 211, 213, 221, 222, 233, 234, 250, 271, 274, 275, 280, 281
Food technology 23
Forage 166, 193, 239
France 58
Frequency 109
Fsh 80, 98, 121, 168
Functional responses 113
Gene expression 44, 76, 142, 212
Gene splicing 203
Gene transfer 60
Genes 142
Genetic correlation 264
Genetic differences 116, 143
Genetic engineering 18, 26, 31, 37, 57, 65, 67, 138, 147, 149, 189, 209, 211, 213, 233, 234, 270, 281 Genetic improvement 264
Genetic regulation 1
Genetics 202
Gestation period 94, 158
Gilts 76
Glucagon 117, 185
Gluconeogenesis 129
Glucose 129, 135, 182, 185, 202, 244
Glucose tolerance test 199
Glycerol 72
Gnrh 124
Goat milk 153
Goats 153, 206, 228, 253
Gonadotropins 76
Government 219
Government organizations 155 Ô
Granulocytes 5
Granulosa cells 59, 121
Grass sward 267
Grazing 17, 84, 139, 261
Growth 3, 64, 90, 96, 157, 181, 208
Growth factors 90, 163, 218
Growth promoters 162, 174
Growth rate 5, 10, 42, 74, 77, 86, 131, 151, 220, 242 Guidelines 150
Half life 257
Haloxon 272
Hamsters 160
Hay 122
Health hazards 222
Heart rate 199
Heat loss 11
Heat production 11, 114, 130
Heat resistance 5
Heat stress 111, 112, 114, 126, 130, 187 Heifers 5, 7, 10, 34, 43, 74, 75, 77, 80, 84, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 103, 161, 220, 242, 262, 278
Hemagglutination tests 50
Hematocrit 164
Hematology 164
Heritability 101
Histology 251
Holstein-friesian 80, 101, 197, 277
Homeostasis 262
Hormonal control 252
Hormone receptors 160, 218, 224
Hormone secretion 53, 59, 61, 73, 76, 79, 83, 90, 93, 117, 121, 123, 141, 161, 168, 242, 247, 254, 255, 265 Hormone supplements 138, 145
Hormones 45, 166, 244
Household surveys 48, 188
Human milk 21
Humidity 114
Hydrocortisone 53, 123, 187, 260
Hydrophobicity 108
Hypersensitivity 50
Hypothalamic releasing hormones 87, 161 Hypothalamus 61, 136
Igg 85, 258
Igm 85
Immune response 136, 179, 187 Ô
Immunoglobulins 3
Immunological factors 136
Immunostimulation 183
In vitro 108, 159
Individual quarters 170
Induction 246
Infections 170
Inflammation 6
Infusion 3, 102, 154, 182, 199
Injection 11, 109, 126, 194, 245, 262 Innovation adoption 25, 27, 172, 219, 267 Insulin 32, 33, 34, 39, 59, 74, 86, 92, 96, 97, 117, 121, 133, 135, 159, 182, 185, 199, 202, 207, 214, 218, 229, 244, 257, 260, 262, 263, 269 Insulin-like growth factor 19, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 43, 64, 73, 74, 88, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 107, 110, 111, 117, 121, 131, 135, 136, 151, 153, 158, 164, 166, 179, 181, 182, 186, 197, 202, 206, 207, 208, 212, 214, 215, 228, 238, 242, 243, 244, 255, 257, 262, 269, 273, 274 Interest groups 49
Interferon 44
Interleukin 2 183
International trade 69, 174
Intestines 117, 119
Intramuscular injection 205
Intravenous injection 227
Iodide 103
Ion transport 184
Ions 184
Irrigated pastures 84
Isolation 37
Israel 126
Italy 36
Ketonemia 171
Ketosis 171, 230
Kochia scoparia 122
L-thyroxine 133, 207
Labeling 47, 145
Labeling controls 145
Lactating females 41, 73, 87, 112, 124, 153, 159, 184, 257 Lactation 22, 71, 115, 125, 129, 137, 157, 158, 186, 216, 228, 229, 251, 252, 263, 269
Lactation curve 38, 58, 82, 109, 140, 207, 244 Lactation number 77, 81, 90, 133, 140, 143, 192, 199, 239, 246 Lactation stage 17, 33, 71, 72, 105, 106, 126, 143, 193, 204, 214, 217, 240, 241, 248, 258, 269
Lactic acid 225, 226 Ô
Lambs 39, 120, 151, 181, 182
Lameness 246
Lasers 9
Late lactation 229
Legislation 268
Lesions 109, 238
Leucine 108
Lh 34, 59, 76, 98, 124, 168, 215, 273 Light regime 79
Line differences 101, 265
Linear models 101
Lipid metabolism 16, 228
Lipogenesis 159, 170, 197
Literature reviews 10, 22, 186, 208, 216, 228, 232, 235, 249, 251, 253, 263 Liver 2, 119, 129, 181, 197, 218, 224, 242, 243 Liver cells 121
Livestock 51
Liveweight 77
Liveweight gain 39, 74, 84, 85, 88, 90, 107, 126, 158, 178, 181,238,253 Long chain fatty acids 223
Long term experiments 88
Lungs 31
Lymphocyte transformation 179, 183
Lymphocytes 5, 164, 179, 183, 187
Lysine 102, 128
Maize silage 261
Mammary development 251, 256
Mammary glands 10, 32, 94, 183, 187, 191, 197, 206, 225, 226, 228, 240,241,251, 252, 256, 263
Mammary tissue 2, 153, 212
Man 208
Manganese 132
Market segmentation 279
Marketing 150
Marketing channels 174
Marketing margins 52
Marketing orders 259
Marketing policy 172
Mastitis 127, 149, 170, 237, 239, 248 Mathematical models 231, 267
Mating 53
Meat 16
Meat and livestock industry 174
Meat animals 198
Meat quality 235 Ô
Membranes 218, 224
Messenger RNA 60, 121, 169, 224, 242, 243 Metabolic disorders 246
Metabolism 159, 202, 230, 257
Metabolites 34, 125, 129, 133, 171, 223, 230, 240, 241, 244, 257,262,263 Metabolizable energy 137, 223
Methane production 138
Methionine 102, 128
Methylhistidine 260
Mice 142
Micelles 178
Microscopy 168
Microsomes 218, 224
Milk 21, 23, 26, 32, 41, 66, 114, 156, 222, 234, 274, 279, 281 Milk composition 22, 33, 41, 63, 71, 72, 77, 81, 82, 88, 89, 92, 95, 102,103, 105, 106, 109, 127, 128, 133, 137, 140, 154, 166, 170, 171, 177, 178,185,192, 194, 195, 199, 230, 239, 245, 248, 249, 269, 277 Milk consumption 46, 48, 188
Milk contamination 237
Milk fat 72, 102, 195, 249
Milk fat percentage 126, 130, 171, 261 Milk fat yield 72, 126
Milk marketing 155, 201
Milk prices 52, 69, 70, 172, 201, 219, 259, 274 Milk processing 249
Milk production 4, 8, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 24, 26, 47, 56, 57, 58, 62, 67,68, 88, 92, 100, 102, 103, 110, 127, 138, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 162,171, 172, 189, 196, 197, 209, 210, 211, 213, 219, 220, 222, 233, 234, 235,237,259, 264, 267, 268, 270, 271, 275, 277, 280 Milk products 13, 145, 176, 190, 268
Milk protein 95, 102
Milk protein percentage 126, 130, 261 Milk protein yield 126
Milk proteins 71, 178, 195, 249
Milk quality 109, 249
Milk secretion 153
Milk supply 152, 172, 201, 274
Milk synthesis 41, 256
Milk trade 279
Milk yield 10, 17, 22, 25, 33, 38, 40, 63, 70, 71, 77, 81, 82, 83, 85, 89,90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 112, 115, 116, 126, 128,130,133, 137, 139, 140, 143, 153, 154, 158, 166, 170, 177, 178, 185,186, 187, 192,193, 194, 195, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 216, 223, 230, 239, 244,245,248, 256, 261, 262, 269, 271, 274, 277 Milking interval 127, 206, 256 Ô
Mineral nutrition 245
Minnesota 157
Mitogens 5, 183
Mitosis 5, 179
Mobilization 137
Mode of action 115, 200, 206, 252
Models 2
Molecular weight 9
Monitoring 155
Morphology 168
Murine paramyxovirus 44
Naloxone 73
Neoplasms 156
Neutrophils 164
New York 25, 46, 48
Nitrogen 3, 39, 138
Nitrogen balance 122, 131, 137, 182, 208 Nitrogen metabolism 131
Nitrogen retention 118, 119, 182
Nonprotein nitrogen 89, 185
Nontarget effects 179
North Carolina 213
Northern blotting 212, 224
Nucleotide sequences 1
Nutrient availability 182
Nutrient content 156
Nutrient density 177
Nutrient requirements 156, 216
Nutrient transport 102
Nutrient uptake 225, 226, 240, 241
Nutrients 119
Nutrition 75, 186
Nutritional adequacy 63
Nutritive value 21
Oklahoma 172
Opioid peptides 272
Opioids 73
Optimization 219
Organ culture 251
Organochlorine compounds 50
Organs 39, 131
Osteoporosis 156
Ovariectomized females 97, 161
Ovariectomy 215
Ovaries 43, 96, 113, 121, 169 Ô
Ovulation rate 98, 223
Oxidation 129
Perception 48
Performance 64
Ph 32, 78, 104
Phagocytosis 5
Pharmacokinetics 227
Phenotypic correlation 116
Phospholipids 2, 72
Phosphorus 138, 245
Phosphorylation 160
Physiological functions 19
Physiology 118
Pigmeat 174, 189
Pigs 42, 198, 208, 224, 235
Pituitary 7, 41, 168
Placenta 157, 253
Plane of nutrition 5, 90, 92, 135, 239 Plasmin 252
Plasminogen 252
Plasminogen activator 252
Pmsg 99
Poisoning 122
Population growth 27
Porcine somatotropin 173, 175
Pork industry and trade 173
Postpartum interval 93, 124
Postpartum period 32
Potassium 184
Poultry 208
Predicted difference 101, 264
Prediction 35, 225, 226, 267
Pregnancy 63, 73, 124, 159
Pregnancy rate 100
Prepartum period 32, 94, 158
Prepubertal females 34
Price support 69, 70, 219
Probabilistic models 38
Producer prices 52
Product development 189
Production controls 219
Production costs 22
Profitability 219
Profits 271
Progeny testing 264 Ô
Prolactin 35, 79, 84, 90, 122, 207, 251, 253, 257, 264, 269, 272 Protected fat 223
Protected protein 82
Protein 182
Protein concentrates 193
Protein content 89
Protein degradation 95
Protein digestibility 95
Protein kinase 160
Protein metabolism 16, 182
Protein requirement 3, 78
Protein supplements 103
Protein synthesis 59, 128, 184
Protein turnover 260
Proteinases 159
Proteins 9, 32, 44
Proteolysis 159
Puberty 34, 74, 77, 90
Public agencies 145
Public health 16
Public opinion 4, 250, 280
Pumps 151
Purification 224
Quotas 70
Rabbits 31
Rangelands 84
Rapeseed oilmeal 103
Rats 42, 160, 208
Receptors 169, 212, 228
Recombinant DNA 26, 37, 232, 234
Recombinant vaccines 276
Recombination 41
Regions 54, 55
Regression analysis 116, 191
Regulation 24, 56, 61
Regulations 15, 23, 36, 47, 146, 148, 149, 196, 275 Removal 219
Replacement 10
Reproduction 200
Reproductive efficiency 77
Reproductive performance 100, 192
Research support 163, 189
Residues 21, 198, 222, 281
Resource utilization 267
Respiration rate 199 Ô
Restricted feeding 90, 111
Retail marketing 174
Retail prices 52
Retention 3, 278
RNA 212
Rotational grazing 270, 271
Rumen bacteria 128
Rumen digestion 95, 185
Rumen fermentation 78, 104, 128, 195
Rumen microorganisms 104
Safety 235
Safflower seed 195
Scrotum 265
Seasonal fluctuations 6, 35
Secretions 32
Sectoral analysis 174
Selection 83
Selection criteria 264, 265
Selection responses 101
Semiarid zones 84
Serum 59
Sexual behavior 53, 97, 123
Sexual maturity 76
Sheep 228
Simulation models 172, 259
Sires 35, 101, 265
Size 125, 223, 256
Skeletal muscle 184, 242, 243, 260
Skin 50
Small farms 152, 162
Social welfare 219
Socioeconomic status 48
Sodium 184
Sodium bicarbonate 8
Solar radiation 112
Somatic cell count 133
Somatoliberin 7, 40, 43, 60, 73, 74, 83, 86, 88, 93, 107, 117, 118, 119,141, 154, 247, 265
Somatomedin 186, 263
Somatostatin 161, 185
Soybean oilmeal 82
Species differences 39, 167, 253
Stability 231
State government 268
Steers 3, 7, 64, 107, 117, 118, 119, 122, 238, 242, 255, 260 Ô Stress response 53
Structural genes 1
Subcutaneous injection 42, 192
Sulfur 278
Summer 130
Sunflower seeds 195
Superovulated females 80
Superovulation 80, 99
Supply balance 25
Surpluses 51, 219
Synergism 247
Synthetic hormones 93, 274
Synthetic pituitary hormones 80, 227
Technical progress 267
Temperature 5, 11, 114
Testes 273
Testosterone 53, 76, 123, 273
Thermodynamics 165
Thickness 50
Thiocyanates 103
Thyroid antagonists 103
Thyroid function 103
Thyroid gland 243
Thyroid hormones 111, 242
Thyrotropin 103
Thyrotropin releasing hormone 43, 83, 86, 87, 88, 247 Thyroxine 103, 135, 218
Time series 38
Timing 205
Tissue culture 2, 121, 197, 229
Tissue proliferation 94
Tissues 132
Toxicity 21
Trade policy 27
Transfection 60
Transfer 31
Transforming growth factor 251
Transgenics 31, 76, 276
Transit time 78, 104
Translation 108
Treatment 258, 266
Trenbolone 107, 120, 260
Trends 27
Triacylglycerols 2, 120, 225, 226
Triiodothyronine 103, 135, 207, 218, 257, 262 Ô Tyrosine 160
U.S.A. 4, 15, 18, 27, 54, 55, 57, 67, 69, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 152,155,162, 172, 174, 210, 211, 219, 221, 250, 275 Udders 217
Uk 267
Ultrasound 96
Unrestricted feeding 90
Unsaturated fatty acids 195
Urea 107, 151, 185, 269
Urea nitrates 102
Urine 84
Usage 48
Usda 15, 36, 68, 150, 163, 276
Validity 201
Vectors 60
Veins 191, 240, 241
Viral interference 44
Virginia 25, 188
Water uptake 231
Water use 138
Weather 114
Weight 39, 131
Wethers 120
Whey protein 89
Wisconsin 56, 196
Yield correlations 153
Zebu 277
Zero grazing 139
Zimbabwe 277
Zinc 132