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Current Bibliographies in Medicine 92-10
Early Identification of Hearing Impairment in Infants and Young Children
CBM 92-10 Early Identification of Hearing Impairment in Infants and Young Children January 1988 through December 1992 861 Citations Prepared by Lori J. Klein, M.A.L.S., National Library of Medicine Lynn E. Huerta, Ph.D., National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine Reference Section 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20894 1992 SERIES NOTE Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) is a continuation in part of the National Library of Medicine's Literature Search Series, which ceased in 1987 with No. 87-15. In 1989 it also subsumed the Specialized Bibliography Series. Each bibliography in the new series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE, AVLINE, BIOETHICSLINE, CANCERLIT, CATLINE, HEALTH, POPLINE and TOXLINE. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered. Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to: Karen Patrias, Editor Current Bibliographies in Medicine Reference Section National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894 301/496-6097 Ordering Information: Current Bibliographies in Medicine is sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. To order the entire CBM series for the calendar year 1992 (approx. 14 bibliographies), send $41.00 ($51.25 foreign) to the Superintendent of Documents citing GPO List ID: CBM92. Orders for individual bibliographies in the series ($3.25, $4.06 foreign) should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents citing the title, CBM number, and the GPO List ID given above. EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN There is a clear need in the United States for improved methods and models for the early identification of hearing impairment in infants and young children. Approximately 1 out of every 1000 children is born deaf. Many more are born with less severe degrees of hearing impairment, while others develop hearing impairment during childhood. Reduced hearing acuity during infancy and early childhood interferes with the development of speech and language skills. Although less well documented, reduced auditory input also adversely affects the developing auditory nervous system and can have harmful effects on social, emotional, cognitive, and academic development, as well as on a person's vocational and economic potential. Moreover, delayed identification and management of severe to profound hearing impairment may impede the hearing- impaired child's ability to adapt to life in a hearing world or to prepare for life in the hearing-impaired community. The critical period for language and speech development is generally regarded as the first two years of life, and, although there are several methods of identifying hearing impairments during the first year of life, the average age of identification in the U.S. remains close to three years. Lesser degrees of hearing loss may go undetected even longer. The result is that for many hearing-impaired infants and young children, much of the critical language and speech learning period is lost. There is general agreement that hearing impairment should be recognized as early in life as possible, so that the remediation process can take full advantage of the plasticity of the developing sensory systems. Infant hearing screening has been attempted with a number of different test methods, including cardiac response audiometry, respiration audiometry, alteration of sucking patterns, movement or startle in response to auditory stimuli, various behavioral paradigms, measurement of acoustic reflexes, and more recently, auditory brain stem response (ABR) audiometry. In addition, attention has recently turned to the measurement of otoacoustic emissions, which shows promise as a fast, inexpensive, noninvasive test of cochlear function. Each method is effective in its own way, but technical or interpretative limitations have impeded widespread application. Moreover, these approaches vary widely in their sensitivity, specificity, and predictive efficiency in identifying hearing impairment. Today, most neonatal screening programs are focused on infants who satisfy one or more of a number of criteria for inclusion in a "high-risk registry." The preferred screening test method has come to be ABR, combined with audiologic follow-up for those infants who fail the screening protocols. Despite the relatively good predictive efficiency of ABR, its cost, time requirements, and technical difficulties have discouraged the general application of this method in screening the far larger newborn population not meeting the high-risk registry criteria. Using the high risk registry approach misses approximately 50 percent of infants with hearing impairments. Consensus on a unified approach to early identification has also been delayed by the scarcity of data on the relative sensitivity, specificity, predictive efficiency, and cost effectiveness of the hearing screening techniques currently used to identify hearing impairments in infants and young children. This bibliography was prepared in support of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on the Early Identification of Hearing Impairment in Infants and Young Children held March 1-3, 1993 on the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland. The purpose of the consensus conference was to reach an agreement on the following questions: which children should have their hearing screened or tested and at what age; which methods and models are preferred for identifying hearing impairment in infants and young children; and what are the key areas for future research. The bibliography surveys the literature on topics pertaining to the early identification of hearing impairment in human infants and young children published between January 1988 and December 1992. Literature on rare or relatively rare medical conditions involving hearing loss are not included, nor are animal studies. Journal articles are divided by subject area, and a reference can appear under more than one subject, with the exception that articles dealing with otoacoustic emissions (which may also discuss other methods) are listed only under otoacoustic emissions. Letters, editorials, news, and articles on developmental problems are selectively included, and literature on otoacoustic emissions is more comprehensively included than literature on other methods. Books (including book chapters) and audiovisuals are listed separately by format and are not included in the subject categories. Special thanks to Ralph F. Naunton, M.D., for his assistance in the preparation of this bibliography. SEARCH STRATEGY A variety of online databases are usually searched in preparing bibliographies in the CBM series. To assist you in updating or otherwise manipulating the material in this search, the strategy used for the NLM's MEDLINE database is given below. Please note that the search strategies presented here differ from individual demand searches in that they are generally broadly formulated and irrelevant citations edited out prior to printing. SS 1 = SUBS APPLY PC, CL, ET SS 1 = EXP *EAR DISEASES SS 2 = SUBS CANCEL SS 2 = (TW) DEAFNESS OR DEAF OR HEARING SS 3 = EXP HEARING TESTS OR EXP AUDITORY PERCEPTION OR EXP EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY SS 4 = NEONATAL SCREENING SS 5 = RISK FACTORS OR ALL MODEL# (TW) OR SCREENING (TW) OR DECISION SUPPORT TECHNIQUES SS 6 = 2 AND 4 OR 3 AND 4 SS 7 = 3 AND 2 OR 2 AND 5 SS 8 = 1 OR 7 OR EXP HEARING DISORDERS SS 9 = EXP INFANT OR CHILD, PRESCHOOL SS 10 = 8 AND 9 SS 11 = 10 OR 6 GRATEFUL MED To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers GRATEFUL MED, microcomputer-based software that provides a user-friendly interface to most NLM databases. This software was specifically developed for health professionals and features multiple choice menus and "fill in the blank" screens for easy search preparation. GRATEFUL MED runs on an IBM PC (or IBM-compatible) with DOS 2.0 or a Macintosh, and requires a Hayes (or Hayes-compatible) modem. It may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, Virginia, for $29.95 (plus $3.00 per order for shipping). SAMPLE CITATIONS Citations in this bibliographic series are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicusþ*. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation. Note also that a colon (:) may appear within an author's name or article title. The NLM computer system automatically inserts this symbol in the place of a diacritical mark. Journal Article: Authors Article Title Tucker SM, Bhattacharya J. Screening of hearing impair- ment in the newborn using the auditory response cradle. Arch Dis Child 1992 Jul;67(7):911-9. Abbreviated Journal Date Volume Issue Pages Title Monograph: Authors/Editors Title Fritsch, Michael H.; Sommer, Annemarie. Handbook of congenital and early onset hearing loss. New York: Igaku-Shoin; 1991. 170 p. Place of Publisher Date Total No. Publication of Pages _________________________________ *For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication: Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030. TABLE OF CONTENTS Taxonomy/Epidemiology Developmental Issues in Early Hearing Impairment Methodology, Instrumentation, and Personnel Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) High Risk Register/Other Risk Factors Other (e.g. Behavioral Methods, Immittance Measures, Developmental Measures) Models/Programs for Early Identification and Follow-up Other Books and Book Chapters Audiovisuals TAXONOMY/EPIDEMIOLOGY Adler SP. Cytomegalovirus and pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1992 Oct;4(5):670-5. Alho OP, Koivu M, Sorri M, Rantakallio P. Risk factors for recurrent acute otitis media and respiratory infection in infancy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1990;19(2):151-61. Anagnostakis D, Messaritakis J. Hearing loss in high-risk neonates [letter]. J Pediatr 1990 Feb;116(2):316. Comment on: J Pediatr 1989 May; 114(5):847-52. Andersen E, Fledelius HC, Fns M, Haugsted R. An epidemiological study of disability in 4-year-old children from a birth cohort in Frederiksborg County, Denmark. Dan Med Bull 1990 Apr;37(2):182-5. Arnos KS, Israel J, Devlin L, Wilson MP. Genetic counseling for the deaf. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1992 Oct;25(5):953-71. Augustsson I, Nilson C, Engstrand I. [Is auditory screening of 4-year old children a good method for locating serous otitis which demands treatment?] Lakartidningen 1988 Mar 30;85(13): 1134-7. (Swe). Augustsson I, Nilson C, Engstrand I. The preventive value of audiometric screening of preschool and young school-children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1990 Sep;20(1):51-62. Baart de la Faille LM. Validity of large scale standardised behavioural screening. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 1991;482:94-101; discussion 102. Baker RC. Pitfalls in diagnosing acute otitis media. Pediatr Ann 1991 Nov;20(11):591-3, 596-8. Comment in: Pediatr Ann 1992 Apr;21(4):212, and Pediatr Ann 1992 Apr;21(4):213. Bakht FR, Gentry LO. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: an emerging concern for family physicians. Am Fam Physician 1992 Apr;45(4):1683-90. Barnett ED, Klein JO, Pelton SI, Luginbuhl LM. Otitis media in children born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992 May;11(5):360-4. Bendel J, Palti H, Winter S, Ornoy A. Prevalence of disabilities in a national sample of 3-year-old Israeli children. Isr J Med Sci 1989 May;25(5):264-70. Biering-Srensen M, Biering-Srensen K, Kaufmann B. [Follow-up of children screened at 4 years of age through school age with particular attention the evaluation of speech function]. Ugeskr Laeger 1989 May 15;151(20):1240-4. (Dan). Birkebaek NH, Tommerup BE. [Hearing loss among premature and full-term infants in Rinkobing county. Results of tone and speech audiometry]. Ugeskr Laeger 1991 Jan 7;153(2):107-9. (Dan). Bluestone CD. Otitis media and congenital perilymphatic fistula as a cause of sensorineural hearing loss in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988 Nov;7(11 Suppl):S141-5. Bock GR, Iurato S. EEC hearing impairment programme: collaboration in Europe, 1974-1988. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1988;50(6): 349-54. Bresson K. [Hearing loss in premature infants (letter)]. Ugeskr Laeger 1991 Feb 25;153(9):668-9. (Dan). Brookhouser PE, Auslander MC, Meskan ME. The pattern and stability of postmeningitic hearing loss in children. Laryngoscope 1988 Sep;98(9):940-8. Brookhouser PE, Worthington DW, Kelly WJ. Unilateral hearing loss in children. Laryngoscope 1991 Dec;101(12 Pt 1):1264-72. Brown J, Watson E, Alberman E. Screening infants for hearing loss. Arch Dis Child 1989 Oct;64(10): 1488-95. Bubalo FS, Davidson DD. Recent developments in hereditary nephritis (Alport's syndrome). Indiana Med 1991 Dec;84(12):860-6. Buren M, Solem BS, Laukli E. Threshold of hearing (0.125 20 kHz) in children and youngsters. Br J Audiol 1992;26(1):23-31. Burke P. Otitis media with effusion: is medical management an option? J R Coll Gen Pract 1989 Sep;39(326):377-82. Comment in: J R Coll Gen Pract 1989 Nov;39(328):478. Cantani A. Genetic causes of hearing loss in children. Padiatr Padol 1989;24(4):321-30. Carter BS, Wilkening RB. Prevention of hearing disorders: neonatal causes of hearing loss. Semin Hear 1991;12(2):154-67. Carzoli RP. Infant hearing impairment screening. Risk factors and testing. J Fla Med Assoc 1991 Mar; 78(3):163-7. Chaloupkova J, Kollar A. [Auditory function in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus]. Sb Lek 1990 Jul;92(6-7):219-23. (Cze). Chan LP. Hearing loss and hearing aids: the Singapore School for the Deaf experience. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1991 Sep;20(5):628-32. Charuvanij A, Visudhiphan P, Chiemchanya S, Tawin C. Sensorineural hearing loss in children recovered from purulent meningitis: a study in Thai children at Ramathibodi Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai 1990 May;73(5):253-7. Chaurasia MK, Geddes NK. An analysis of the aetiology of early childhood deafness. Clin Otolaryngol 1991 Jun;16(3):280-4. Cohen BA, Schenk VA, Sweeney DB. Meningitis-related hearing loss evaluated with evoked potentials. Pediatr Neurol 1988 Jan-Feb; 4(1):18-22. Conijn EA, Van der Drift JF, Brocaar MP, Van Zanten GA. Conductive hearing loss assessment in children with otitis media with effusion. A comparison of pure tone and BERA results. Clin Otolaryngol 1989 Apr;14(2):115-20. Couillault M. Ear trouble (part 1). N Z Nurs J 1990 Dec-1991 Jan;83(11):20-2. Cremers CW, Graham J, Parving A, Ruben RJ. Biology of sensorineural hearing loss in children. Report of symposium held in Holte, Denmark, 14-17 June, 1987. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1988;15(1):1-15. Cremers CW, van Rijn PM. Acquired causes of deafness in childhood. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 630:197-202. Cremers CW, van Rijn PM, Admiraal RJ. [Meningitis as cause of prelingual deafness (letter)]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1989 Aug 5;133(31):1562-3. (Dut). Cremers CW, van Rijn PM, Hageman MJ. Prevention of serious hearing impairment of deafness in the young child. J R Soc Med 1989 Aug;82(8):484-7. Czeizel A, Skirpeczky K, Mester E, Sankaranarayanan K. The load of genetic and partially genetic disease in man. IV. Severe visual handicaps and profound childhood deafness in Hungarian school-age children. Mutat Res 1992 Nov 16;270(2):103-14. Da Silva EO. Waardenburg I syndrome: a clinical and genetic study of two large Brazilian kindreds, and literature review. Am J Med Genet 1991;40(1): 65-74. Daly K, Giebink GS, Le CT, Lindgren B, Batalden PB, Anderson RS, Russ JN. Determining risk for chronic otitis media with effusion. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988;7(7):471-5. Das VK. Adverse perinatal factors in the causation of sensorineural hearing impairment in young children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1991 Apr;21(2): 121-5. Das VK. Aetiology of bilateral sensori neural deafness in children. Scand Audiol Suppl 1988;30:43-52. Das VK. Aetiology of bilateral sensorineural deafness in children. J Laryngol Otol 1988 Nov;102(11): 975-80. Das VK. Prevalence of otitis media with effusion in children with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Arch Dis Child 1990 Jul;65(7):757-9. Davidson J, Hyde ML, Alberti PW. Epidemiologic patterns in childhood hearing loss: a review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1989 Jul;17(3):239-66. Davidson J, Hyde ML, Alberti PW. Epidemiology of hearing impairment in childhood. Scand Audiol Suppl 1988;30:13-20. Davies B. Auditory disorders in Down's syndrome. Scand Audiol Suppl 1988;30:65-8. Davis A, Wood S. The epidemiology of childhood hearing impairment: factor relevant to planning of services. Br J Audiol 1992 Apr;26(2):77-90. Dawson JA, Wardle R. Detection and prevalence of hearing loss in a cohort of children following serogroup B, meningococcal infection 1983-1987. Public Health 1990 Mar;104(2):99-102. Dawson KP, Abbott GD, Mogridge N. Bacterial meningitis in childhood: a 13 year review. N Z Med J 1988 Nov 9;101(857):758-60. De Melker RA, Burke PD. Epidemiology of otitis media and the role of the general practitioner in management. Fam Pract 1988;5(4):307-13. Debruyne F. [Congenital malformations of the stapes area]. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1988;42(6): 716-9. (Dut). Derkay CS, Bluestone CD, Thompson AE, Kardatske D. Otitis media in the pediatric intensive care unit: a prospective study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989;100(4):292-9. Devilat M, Tosso M, Espinoza N, Mellado L, Thick E, Rimasa A. [Auditory brainstem evoked potentials in hearing loss after bacterial meningitis]. Rev Chil Pediatr 1990 Sep-Oct;61(5):258-61. (Spa). Dias O, Andrea M. Childhood deafness in Portugal--aetiological factors and diagnosis of hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1990 Jan;18(3):247-55. Dietrich KN, Succop PA, Berger OG, Keith RW. Lead exposure and the central auditory processing abilities and cognitive development of urban children: the Cincinnati Lead Study cohort at age 5 years. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1992 Jan-Feb;14(1): 51-6. Dirksen WJ. [Results of Ewing screening and the chance of otitis media with effusion in early childhood (letter)]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1989 Sep 30;133(39):1950. (Dut). Doyle LW, Keir E, Kitchen WH, Ford GW, Rickards AL, Kelly EA. Audiologic assessment of extremely low birth weight infants: a preliminary report. Pediatrics 1992 Nov;90(5):744-9. Eight-year outcome in infants with birth weight of 500 to 999 grams: continuing regional study of 1979 and 1980 births. Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group. J Pediatr 1991 May;118(5):761-7. Elango S, Purohit GN, Hashim M, Hilmi R. Hearing loss and ear disorders in Malaysian school children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1991;22(1):75-80. Epstein S, Reilly JS. Sensorineural hearing loss. Pediatr Clin North Am 1989 Dec;36(6):1501-20. Figueras Aloy J, Botet Mussons F, Jimenez Gonzalez R. [Pattern of survival and sequelae in very low birth weight infants]. An Esp Pediatr 1990 Dec; 33(6):542-8. (Spa). Fortnum HM. Hearing impairment after bacterial meningitis: a review. Arch Dis Child 1992 Sep; 67(9):1128-33. Foulke FG, Reeb KG, Graham AV, Zyzanski SJ. Family function, respiratory illness, and otitis media in urban black infants. Fam Med 1988;20(2): 128-32. Francois M, Marie P, Narcy P. [Detection and treatment of deafness in children]. Rev Prat 1990 Sep 1;40(19):1733-7. (Fre). Freij BJ, South MA, Sever JL. Maternal rubella and the congenital rubella syndrome. Clin Perinatol 1988 Jun;15(2):247-57. Froom J, Culpepper L. Otitis media in day-care children. A report from the International Primary Care Network. J Fam Pract 1991 Mar;32(3): 289-94. Furukawa CT. Conductive hearing loss and speech development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988 May; 81(5 Pt 2):1015-20. Ganga N, Rajagopal B, Rajendran S, Padmanabhan AS. Deafness in children--an analysis. Indian Pediatr 1991 Mar;28(3):273-6. Gates GA, Northern JL, Ferrer HP, Jerger J, Marchant CD, Fiellau-Nikolajsen M, Ranney JB, Renvall U, Ruben RJ, Stewart I, et al. Recent advances in otitis media. Diagnosis and screening. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1989 Apr;139:39-41. Gerber SE. Review of a high risk register for congenital or early-onset deafness. Br J Audiol 1990 Oct;24(5):347-56. Gerhardt KJ. Prenatal and perinatal risks of hearing loss. Semin Perinatol 1990 Aug;14(4):299-304. Goycoolea HG, Goycoolea MV, Farfan CR. Racial and familial factors in otitis media. A point prevalence study on Easter Island. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;114(2):147-9. Gravel JS, McCarton CM, Ruben RJ. Otitis media in neonatal intensive care unit graduates: a 1-year prospective study. Pediatrics 1988 Jul;82(1):44-9. Gravel JS, McCarton CM, Ruben RJ. A prospective study of otitis media in infants born at very-low birthweight. 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Johnson A, King R. A regional register of early childhood impairments: a discussion paper. The Steering Committee of the Oxford Region Child Development Project. Community Med 1989 Nov; 11(4):352-63. Joint Committee on Infant Hearing 1990 position statement. ASHA Suppl 1991 Mar;33(5):3-6. Jure R, Rapin I, Tuchman RF. Hearing-impaired autistic children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1991 Dec; 33(12):1062-72. Kaleida PH, Stool SE. Assessment of otoscopists' accuracy regarding middle-ear effusion. Otoscopic validation. Am J Dis Child 1992 Apr;146(4):433-5. Karma PH, Penttila MA, Sipila MM, Kataja MJ. Otoscopic diagnosis of middle ear effusion in acute and non-acute otitis media. I. The value of different otoscopic findings. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1989 Feb;17(1):37-49. Katona G, Farkas Z, Revai K, Szabo M. [Follow-up studies of patients with neonatal icterus using acoustic evoked potential audiometry]. Orv Hetil 1989 May 7;130(19):1001-4. (Hun). Kayan A, Bellman H. Bilateral sensorineural hearing loss due to mumps. Br J Clin Pract 1990 Dec; 44(12):757-9. Keith CG. Congenital rubella infection from reinfection of previously immunised mothers. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1991 Nov;19(4):291-3. Comment in: Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1991 Nov;19(4):257. Kitchen WH, Rickards AL, Doyle LW, Ford GW, Kelly EA, Callanan C. Improvement in outcome for very low birthweight children: apparent or real? Med J Aust 1992 Aug 3;156(3):154-8. Klein JO. Epidemiology of otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989 Jan;8(1 Suppl):S9. Klein JO. Otitis media: diagnosis and epidemiology. Clin Ther 1988;10 Suppl B:2-7. Klein JO, Teele DW, Pelton SI. New concepts in otitis media: results of investigations of the Greater Boston Otitis Media Study Group. Adv Pediatr 1992;39:127-56. Klein JO, Tos M, Hussl B, Naunton RF, Ohyama M, van Cauwenberge PB. Recent advances in otitis media. Definition and classification. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1989 Apr;139:10. Knishkowy B, Palti H, Adler B, Tepper D. Effect of otitis media on development: a community-based study. Early Hum Dev 1991 Aug-Sep;26(2): 101-11. Kraft E, Zorowka P, Heinemann M. [Diagnosis and therapy of Pendred syndrome]. Sprache Stimme Gehor 1991;15(2):45-7. (Ger). Kronthaler M, Rauchegger H, Guggenbichler JP. [Sensorineural hearing loss as a sequela of bacterial meningitis]. Sprache Stimme Gehor 1991;15(1): 9-11. (Ger). Lehingue Y, Fassio F, Momas I, Daures JP. [Epidemiologic surveillance through five clinic screening of children in the Herault]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publ 1992;40(1):25-32. (Fre). Lenzi A, Zaghis A. Incidence of genetic factors in the causation of deafness in childhood. Scand Audiol Suppl 1988;30:37-41. Levine BA, Shelton C, Berliner KI, Sheehy JL. Sensorineural loss in chronic otitis media. Is it clinically significant? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989;115(7):814-6. Liu Z, Wang E, Taylor W, Yu H, Wu T, Wan Z, Huang Y, Ni Z, Sackett D. 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Last updated: 31 December 1996