ISSN: 1052-5378
United States Department of Agriculture
National Agricultural Library
10301 Baltimore Blvd.
Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351
Biotechnology: Plant Nutrition
January 1988 - April 1993
QB 93-43
Quick Bibliography Series
Bibliographies in the Quick Bibliography Series of the
National Agricultural Library, are intended primarily for
current awareness, and as the title of the series implies, are
not indepth exhaustive bibliographies on any given subject.
However, the citations are a substantial resource for recent
investigations on a given topic. They also serve the purpose
of bringing the literature of agriculture to the interested
user who, in many cases, could not access it by any other
means. The bibliographies are derived from computerized on-
line searches of the AGRICOLA data base. Timeliness of topic
and evidence of extensive interest are the selection criteria.
The author/searcher determines the purpose, length, and search
strategy of the Quick Bibliography. Information regarding
these is available upon request from the author/searcher.
Copies of this bibliography may be made or used for
distribution without prior approval. The inclusion or
omission of a particular publication or citation may not be
construed as endorsement or disapproval.
Biotechnology: Plant Nutrition
January 1988 - April 1993
Quick Bibliography Series: QB 93-43
Updates QB 91-147
269 citations from AGRICOLA
Janet Saunders and Robert Warmbrodt
Biotechnology Information Center
June 1993
National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Saunders, Janet
Biotechnology : Plant nutrition.
(Quick bibliography series ; 93-43)
1. Plants--Nutrition--Biotechnology--Bibliography. I.
Warmbrodt, Robert D. II. Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.93-43 AGRICOLA
SEARCH STRATEGY
Set Items Description
S1 9386 genetic? () engineer? or biotechnolog? or
bioengineer? or transgen? or micromanipulat? or
recombinant()DNA
S2 13312 gene? ? or genetic? or chromosom? or DNA or RNA)
(4n) (transfer? or transform? or manipulat? or
express? or alter? or insert? or modif? or
recombin?)
S3 20111 S1 or S2
S4 1853 (plant () nutrition)/ti,de
S5 18813 sh=F500
S6 19188 S4 or S5
S7 406 S3 and S6
S8 298 S7 and py=1988:1993
BIOTECHNOLOGY: PLANT NUTRITION
1 NAL Call. No.: 500 N21P
A 2-O-methylfucose moiety is present in the lipo-
oligosaccharide nodulation signal of Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
Sanjuan, J.; Carlson, R.W.; Spaink, H.P.; Bhat, U.R.; Barbour,
W.M.; Glushka, J.; Stacey, G.
Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1992 Sep15.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America v. 89 (18): p. 8789-8793. ill; 1992 Sep15.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Extracts; Gene
expression; Metabolites; Symbiosis; Glycine max; Nodulation;
Soil bacteria
Abstract: Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a soil bacterium that
forms nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of the
agronomically important legume soybean. Microscopic
observation of plant roots showed that butanol extract of B.
japonicum strain USDA110 cultures induced for nod gene
expression elicited root hair deformation, an early event in
the nodulation process. The metabolite produced by B.
japonicum responsible for root hair deformation activity was
purified. Chemical analysis of the compound revealed it to be
a pentasaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine modified by a C18:1
fatty acyl chain at the nonreducing end. In these respects,
the B. japonicum metabolite is similar to the lipo-
oligosaccharide signals described from Rhizobium species.
However, the B. japonicum compound is unique in that an
additional sugar, 2-O-methylfucose, is linked to the reducing
end. Comparative analysis of the B. japonicum Nod metabolite
and those characterized from Rhizobium species suggests that
the presence of the fucosyl residue plays an important role in
the specificity of the B. japonicum-soybean symbiosis. The
availability of the purified B. japonicum nodulation signal
should greatly facilitate further studies of soybean
nodulation.
2 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
7,4'-Dihydroxyflavanone is the major Azorhizobium nod gene-
inducing factor present in Sesbania rostrata seedling exudate.
Messens, E.; Geelen, D.; Montagu, M. van; Holsters, M.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1991 May.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 4 (3): p.
262-267; 1991 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sesbania; Seedlings; Exudates; Symbiosis;
Rhizobiaceae; Nodulation; Genes; Gene expression;
Characterization; Chemical analysis; Flavonoids
3 NAL Call. No.: QK710.A9
Acid-tolerant species of Medicago produce root exudates at low
pH which induce the expression of nodulation genes in
Rhizobium meliloti.
Howieson, J.G.; Robson, A.D.; Abbott, L.K.
East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization; 1992.
Australian journal of plant physiology v. 19 (3): p. 287-296;
1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago; Medicago polymorpha; Medicago
truncatula; Medicago littoralis; Rhizobium meliloti; Rhizobium
leguminosarum; Escherichia coli; Symbiosis; Root nodules;
Nodulation; Genetic regulation; Plasmids; Gene expression;
Transcription; Acidity; Tolerance; Ph; Root exudates; Calcium;
Genes
4 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563I5 1988
Actinorhizal symbiosis biotechnology: the present and the
future. Diem, H.G.; Duhoux, E.; Simonet, P.; Dommergues, Y.R.
Paris, France : Societe francaise de microbiologie; 1988.
Proceedings : 8th International Biotechnology Symposium, Paris
1988 / edited by G. Durand, L. Bobichon, J. Florent. p.
984-995; 1988. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Frankia; Strains; Strain differences; Plants;
Symbiosis; Cell culture; Growth; Nitrogen fixation;
Nodulation; Improvement
5 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Activation of flavonoid biosynthesis in roots of Vicia sativa
subsp. nigra plants by inoculation with Rhizobium
leguminosarum biovar viciae. Recourt, K.; Tunen, A.J. van;
Mur, L.A.; Brussel, A.N.A. van; Lugtenbergh, B.J.J.; Kijne,
J.W.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Jun.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 19
(3): p. 411-420; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vicia sativa subsp. nigra; Rhizobium
leguminosarum; Roots; Infection; Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase;
Transferases; Naringenin-chalcone synthase; Enzyme activity;
Bacterial proteins; Gene expression; Messenger RNA;
Nodulation; Flavonoids; Biosynthesis
Abstract: Infective (nodulating) Rhizobium leguminosarum
biovar viciae (R.l. viciae) bacteria release Nod factors which
stimulate the release of nodulation gene-inducing flavanones
and chalcones from roots of the host plant Vicia sativa subsp.
nigra (K. Recourt et al., Plant Mol Biol 16: 841-852; H.P.
Spaink et al., Nature 354: 125-130). The hypothesis that this
release results from increased synthesis of flavonoids was
tested by studying the effect of inoculation of V. sativa with
infective and uninfective R.l. viciae bacteria on (i) activity
of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, (ii) level of chalcone
synthase mRNA, and (iii) activity of (eriodictyol)
methyltransferase in roots. Consistent with the hypothesis,
each of these parameters was found to increase 1.5 to 2-fold
upon inoculation with infective R.l. viciae bacteria relative
to the situation for uninoculated roots and for roots
inoculated with uninfective rhizobia.
6 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Additional nodulation genes on the Sym plasmid of Rhizobium
leguminosarum biovar viciae.
Canter Cremers, H.C.J.; Spaink, H.P.; Wijfjes, A.H.M.; Pees,
E.; Wijffelman, C.A.; Okker, R.J.H.; Lugtenberg, B.J.J.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1989 Aug.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 13
(2): p. 163-174; 1989 Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Nodulation; Genes;
Plasmids; Insertional mutagenesis; Induced mutations;
Complementation; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences;
Gene expression; Transcription; Gene mapping; Roots;
Infection; Vicia sativa; Leguminosae
Abstract: A Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae strain
lacking a 40 kb DNA region of the Sym plasmid pRL1IJ to the
left (3' side) of gene node failed to nodulate Vicia sativa
plants. Therefore this DNA region was investigated for the
presence of additional nodulation genes. Complementation
experiments indicated that the DNA region to the left (3'
side) of node is functionally homologous between R.
leguminosarum bv. viciae and R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii. In
this DNA region, three nodulation genes were identified, nodT,
nodM and nodL. TnphoA insertions in the nodT gene, about 4.5
kb to the left of nodE, lead to a delay in nodulation on
Trifolium subterraneum, but not on V. sativa plants. TnphoA
insertions in gene nodM have no detectable influence on
nodulation. Finally, TnphoA insertions in the nodL gene
affected nodulation so that only rarely nodules were induced
on the inoculated plants. The nucleotide sequence of this gene
is presented. On the basis of the sequence a membrane
integrated protein is predicted with a molecular weight of
20.1 kDa. Microscopical analysis of the infection process by
nodL mutants indicate a role for nodL in maintaining the
stability of the infection thread. Experiments using
transcriptional lacZ fusions suggest that nodL belongs to the
same transcriptional unit as nodF,E. Very low expression of
nodL seems to be sufficient for biological activity.
7 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Alfalfa root nodule phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase:
characterization of the cDNA and expression in effective and
plant-controlled ineffective nodules. Pathirana, S.M.; Vance,
C.P.; Miller, S.S.; Gantt, J.S.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Nov.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 20
(3): p. 437-450; 1992 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Structural genes; Dna; Multigene
families; Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; Nucleotide
sequences; Amino acid sequences; Gene expression; Root
nodules; Genetic regulation; Enzyme activity; Messenger RNA
Abstract: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays a key
role in N2 fixation and ammonia assimilation in legume root
nodules. The enzyme can comprise up to 2% of the soluble
protein in root nodules. We report here the isolation and
characterization of a cDNA encoding the nodule-enhanced form
of PEPC. Initially, a 2945 bp partial-length cDNA was selected
by screening an effective alfalfa nodule cDNA library with
antibodies prepared against root nodule PEPC. The nucleotide
sequence encoding the N-terminal region of the protein was
obtained by primer-extension cDNA synthesis and PCR
amplification. The complete amino acid sequence of alfalfa
PEPC was deduced from these cDNA sequences and shown to bear
striking similarity to other plant PEPCs. Southern blots of
alfalfa genomic DNA indicate that nodule PEPC is a member of a
small gene family. During the development of effective root
nodules, nodule PEPC activity increases to a level that is 10-
to 15-fold greater than that in root and leaf tissue. This
increase appears to be the result of increases in amount of
enzyme protein and PEPC mRNA. Ineffective nodules have
substantially less PEPC mRNA, enzyme protein and activity than
do effective nodules. Maximum expression of root nodule PEPC
appears to be related to two signals. The first signal is
associated with nodule initiation while the second signal is
associated with nodule effectiveness. Regulation of root
nodule PEPC activity may also involve post-translational
processes affecting enzyme activity and/or degradation.
8 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1A38
Alternative nitrogenase.
Hales, B.J.
New York, N.Y. : Elsevier; 1990.
Advances in inorganic biochemistry (8): p. 165-198; 1990. In
the series analytic: Metal-ion induced regulation of gene
expression. edited by / G.L. Eichhorn and L.G. Marzilli.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nitrogen fixing bacteria; Nitrogenase;
Metalloproteins; Genetics; Enzymology; Enzyme activity;
Spectral analysis
9 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Ammonia regulation of nod genes in Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
Wang, S.P.; Stacey, G.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1990 Sep.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 223 (2): p. 329-331;
1990 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Genes; Nodulation; Gene
expression; Genetic regulation; Ammonia; Beta-galactosidase;
Reporter genes; Interactions; Bacterial proteins
10 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Analysis of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation mutant WL131: novel
insertion sequence ISRm3 in nodG and altered nodH protein
product.
Ogawa, J.; Brierley, H.L.; Long, S.R.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991
May. Journal of bacteriology v. 173 (10): p. 3060-3065; 1991
May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Melilotus alba; Rhizobium
meliloti; Nodulation; Genes; Cloning; Mutants; Induced
mutations; Complementation; Restriction mapping; Insertional
mutagenesis; Bacterial proteins; Phenotypes
Abstract: Nodulation (nod) genes are required for invasion of
legumes by Rhizobium bacteria. Mutant WL131 is a derivative of
102F51 that has a severe Nod- phenotype on alfalfa. Upon
examination of the extended DNA region containing host-
specific nodulation genes nodFEG and nodH, we found that the
nodG gene of WL131 bears a novel insertion sequence, ISRm3.
Complementation studies implied, however, that the phenotype
on alfalfa correlated with the nodH locus. We found that nodH
in WL131 encodes an altered gene product. Correlation of the
WL131 defect with nodH was also supported by phenotypic
behavior. Each mutation affected nodulation more severely on
alfalfa (Medicago sativa) than on sweet clover (Melilotus
albus). However, we found that the degree of requirement for
nodH in nodulation varied with the conditions under which the
plant was grown.
11 NAL Call. No.: SB317.M85M95 1990
Analysis of substances responsible for Rhizobium infection of
legumes. Imai, H.; Yokoyma, T.; Murakami, T.
Bangkok, Thailand : Tropical Agriculture Research Center;
1990. Proceedings of the Mungbean Meeting 90, held in Chiang
Mai, Thailand, February 23-24, 1990 / supported by Tropical
Agriculture Research Center, Japan, cooporated with Department
of Agriculture and Kasetsart University. p. 227-250; 1990.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Legumes; Rhizobium; Nodulation; Genes; Gene
expression; Symbiosis
12 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Analysis of the major inducers of the Rhizobium nodA promoter
from Vicia sativa root exudate and their activity with
different nodD genes. Zaat, S.A.J.; Schripsema, J.;
Wijffelman, C.A.; Brussel, A.A.N. van; Lugtenberg, B.J.J.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1989 Aug.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 13
(2): p. 175-188; 1989 Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vicia sativa subsp. nigra; Rhizobium
leguminosarum; Rhizobium meliloti; Rhizobium trifolii; Root
exudates; Flavonoids; Structure activity relationships; Gene
expression; Induction; Nodulation; Genes; Promoters; Genetic
regulation; Transcription
Abstract: Root exudate of Vicia sativa contains 7 inducers
for the nodA promoter of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar
viciae. Six of these inducers are flavanones. One inducer was
identified as
3,5,7,3'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone, and a second
inducer most likely is 7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone. The
inducing activity of these compounds and the other inducers
depends on the nodD gene present in the test strains, which
orginated either from R. leguminosarum biovars viciae or
trifolii, or from R. meliloti. Three inducers are 'common',
three others almost exclusively induce the nodA promoter in
the presence of the R. leguminosarum biovar viciae nodD gene,
and the last one is active with the nod genes of either R.
leguminosarum biovar viciae or that of R. meliloti. Testing of
a large number of flavonoids revealed two classes of
structural features required for inducing ability: (i)
features required for induction in general, and (ii), features
restricting the inducing ability to (a) specific nodD gene(s).
These features are discussed in relation to current models of
the process of nodD-mediated transcription activation of the
inducible nod genes.
13 NAL Call. No.: QH573.N37
Applications of genetic engineering to "symbiontology" in
agriculture. Nuti, M.P.; Pasti, M.B.; Squartini, A.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag; 1988.
NATO ASI series : Series H : Cell biology v. 17: p. 347-359.
ill; 1988. In the series analytic : Cell to Cell Signals in
Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbiosis / edited by S.
Scannerini, D. Smith, P. Bonfante-Fasolo and V. Gianinazzi-
Pearson. Proceedings of a meeting held May 19-22, 1987,
Torino, Italy. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Agriculture; Genetic engineering; Rhizobium;
Leguminosae; Symbiosis; Isoptera; Fungi; Interactions
14 NAL Call. No.: QH573.N37
Azospirillum brasilense genes that correct fix- mutants of
Rhizobium meliloti RM1021.
Eyers, M.; Waelkens, F.; Vanstockem, M.; Michiels, K.;
Bastelaere, E. van; Proost, A.; Rhijn, P. van; Devos, A.;
Gool, A. van; Vanderleyden, J. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-
Verlag; 1989.
NATO ASI series : Series H : Cell biology v. 36: p. 289-294;
1989. In the series analytic: Signal molecules in plants and
plant-microbe interactions / edited by B.J.J. Lugtenberg.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Molecular Signals in Microbe-Plant Symbiotic and Pathogenic
Systems, May 21-26, 1989, Biddinghuizen, The Netherlands.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Azospirillum brasilense; Rhizobium meliloti;
Genes; Loci; Polysaccharides; Carbohydrate metabolism;
Mutants; Complementation; Plasmids; Gene expression
15 NAL Call. No.: QH573.N37
Bacterial genes involved in the communication between soybean
and its root nodule symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
Gottfert, M.; Grob, P.; Rossbach, S.; Fischer, H.M.; Thony,
B.; Anthamatten, D.; Kullik, I.; Hennecke, H.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag; 1989.
NATO ASI series : Series H : Cell biology v. 36: p. 295-301;
1989. In the series analytic: Signal molecules in plants and
plant-microbe interactions / edited by B.J.J. Lugtenberg.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Molecular Signals in Microbe-Plant Symbiotic and Pathogenic
Systems, May 21-26, 1989, Biddinghuizen, The Netherlands.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Bradyrhizobium japonicum;
Nodulation; Genes; Root nodules; Bacteroids; Bacterial
proteins; Oxygen; Genetic regulation; Gene expression
16 NAL Call. No.: QR1.F44
Behaviour of a sym plasmid from Rhizobium 'hedysari' in
different Rhizobium species.
Ollero, F.J.; Espuny, M.R.; Perez-Silva, J.; Bellogin, R.A.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1991 Dec.
FEMS microbiology letters - Federation of European
Microbiological Societies v. 86 (2): p. 131-138; 1991 Dec.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium; Plasmids; Genes; Gene transfer;
Symbiosis; Nodulation; Deletions; Recombination;
Incompatibility
Abstract: The symbiotic plasmid pRHc1J of Rhizobium
'hedysari' has been transferred to different Rhizobium
species. Its expression and incompatibility with the recipient
resident plasmids as well as the effect of the host plants on
the selection of Rhizobium symbiotic plasmid pRHc1J was
transferred to Nod+Fix+ Rhizobium species, it underwent
specific deletions, either spontaneously or after the passage
of transconjugants through plants, leading to the loss of some
essential nod genes.
17 NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84
The best bacteria for soybean roots.
Comis, D.
Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1989 Oct.
Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service v. 37 (10): p. 18. ill; 1989
Oct.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Bradyrhizobium japonicum;
Nodulation; Root nodules; Biological competition; Genetic
engineering
18 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 C33 (3)
Biochemical nitrogen transformation in soil--biotechnological
approach. Novak, B.
Jena, E. Ger. : Gustav Fischer; 1988.
Zentralblatt fur Mikrobiologie v. 143 (3): p. 207-213; 1988.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil chemistry; Nitrogen; Plant nutrition; Crop
yield; Leaching; Transformations
19 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 C162
Biological consequences of plasmid transformation of the plant
growth promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida GR12-2.
Hong, Y.; Pasternak, J.J.; Glick, B.R.
Ottawa : National Research Council of Canada; 1991 Oct.
Canadian journal of microbiology v. 37 (10): p. 796-799; 1991
Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pseudomonas putida; Nitrogen fixation; Plasmids;
Genetic engineering
20 NAL Call. No.: 448.39 SO12
Biology and genetics of the broad host range Rhizobium sp.
NGR234. Stanley, J.; Cervantes, E.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Jan.
The Journal of applied bacteriology v. 70 (1): p. 9-19; 1991
Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Rhizobium; Mutants; Strains; Host
range; Host specificity; Root nodules; Nodulation; Nitrogen
fixation; Symbiosis; Metabolism; Polysaccharides; Gene
expression; Molecular genetics; Genetic analysis
21 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B542 1989
Biotechnologie in der Pflanzenzuchtung und Pflanzenernahrung
zum Nutzen der 3. Welt Aktualisierung und Orientierung der
Forschungsaktivitaten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland :
Bericht der Tagung vom 10.-12. Mai 1989 in der Zentralstelle
fur Ernahrung und Landwirtschaft in Feldafing [Biotechnology
in plant breeding and plant nutrition for use in the Third
World]. Fischbeck, G. (Gerhard); Marschner, Horst; Klennert,
Klaus
Arbeitsgruppe Tropische und Subtropische Agrarforschung
(Germany),Deutsche Stiftung fur Internationale Entwicklung,
Zentralstelle fur Ernahrung und Landwirtschaft
Feldafing ; Die Zentralstelle,; 1989.
243 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. German and English. At head of title:
Arbeitsgruppe Tropische und Subtropische Agrarforschung
(ATSAF). Includes bibliographical references.
Language: German; English
Descriptors: Plant biotechnology; Plant breeding; Plants
22 NAL Call. No.: SB123.57.C65 1987
Biotechnology applied to the improvement of underground
systems of woody plants.
Torrey, J.G.
New York : Plenum; 1988.
Genetic manipulation of woody plants / edited by James W.
Hanover and Daniel E. Keathley ; technical editors Claire M.
Wilson and Gregory Kuny. p. 1-21; 1988. (Basic life sciences ;
v. 44). Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Woody plants; Root systems; Improvement; Breeding
programs; Biotechnology; Genetic engineering; Roots;
Transformations; Genetic control; Tissue culture; Mineral
nutrition; Mycorrhizas; Symbiosis
23 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B61
Biotechnology in plant breeding and plant nutrition for the
benefit of the third world status report on projects of German
agricultural research 1985-1989.
Arbeitsgruppe Tropische und Subtropische Agrarforschung
(Germany) Bonn : The Council,; 1989.
viii, 242 p. ; 30 cm. April 1989. Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Language: English; English
Descriptors: Plant biotechnology; Agriculture; Plant breeding;
Plants; Biotechnology
24 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3
Biotechnology: nitrogen fixation--January 1985-May 1991.
Warmbrodt, R.D.
Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1991 Aug.
Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture,
National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (91-139): 88 p.; 1991
Aug. Bibliography.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nitrogen fixation; Biotechnology; Nitrogen fixing
bacteria; Bibliographies
25 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3
Biotechnology: plant nutrition other than nitrogen, January
1979-June 1991. Warmbrodt, R.D.
Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1991 Sep.
Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture,
National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (91-47): 20 p.; 1991
Sep. Bibliography.
Language: English
Descriptors: Biotechnology; Genetic engineering; Plant
nutrition; Nitrogen; Bibliographies
26 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Bradyrhizobium japonicum has two differentially regulated,
functional homologs of the sigma 54 gene (rpoN).
Kullik, I.; Fritsche, S.; Knobel, H.; Sanjuan, J.; Hennecke,
H.; Fischer, H.M. Washington, D.C. : American Society for
Microbiology; 1991 Feb. Journal of bacteriology v. 173 (3): p.
1125-1138; 1991 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Genes; Nucleotide
sequences; Amino acid sequences; Gene expression; Oxygen
Abstract: Recognition of -24/-12-type promoters by RNA
polymerase requires a special sigma factor, sigma factor 54
(RpoN NtrA GlnF). In the nitrogen-fixing soybean symbiont
Bradyrhizobium japonicum, two functional, high]y conserved
rpoN genes (rpoN1, and rpoN2) were identified and sequenced.
The two predicted B. japonicum RpoN protein sequences were 87%
identical, and both showed different levels of homology to the
RpoN proteins of other bacteria. Downstream of rpoN2 (but not
of rpoN1), two additional open reading frames were identified
that corresponded to open reading frames located at similar
positions in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas putida.
Both B. japonicum rpoN genes complemented the succinate- and
nitrate-negative phenotypes of a Rhizobium meliloti rpoN
mutant. B. japonicum strains carrying single or double rpoN
mutations were still able to utilize C4-dicarboxylates as a
carbon source and histidine, proline, or arginine as a
nitrogen source, whereas the ability to assimilate nitrate
required expression of at least one of the two rpoN genes. In
symbiosis both rpoN genes could replace each other
functionally. The rpoN1/2 double mutant induced about twice as
many nodules on soybeans as did the wild type, and these
nodules lacked nitrogen fixation activity completely.
Transcription of a nifH'-'lacZ fusion was not activated in the
rpoN1/2 mutant background, whereas expression of a fixR'-'lacZ
fusion in this mutant was affected only marginally. By using
rpoN'-'lacZ fusions, rpoN1 expression was shown to be
activated at least sevenfold in microaerobiosis as compared
with that in aerobiosis, and this type of regulation involved
fixLJ. Expression of rpoN2 was observed under all conditions
tested and was increased fivefold in an rpoN2 mutant. The data
suggested that the rpoN1 gene was regulated in response to
oxygen, whereas the rpoN2 gene was negatively autoregulated.
27 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Bradyrhizobium japonicum ntrBC/glnA and nifA/glnA mutants:
further evidence that separate regulatory pathways govern
glnII expression in free-living and symbiotic cells.
Martin, G.B.; Chelm, B.K.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1991 May.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 4 (3): p.
254-261; 1991 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Strains; Mutants;
Genes; Glutamine; Biosynthesis; Nodulation; Symbiosis;
Nitrogen fixation; Nitrate; Ammonia; Culture media; Gene
expression; Phenotypes; Induced mutations
28 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Broad host range and promoter selection vectors for bacteria
that interact with plants.
Eede, G. van den; Deblaere, R.; Goethals, K.; Montagu, M. van;
Holsters, M. St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1992 May.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 5 (3): p.
228-234; 1992 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sesbania; Rhizobiaceae; Symbiosis; Symbionts;
Reporter genes; Gene expression; Colonizing ability; Root
primordia; Nodulation; Cloning; Vectors; Cosmids; Escherichia
coli; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Gene transfer; Host range;
Enzyme activity; Beta-glucuronidase; Beta-galactosidase
29 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
cDNA sequence and differential expression of the gene encoding
the glutamine synthetase gamma polypeptide of Phaseolus
vulgaris L.
Bennett, M.J.; Lightfoot, D.A.; Cullimore, J.V.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1989 May.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 12
(5): p. 553-565; 1989 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Genes; Messenger RNA; Dna;
Glutamate-ammonia ligase; Polypeptides; Nucleotide sequences;
Amino acid sequences; Gene expression; Genetic regulation;
Nodulation; Root nodules; Restriction mapping; Stems; Leaves;
Transcription
Abstract: We report the sequence of an essentially full-
length glutamine synthetase (GS) cDNA clone (pcGS-gamma 1)
isolated from a root nodule library of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
The polypeptide encoded by this cDNA has been produced in
vitro by transcription/translation and shown to co-migrate on
two-dimensional gels with the previously identified major
cytosolic GS polypeptide (gamma) of nodules. Two previously
identified GS cDNA clones, pR-2 and pR-1 (see Gebhardt et al.,
EMBO J 5: 1429-1435, 1986) have similarly been shown to encode
the alpha and beta cytosolic GS polypeptides respectively. An
RNase protection technique has been used to analyse
specifically and quantitatively the abundance of mRNA related
to these three GS cDNAs and to the cDNA (pcGS-delta 1)
encoding the chloroplast-located GS, during nodulation.
Differences in the abundances of these mRNAs at different
times suggest that they are not coordinately regulated.
Moreover, using this technique mRNA specifically related to
pcGS-gamma 1 was found at high levels in nodules but not in
roots or leaves, Surprisingly the expression of this gene is
not nodule-specific as previously suggested, as its mRNA was
also detected, but at lower levels, in stems, petioles and in
green cotyledons. By comparison, mRNA related to a
leghaemoglobin gene was detected only in nodules. Comparisons
of the relative abundances of the pcGS-gamma 1 mRNA and the
gamma polypeptide in different organs and at different stages
during nodulation, suggest that the appearance of the gamma
polypeptide is largely under transcriptional control.
30 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Cell-associated pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzymes in
Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii.
Mateos, P.F.; Jimenez-Zurdo, J.I.; Chen, J.; Squartini, A.S.;
Haack, S.K.; Martinez-Molina, E.; Hubbell, D.H.; Dazzo, F.B.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1992
Jun. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 58 (6): p.
1816-1822; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Enzymes;
Carboxymethylcellulose; Enzyme activity; Plasmids
Abstract: The involvement of Rhizobium enzymes that degrade
plant cell wall polymers has long been an unresolved question
about the infection process in root nodule symbiosis. Here we
report the production of enzymes from Rhizobium leguminosarum
bv. trifolii that degrade carboxymethyl cellulose and
polypectate model substrates with sensitive methods that
reliably detect the enzyme activities: a double-layer plate
assay, quantitation of reducing sugars with a bicinchoninate
reagent, and activity gel electrophoresis-isoelectric
focusing. Both enzyme activities were (i) produced commonly by
diverse wild-type strains, (ii) cell bound with at least some
of the activity associated with the cell envelope, and (iii)
not changed appreciably by growth in the presence of the model
substrates or a flavone that activates expression of
nodulation (nod) genes on the resident symbiotic plasmid
(pSym). Equivalent levels of carboxymethyl cellulase activity
were found in wild-type strain ANU843 and its pSym-cured
derivative, ANU845, consistent with previous results of
Morales et al. N. Morales, E. Martinez-Molina, and D. Hubbell,
Plant Soil 80:407-415, 1984). However, polygalacturonase
activity was lower in ANU845 and was not restored to wild-type
levels in the recombinant derivative of pSym-ANU845 containing
the common and host-specific nod genes within a 14-kb HindIII
DNA fragment of pSym from ANU843 cloned on plasmid pRt032.
Activity gel electrophoresis resolved three carboxymethyl
cellulase isozymes of approximately 102, 56, and 33 kDa in
cell extracts from ANU843. Isoelectric focusing activity gels
revealed one ANU843 polygalacturonase isozyme with a pI of
approximately 7.2. These studies show that R. leguminosarum
bv. trifolii produces multiple enzymes that cleave glycosidic
bonds in plant cell walls and that are cell bound.
31 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Cells expressing ENOD2 show differential spatial organization
during the development of alfalfa root nodules.
Allen, T.; Raja, S.; Dunn, K.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1991 Mar.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 4 (2): p.
139-146; 1991 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Genes; Nodulation; Root nodules;
Parenchyma; Spatial distribution; Symbiosis; Gene expression;
Leghemoglobin; Nodulins; Nitrogen fixation; Rhizobium
meliloti; Strains; Mutants; Tissue ultrastructure
32 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Changes in Rhizobium meliloti genome and the ability to detect
supercoiled plasmids during bacteroid development.
Wheatcroft, R.; McRae, D.G.; Miller, R.W.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1990 Jan.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 3 (1): p. 9-17.
ill; 1990 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Root
nodulation; Nodule bacteria; Genome analysis; Strains; Genetic
change; Dna; Plasmids; Detection; Symbiosis; Gene expression;
Isomerases
33 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82
Changes in shoot/root ratio resulting from different sugar and
nitrogen nutrition of rape seedlings grown in vitro.
Lipavska, H.; Natr, L.
Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science;
1991 Apr. Acta horticulturae (289): p. 127-128; 1991 Apr.
Paper presented at the "International Symposium on Plant
Biotechnology and its Contribution to Plant Development,
Multiplication and Improvement," April 19-20, 1989, Geneva,
Switzerland.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Seedlings; In vitro culture;
Micropropagation; Culture media; Root shoot ratio; Plant
nutrition
34 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Characterization and nucleotide sequence of a novel gene fixW
upstream of the fixABC operon in Rhizobium leguminosarum.
Hontelez, J.G.J.; Lankhorst, R.K.; Katinakis, P.; Bos, R.C.
van den; Kammen, A. van
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1989 Sep.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 218 (3): p. 536-540;
1989 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Pisum sativum;
Inoculation; Root nodules; Genes; Plasmids; Regulator genes;
Nucleotide sequence; Operon; Clusters; Nitrogen fixation; Rna;
Dna; Gene expression
35 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Characterization of a novel Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571
two-component regulatory system, NtrY/NtrX, involved in
nitrogen fixation and metabolism. Pawlowski, K.; Klosse, U.;
Bruijn, F.J. de
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991 Dec.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 231 (1): p. 124-138;
1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobiaceae; Cistrons; Nucleotide sequences;
Genes; Mutants; Bacterial proteins; Amino acid sequences;
Genetic regulation; Gene expression; Induced mutations;
Complementation; Gene mapping; Restriction mapping; Nitrogen
fixation; Nodulation; Nitrogen metabolism; Sesbania
Abstract: Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 nifA regulation is
partially mediated by the nitrogen regulatory gene ntrC.
However, the residual nifA expression in ntrC mutant strains
is still modulated by the cellular nitrogen and oxygen status.
A second ntrC-homologous region. linked to ntrC, was
identified and characterized by site-directed insertion
mutagenesis and DNA sequencing. Tn5 insertions in this region
cause pleiotropic defects in nitrogen metabolism and affect
free-living as well as symbiotic nitrogen fixation. DNA
sequencing and complementation studies revealed the existence
of a bicistronic operon (ntrYX). NtrY is likely to represent
the transmembrane 'sensor' protein element in a two-component
regulatory system. NtrX shares a high degree of homology with
NtrC proteins of other organisms and probably constitutes the
regulator protein element. The regulation of the ntrYX and
ntrC loci and the effects of ntrYX, ntrY and ntrX mutations on
nifA expression were examined using beta-galactosidase gene
fusions. NtrY/NtrX were found to modulate nifA expression and
ntrYX transcription was shown to be partially under the
control of NtrC.
36 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Characterization of cytochromes c550 and c555 from
Bradyrhizobium japonicum: cloning, mutagenesis, and sequencing
of the c555 gene (cycC). Tully, R.E.; Sadowksy, M.J.; Keister,
D.L.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991
Dec. Journal of bacteriology v. 173 (24): p. 7887-7895; 1991
Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Genes; Cytochrome c;
Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences; Mutants;
Insertional mutagenesis; Glycine max; Nodulation; Nitrogen
fixation
Abstract: The major soluble c-type cytochromes in cultured
cells of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 comprised a CO-
reactive c555 (Mr, approximately 15,500) and a non-CO-reactive
C550 (Mr, approximately 12,500). Levels of cytochrome per gram
of soluble protein in aerobic, anaerobic, and symbiotic cells
were 32, 21, and 30 nmol, respectively, for C555 and 31, 44,
and 65 nmol, respectively, for c550. The midpoint redox
potentials (Em7) of the purified cytochromes were +236 mV for
C555 and +277 mV for c550. The CO reactivity of c555 was pH
dependent, with maximal reactivity at pH 10 or greater. Rabbit
antiserum was produced against purified c115 and used to
screen a B. japonicum USDA 110 genomic DNA expression library
in lambdagt11 for a downstream portion of the c555 gene
(cycC). This sequence was then used to probe a cosmid library
for the entire c555 locus. The nucleotide sequence shows an
open reading frame of 149 amino acids, with an apparent signal
sequence at the N terminus and a heme-binding site near the C
terminus. The deduced amino acid sequence is similar to those
of the cytochromes c556 of Rhodopseudomonas palustris and
Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The cycC gene was mutagenized by
insertion of a kanamycin resistance cassette and homologously
recombined into the B. japonicum genome. The resulting mutant
made no c555 but made normal amounts of c550. The levels of
membrane cytochromes were unaffected. The mutant and wild type
exhibited identical phenotypes when used to nodulate plants of
soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), with no significant
differences in nodule number, nodule mass, or total amount of
N2 fixed.
37 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Characterization of recA genes and recA mutants of Rhizobium
meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae.
Selbitschka, W.; Arnold, W.; Priefer, U.B.; Rottschafer, T.;
Schmidt, M.; Simon, R.; Puhler, A.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991 Sep.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 229 (1): p. 86-95;
1991 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Rhizobium leguminosarum;
Genes; Cloning; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences;
Adenosinetriphosphatase; Proteinases; Mutants; Induced
mutations; Genetic engineering; Environmental impact;
Introduced species; Homologous recombination
Abstract: DNA fragments carrying the recA genes Rhizobium
meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae were
isolated by complementing a UV-sensitive recA- Escherichia
coli strain. Sequence analysis revealed that the coding region
of the R. meliloti recA gene consists of 1044 bp coding for
348 amino acids whereas the coding region of the R.
leguminosarum bv. viciae recA gene has 1053 bp specifying 351
amino acids. The R. meliloti and R. leguminosarum bv. viciae
recA genes show 84.8% homology at the DNA sequence level and
of 90.1% at the amino acid sequence level. recA- mutant
strains of both Rhizobium species were constructed by
inserting a gentamicin resistance cassette into the respective
recA gene. The resulting recA mutants exhibited an increased
sensitivity to UV irradiation, were impaired in their ability
to perform homologous recombination and showed a slightly
reduced growth rate when compared with the respective wild-
type strains. The Rhizobium recA strains did not have altered
symbiotic nitrogen fixation capacity. Therefore, they
represent ideal candidates for release experiments with
impaired strains.
38 NAL Call. No.: QR1.C78
Characterization of the rhythmic nitrogen-fixing activity of
Synechococcus sp. RF-1 at the transcription level.
Huang, T.C.; Chow, T.J.
New York, N.Y. : Springer International; 1990 Jan.
Current microbiology v. 20 (1): p. 23-26. ill; 1990 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Synechococcus; Nitrogen fixation; Nitrogenase;
Rna; Gene expression
39 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 C162
Characterization of transcripts expressed from nitrogenase-3
structural genes of Azotobacter vinelandii.
Premakumar, R.; Jacobson, M.R.; Loveless, T.M.; Bishop, P.E.
Ottawa : National Research Council of Canada; 1992 Sep.
Canadian journal of microbiology v. 38 (9): p. 929-936; 1992
Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Azotobacter vinelandii; Nitrogenase;
Transcription; Gene expression; Genetic regulation;
Molybdenum; Vanadium
40 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Chemical control of interstrain competition for soybean
nodulation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
Cunningham, S.; Kollmeyer, W.D.; Stacey, G.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991
Jul. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 57 (7): p.
1886-1892; 1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Bradyrhizobium japonicum;
Nodulation; Biological competition; Genes; Gene expression;
Inhibitors
Abstract: Previous research has shown that a significant
limitation to the agricultural use of improved rhizobial
inoculant strains is competition from the indigenous soil
population. In this work, we sought to test whether chemical
inhibitors of flavonoid-induced nod gene expression in
Bradyrhizobium japonicum could be identified and utilized to
affect interstrain competition for nodulation of soybeans.
Approximately 1,000 structural and functional analogs of the
known, natural inducers of nod gene expression were tested on
six strains of B. japonicum containing a nodY-lacZ fusion. We
successfully identified effective inhibitors of nodY
expression. The addition of the inhibitor 7-hydroxy-5-
methylflavone significantly inhibited nodulation by a
sensitive strain and could be used to effectively manipulate
the competition between strains for soybean nodulation.
However, this work also uncovered significant limitations for
the practical use of this methodology. For example, despite
the almost universal induction response to the identified
natural inducers, there was a wide variability among strains
in their response to any specific inhibitor. Given this
unexpected variability, the cost of registration of an
agronomic chemical, and the potential for the development of
resistant field populations, it is unlikely that chemical
inhibitors can be successfully applied to a field situation.
41 NAL Call. No.: QH426.D32
Chimeric genes and transgenic plants are used to study the
regulation of genes involved in symbiotic plant-microbe
interactions (nodulin genes). De Bruijn, F.J.; Szabados, L.;
Schell, J.
New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss, Inc; 1990.
Developmental genetics v. 11 (3): p. 182-196; 1990. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plants; Transgenics; Nodulins; Genes; Chimeras;
Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Genetic
transformation; Reporter genes; Nucleotide sequences
42 NAL Call. No.: 450 P693
Chitinase and peroxidase in effective (fix+) and ineffective
(fix-) soybean nodules.
Staehelin, C.; Muller, J.; Mellor, R.B.; Wiemken, A.; Boller,
T. Berlin : Springer-Verlag; 1992.
Planta v. 187 (3): p. 295-300; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Cortex;
Roots; Root nodules; Plant composition; Chitinase; Peroxidase;
Symbiosis; Disease resistance; Gene expression; Plant
pathogens
Abstract: Chitinase and peroxidase, two enzymes thought to be
involved in the defense of plants against pathogens, were
measured in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) roots and in
nodules colonized by Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains
differing in their symbiotic potential. Activities of both
enzymes were higher in nodules than in roots. In "effective",
nitrogen-fixing nodules, colonized by wild-type bacteria,
chitinase and peroxidase activities had low levels in the
central infected zone and were enhanced primarily in the
nodule cortex. An ascorbate-specific peroxidase, possibly
involved in radical scavenging, had similarly high activities
in the infected zone and in the cortex. "Ineffective" nodules
colonized by bacteria unable to fix nitrogen symbiotically
showed a similar distribution of chitinase and peroxidase. In
another type of "ineffective" nodule, colonized by a B.
japonicum strain eliciting a hypersensitive response,
activities of both enzymes were enhanced to a similar degree
in the infected zone as well as in the cortex. Tissue prints
using a direct assay for peroxidase and an antiserum against
bean chitinase corroborated these results. The antiserum
against bean chitinase cross-reacted with a nodule protein of
Mr 32 000; it inhibited most of the chitinase activity in the
nodules but barely affected the chitinase in uninfected roots.
It is concluded that proteins characteristic of the defense
reaction accumulate in the cortex of nodules independently of
their ability to fix nitrogen, and in the entire body of
hypersensitively reacting nodules.
43 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
A chromosomal linkage map of Azotobacter vinelandii.
Blanco, G.; Ramos, F.; Medina, J.R.; Tortolero, M.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1990 Nov.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 224 (2): p. 241-247;
1990 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Azotobacter vinelandii; Nitrogen fixing bacteria;
Chromosome maps; Linkage; Plasmids; Genetic transformation;
Gene mapping; Genetic markers; Induced mutations; Transposable
elements; Inheritance
44 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Chrysoeriol and luteolin released from alfalfa seeds induce
nod genes in Rhizobium meliloti.
Hartwig, U.A.; Maxwell, C.A.; Joseph, C.M.; Phillips, D.A.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1990
Jan. Plant physiology v. 92 (1): p. 116-122; 1990 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Nitrogen
fixation; Root nodules; Nodulation; Regulation; Root exudates;
Flavonoids; Chemical constituents of plants; Genetic control;
Gene expression
Abstract: Flavonoid signals from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
seed and root exudates induce transcription of nodulation
(nod) genes in Rhizobium meliloti. The flavone luteolin
previously was isolated from alfalfa seeds by other workers
and identified as the first nod gene inducer for R. meliloti.
Our recent study of 'Moapa 69' alfalfa root exudates found no
luteolin but did identify three other nod gene inducers: 4,4'-
dihydroxy-2'-methoxychalcone, 4',7-dihydroxyflavone, and 4',7-
dihydroxyflavanone. The goal of the current study was to
identify and quantify nod gene-inducing flavonoids that may
influence Rhizobium populations around a germinating alfalfa
seed. Aqueous rinses of Moapa 69 alfalfa seeds were collected
and assayed for induction of a nodABC-lacZ fusion in R.
meliloti. During the first 4 hours of imbibition, total nod
gene-inducing activity was released from seeds at 100-fold
higher rates than from roots of 72-hour-old seedlings. Five
flavonoids were purified and identified by spectroscopic
analyses (ultraviolet/visible absorbance, proton nuclear
magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy) and comparison with
authentic standards. Two very active nod gene-inducing
flavonoids, chrysoeriol (3'-methoxyluteolin) and luteolin,
were identified in seed rinses. Luteolin required a higher
concentration (18 nanomolar) than chrysoeriol (5 nanomolar)
for half-maximum induction of nodABC-lacZ in R. meliloti, and
both were less active than 4,4'dihydroxy-2'-methoxychalcone (2
nanomolar) from root exudates. Seeds exuded three other
luteolin derivatives: luteolin-7-O-glucoside, 5-
methoxyluteolin, and 3',5-dimethoxyluteolin. Their combined
quantities were 24-fold greater than that of luteolin plus
chrysoeriol. Most nod gene-inducing activity of these luteolin
derivatives apparently is associated with degradation to
luteolin and chrysoeriol. However, their presence in large
quantities suggests that they may contribute significantly to
nod gene-inducing activity in the soil. These resu
45 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Cloning of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genes that are regulated
during initiation of nodulation.
Trese, A.T.; Pueppke, S.G.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1991 Jan.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 4 (1): p.
46-51; 1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vigna unguiculata; Roots; Nodulation; Rhizobium;
Mutants; Symbiosis; Strains; Strain differences; Genetic
regulation; Genes; Cloning; Dna probes; Dna hybridization;
Gene expression; Root nodules; Genetic analysis; Dna
libraries; Messenger RNA
46 NAL Call. No.: QK604.C64
Coevolution by horizontal gene transfer: a speculation on the
role of fungi. Pirozynski, K.A.
London [England] : Academic Press; 1988.
Coevolution of fungi with plants and animals / edited by K.A.
Pirozynski and D.L. Hawksworth. p. 247-268; 1988. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Fungi; Evolution; Genetic variation;
Environmental factors; Genetic transformation; Symbiosis
47 NAL Call. No.: aSD11.A48
Comparative growth of four shrub species in a native desert
soil and an amended non-calcareous soil and some unsolved
problems in mineral nutrition of desert shrubs.
Wallace, A.
Ogden, Utah : The Station; 1989 Feb.
General technical report INT - U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station (256): p.
169-172; 1989 Feb. Paper presented at a "Symposium on Shrub
Ecophysiology and Biotechnology," June 30-July 2, 1987, Logan,
Utah. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Larrea tridentata; Ambrosia dumosa; Eremosemium
spinosa; Krascheninnikovia lanata; Mineral soils; Desert
soils; Growth; Calcareous soils; Soil amendments
48 NAL Call. No.: QH548.S9
Comparison between eight symbiotic, cultured Nostoc isolates
and a free-living Nostoc by recombinant DNA.
Leizerovich, I.; Kardish, N.; Galun, M.
Philadelphia, Pa. : Balaban Publishers; 1990.
Symbiosis v. 8 (1): p. 75-85. ill; 1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lichens; Nostoc; Recombinant DNA
49 NAL Call. No.: QH548.S9
Comparison between the symbiotic Nostoc of the lichen Nephroma
laevigatum Ach. and its cultured, isolated Nostoc by
recombinant DNA.
Kardish, N.; Rotem-Abarbanell, D.; Zilberstein, A.; Galun, M.
Philadelphia, Pa. : Balaban Publishers; 1990.
Symbiosis v. 8 (2): p. 135-145. ill; 1990. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lichens; Nostoc; Strains; Symbionts; Recombinant
DNA
50 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Complex symbiotic phenotypes result from gluconeogenic
mutations in Rhizobium meliloti.
Finan, T.M.; McWhinnie, E.; Driscoll, B.; Watson, R.J.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1991 Jul.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 4 (4): p.
386-392; 1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Mutants;
Enzyme activity; Glyconeogenesis; Phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase;
Phosphoglycerate kinase; Symbiosis; Nitrogen fixation; Root
nodules; Phenotypes; Gene expression; Tissue ultrastructure;
Dicarboxylic acids
51 NAL Call. No.: QR1.M562
Composition and morphology of Candida utilis grown in
continuous culture with decreasing concentrations of
phosphate.
Lucca, M.E.; Romero, M.E.; Diaz Ricci, J.C.; Garro, O.A.;
Callieri, D.A.S. Oxford : Rapid Communications of Oxford Ltd.
with UNESCO; 1991 May. World journal of microbiology and
biotechnology v. 7 (3): p. 359-364; 1991 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Candida utilis; Cell culture; Biotechnology;
Phosphates; Nutrient availability; Mineral deficiencies;
Growth rate; Biomass; Chemical composition
52 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Concurrent synthesis and release of nod-gene-inducing
flavonoids from alfalfa roots.
Maxwell, C.A.; Phillips, D.A.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1990
Aug. Plant physiology v. 93 (4): p. 1552-1558; 1990 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Roots;
Flavonoids; Biosynthesis; Genetic code; Nodulation; Gene
expression; Root exudates
Abstract: Flavonoid signals from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
induce transcription of nodulation (nod) genes in Rhizobium
meliloti. Alfalfa roots release three major nod-gene inducers:
4',7-dihydroxyflavanone, 4',7-dihydroxyflavone, and 4,4'-
dihydroxy-2'-methoxychalcone. The objective of the present
study was to define temporal relationships between synthesis
and exudation for those flavonoids. Requirements for
concurrent flavonoid biosynthesis were assessed by treating
roots of intact alfalfa seedlings with [U-14C]-L-phenylalanine
in the presence or absence of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
inhibitor L-2-aminoxy-3-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP). In the
absence of AOPP, each of the three flavonoids in exudates
contained 14C. In the presence ofAOPP, 14C labeling and
release of all the exuded nod-gene inducers were reduced
significantly. AOPP inhibited labeling and release of the
strongest nod-gene inducer, methoxychalcone, by more than 90%.
Experiments with excised cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots
incubated in solution showed that the flavonoids could be
synthesized in and released from each organ. However, the
ratio of the three flavonoids in exudates from intact plants
was most similar to the ratio recently synthesized and
released from excised roots. A portion of recently synthesized
flavonoid aglycones was found conjugated, presumably as
glycosides, in root extracts and may have been involved in the
release process. Data from root extracts showed that
formononetin, an isofvonoid which does not induce nod genes,
was present in conjugated and aglycone forms but was not
released by normal intact roots. In contrast, roots stressed
with CuCl2 did release the aglycone formononetin. Thus, the
release process responsible for exudation of nod-gene inducers
appears to be specific rather than a general phenomenon such
as a sloughing off of cells during root growth. The synthesis
and specific concurrent release of flavonoid nod-gene inducers
in this study is consistent with the physi
53 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Construction of an acid-tolerant Rhizobium leguminosarum
biovar trifolii strain with enhanced capacity for nitrogen
fixation.
Chen, H.; Richardson, A.E.; Gartner, E.; Djordjevic, M.A.;
Roughley, R.J.; Rolfe, B.G.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991
Jul. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 57 (7): p.
2005-2011; 1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Trifolium subterraneum; Rhizobium leguminosarum;
Strains; Nitrogen fixation; Nodulation; Acids; Tolerance; Ph;
Plasmids; Genetic engineering
Abstract: Strain ANU1173 is an acid-tolerant Rhizobium
leguminosarum biovar trifolii strain that is able to nodulate
subterranean clover plants growing in agar culture at pH 4.4.
At pH 6.5, its symbiotic effectiveness in association with
Trifolium subterraneum cv. Mt. Barker was 80% relative to that
of strain ANU794, a Sm(r) derivative of the commercial
inoculant R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii TA1. Strain ANU1173
contained four indigenous megaplasmids, the smallest of these
being the symbiotic (Sym) plasmid. The critical pH requirement
for growth of strain ANU1173 in laboratory media was shown not
to be associated with this plasmid. When the Sym plasmid of
strain ANU1173 (pSym-1173) was mobilized into a Nod- strain of
R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, the plasmid conferred to the
transconjugant a level of symbiotic effectiveness in
association with T. subterraneum that was similar to that
observed with ANU1173. The symbiotic effectiveness of strain
ANU1173 was improved by first curing pSym-1173 (generating
strain ANU1184) and replacing it with another R. leguminosarum
bv. trifolii Sym plasmid, pBR1AN. Subterranean clover plants
inoculated with strain ANU1184 (pBR1AN) exhibited a 35 or 53%
increase in acetylene reduction activity and a 20 or 17%
increase in dry weight when grown at pH 6.5 and pH 4.4,
respectively, compared with plants inoculated with strain
ANU1173 and grown under the same pH conditions. It was further
shown that pBR1AN was stably maintained in strain ANU1184
under free-living and symbiotic conditions. These results
indicate that it is possible to construct an acid-tolerant
strain of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii with an enhanced
capacity for nitrogen fixation.
54 NAL Call. No.: QH431.A1G43
Construction of hybrid plasmids RPN-1 and RPN-D of
Bradyrhizobium japonicum used for genetic research.
Chatuev, B.M.; Zlotnikov, K.M.; Baev, A.A.
New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1991 Mar.
Soviet genetics v. 26 (9): p. 1019-1024; 1991 Mar. Translated
from: Genetika, v. 26 (9), 1990, p. 1557-1563. (QH431.A1G4).
Includes references.
Language: English; Russian
Descriptors: Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Escherichia coli;
Plasmids; Genetic transformation; Phenotypes; Temperature;
Growth; Genes; Mutants; Induced mutations; Antibiotics; Drug
resistance; Genetic markers
Abstract: We have constructed plasmids RPN-1 and RPN-D
harboring the O(L)P(L)N region of phage lambda. The transfer
of these plasmids into the Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 110
leads to a loss of the capacity of this bacteria for growth on
rich media at 37 degrees C (phenotype ts-37 degrees C),
retardation of growth, and decrease in the level of natural
resistance to the antibiotics rifampicin, streptomycin, and
novobiocin at 30 degrees C (phenotype ts-30 degrees C). A
similar temperature dependent growth of Escherichia coli
strains is brought about by plasmid RPN-1. We conclude that in
the case of B. japonicum 110 the ts phenotype does not depend
on the integrity of the whole structure of the gene N of the
phage cloned within plasmid RPN-D. We have shown that it is
possible to use plasmids RPN-1 for the selection of the
auxotrophic mutants Trp- in the B. japonicum strain (RPN-1) by
selecting clones capable of growth at 37 degrees C. We have
demonstrated in the B. japonicum strain IA the presence of a
pleiotropic mutation determining the phenotype Phe-, Nod+,
Fix-. We obtained B. japonicum Rif(r) mutants with the
phenotype Fix+ ts- (RPN-D), Sm(s) (TN5). Among the E. coli
strains, the ts phenotype is not expressed by mutants E. coli
802 Rif(r) with a mutation in RNA polymerase and E. coli 183
OM in which a mutation in the transcription-translation
apparatus promotes expression of gene Sm(r) of transposon Tn5.
We suggest that the RNA polymerase of B. japonicum is involved
in the regulation of N2 fixation and expression of gene Sm(r)
of transposon Tn5.
55 NAL Call. No.: QH540.M64
The construction of recA-deficient Rhizobium meliloti and R.
leguminosarum strains marked with gusA or luc cassettes for
use in risk-assessment studies. Selbitschka, W.; Puhler, A.;
Simon, R.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 May.
Molecular ecology v. 1 (1): p. 9-19; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Rhizobium leguminosarum;
Vectors; Recombination; Recombinant DNA; Reporter genes;
Genes; Beta-glucuronidase; Luciferase; Genetic markers; Gene
expression; Gene transfer; Introduced species; Environmental
impact; Agricultural soils; Risk; Nodulation; Medicago sativa;
Vicia hirsuta
56 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6
Construction of Tn5 tagged mutants of Rhizobium spp (Cicer)
for ecological studies.
Sharma, P.K.; Anand, R.C.; Lakshminarayana, K.
Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Soil biology and biochemistry v. 23 (9): p. 881-885; 1991.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Haryana; Rhizobium; Strains; Mutants; Cicer
arietinum; Insertional mutagenesis; Transposable elements;
Semiarid climate; Agroclimatology; Genetic engineering;
Competitive ability; Nodulation; Root nodules; Nitrogen
fixation; Neomycin; Streptomycin; Drug resistance; Genetic
markers; Stability; Survival; Persistence; Chromosomes;
Plasmids; Inoculum; Identification
Abstract: Examination of many Rhizobium spp (Cicer) isolates
from various agroclimatic regions of Haryana State showed the
absence of intrinsic antibiotic markers suitable for strain
identification. Tn5 mutagenesis of one of the better
nodulating and nitrogen-fixing efficient strains, HS-1, was
carried out to insert neomycin resistance by transposition.
Mutagenesis yielded Nod-, Nod+ Fix- and Nod (nodulation
proficient) mutants. The Nod mutants formed 2-3 times more
nodules than the parent strain and were selected for
competition studies using sterile or non-sterile/sterile
conditions. Insertion of Tn5 into the genome of Rhizobium
provided a stable marker for strain identification and did not
affect its competitive ability. Tn5 mutants were identified
from the nodules on the basis of their antibiotic marker under
sterile and non-sterile conditions in the presence of a
mixture of inoculum strains.
57 NAL Call. No.: QK1.A57
Control of nodulin genes in root-nodule development and
metabolism. Sanchez, F.; Padilla, J.E.; Perez, H.; Lara, M.
Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews, Inc; 1991.
Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology
v. 42: p. 507-528; 1991. Literature review. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Rhizobium; Root nodules; Plant
development; Metabolism; Genetic regulation; Nodulins; Gene
expression; Symbiosis; Nitrogen fixation; Literature reviews
58 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532
Cooperative action of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation and
infection mutants during the process of forming mixed infected
alfalfa nodules. Kapp, D.; Niehaus, K.; Quandt, J.; Muller,
P.; Puhler, A.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1990
Feb. The Plant cell v. 2 (2): p. 139-151. ill; 1990 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Soil
inoculation; Nodulation; Polysaccharides; Biosynthesis;
Infection; Mutants; Genes; Interactions; Nitrogen fixation;
Acetylene reduction; Bacteroids; Immunohistochemistry; Root
nodules
Abstract: Alfalfa plants co-inoculated with Rhizobium
meliloti nodulation (Nod-) and infection mutants deficient in
exopolysaccharide production (Inf-EPS-) formed mixed infected
nodules that were capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. The
formation of infected nodules was dependent on close contact
between the inoculation partners. When the partners were
separated by a filter, empty Fix- nodules were formed,
suggesting that infection thread formation in alfalfa is
dependent on signals from the nodulation and infection genes.
In mixed infected nodules, both nodulation and infection
mutants colonized the plant cells and differentiated into
bacteroids. The formation of bacteroids was not dependent on
cell-to-cell contact between the mutants. Immunogold/silver
staining revealed that the ratio of the two mutants varied
considerably in colonized plant cells following mixed
inoculation. The introduction of an additional nif/fix
mutation into one of the inoculation partners did not abolish
nitrogen fixation in mixed infected nodules. The expression of
nif D::lacZ fusions additionally demonstrated that mutations
in the nodulation and infection genes did not prevent the nif
genes from being expressed in the mutant bacteroids.
59 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Correlation between ultrastructural differentiation of
bacterioids and nitrogen fixation in alfalfa nodules.
Vasse, J.; Billy, F. de; Camut, S.; Truchet, G.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1990
Aug. Journal of bacteriology v. 172 (8): p. 4295-4306. ill;
1990 Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Root
nodules; Differentiation; Ultrastructure; Histology
Abstract: Bacteroid differentiation was examined in
developing and mature alfalfa nodules elicited by wild-type or
Fix- mutant strains of Rhizobium meliloti. Ultrastructural
studies of wild-type nodules distinguished five steps in
bacteroid differentiation (types 1 to 5), each being
restricted to a well-defined histological region of the
nodule. Correlative studies between nodule development,
bacteroid differentiation, and acetylene reduction showed that
nitrogenase activity was always associated with the
differentiation of the distal zone III of the nodule. In this
region, the invaded cells were filled with heterogeneous type
4 bacteroids, the cytoplasm of which displayed an alternation
of areas enriched with ribosomes or with DNA fibrils.
Cytological studies of complementary halves of transversally
sectioned mature nodules confirmed that type 4 bacteroids were
always observed in the half of the nodule expressing
nitrogenase activity, while the presence of type 5 bacteroids
could never be correlated with acetylene reduction. Bacteria
with a transposon Tn5 insertion in pSym fix genes elicited the
development of Fix-nodules in which bacteroids could not
develop into the last two ultrastructural types. The use of
mutant strains deleted of DNA fragments bearing functional
reiterated pSym fix genes and complemented with recombinant
plasmids, each carrying one of these fragments, strengthened
the correlation between the occurrence of type 4 bacteroids
and acetylene reduction. A new nomenclature is proposed to
distinguish the histological areas in alfalfa nodules which
account for and are correlated with the multiple stages of
bacteroid development.
60 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Creation of novel nitrogen-fixing actinomycetes by protoplast
fusion of Frankia with streptomyces.
Prakash, R.K.; Cummings, B.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1988.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 10
(3): p. 281-289; 1988. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Frankia; Streptomyces; Protoplast fusion;
Recombination; Nitrogen fixation; Genes; Nodulation; Root
nodules; Alnus rubra; Genetic transformation
Abstract: Protoplast fusion was used for the creation of a
novel actinomycete capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.
Protoplasts of Streptomyces griseofuscus, a fast-growing
actinomycete, and Frankia, a slow-growing actinomycete which
fixes atmospheric nitrogen in culture and in symbiotic
association with alders, were allowed to fuse and regenerate
on media without supplied nitrogen. Colonies which regenerated
acquired the fast-growing characteristic of Streptomyces and
the ability to grow on nitrogen-deficient media from Frankia.
These colonies resembled Streptomyces in their morphology and
fixed atmospheric nitrogen in culture. They contained both the
parent Streptomyces DNA sequences and the Frankia DNA
sequences homologous to nif structural genes HDK of K.
pneumoniae. In addition to in vitro nitrogen-fixing capacity,
one out of 20 colonies also formed nitrogen-fixing root
nodules on Alnus rubra, the host plant for the Frankia strain.
Examination of the root nodules induced by the hybrids showed
only the presence of hyphae-like structures. The typical
vesicle-like structures present in Frankia were absent.
61 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Cytochrome mutants of Bradyrhizobium induced by transposon
Tn5. Nautiyal, C.S.; Berkum, P. van; Sadowsky, M.J.; Keister,
D.L. Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists;
1989 Jun. Plant physiology v. 90 (2): p. 553-559. ill; 1989
Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Rhizobium; Mutants; Symbiosis;
Nitrogen fixation; Induced mutations; Oxidoreductases; Enzyme
activity; Genetic analysis; Gene expression; Phenotypes
Abstract: Transposon Tn5 was used to mutate Bradyrhizobium
japonicum USDA 61N. From over 5000 clones containing Tn5, 12
were selected and purified using a chemical reaction to
identify oxidase-deficient clones. Four classes of mutants
were identified based on the alterations in cytochromes. Most
of the mutants had alterations in more than one cytochrome.
Southern hybridization analysis of restricted genomic DNA of a
representative strain of each class demonstrated that each
mutant had a single Tn5 insert. Thus a single Tn5 insert
produced pleiotropic effects on cytochromes. One class, which
was totally deficient in cytochromes aa3 and c, produced
ineffective nodules on soybeans. Most of the strains
representing the other classes produced effective nodules but
exceptions were observed in each class. Bacteroids of the
wild-type strain contained cytochrome aa3. Bacteroids from one
class of mutants were totally devoid of cytochrome aa3.
Several of these strains produced effective symbioses
indicating that cytochrome aa3 is not required for an
effective symbiosis in this DNA homology group II strain which
normally has this terminal oxidase in bacteroids.
62 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Detection and separation of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium nod
metabolites using thin-layer chromatography.
Spaink, H.P.; Aarts, A.; Stacey, G.; Bloemberg, G.V.;
Lugtenberg, B.J.J.; Kennedy, E.P.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1992 Jan.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 5 (1): p.
72-80; 1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Biotypes; Rhizobium
meliloti; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Excretion; Metabolites;
Characterization; Signals; Nitrogen fixation; Host
specificity; Genetic regulation; Genes; Nodulation; Gene
expression; Molecular biology
63 NAL Call. No.: 470 C16C
Detection of a subfamily of genes within the soybean nodulin-A
multigene family.
Gottlob-McHugh, S.G.; Johnson, D.A.
Ottawa, Ont. : National Research Council of Canada; 1991 Dec.
Canadian journal of botany; Journal canadien de botanique v.
69 (12): p. 2663-2669; 1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Genetic analysis; Bradyrhizobium
japonicum; Nodulins; Protein synthesis; Genetic code; Dna;
Root nodules; Gene expression; Multigene families; Nucleotide
sequences; Amino acid sequences
64 NAL Call. No.: QH548.S9
Detection of rhizobia by DNA-DNA-hybridization from soil
samples: problems and perspectives.
Saano, A.; Lindstrom, K.
Philadelphia, Pa. : Balaban Publishers; 1990.
Symbiosis v. 8 (1): p. 61-73. ill; 1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium; Identification; Dna; Monitoring;
Genetic engineering
65 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Developmental and environmental regulation of pea legumin
genes in transgenic tobacco.
Rerie, W.G.; Whitecross, M.; Higgins, T.J.V.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991 Jan.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 225 (1): p. 148-157.
ill; 1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Nicotiana tabacum; Agrobacterium
tumefaciens; Transgenics; Genetic transformation; Legumin;
Multigene families; Gene expression; Genetic regulation; Seed
development; Sulfur; Mineral deficiencies; Nucleotide
sequences; Messenger RNA; Northern blotting; Promoters;
Deletions; Immunoblotting; Sds-page; Seeds
Abstract: Two distinct legumin genes (LegA1 and LegA2) which
encode a major class of seed storage protein in pea were
isolated from a genomic library. The cloned fragments were
introduced into tobacco via Agrobacterium-mediated
transformation and the regenerated plants were used to study
the expression characterisics of the genes in a heterologous
host. It was found that both LegA1 and LegA2 were functional
members of the pea legumin gene family and that their
expression was similar in both pea and transgenic tobacco.
Legumin was detected only in the seed of tobacco where the
primary translation products were processed in a manner
analogous to that which occurs in pea. Legumin gene expression
was also shown to be temporally regulated during seed
development. Legumin polypeptides and mRNA began to accumulate
16 days after flowering (DAF), in contrast to the endogenous
tobacco storage proteins which were apparent at 13 DAF. It was
also demonstrated that the legumin genes in tobacco were
environmentally regulated to the nutritional status of the
plant. As has been previously shown in pea, legumin
accumulation in transgenic tobacco seed was progressively
reduced when the plants were grown under conditions of
increasing severity of sulphur-nutrient stress. The reduced
accumulation of protein was correlated with lower levels of
legumin mRNA in the developing seed. Despite encoding nearly
identical subunits, nucleotide sequence data for LegA1 and
LegA2 showed that the similarity of their respective 5'-
flanking regions was restricted to several short elements
mostly within 240 bp from the start of transcription. However,
a deletion series using the LegA1 gene demonstrated that 237
bp of 5'-flanking sequence was insufficient to permit the
expression of the legumin gene in tobacco. The data indicated
that an as yet unidentified sequence element(s) located
between positions -668 and -237 was essential in re-
establishing the high level of regulated gene expression
observed with the ful
66 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 C162
Developmental and metabolic regulation of nitrogen fixation
gene expression in Rhizobium meliloti.
De Philip, P.; Boistard, P.
Ottawa : National Research Council of Canada; 1992 Jun.
Canadian journal of microbiology v. 38 (6): p. 467-474; 1992
Jun. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Nitrogen fixation; Gene
expression; Genetic regulation; Nitrogen fixing bacteria;
Literature reviews
67 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Developmental aspects of the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis.
Franssen, H.J.; Netherlands; Vijn, I.; Yang, W.C.; Bisseling,
T. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 May.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 19
(1): p. 89-107; 1992 May. Literature review. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Rhizobium; Bradyrhizobium;
Nodulation; Root hairs; Root nodules; Cell differentiation;
Nitrogen fixation; Genes; Gene expression; Nodulins; Plant;
Literature reviews; Bacterial proteins
68 NAL Call. No.: 500 N21P
Developmental repression of growth and gene expression in
Aspergillus. Adams, T.H.; Timberlake, W.E.
Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1990 Jul.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America v. 87 (14): p. 5405-5409. ill; 1990 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Aspergillus nidulans; Gene expression; Growth;
Inhibition; Metabolism; Nutrient availability; Plasmids; Rna;
Starvation; Strains
69 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Differential expression of hydrogen uptake (hup) genes in
vegetative and symbiotic cells of Rhizobium leguminosarum.
Palacios, J.M.; Murillo, J.; Leyva, A.; Ditta, G.; Ruiz-
Argueso, T. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1990
May.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 221 (3): p. 363-370.
ill; 1990 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Root
nodules; Nodule bacteria; Gene expression; Regulation;
Hydrogen; Uptake; Genes; Messenger RNA; Genome analysis;
Genetic markers; Beta-d-galactosidase; Enzyme activity;
Plasmids; Genetic engineering
70 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532
Differential expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and
chalcone synthase during soybean nodule development.
Estabrook, E.M.; Sengupta-Gopalan, C.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
Mar. The Plant cell v. 3 (3): p. 299-308. ill; 1991 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Gene
expression; Dna hybridization; Dna probes; Phenylalanine
ammonia-lyase; Naringenin-chalcone synthase; Multigene
families; Nucleotide sequences; Northern blotting; Root
nodules; Nodulation; Plant development
Abstract: We have used conserved and nonconserved regions of
cDNA clones for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone
synthase (CHS) isolated from a soybean-nodule cDNA library to
monitor the expression of members of the two gene families
during the early stages of the soybean-Bradyrhizobium
japonicum symbiosis. Our results demonstrate that subsets of
the PAL and CHS gene families are specifically induced in
soybean roots after infection with B. japonicum. Furthermore,
by analyzing a supernodulating mutant line of soybean that
differs from the wild-type parent in the number of successful
infections, we show that the induction of PAL and CHS is
related to postinfection events. Nodulated roots formed by a
Nod+ Fix- strain of B. japonicum, resembling a pathogenic
association, display induction of another distinct set of PAL
and CHS genes. Our results suggest that the symbiosis-specific
PAL and CHS genes in soybean are not induced by stress or
pathogen interaction.
71 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Discovery of a rhizobial RNA that is essential for symbiotic
root nodule development.
Ebeling, S.; Kundig, C.; Hennecke, H.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991
Oct. Journal of bacteriology v. 173 (20): p. 6373-6382; 1991
Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Symbiosis; Rna;
Nodulation; Genes; Gene expression; Nucleotide sequences;
Glycine max
Abstract: All of the Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and
Rhizobium genes known to be involved in the development of
nitrogen-fixing legume root nodules are genes that code for
proteins. Here we report the first exception to this rule: the
sra gene; it was discovered during the genetic analysis of a
Bradyrhizobium japonicum Tn5 mutant (strain 259) which had a
severe deficiency in colonizing soybean nodules. A DNA region
as small as 0.56 kb cloned from the parental wild type
restored a wild-type phenotype in strain 259 by genetic
complementation. The sra gene was located on this fragment,
sequenced, and shown to be transcribed into a 213-nucleotide
RNA. Results obtained with critical point mutations in the sra
gene proved that the transcript was not translated into
protein; rather, it appeared to function as an RNA molecule
with a certain stem-and-loop secondary structure. We also
detected an sra homolog in Rhizobium meliloti which, when
cloned and transferred to B. japonicum mutant 259, fully
restored symbiotic effectiveness in that strain. We propose
several alternative functions for the sra gene product, of
which that as a regulatory RNA for gene expression may be the
most probable one.
72 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Diverse signal sensitivity of NodD protein homologs from
narrow and broad host range rhizobia.
Gyorgypal, Z.; Kondorosi, E.; Kondorosi, A.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1991 Jul.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 4 (4): p.
356-364; 1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago; Medicago varia; Medicago sativa;
Medicago truncatula; Melilotus alba; Melilotus officinalis;
Trigonella caerulea; Trigonella foenum-graecum; Host range;
Rhizobium meliloti; Strains; Strain differences; Structure
activity relationships; Flavonoids; Host specificity;
Nodulation; Genes; Nitrogen fixation; Symbiosis; Gene
expression
73 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
DNA probe method for the detection of specific microorganisms
in the soil bacterial community.
Holben, W.E.; Jansson, J.K.; Chelm, B.K.; Tiedje, J.M.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1988
Mar. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 54 (3): p.
703-711; 1988 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Soil bacteria;
Detection; Dna probes; Genes; Genetic engineering; Monitoring
Abstract: We developed a protocol which yields purified
bacterial DNA from the soil bacterial community. The bacteria
were first dispersed and separated from soil particles in the
presence of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, which removes humic acid
contaminants by adsorption to this insoluble polymer. The soil
bacteria were then collected by centrifugation and lysed by
using a comprehensive protocol designed to maximize disruption
of the various types of bacteria present. Total bacterial DNA
was purified from the cell lysate and remaining soil
contaminants by using equilibrium density gradients. The
isolated DNA was essentially pure as determined by UV spectral
analysis, was at least 48 kilobases long, and was not subject
to degradation, which indicated that there was no
contaminating nuclease activity. The isolated DNA was readily
digested by exogenously added restriction endonucleases and
successfully analyzed by slot blot and Southern blot
hybridizations. Using single-stranded, 32P-labeled DNA probes,
we could detect and quantitate the presence of a specific
microbial population in the natural soil community on the
basis of the presence of a DNA sequence unique to that
organism. The sensitivity of our methodology was sufficient to
detect Bradyrhizobium japonicum at densities as low as 4.3 X
10(4) cells per g (dry weight) of soil, which corresponds to
about 0.2 pg of hybridizable DNA in a 1-microgram DNA sample.
74 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Dual control of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiotic
nitrogen fixation regulatory operon fixR nifA: analysis of
cis- and trans-acting elements. Thony, B.; Anthamatten, D.;
Hennecke, H.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1989
Aug. Journal of bacteriology v. 171 (8): p. 4162-4169. ill;
1989 Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium japonicum; Glycine max; Symbiosis;
Nitrogen fixation; Operon; Genetic control; Regulation
Abstract: Aerobic expression of the fixR nifA operon in
Bradyrhizobium japonicum was shown to depend on a cis-acting,
promoter-upstream DNA sequence located between the -24/-12
promoter and position -86 relative to the transcription start
site. An adenine at position -66 was essential for maximal
expression. A chromosomal deletion of the upstream activator
sequence (UAS) led to a symbiotically defective phenotype
which was typical of nifA mutants. B. japonicum crude extracts
contained a protein that bound to the UAS. By using
chromosomally integrated fixR-lacZ fusions, the level of
expression of the fixR nifA operon was found to be fivehold
higher under reduced oxygen tension than under aerobiosis.
This increase was due to autoactivation by the NifA protein
and was partly independent of the UAS. Based on these data, we
propose a model for the regulation of nitrogen fixation genes
in B. japonicum that involves dual positive control of the
fixR nifA operon. At high oxygen concentrations, the operon is
expressed at a moderate level, subject to activation by the
binding of a trans-acting factor to the UAS. Under such
conditions, the nifA gene product is known to be inactive. At
very low oxygen concentrations--a condition favorable to NifA
activity--the NifA protein is the trans-acting factor which
(i) enhances the level of fixR nifA expression (and hence its
own synthesis) and (ii) activates other nif and fix genes.
75 NAL Call. No.: 450 N42
Early events of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation on
Ri T-DNA transformed roots.
Becard, G.; Fortin, J.A.
London : Academic Press; 1988 Feb.
The New phytologist v. 108 (2): p. 211-218. ill; 1988 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Daucus carota; Gigaspora margarita; Vesicular
arbuscular mycorrhizae; Roots
76 NAL Call. No.: aSD11.A48
The ecology of Vaccinium globulare: seedling establishment and
nutrition. Stark, N.M.
Ogden, Utah : The Station; 1989 Feb.
General technical report INT - U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station (256): p.
164-168. ill; 1989 Feb. Paper presented at a "Symposium on
Shrub Ecophysiology and Biotechnology," June 30-July 2, 1987,
Logan, Utah. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vaccinium; Seedlings; Plant establishment; Seed
germination; Nutrient contents of plants; Survival;
Reproduction; Ecology
77 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Effect of inoculation and nitrogen on isoflavonoid
concentration in wild-type and nodulation-mutant soybean
roots.
Cho, M.J.; Harper, J.E.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
Feb. Plant physiology v. 95 (2): p. 435-441; 1991 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Roots; Mutants; Nodulation;
Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Chemical composition; Daidzein;
Genistein; Nutrient requirements; Nitrogen; Gene expression
Abstract: The isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, have been
isolated and identified as the major inducers of nod genes of
Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The common nod genes of rhizobia are
in turn responsible for stimulating root hair curling and
cortical root cell division, the earliest steps in the host
response. This study evaluated whether there was a
relationship between root isoflavonoid production and the
hypernodulation phenotype of selected soybean (Glycine max
[L.] Merr.) mutants. Three independently selected
hypernodulating soybean mutants (NOD1-3, NOD2-4, and NOD3-7)
and a nonnodulating mutant (NNS) were compared with the
Williams parent for isoflavonoid concentrations. High
performance liquid chromatographic analyses of soybean root
extracts showed that all lines increased in daidzein,
genistein, and coumestrol concentrations throughout the 12-day
growth period after transplanting of both inoculated and
noninoculated plants; transplanting and inoculation were done
6 days after planting. No significant differences were
detected in the concentration of these compounds among the
three noninoculated hypernodulating mutants and the Williams
parent. In response to inoculation, the three hypernodulating
mutants had higher isoflavonoid concentrations than did the
Williams control at 9 to 12 days after inoculation when grown
at 0 millimolar N level. However, the inoculated nonnodulating
mutant also had higher isoflavonoid concentrations than did
Williams. N application [urea, (NH4)2SO4 and NO3-1] decreased
the concentration of all three isoflavonoid compounds in all
soybean lines. Application of NO3- was most inhibitory to
isoflavonoid concentrations, and inhibition by NO3- was
concentration dependent. These results are consistent with a
conclusion that differential NO3- inhibition of nodulation may
be partially due to changes in isoflavonoid levels, although
the similar response of the nonnodulating mutant brings this
conclusion into question. Alternatively, the nodulatio
78 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Effects of flavonoids released naturally from bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris) on nodD-regulated gene transcription in Rhizobium
leguminosarum bv. phaseoli. Hungria, M.; Johnston, A.W.B.;
Phillips, D.A.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1992 May.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 5 (3): p.
199-203; 1992 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Symbionts; Interactions;
Rhizobium leguminosarum; Root exudates; Seeds; Flavonols;
Anthocyanins; Anthocyanidins; Flavonoids; Strains;
Transcription; Induction; Genistein; Gene expression;
Molecular biology
79 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J823
Effects of oxygen levels on the transcription of nif and gln
genes in Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
Adams, T.H.; Chelm, B.K.
Reading : Society for General Microbiology; 1988 Mar.
The Journal of general microbiology v. 134 (3): p. 611-618;
1988 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria; Oxygen; Metabolism;
Genes; Symbiosis; Glycine max; Root nodulation; Gene
expression; Bacteroides; Glutamine synthetase
80 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Effects of sulfur nutrition on expression of the soybean seed
storage protein genes in transgenic petunia.
Fujiwara, T.; Hirai, M.Y.; Chino, M.; Komeda, Y.; Naito, S.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992
May. Plant physiology v. 99 (1): p. 263-268; 1992 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Petunia; Glycine max; Gene transfer; Transgenics;
Gene expression; Seeds; Protein synthesis; Sulfur; Nutrient
requirements; Genetic regulation; Methionine
Abstract: The 7S seed storage protein (beta-conglycinin) of
soybean (Glycine max [L]. Merr.) has three major subunits;
alpha, alpha', and beta. Accumulation of the beta-subunit, but
not the alpha- and alpha-subunits, has been shown to be
repressed by exogenously applied methionine to the immature
cotyledon culture system (LP Holowach, JF Thompson, JT Madison
[1984] Plant Physiol 74: 576-583) and to be enhanced under
sulfate deficiency in soybean plants (KR Gayler, GE Sykes
[1985] Plant Physiol 78: 582-586). Transgenic petunia (Petunia
hybrida) harboring either the alpha'- or beta-subunit gene
were constructed to test whether the patterns of differential
expression were retained in petunia. Petunia regulates these
genes in a similar way as soybean in response to sulfur
nutritional stimuli, i.e. (a) expression of the beta-subunit
gene is repressed by exogenous methionine in in vitro cultured
seeds, whereas the alpha'-subunit gene expression is not
affected; and (b) accumulation of the beta-subunit is enhanced
by sulfur deficiency. The pattern of accumulation of major
seed storage protein of petunia was not affected by these
treatments. These results indicate that this mechanism of gene
regulation in response to sulfur nutrition is conserved in
petunia even though it is not used to regulate its own major
seed storage proteins.
81 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Electroporation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
Guerinot, M.L.; Morisseau, B.A.; Klapatch, T.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1990 Apr.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 221 (2): p. 287-290;
1990 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria; Rhizobium japonicum;
Genetic transformation; Dna; Genetic analysis; Genotypes;
Laboratory methods
82 NAL Call. No.: QK867.J67
Evaluation of a Rhizobium meliloti transconjugant for
increased nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation in
alfalfa.
Mao, M.; Hannaway, D.B.
New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1990.
Journal of plant nutrition v. 13 (7): p. 795-815; 1990.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Trifolium repens; Pisum sativum;
Rhizobium meliloti; Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Genetic
engineering; Plasmids; Genetic transformation; Seed
inoculation; Roots; Dry matter accumulation; Root nodules;
Nodulation; Nitrogen fixation; Acetylene reduction; Cultivars
83 NAL Call. No.: TP248.2.B562
Evaluation of methods for detecting ecological effects from
genetically engineered microorganisms and microbial pest
control agents in terrestrial systems.
Seidler, R.J.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Biotechnology advances v. 10 (2): p. 149-178; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Microbial pesticides; Recombination; Genetic
transformation; Genetic engineering; Soil inoculation;
Environmental impact; Ecological balance; Environmental
assessment; Risk; Soil flora; Soil fauna; Biological activity
in soil; Population dynamics; Species; Diversity; Biomass;
Growth analysis; Population structure; Competitive ability;
Population density; Mycorrhizal fungi; Cycling;
Biogeochemistry; Soil toxicity; Contaminants; Microbial
degradation; Reviews
84 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
The exoD gene of Rhizobium meliloti encodes a novel function
needed for alfalfa nodule invasion.
Reed, J.W.; Walker, G.C.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991
Jan. Journal of bacteriology v. 173 (2): p. 664-677; 1991 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Root
nodules; Genes; Polysaccharides; Mutants; Nodulation
Abstract: During the symbiotic interaction between alfalfa
and the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium meliloti, the
bacterium induces the formation of nodules on the plant roots
and then invades these nodules. Among the bacterial genes
required for nodule invasion are the exo genes, involved in
production of an extracellular polysaccharide, and the ndv
genes, needed for production of a periplasmic cyclic glucan.
Mutations in the exoD gene result in altered exopolysaccharide
production and in a nodule invasion defect. In this work we
show that the stage of symbiotic arrest of exoD mutants is
similar to that of other exo and ndv mutants. However, the
effects of exoD mutations on exopolysaccharide production and
growth on various media are different from the effects of
other exo and ndv mutations. Finally, exoD mutations behave
differently from other exo mutations in their ability to be
suppressed or complemented extracellularly. The results
suggest that exod represents a new class of Rhizobium genes
required for nodule invasion, distinct from the other exo
genes and the ndv genes. We discuss models for the function of
exoD.
85 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Expression by soil bacteria of nodulation genes from Rhizobium
leguminosarum biovar trifolii.
Jarvis, B.D.W.; Ward, L.J.H.; Slade, E.A.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1989
Jun. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 55 (6): p.
1426-1434. ill; 1989 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Trifolium repens; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Root
nodulation; Gene expression; Soil bacteria; Dna
Abstract: Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria from the soil of
white clover-ryegrass pastures were screened for their ability
to nodulate while clover (Trifolium repens) cultivar
Grasslands Huia and for DNA homology with genomic DNA from
Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii ICMP2668 (NZP582). Of
these strains, 3.2% were able to hybridize with strain
ICMP2668 and nodulate white clover and approximately 19%
hybridized but were unable to nodulate. Strains which
nodulated but did not hybridize with strain ICMP2668 were not
detected. DNA from R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii (strain
PN165) cured of its symbiotic (Sym) plasmid and a specific nod
probe were used to show that the relationship observed was
usually due to chromosomal homology. Plasmid pPN1, a
cointegrate of the broad-host-range plasmid R68.45 and
symbiotic plasmid pRtr514a, was transferred by conjugation to
representative strains of nonnodulating, gram-negative, rod-
shaped soil bacteria. Transconjugants which formed nodules
were obtained from 6 of 18 (33%) strains whose DNA hybridized
with that of PN165 and 1 of 9 (11%) strains containing DNA
which did not hybridize with that of PN165. The presence and
location of R68.45 and nod genes was confirmed in
tranconjugants from three of the strains which formed nodules.
Similarly, a pLAFR1 cosmid containing nod genes from a
derivative of R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii NZP514 formed
nodules when transferred to soil bacteria.
86 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Expression of glutamine synthetase genes in roots and nodules
of Phaseolus vulgaris following changes in the ammonium supply
and infection with various Rhizobium mutants.
Cock, J.M.; Mould, R.M.; Bennett, M.J.; Cullimore, J.V.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1990 Apr.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 14
(4): p. 549-560; 1990 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Rhizobium phaseoli; Rhizobium
leguminosarum; Multigene families; Glutamate-ammonia ligase;
Gene expression; Genetic regulation; Ammonium; Roots; Root
nodules; Leghemoglobin; Nitrogen fixation; Messenger RNA;
Mutants
Abstract: In this paper we have examined whether the four
glutamine synthetase (gln) genes, expressed in roots and
nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris are substrate-inducible by
ammonium. Manipulation of the ammonium pool in roots, through
addition and removal of exogenous ammonium, did not elicit any
changes in the abundances of the four mRNAs thus suggesting
that the gin genes in roots of this legume are neither
substrate-inducible by ammonium nor derepressed during
nitrogen starvation. In nodules the effect of the ammonium
supply on expression of the gln genes has been examined by
growing nodules under argon/oxygen atmospheres, or with a
number of Fix- Rhizobium mutants, and following addition of
exogenous ammonium. The results of these experiments suggest
that the expression of the gln-gamma gene, which is strongly
induced during nodule development, is primarily under a
developmental control. However nitrogen fixation appears to
have a quantitative effect on expression of gln-gamma as the
abundance of this mRNA is about 2 to 4-fold higher under
nitrogen-fixing conditions. This effect could not be mimicked
by addition of exogenous ammonium and moreover is not specific
to the gln-gamma gene as mRNA from a leghaemoglobin gene was
similarly affected. Taken together these results have failed
to find an effect of ammonium on specifically inducing the
expression of glutamine synthetase genes in roots and nodules
of P. vulgaris.
87 NAL Call. No.: QK710.A9
Expression of nodulation genes in Rhizobium and acid-
sensitivity of nodule formation.
Richardson, A.E.; Djordjevic, M.A.; Rolfe, B.G.; Simpson, R.J.
East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization; 1989.
Australian journal of plant physiology v. 16 (1): p. 117-129.
ill; 1989. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Nodulation; Genes; Gene expression;
Rhizobium; Nitrogen fixation
88 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Expression of nodulation genes in Rhizobium leguminosarum
biovar trifolii is affected by low pH and by Ca and Al ions.
Richardson, A.E.; Simpson, R.J.; Djordjevic, M.A.; Rolfe, B.G.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1988
Oct. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 54 (10): p.
2541-2548. ill; 1988 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Gene expression;
Nodulation; Ph; Calcium; Aluminum; Ions; Trifolium; Flavonoids
Abstract: Early stages in the infection of leguminous plants
by Rhizobium spp. are restricted at low pH and are further
influenced by the presence of Ca and Al ions. In the
experiments reported here, transcriptional and translational
fusions of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene to Rhizobium
leguminosarum biovar trifolii nodulation (nod) genes were used
to investigate the effects of pH and of Ca and Al ions on nod
gene expression. The regulatory nodD gene in R. leguminosarum
biovar trifolii was constitutively expressed at a range of pH
levels between 4.8 and 6.5, and expression was not affected by
the addition of 22.5 microM Al or 1,250 microM Ca. Induction
of expression of nodA, nodF, and region II nodulation genes in
the presence of 5 X 10-7 M 7, 4'-dihydroxy-flavone was
restricted at a pH of < 5.7 and was extremely poor at pH 4.8.
Induction of nodA expression was further restricted by 22.5
microM Al over a range of pH levels but was increased in the
presence of Ca. The addition of Ca, however, only slightly
alleviated the Al-mediated inhibition of nodA induction.
Induction of expression of nodA was equally sensitive to low
pH in three strains of R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii
(ANU845, ANU815, and ANU1184), which exhibited contrasting
growth abilities in solution culture at a pH of < 5.0.
Aluminum, however, differentially affected the induction of
nodA in these three strains, with the most Al-tolerant strain
for growth being the most Al-sensitive strain for nod gene
induction. Poor induction of expression of nodulation genes in
R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii was considered to be an
important factor contributing to the acid-sensitive step of
legume root infection.
89 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Expression of Rhizobium galegae common nod clones in various
backgrounds. Rasanen, L.A.; Heikkila-Kallio, U.; Suominen, L.;
Lipsanen, P.; Lindstrom, K. St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1991
Nov.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 4 (6): p.
535-544; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Nodulation;
Genes; Gene transfer; Cosmids; Plasmids; Agrobacterium
tumefaciens; Mutants; Gene expression; Complementation;
Galega; Root hairs; Deformation; Symbiosis; Nitrogen fixation;
Plant morphology
90 NAL Call. No.: QR1.F44
The expression of the nodD and nodABC gene of Rhizobium
leguminosarum is not regulated in response to combined
nitrogen.
Baev, N.; Amar, M.; Defez, R.; Iaccarino, M.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992 Oct15.
FEMS microbiology letters - Federation of European
Microbiological Societies v. 97 (3): p. 205-208; 1992 Oct15.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Nodulation; Genes; Gene
expression; Genetic regulation; Ammonium chloride; Ammonium
nitrate; Potassium nitrate; Flavonoids; Beta-galactosidase;
Enzyme activity
Abstract: Using a Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain
harboring nodD::lacZ or nodC::lacZ translational fusions,
grown in minimal media containing different concentrations of
nitrate and/or ammonium salts, lacZ expression was monitored.
Based on these experiments it is shown that the induction of
Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae nodD and nodABC operons by
the flavanone naringenin is not regulated in response to
nitrate and/or ammonium salts.
91 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Extension of host range of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.
trifolii caused by point mutations in nodD that result in
alterations in regulatory function and recognition of inducer
molecules.
McIver, J.; Djordjevic, M.A.; Weinman, J.J.; Bender, G.L.;
Rolfe, B.G. St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1989 May.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 2 (3): p.
97-106. ill; 1989 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Legumes; Symbiosis; Rhizobium leguminosarum;
Biotypes; Mutations; In vivo; Genes; Root nodulation;
Regulation; Gene expression; Host specificity; Phenotypes;
Binding site; Molecular genetics; Nitrogen fixation
92 NAL Call. No.: QH573.N37
Factors controlling root nodule induction by Rhizobium
meliloti. Kondorosi, A.; Kondorosi, E.; Dusha, I.; Banfalvi,
Z.; Gyuris, J.; John, M.; Schmidt, J.; Bakos, A.; Hoffmann,
B.; Duda, E.; Bruijn, F. de Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag;
1989.
NATO ASI series : Series H : Cell biology v. 36: p. 319-327;
1989. In the series analytic: Signal molecules in plants and
plant-microbe interactions / edited by B.J.J. Lugtenberg.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Molecular Signals in Microbe-Plant Symbiotic and Pathogenic
Systems, May 21-26, 1989, Biddinghuizen, The Netherlands.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Leguminosae; Rhizobium meliloti;
Nodulation; Root nodules; Genes; Gene expression; Controlling
elements; Genetic regulation; Promoters; Dna binding proteins;
Root hairs; Infection
93 NAL Call. No.: QK710.A9
Factors determining host recognition in the clover--Rhizobium
symbiosis. Djordjevic, M.A.; Weinman, J.J.
East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization; 1991.
Australian journal of plant physiology v. 18 (5): p. 543-557;
1991. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Trifolium; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Symbiosis;
Infectivity; Host range; Host specificity; Flavonoids;
Biosynthesis; Genetic regulation; Gene expression; Literature
reviews
94 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82
Factors determining mineral uptake in vitro.
Williams, R.R.
Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science;
1991 Apr. Acta horticulturae (289): p. 165-166; 1991 Apr.
Paper presented at the "International Symposium on Plant
Biotechnology and its Contribution to Plant Development,
Multiplication and Improvement," April 19-20, 1989, Geneva,
Switzerland. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant nutrition; In vitro culture; Nutrient
uptake; Culture media
95 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 G28
Family of activator genes regulates expression of Rhizobium
meliloti nodulation genes.
Mulligan, J.T.; Long, S.R.
Baltimore, Md. : Genetics Society of America; 1989 May.
Genetics v. 122 (1): p. 7-18. ill; 1989 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Strains; Nodulation; Genetic
control; Gene expression; Genome analysis; Mutants
Abstract: Nodulation (nod) gene expression in Rhizobium
meliloti requires plant inducers and the activating protein
product of the nodD gene. We have examined three genes in R.
meliloti which have nodD activity and sequence homology. These
three nodD genes are designated nodD1, nodD2, and nodD3, and
have distinctive properties. The nodD1 gene product activates
expression of the nodABC operon, as measured by a nodC-lacZ
fusion or by transcript analysis, in the presence of crude
seed or plant wash or the inducer, luteolin. The nodD3 gene
product can cause a high basal (uninduced) level of nodC-lacZ
expression and nodABC transcripts which is relatively
unaffected by inducers. The effect of nodD3 is dependent on
the presence of another gene, syrM (symbiotic regulator). By
primer extension analysis we determined that the transcription
start site is the same for nodD1 plus luteolin or nodD3-syrM
mediated expression of nodA and nodH mRNAs. syrM also enhances
the expression of another symbiotically important trait,
production of extracellular polysaccharide. This regulatory
effect of syrM requires locus syrA, which is linked to nodD3
and syrM. The syrM-syrA mediated increase in polysaccharide
production requires at least some of the previously identified
exo genes and may be a parallel regulartory event to the syrM-
nodD3 control of nod promoters.
96 NAL Call. No.: TP248.2.B562
Field testing of genetically engineered microorganisms.
Drahos, D.J.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Biotechnology advances v. 9 (2): p. 157-171; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Uk; Australia; California; South Carolina;
Washington; Montana; Indiana; Maryland; Nebraska; Illinois;
Minnesota; Wisconsin; Mississippi; Plant pathogenic bacteria;
Soil bacteria; Field tests; Genetic engineering; Genetic
transformation; Recombination; Genes; Modification; Marker
genes; Gene expression; Persistence; Risk; Assessment;
Biological control; Endotoxins; Nitrogen fixation;
Baculovirus; Migration; Reviews
97 NAL Call. No.: 284.28 W15
First bacterium is found that provides nitrogen to plants,
gets food from sun. Naj, A.
New York, N.Y. : Dow Jones; 1988 Dec23.
The Wall Street journal. p. B3; 1988 Dec23.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nitrogen fixing bacteria; Genetic engineering
98 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532
Functional analysis of the Sesbania rostrata leghemoglobin
glb3 gene 5' -upstream region in transgenic Lotus corniculatus
and Nicotiana tabacum plants.
Szabados, L.; Ratet, P.; Grunenberg, B.; De Bruijn, F.J.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1990
Oct. The Plant cell v. 10 (2): p. 973-986. ill; 1990 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sesbania; Lotus corniculatus; Nicotiana tabacum;
Rhizobium; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Agrobacterium
rhizogenes; Genetic transformation; Transgenics;
Leghemoglobin; Genes; Chimeras; Beta-glucuronidase; Reporter
genes; Gene expression; Genetic regulation; Promoters; Enzyme
activity; Histochemistry; Roots; Stems; Root nodules; Petioles
Abstract: Expression of the Sesbania rostrata leghemoglobin
glb3 gene was analyzed in transgenic Lotus corniculatus and
tobacco plants harboring chimeric glb3-uidA (gus) gene fusions
to identify cis-acting elements involved in nodule-specific
gene expression and general transcriptional control. A 1.9-
kilobase fragment of the glb3 5'-upstream region was found to
direct a high level of nodule-specific beta-glucuronidase
(GUS) activity in L. corniculatus, restricted to the
Rhizobium-infected cells of the nodules. The same fragment
directed a low level of GUS activity in tobacco, restricted
primarily to the roots and to phloem cells of the stem and
petiole vascular system. A deletion analysis revealed that the
region between coordinates -429 and -48 relative to the ATG
was sufficient for nodule-specific expression. Replacement of
the -161 to -48 region, containing the glb3 CAAT and TATA
boxes, with the heterologous truncated promoters delta-p35S
and delta-pnos resulted in a loss of nodule specificity and
reduction of GUS activity in L. corniculatus but a significant
increase in tobacco, primarily in the roots. The same fragment
could not direct nodule-specific expression when fused to a
heterologous enhancer in cis. This region contains DNA
sequences required, but not sufficient, for nodule-specific
expression in L. corniculatus that function poorly or may be
involved in promoter silencing in tobacco. By fusing further
upstream fragments to the delta-p35S and delta-pnos promoters,
two positive regulatory regions were delimited between
coordinates -1601 and -670, as well as -429 and -162. The
former region appears to function as a general enhancer
because it significantly increased promoter activity in both
orientations in L. corniculatus and tobacco. The latter region
could enhance gene expression in both orientations in tobacco,
but only in the correct orientation in L. corniculatus. These
results show that efficient expression of the S. rostrata glb3
gene in nodules is mediat
99 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J823
Generation of Azotobacter vinelandii strains defective in
siderophore production and characterization of a strain unable
to produce known siderophores.
Sevinc, M.S.; Page, W.J.
Reading : Society for General Microbiology; 1992 Mar.
The Journal of general microbiology v. 138 (pt.3): p. 587-596;
1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Azotobacter vinelandii; Strains; Mutants; Iron;
Siderophores; Dna; Genetic transformation; Mutagenesis;
Transposable elements; Nitrogen fixation
Abstract: Siderophore-negative mutants of Azotobacter
vinelandii were generated by insertional mutagenesis with a
Tn5 construct containing a promoterless lux AB fusion. The use
of this construct, delivered on a suicide plasmid by
conjugation, allowed the selection of mutations in iron-
repressible genes by virtue of the expression of iron-
regulated bioluminescence. Although many iron-regulated
mutants were selected, only a few could be easily identified
as defective in siderophore production. These included a non-
fluorescent azotobactin-negative phenotype (strain D27), and
strain F196, which had lost the ability to produce the
catechol siderophores azotochelin and aminochelin as well as
the lower-affinity chelator 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Strain
D27 had normal production of catechol siderophores, while
strain F196 produced 2.5 times as much azotobactin as the
wild-type. Two other mutants demonstrated normal catechol
levels and either low or relatively unrepressed azotobactin
levels. Transformation of the DNA from strain F196 into
another spontaneously obtained azotobactin-negative strain
(UA1) resulted in strain P100, which was unable to produce the
known siderophores. Unlike the wild-type and other
siderophore-deficient mutants, this strain was unable to grow
in the presence of the iron chelator ethylenediamine
di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA; 50 micrograms per ml)
unless stored iron was carried over in the inoculum. Strain
P100 did grow on iron-limited medium containing EDDHA when the
catechol or azotobactin siderophores were provided
exogenously. However, strain P100 gave a positive result in
the chrome azurol-S assay (CAS), a non-specific assay for
siderophores. The CAS activity was iron-repressible and strain
P100 was able to grow and accumulate more iron from the
insoluble iron minerals FeS, vivianite and Fe3O4 than was
available by simple diffusion or exchange. Therefore, it
appears that iron-limited A. vinelandii produces an as yet
unidentified low-affinity
100 NAL Call. No.: QK1.A57
Genetic analysis of legume nodule initiation.
Rolfe, B.G.; Gresshoff, P.M.
Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews, Inc; 1988.
Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology
v. 39: p. 297-319. ill; 1988. Literature review. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Rhizobium; Nodulation; Ontogeny;
Genetic control; Genetic analysis; Gene expression;
Infectivity
101 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 G28
Genetic and molecular analysis of cdr1/nim1 in
Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Feilotter, H.; Nurse, P.; Young,
P.G.
Baltimore, Md. : Genetics Society of America; 1991 Feb.
Genetics v. 127 (2): p. 309-318; 1991 Feb. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Endomycetales; Genes; Cloning; Restriction
mapping; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences;
Prediction; Southern blotting; Allelism; Gene mapping;
Plasmids; Genetic transformation; Mutations; Gene interaction;
Cell division; Regulation; Nitrogen; Starvation; Nutrient
deficiencies
Abstract: The cdr1 gene in Schizosaccharomyces pombe was
identified as a mutation affecting the nutritional
responsiveness of the mitotic size control. cdr1 alleles have
been further analyzed for genetic interactions with elements
of the mitotic control pathway and cloned by plasmid rescue of
a conditional lethal cdr1-76 cdc25-22 double mutant. These
analyses show that the cdr1 gene is allelic to nim1, a gene
identified as a high copy number plasmid suppressor of the
mitotic control gene, cdc25. The gene structure for cdr]
differs from the described nim1 gene in the carboxyl-terminal
portion of the gene. The published nim1 sequence encoded a
product of predicted Mr 45,000, and included 356 amino acids
from the amino-terminal region of the gene and 14 amino acids
from a noncontiguous carboxyl-terminal fragment. The cdr1
sequence includes an additional 237 amino acids of the
contiguous fragment and encodes a product of predicted Mr
67,000. The sequence shows a high level of identity with
protein kinases over the amino-terminal catalytic domain, and
limited identity with yeast protein kinases SNF1, KIN2 and
KIN1 over part of the carboxyl-terminal domain. The effect of
overexpression of the full length gene has been examined in
various genetic backgrounds. These data show that the full
length gene product is required to give a normal cell cycle
response to nitrogen starvation. A detailed examination of the
genetic interaction of cdr1 mutants with various mutants of
mitotic control genes (cdc2, cdc25, wee1, cdc13) demonstrated
strong interactions with cdc25, some cdc2 alleles, and with
cdc13-117. Overall, the results are interpretable within the
framework of the existing model of cdr1/nim1 action in mitotic
control, i.e., cdr1 functions upstream of wee1 to relieve
mitotic inhibition.
102 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Genetic diversity and relationships among isolates of
Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli.
Pinero, D.; Martinez, E.; Selander, R.K.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1988
Nov. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 54 (11): p.
2825-2832. ill; 1988 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Phaseolus vulgaris;
Genetic variation; Enzymes; Chromosomes; Structural genes;
Heterogeneity
Abstract: Fifty-one isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum
biovar phaseoli from various geographic and ecological
sources, largely in Mexico, were characterized by the
electrophoretic mobilities of 15 metabolic enzymes, and 46
distinctive multilocus genotypes (electrophoretic types [ETs])
were distinguished on the basis of allele profiles at the
enzyme loci. Mean genetic diversity per enzyme locus among the
46 ETs was 0.691, the highest value yet recorded for any
species of bacterium. The occurrence of strong nonrandom
associations of alleles over loci suggested a basically clonal
population structure, reflecting infrequent recombination of
chromosomal genes. Multilocus genotypic diversity was
unusually high, with the most strongly differentiated pairs of
ETs having distinctive alleles at all 15 loci and major
clusters of ETs diverging at genetic distances as large as
0.89. This great diversity in the chromosomal genome raises
the possibility that R. leguminosarum biovar phaseoli is a
polyphyletic assemblage of strains. As other workers have
suggested, the inclusion of all strains capable of nodulating
beans in a single biovar or species in genetically unrealistic
and taxonomically misleading. A biologically meaningful
classification of Rhizobium spp. should be based on assessment
of variation in the chromosomal genome rather than on
phenotypic characters, especially those mediated for the most
part or wholly by plasmid-borne genes, such as host
relationships.
103 NAL Call. No.: QK1.S86
Genetic enhancement of nitrogen fixation.
Phillips, D.A.
Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1991.
Studies in plant science (1): p. 408-428; 1991. In the series
analytic: Biology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation /
edited by M.J. Dilworth and A.R. Glenn. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Plant nutrition; Nitrogen fixation;
Genetic engineering; Plant breeding; Rhizobium;
Bradyrhizobium; Symbiosis; Crop production; Literature reviews
104 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Genetic organization of the hydrogen uptake (hup) cluster from
Rhizobium leguminosarum.
Leyva, A.; Palacios, J.M.; Murillo, J.; Ruiz-Argueso, T.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1990
Mar. Journal of bacteriology v. 172 (3): p. 1647-1655. ill;
1990 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Structural genes;
Hydrogen; Uptake; Enzyme activity; Pisum sativum
Abstract: In symbiosis with peas, Rhizobium leguminosarum
UPM791 induces the synthesis of a hydrogen uptake (Hup) system
that recycles hydrogen generated in nodules by nitrogenase. A
cosmid (pAL618) containing hup genes from this strain on a 20-
kilobase-pair (kb) DNA insert has previously been isolated in
our laboratory (A. Leyva, J. M. Palacios, T. Mozo, and T.
Ruiz-Arguleso, J. Bacteriol. 169:4929-4934, 1987). Here we
show that cosmid pAL618 contains all of the genetic
information required to confer high levels of hydrogenase
activity on the naturally Hup- strains R. leguminosarum UML2
and Rhizobium phaseoli CFN42, and we also describe in detail
the organization of hup genes on pAL618. To study hup gene
organization, site-directed transposon mutagenesis and
complementation analysis were carried out. According to the
Hup phenotype associated with the transposon insertions, hup
genes were found to span a 15-kilobase-pair region within
pAL618 insert DNA. Complementation analysis revealed that Hup-
mutants fell into six distinct complementation groups that
define six transcriptional units, designated regions hupI to
hupVI. Region hupI was subcloned and expressed in Escherichia
coli cells under the control of a bacteriophage T7 promoter. A
polypeptide of ca. 65 kilodaltons that was cross-reactive with
antiserum against the large subunit of Bradyrhizobium
japonicum hydrogenase was detected both in E. coli cells
carrying the cloned hupI region and in pea bacteroids from
strain UPM791, indicating that region hupI codes for
structural genes of R. leguminosarum hydrogenase.
105 NAL Call. No.: QP601.M49
Genetic techniques in Rhizobium meliloti.
Glazebrook, J.; Walker, G.C.
San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press; 1991.
Methods in enzymology v. 204: p. 398-418; 1991. In the series
analytic: Bacterial genetic systems / edited by J. H. Miller.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Transduction; Genetic
analysis; Transposable elements; Insertional mutagenesis;
Plasmids; Recombination; Gene transfer
106 NAL Call. No.: QK1.S86
The genetics and regulation of alternative nitrogenases.
Robson, R.L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1991.
Studies in plant science (1): p. 142-161; 1991. In the series
analytic: Biology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation /
edited by M.J. Dilworth and A.R. Glenn. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant nutrition; Nitrogen fixation; Nitrogenase;
Enzyme activity; Genetic regulation; Gene mapping; Cloning;
Literature reviews
107 NAL Call. No.: QK1.S86
Genetics and regulation of Mo-nitrogenase.
Elmerich, C.
Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1991.
Studies in plant science (1): p. 103-141; 1991. In the series
analytic: Biology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation /
edited by M.J. Dilworth and A.R. Glenn. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant nutrition; Nitrogen fixation; Nitrogenase;
Enzyme activity; Molybdenum; Genetic regulation; Genes;
Transcription; Gene expression; Nucleotide sequences;
Literature reviews
108 NAL Call. No.: QR89.7.I56 1990
Genetics of alternative nitrogen fixation systems in
Azotobacter vinelandii. Bishop, P.E.; MacDougal, S.I.;
Wolfinger, E.D.; Shermer, C.L. New York : Chapman and Hall;
1990.
Nitrogen fixation : achievements and objectives : proceedings
of the 8th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation,
Knoxville, Tennessee, May 20-26, 1990 edited by Peter M.
Gresshoff ... [et al.].. p. 789-795; 1990. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Azotobacter vinelandii; Nitrogenase; Genetic
code; Strains
109 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AN72
Genetics of competition for nodulation of legumes.
Triplett, E.W.; Sadowsky, M.J.
Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews, Inc; 1992.
Annual review of microbiology v. 46: p. 399-428; 1992.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Rhizobiaceae; Nodulation; Host
specificity; Competitive ability; Genes; Phenotypes;
Recombination; Literature reviews
110 NAL Call. No.: 470 SCI2
Genome rearrangement and nitrogen fixation in Anabaena blocked
by inactivation of xisA gene.
Golden, J.W.; Wiest, D.R.
Washington, D.C. : American Association for the Advancement of
Science; 1988 Dec09.
Science v. 242 (4884): p. 1421-1423. ill; 1988 Dec09.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Anabaena; Genomes; Dna; Genes; Nitrogen fixation
Abstract: Two genome rearrangements involving 11- and 55-
kilobase DNA elements occur during the terminal
differentiation of an Anabaena photosynthetic vegetative cell
into a nitrogen-fixing heterocyst. The xisA gene, located on
the nifD 11-kilobase DNA element, was inactivated by
recombination between the chromosome and a copy of the xisA
gene that was mutated by inserting an antibiotic gene
cassette. Site-directed inactivation of the Anabaena xisA gene
blocked rearrangement of the 55-kilobase element, heterocyst
differentiation, or heterocyst pattern formation.
111 NAL Call. No.: 470 C16C
Genome rearrangements during Anabaena heterocyst
differentiation. Golden, J.W.
Ottawa, Ont. : National Research Council of Canada; 1988 Oct.
Canadian journal of botany; Journal canadien de botanique v.
66 (10): p. 2098-2102; 1988 Oct. Paper presented at the
"Symposium on Topics in Plant Nitrogen Metabolism, "June 11,
1987, Ontario, Canada. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Anabaena; Heterocysts; Nitrogen fixation;
Differentiation; Genetic control; Genome analysis;
Recombination; Gene expression
112 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
The glnA gene of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli and its
role in symbiosis.
Moreno, S.; Meza, R.; Guzman, J.; Carabez, A.; Espin, G.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1991 Nov.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 4 (6): p.
619-622; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Rhizobium leguminosarum;
Biotypes; Symbiosis; Nitrogen fixation; Root nodules; Strains;
Strain differences; Enzyme activity; Glutamate-ammonia ligase;
Genes; Insertional mutagenesis
113 NAL Call. No.: QK475.T74
Growth and phenology of seedlings of four contrasting slash
pine families in ten nitrogen regimes.
Dewald, L.; White, T.L.; Duryea, M.L.
Victoria, B.C. : Heron Publishing; 1992 Oct.
Tree physiology v. 11 (3): p. 255-269; 1992 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pinus elliottii; Seedlings; Growth rate;
Nitrogen; Nutrient requirements; Phenology; Plant morphology;
Carbon; Nutrient transport
Abstract: Seedlings of two fast- and two slow-growing
families of slash pine, Pinus elliottii Englm. var. elliottii,
were grown in a greenhouse for one growing season in one of 10
nitrogen (N) regimes. Increasing the N concentration in the
nutrient solution resulted in both increased growth rates
during the exponential growth phase and extended duration of
the growing season. The two components of total height, free
growth (epicotyl length to the first bud) and summer growth
(height growth after the first bud), both increased
significantly with increasing N concentrations up to 40-60 mg
l-1 but decreased at N concentrations above 180 mg l-1.
Compared to seedlings grown in the presence of an optimum N
concentration, seedlings grown in the presence of trace
amounts of N were smaller and had less summer growth as a
percentage of total growth, earlier cessation of height
growth, fewer flushes, lower shoot/root ratio, higher root
fibrosity, and lower N concentrations in all seedling tissues.
Compared to slow-growing families, fast-growing families had
more summer height growth, more flushes and later growth
cessation, higher shoot/root ratios and higher root fibrosity
at all N concentrations. In the presence of an optimum or
higher concentration of N, the fast-growing families also had
higher needle and total N concentrations than the slow-growing
families. Strong family by N-treatment interactions occurred
for height, phenology and biomass traits because of the extra
responsiveness of one family to increasing N concentration.
Several seedling traits were identified that appear promising
for predicting field performance in slash pine. The results
indicated that the nutrient environment greatly influences
genetic expression (e.g., family patterns of summer growth
were most closely related to field rankings for seedlings in
the trace-N treatment).
114 NAL Call. No.: S596.7.D4
Growth, root respiration and phosphorus utilization of normal
and Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformed potato plants.
Geijn, S.C. van de; Helder, J.; Hooren, H.G. van; Hanisch ten
Cate, C.H. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1989.
Developments in plant and soil sciences v. 36: p. 269-273.
ill; 1989. In the series analytic: Structural and functional
aspects of transport in roots / edited by B.C. Loughman, O.
Gasparikova, and J. Kolek. Proceedings of the Third
International Symposium held August 3-7, 1987, Nitra,
Czechoslovakia. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Lycopersicon esculentum;
Roots; Shoots; Agrobacterium; Respiration; Oxygen consumption;
Phosphorus; Nutrient uptake; Nutrient contents of plants; Rgr;
Genetic transformation; Phenotypes; Grafting
115 NAL Call. No.: 472 N21
A haemoprotein with kinase activity encoded by the oxygen
sensor of Rhizobium meliloti.
Gilles-Gonzalez, M.A.; Ditta, G.S.; Helinski, D.R.
London : Macmillan Magazines Ltd; 1991 Mar14.
Nature v. 350 (6314): p. 170-172. ill; 1991 Mar14. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Genes; Kinases; Oxygen;
Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences
Abstract: The expression of the nitrogen-fixation genes of
Rhizobium meliloti is controlled by oxygen. These genes are
induced when the free oxygen concentration is reduced to
microaerobic levels. Two regulator proteins, FixL and FixJ,
initiate the oxygen-response cascade, and the genes that
encode them have been cloned. The fixL product seems to be a
transmembrane sensor that modulates the activity of the fixJ
product, a cytoplasmic regulator. FixL and FixJ are homologous
to a family of bacterial two-component regulators, for which
the mode of signal transduction is phosphorylation (reviewed
in refs 5-9). We report here the purification of both FixJ and
a soluble truncated FixL (FixL ), overproduced from a single
plasmid construct. FixL catalyses its own phosphorylation and
the transfer of the gamma-phosphate of ATP to FixJ. The
resulting FixJ-phosphate linkage is sensitive to base, as are
the aspartyl phosphates of homologous systems. Visible spectra
of purified FixL show that it is an oxygen-binding
haemoprotein. We propose that FixL senses oxygen through its
haem moiety and transduces this signal by controlling the
phosphorylation of FixJ.
116 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54
Hairy roots--a short cut to transgenic root nodules.
Hansen, J.; Jorgensen, J.E.; Stougaard, J.; Marcker, K.A.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1989.
Plant cell reports v. 8 (1): p. 12-15. ill; 1989. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lotus corniculatus; Agrobacterium; Rhizobium;
Genetic transformation; Root nodules; Nitrogen fixation; Gene
expression; Tissue culture; Regeneration; Culture media
117 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Heterologous exopolysaccharide production in Rhizobium sp.
strain NGR234 and consequence for nodule development.
Gray, J.X.; Zhan, H.; Levery, S.B.; Battisti, L.; Rolfe, B.G.;
Leigh, J.A. Washington, D.C. : American Society for
Microbiology; 1991 May. Journal of bacteriology v. 173 (10):
p. 3066-3077; 1991 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leucaena leucocephala; Rhizobium; Rhizobium
meliloti; Nodulation; Root nodules; Polysaccharides; Genes;
Induced mutations; Mutants; Deletions; Carbohydrate
metabolism; Nitrogen fixation; Biological development; Genetic
transformation; Tissue ultrastructure
Abstract: Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 produces large amounts
of acidic exopolysaccharide. Mutants that fail to synthesize
this exopolysaccharide are also unable to nodulate the host
plant Leucaena leucocephala. A hybrid strain of Rhizobium sp.
strain NGR234 containing exo genes from Rhizobium meliloti was
constructed. The background genetics and nod genes of
Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 are retained, but the cluster of
genes involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis was deleted.
These exo genes were replaced with genes required for the
synthesis of succinoglycan exopolysaccharide from R. meliloti.
As a result of the genetic manipulation, the ability of these
hybrids to synthesize exopolysaccharide was restored, but the
structure was that of succinoglycan and not that of Rhizobium
sp. strain NGR234. The replacement genes were contained on a
cosmid which encoded the entire known R. meliloti exo gene
cluster, with the exception of exoB. Cosmids containing
smaller portions of this exo gene cluster did not restore
exopolysaccharide production. The presence of succinoglycan
was indicated by staining with the fluorescent dye Calcofluor,
proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and
monosaccharide analysis. Although an NGR234 exoY mutant
containing the R. meliloti exo genes produced multimers of the
succinoglycan repeat unit, as does the wild-type R. meliloti,
the, deletion mutant of Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 containing
the R. meliloti exo genes produced only the monomer. The
deletion mutant therefore appeared to lack a function that
affects the multiplicity of succinoglycan produced in the
Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 background. Although these hybrid
strains produced succinoglycan, they were still able to induce
the development of an organized nodule structure on L.
leucocephala. The resulting nodules did not fix nitrogen, but
they did contain infection threads and bacteroids within plant
cells. This clearly demonstrated that a heterologous acidic
exopolysaccharide structu
118 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
How biotech is dealing with its nitrogen fixation.
McCormick, D.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Pub. Co; 1988 Apr.
Bio/technology v. 6 (4): p. 383-385; 1988 Apr.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant nutrition; Nitrogen fixation; Nodulation;
Nitrogenase; Genes; Nitrogen-fixing bacteria; Biotechnology
119 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Identification and cDNA cloning of a new nodule-specific gene,
Nms-25 (nodulin-25) of Medicago sativa.
Kiss, G.B.; Vincze, E.; Vegh, Z.; Toth, G.; Soos, J.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1990 Apr.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 14
(4): p. 467-475; 1990 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Genes;
Nodulins; Cloning; Messenger RNA; Nucleotide sequences; Amino
acid sequences; Molecular conformation; Gene expression; Root
nodules; Nodulation; Restriction mapping
Abstract: A new nodule-specific gene, Nms-25 (nodulin-25),
was identified in cDNA clones isolated from a nodule-specific
cDNA library of Medicago sativa. The first transcript of this
gene appeared 9 days after inoculation of the roots with
Rhizobium meliloti. The time of expression and the quantity of
the transcripts of the Nms-25 gene was similar to that of
leghemoglobin genes suggesting a similar regulation. A protein
of 246 amino acids could be deduced from a full-length cDNA
clone. The first 24 amino acids at the N-terminal end of this
protein formed a signal sequence which might direct membrane
transport into the peribacteroid space. Using different
predictive methods the signal sequence cleaved protein was
tentatively predicted to be a water-soluble enzyme, but not
hydrolase.
120 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Identification of Frankia strains by direct DNA hybridization
of crushed nodules.
Simonet, P.; Thi Le, N.; Teissier du Cros, E.; Bardin, R.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1988
Oct. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 54 (10): p.
2500-2503. ill; 1988 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alnus glutinosa; Frankia; Strains;
Identification; Dna; Root nodules; Hybridization
Abstract: A hybridization procedure was developed to identify
Frankia strains inside actinorhizae by direct probing of
crushed root nodules. The probe consisted of an indigenous
cryptic plasmid. This well-conserved, 8-kilobase plasmid was
detected in Frankia isolates that were very close
taxonomically (they possessed a very high DNA sequence
homology). The probe did not hybridize to the DNA of Frankia
isolates which did not carry the plasmid. Endophyte DNA was
extracted by a modification of a technique originally
developed for the detection of plasmids in Frankia isolates.
The hybridization procedure applied to nodules collected in a
stand of alder permitted determination of a distribution map
of the plasmid-bearing Frankia strains.
121 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8224
Identification of No1R, a negative transacting factor
controlling the nod regulon in Rhizobium meliloti.
Kondorosi, E.; Pierre, M.; Cren, M.; Haumann, U.; Buire, M.;
Hoffmann, B.; Schell, J.; Kondorosi, A.
London : Academic Press; 1991 Dec20.
Journal of molecular biology v. 222 (4): p. 885-896; 1991
Dec20. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Nodulation; Genes; Gene
expression; Genetic regulation; Host specificity; Symbiosis;
Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences; Nitrogen fixation
Abstract: In Rhizobium meliloti, expression of the nodulation
genes (nod and nol genes) is under both positive and negative
controls. These genes are activated by the products of the
three related nodD genes, in conjunction with signal molecules
from the host plants. We showed that negative regulation is
mediated by a repressor protein, binding to the overlapping
nodD1 and nodA as well as to the nodD2 promoters. The encoding
gene, termed nolR, was identified and cloned from strain 41.
By subcloning, deletion and Tn5 mutagenesis, a region of 594
base-pairs was found to be necessary and sufficient for
repressor production in strains of R. meliloti lacking the
repressor or in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis revealed
that nolR encodes a 13,349 Da protein, which is in agreement
with the molecular weight of the NolR protein, determined
after purification by affinity chromatography, utilizing long
synthetic DNA multimers of the 21 base-pair conserved
repressor-binding sequence. Our data suggest that the native
NolR binds to the operator site in dimeric form. The NolR
contains a helix-turn-helix motif, which shows homology to the
DNA-binding sequences of numerous prokaryotic regulatory
proteins such as the repressor XylR or the activator NodD and
other members of the LysR family. Comparison of the putative
DNA-binding helix-turn-helix motifs of a large number of
regulatory proteins pointed to a number of novel regularities
in this sequence. Hybridizations with an internal noir
fragment showed that sequences homologous to the noir gene are
present in all R. meliloti isolates tested, even in those that
do not produce the repressor. In another species, such as
Rhizobium leguminosarum, where NodD is autoregulated, however,
such sequences were not detected.
122 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Identification of nodX, a gene that allows Rhizobium
leguminosarum biovar viciae strain TOM to nodulate Afghanistan
peas.
Davis, E.O.; Evans, I.J.; Johnston, A.W.B.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1988 Jun.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 212 (3): p. 531-535;
1988 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Afghanistan; Pisum sativum; Rhizobium
leguminosarum; Root nodules; Nodulation; Genetic control;
Nitrogen fixation; Nucleotide sequence; Gene expression
123 NAL Call. No.: QH573.N37
Identification of Rhizobium leguminosarum genes and signal
compounds involed in the induction of early nodulin gene
expression.
Scheres, B.; Wiel, C. van de; Zalensky, A.; Hirsch, A.;
Kammen, A. van; Bisseling, T.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag; 1989.
NATO ASI series : Series H : Cell biology v. 36: p. 367-377;
1989. In the series analytic: Signal molecules in plants and
plant-microbe interactions / edited by B.J.J. Lugtenberg.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Molecular Signals in Microbe-Plant Symbiotic and Pathogenic
Systems, May 21-26, 1989, Biddinghuizen, The Netherlands.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Nodulins;
Genes; Gene expression; Nodulation; Root nodules; Messenger
RNA; Root hairs
124 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J823
Identification of the exo loci required for exopolysaccharide
synthesis in Agrobacterium radiobacter NCIB 11883.
Aird, E.L.H.; Brightwell, G.; Jones, M.A.; Johnston, A.W.B.
Reading : Society for General Microbiology; 1991 Oct.
The Journal of general microbiology v. 137 (pt.10): p.
2287-2297; 1991 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Agrobacterium radiobacter; Mutants;
Polysaccharides; Biosynthesis; Rhizobium meliloti; Genes;
Loci; Clones; Cosmids; Plasmids; Dna; Gene transfer;
Recombination
Abstract: We initiated a genetic analysis of Agrobacterium
radiobacter NCIB 11883 with particular reference to the (exo)
genes required for exopolysaccharide synthesis. Following
mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, several exo mutant strains
were isolated and several of the mutations were corrected by
DNA cloned in a newly constructed cosmid library. Analysis of
various complementing cosmids by genetic and physical criteria
indicated that exo loci were quite widely dispersed in the
bacterial genome. Certain exo mutations were corrected by
different cosmids that shared no homologous DNA; possible
explanations for this are presented. Using phoA fusions, it
was shown that some exo genes were, or were closely linked to,
genes that specified polypeptides associated with the
bacterial cell surface. By introducing the cloned exo genes of
Rhizobium meliloti it was found that only one out of thirty
exo mutants of A. radiobacter was corrected by a defined exo
locus of the former species; further analysis indicated that
this particular exo gene corresponded to exoB of R. meliloti.
Finally, it was found that several A. radiobacter exo mutants
were non-mucoid on media with dicarboxylic acids as sole
carbon source but appeared to be wild-type when sugars were
the source of carbon.
125 NAL Call. No.: QH431.A1G43
Identification of the symbiotic plasmid of Rhizobium phaseoli
693. Ivashina, T.V.; Zlotnikov, K.M.
New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1990 Aug.
Soviet genetics v. 26 (2): p. 113-118; 1990 Aug. Translated
from: Genetika, v.26 (2), February 1990, p. 215-221.
(QH431.A1G4). Includes references.
Language: English; Russian
Descriptors: Rhizobium phaseoli; Strains; Plasmids; Genes;
Nodulation; Gene expression; Agrobacterium tumefaciens
126 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Identification of two groups of leghemoglobin genes in alfalfa
(Medicago sativa) and a study of their expression during root
nodule development. Barker, D.G.; Gallusci, P.; Lullien, V.;
Khan, H.; Gherardi, M.; Huguet, T. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic
Publishers; 1988.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
fundamental research and genetic engineering v. 11 (6): p.
761-772; 1988. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Medicago truncatula; Melilotus
alba; Rhizobium meliloti; Multigene families; Leghemoglobin;
Messenger RNA; Dna; Cloning; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid
sequences; Gene expression; Root nodules; Nodulation; Plant
development
Abstract: Differential screening of an alfalfa root nodule
cDNA library with either root or nodule mRNA resulted in the
isolation of two groups of leghemoglobin cDNA which differ
significantly in sequence. Analysis of one member of each
group revealed a divergence within the coding region of 15% at
the nucleotide level and 14% at the amino acid level. The 3'
non-coding sequences are 25% divergent but are highly
conserved over a stretch of 54 nucleotides which contains two
sequence motifs common to leghemoglobin genes from other plant
species. Southern blotting analysis with exon-specific probes
has shown that there are approximately twice as many
leghemoglobin gene copies in the alfalfa genome corresponding
to one type of cDNA as compared with the other. Using the same
criterium of DNA sequence relatedness these two distinct
groups of leghemoglobin genes have also been identified in the
genomes of the diploid annual Medicago truncatula and the
closely related genus, Melilotus. Transcripts corresponding to
both groups of leghemoglobin genes are first detected in
alfalfa nodules 9-10 days after Rhizobium inoculation.
Thereafter, mRNA levels increase rapidly and synchronously,
reaching a maximum approximately 2 days later. There is a 2-3
fold difference in the steady-state levels of the two mRNA
populations and this is maintained throughout the subsequent
two weeks of nodule growth. The absence of any detectable
transcription during the early stages of nodule development
and the apparent co-ordinate expression of leghemoglobin genes
in alfalfa contrasts with the situation in soybean and
suggests that important differences in leghemoglobin gene
regulation exist between these two distantly related legume
species.
127 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6
Impairment of transposon-induced mutants of Rhizobium
leguminosarum. Brockman, F.J.; Forse, L.B.; Bezdicek, D.F.;
Fredrickson, J.K. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Soil biology and biochemistry v. 23 (9): p. 861-867; 1991.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Pisum sativum; Rhizobium
leguminosarum; Mutants; Strains; Wild strains; Strain
differences; Phenotypes; Genetic engineering; Insertional
mutagenesis; Genetic markers; Vectors; Plasmids; Growth rate;
Symbiosis; Nodulation; Competitive ability; Root nodules;
Antibiotics; Drug resistance; Dry matter accumulation;
Nitrogen; Carbon; Carbon-nitrogen ratio
Abstract: Tn5 mutagenesis was investigated as a technique to
genetically mark Rhizobium for soil microcosm studies. Sixteen
mutants created by Tn5 insertion or suicide vector integration
were analyzed to determine how the mutations affected several
phenotypic traits. These included growth rate in culture,
symbiotic effectiveness, and competitiveness for nodule
occupancy. Seven of 10 Tn5-containing strains and 5 of 6
vector-integrate strains were impaired in one or more
phenotypic traits in comparison to their parent. These results
illustrate the need to carefully characterize genetically
marked organisms instead of assuming the marked organism is
simply an antibiotic-resistant strain equal to the parent.
128 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Implication of nifA in regulation of genes located on a
Rhizobium meliloti cryptic plasmid that affect nodulation
efficiency.
Sanjuan, J.; Olivares, J.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1989
Aug. Journal of bacteriology v. 171 (8): p. 4154-4161; 1989
Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Medicago sativa; Plasmids;
Genes; Regulation; Root nodulation; Nucleotide sequence
Abstract: We examined the contribution of a cryptic plasmid,
pRmeGR4b, to the nodulation of Medicago sativa by strain GR4
of Rhizobium meliloti. A 905-base-pair PstI DNA fragment in
pRmeGR4b was found to hybridize DNA of the R. meliloti fixA
promoter region as a probe. Sequence analysis of the PstI
fragment showed a 206-base-pair region displaying high
homology with the DNA upstream of the RNA start points of the
P1 and P2 symbiotic promoters. Putative nif promoter consensus
sequences were conserved in this DNA segment. Expression of
DNA downstream of the nif promoterlike sequence, monitored by
beta-galactosidase activity of different lacZ fusions, was
demonstrated to depend on a functional nifA gene, both in
microaerobically free-living cells and in nodules. Individual
transposon Tn3-HoHo1 insertions in this DNA region caused a
reduced nodulation competitiveness. This new symbiotic region,
occupying approximately 5 kilobases of pRmeGR4b DNA, was
called nfe (nodule formation efficiency).
129 NAL Call. No.: SB160.N38 1988
The importance of biological nitrogen fixation to new crop
development. Grasshoff, P.M.
Portland, Or. Timber Press; 1988.
Advances in new crops : proceedings of the First National
Symposium NEW CROPS, Research, Development, Economics,
Indianapolis, Indiana, Oct 23-26, 1988 edited by Jules Janick,
J.E. Simon. p. 113-119. ill; 1988. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Nitrogen fixation; Nitrogen fixing
bacteria; Nodulation; Genes; Symbiosis; Genetic engineering;
Biotechnology
130 NAL Call. No.: TP248.2.B562
Improvement of Rhizobium inoculants by mutation, genetic
engineering and formulation.
Paau, A.S.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Biotechnology advances v. 9 (2): p. 173-184; 1991. Literature
review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium; Strains; Mutants; Mutations; Genetic
improvement; Screening; Biological competition; Nitrogen
fixation; Symbiosis; Genetic engineering; Genes; Nodulation;
Host specificity; Nutrient transport; Formulations; Literature
reviews
131 NAL Call. No.: 100 UT1F
Improving nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Logan, Utah : The Station; 1992.
Utah Science - Utah Agricultural Experiment Station v. 53 (2):
p. 64-65; 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Nitrogen fixing bacteria;
Gene transfer; Efficiency
132 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
In situ localization of Rhizobium mRNAs in pea root nodules:
nifA and nifH localization.
Yang, W.C.; Horvath, B.; Hontelez, J.; Kammen, A. van;
Bisseling, T. St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1991 Sep.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 4 (5): p.
464-468; 1991 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Root nodules; Detection; Messenger
RNA; Nitrogen fixation; Genes; Rhizobium leguminosarum;
Biotypes; Strains; Gene expression; Nodulins; Nitrogenase
133 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Inactivation of nolC conditions developmental abnormalities in
nodulation of Peking soybean by Rhizobium fredii USDA257.
Krishnan, H.B.; Pueppke, S.G.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1992 Jan.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 5 (1): p.
14-21; 1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Rhizobium; Symbiosis; Cultivars;
Strains; Host specificity; Host range; Nodulation; Root
nodules; Abnormal development; Genetic regulation; Mutants;
Genes; Gene expression; Nitrogen fixation; Tissue
ultrastructure; Enzyme activity; Beta-galactosidase;
Leghemoglobin; Nodulins; Polysaccharides
134 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Increased bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) nodulation
competitiveness of genetically modified Rhizobium strains.
Martinez-Romero, E.; Rosenblueth, M.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1990
Aug. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 56 (8): p.
2384-2388; 1990 Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Rhizobium leguminosarum;
Strains; Root nodulation; Competitive ability; Plasmids;
Transfers
Abstract: Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli strain
collections harbor heterogeneous groups of bacteria in which
two main types of strains may be distinguished, differing both
in the symbiotic plasmid and in the chromosome. We have
analyzed under laboratory conditions the competitive abilities
of the different types of Rhizobium strains capable of
nodulating Phaseolus vulgaris L. bean. R. leguminosarum bv.
phaseoli type I strains (characterized by nif gene
reiterations and a narrow host range) are more competitive
than type II strains (that have a broad host range), and both
types are more competitive than the promiscuous rhizobia
isolated from other tropical legumes able to nodulate beans.
Type I strains become even more competitive by the transfer of
a non-Sym, 225-kilobase plasmid from type II strain CFN299.
This plasmid has been previously shown to enhance the
nodulation and nitrogen fixation capabilities of Agrobacterium
tumefaciens transconjugants carrying the Sym plasmid of strain
CFN299. Other type I R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli
transconjugants carrying two symbiotic plasmids (type I and
type II) have been constructed. These strains have a
diminished competitive ability. The increase of
competitiveness obtained in some transconjugants seems to be a
transient property.
135 NAL Call. No.: QR89.7.I56 1988
Increasing biological nitrogen fixation by genetic
manipulation. Cannon, F.C.; Beynon, J.; Hankinson, T.;
Kwiatkowski, R.; Legocki, R.P.; Ratcliffe, H.; Ronson, C.;
Szeto, W.; Williams, M.
Stuttgart : G. Fischer; 1988.
Nitrogen fixation : hundred years after : proceedings of the
7th International Congress on N [Triple-bond] Nitrogen
Fixation, Koln (Cologne), F.R.G., March 13-20, 1980 / edited
by H. Bothe, F.J. de Bruijn and W.E. Newton. p. 735-740; 1988.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Nitrogen fixation; Genetic
engineering; Symbiosis; Rhizobium meliloti
136 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Induced genetic variability in Rhizobium leguminosarum for
nitrogen fixation parameters in Vicia faba L.
Shukla, R.S.; Singh, C.B.; Dubey, J.N.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1989.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 78 (3): p. 433-435; 1989.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vicia faba; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Mutants;
Genetic analysis; Genetic variation; Irradiation; Induced
mutations; Nitrogen fixation; Genetic control; Gene
expression; Environmental factors; Heritability; Selection
137 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 C162
Induction of C4-dicarboxylate transport genes by external
stimuli in Rhizobium meliloti.
Batista, S.; Castro, S.; Aguilar, O.M.; Martinez-Drets, G.
Ottawa : National Research Council of Canada; 1992 Jan.
Canadian journal of microbiology v. 38 (1): p. 51-55; 1992
Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Nitrogen
fixation; Mutants; Genes; Genetic regulation; Gene expression
138 NAL Call. No.: QH301.S65
Induction of nodulin genes and root nodule symbiosis.
Verma, D.P.S.; Miao, G.H.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1992.
Seminar series - Society for Experimental Biology (49): p.
175-204. ill; 1992. In the series analytic: Inducible plant
proteins: their biochemistry and molecular biology / edited by
J.L. Wray. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nodulins; Gene expression; Genetic regulation;
Legumes; Rhizobiaceae; Root nodules; Soil bacteria; Symbiosis;
Literature reviews
139 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Induction of the second exopolysaccharide (EPSb) in Rhizobium
meliloti SU47 by low phosphate concentrations.
Zhan, H.; Lee, C.C.; Leigh, J.A.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991
Nov. Journal of bacteriology v. 173 (22): p. 7391-7394; 1991
Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Polysaccharides; Phosphates;
Gene expression; Biosynthesis; Alkaline phosphatase
Abstract: In previous work, Rhizobium meliloti SU47 produced
its alternative exopolysaccharide (EPSb [also called EPS II])
only in strains that were genetically altered to activate EPSb
synthesis. Here we report that EPSb synthesis is not entirely
cryptic but occurred under conditions of limiting phosphate.
This was shown in several different exo mutants that are
blocked in the synthesis of the normal exopolysaccharide,
succinoglycan. In addition, EPSb biosynthetic gene expression
was markedly increased by limiting phosphate. An apparent
regulatory mutant that does not express alkaline phosphatase
activity was unable to produce EPSb under these conditions. A
mucR mutant that was previously shown to produce EPSb instead
of the normal exopolysaccharide, succinoglycan, was not
sensitive to phosphate inhibition of EPSb synthesis. No
evidence was found to indicate that exoX, which affects
succinoglyan synthesis, had any influence on EPSb synthesis.
In contrast to limiting phosphate, limiting nitrogen or sulfur
did not stimulate EPSb synthesis as it does succinoglyan.
140 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16
The influence of mineral nutrition on the expression of traits
associated with winterhardiness of two winter wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) cultivars. Hetherington, P.R.; McKersie, B.D.;
Keeler, L.C.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1990 Apr.
Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de
phytotechnie v. 70 (2): p. 443-454; 1990 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Winter wheat; Cultivars;
Winter hardiness; Gene expression; Mineral nutrition; Stress
response; Flooding; Freezing; Genotype environment interaction
141 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Influence of oxygen on DNA binding, positive control, and
stability of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum NifA regulatory
protein.
Morett, E.; Fischer, H.M.; Hennecke, H.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991
Jun. Journal of bacteriology v. 173 (11): p. 3478-3487; 1991
Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Dna binding proteins;
Dna; Binding; Oxygen; Genetic regulation; Dna methylation; Dna
footprinting; Promoters; Protein degradation; Metals; Rna
polymerase; Aerobiosis
Abstract: Central to the genetic regulatory circuit that
controls Bradyrhizobium japonicum nif and fix gene expression
is the NifA protein. NifA activates transcription of several
nif and fix genes and autoregulates its expression during
symbiosis in soybean root nodules or in free-living
microaerobic conditions. High O2 tensions result in the lack
of nif expression, possibly by inactivation of NifA through
oxidation of an essential metal cofactor. Several B. japonicum
nif and fix promoters have upstream activator sequences (UAS)
required for optimal activation. The UAS are located more than
100 bp from the -24/-12 promoter and have been proposed to be
binding sites for NifA. We investigated the interaction of
NifA with the nifD promoter region by using in vivo dimethyl
sulfate footprinting. NifA-dependent protection from
methylation of the two UAS of this promoter was detected.
Footprinting experiments in the presence of rifampin showed
that UAS-bound NifA led to the formation of an open nifD
promoter-RNA polymerase sigma 54 complex. Shift to aerobic
growth resulted in a rapid loss of protection of both the UAS
and the promoter, indicating that the DNA-binding and the
activation functions of NifA were controlled by the O2 status
of the cell. After an almost complete inactivation by oxygen,
the NifA protein began to degrade. Furthermore, metal
deprivation also caused degradation of NifA. In this case,
however, the rates of NifA inactivation and NifA degradation
were not clearly distinguishable. The results are discussed in
the light of a previously proposed model, according to which
the oxidation state of a NifA-metal complex influences the
conformation of NifA for both DNA-binding and positive control
functions.
142 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 AR26
Inhibition of Bradyrhizobium japonicum nifA-dependent nif gene
activation by oxygen occurs at the NifA protein level and is
irreversible. Kullick, I.; Hennecke, H.; Fischer, H.M.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1989.
Archives of microbiology v. 151 (3): p. 191-197; 1989.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria; Genes; Oxygen; Gene
expression; Proteins
143 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Inoculation of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra roots with Rhizobium
leguminosarum biovar viciae results in release of nod gene
activating flavanones and chalcones.
Recourt, K.; Schripsema, J.; Kijne, J.W.; Brussel, A.A.N. van;
Lugtenberg, B.J.J.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 May.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
fundamental research and genetic engineering v. 16 (5): p.
841-852; 1991 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vicia sativa subsp. nigra; Rhizobium
leguminosarum; Gene expression; Nodulation; Genes; Soil
inoculation; Plasmids; Roots; Biosynthesis; Chalcones;
Flavonoids; Root exudates
Abstract: Flavonoids released by roots of Vicia sativa subsp.
nigra (V. sativa) activate nodulation genes of the homologous
bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae (R. l.
viciae). Inoculation of V. sativa roots with infective R. l.
viciae bacteria largely increases the nod gene-inducing
ability of V. sativa root exudate (A.A.N. van Brussel et al.,
J Bact 172: 5394-5401). The present study showed that, in
contrast to sterile roots and roots inoculated with R. l.
viciae cured of its Sym plasmid, roots inoculated with R. l.
viciae harboring its Sym plasmid released additional nod gene-
inducing flavonoids. Using 1H-NMR, the structures of the major
inducers released by inoculated roots, 6 flavanones and 2
chalcones, were elucidated. Roots extracts of (un)inoculated
V. sativa contain 4 major non-inducing, most likely
glycosylated, flavonoids. Therefore, the released flavonoids
may either derive from the root flavonoids or inoculation with
R. l. viciae activates de novo flavonoid biosynthesis.
144 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Interdependence and nodule specificity of cis-acting
regulatory elements in the soybean leghemoglobin lbc3 and N23
gene promoters.
Stougaard, J.; Jorgensen, J.E.; Christensen, T.; Kuhle, A.;
Marcker, K.A. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1990
Feb.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 220 (3): p. 353-360.
ill; 1990 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lotus corniculatus; Glycine max; Root nodules;
Nodulation; Genetic control; Regulator genes; Genetic
transformation; Gene expression; Deletions; Gene mapping
145 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Involvement of Rhizobium leguminosarum nodulation genes in
gene expression in pea root hairs.
Gloudemans, T.; Bhuvaneswari, T.V.; Moerman, M.; Brussel, T.
van; Kammen, A. van; Bisseling, T.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1989 Feb.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 12
(2): p. 157-167; 1989 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Genes;
Nodulation; Organic compounds; Secretion; Genetic regulation;
Messenger RNA; Plant proteins; Gene expression; Root hairs;
Deformation; Roots; Developmental stages
Abstract: The mRNA population in pea root hairs was
characterized by means of in vitro translation of total root
hair RNA followed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the
translation products. Root hairs contain several mRNAs not
detectable in total RNA preparations from roots. Most of these
root hair-specific mRNAs occur in elongating root hairs at
higher levels than in mature root hairs. The expression of
some genes in pea root hairs is typically affected by
inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum. One gene, encoding
RH-42, is specifically induced while the expression of another
gene, encoding RH-44, is markedly enhanced. Using R.
leguminosarum mutants it was shown that the nodC gene is
required for the induction and enhancement of expression of
the RH-42 and RH-44 genes, respectively, while the Rhizobium
chromosomal gene pss1, involved in exopolysaccharide
synthesis, is not essential. After induction of the nod genes
with apigenin the bacteria excrete into the culture medium a
factor that causes root hair deformation. This deformation
factor stimulates the expression of the RH-44 gene but does
not induce the expression of the gene encoding RH-42.
146 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Iron induces ferritin synthesis in maize plantlets.
Lobreaux, S.; Massenet, O.; Briat, J.F.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Jul.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 19
(4): p. 563-575; 1992 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Structural genes; Dna; Ferritin;
Messenger RNA; Gene expression; Genetic regulation; Iron;
Nutrient availability; Roots; Leaves; Nucleotide sequences;
Amino acid sequences; Hydroponics; Nutrient deficiencies
Abstract: The iron-storage protein ferritin has been purified
to homogeneity from maize seeds, allowing to determine the
sequence of the first 29 NH2-terminal amino acids of its
subunit and to raise specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies.
Addition of 500 micromolar Fe-EDTA/75 micromolar Fe-citrate to
hydroponic culture solutions of maize plantlets, previously
starved for iron, led to a significant increase of the iron
concentration of roots and leaves, albeit root iron was mainly
found associated with the apoplast. Immunodetection of
ferritin by western blots indicated that this iron treatment
induced ferritin protein accumulation in roots and leaves over
a period of 3 days. In order to investigate this induction at
the ferritin mRNA level, various ferritin cDNA clones were
isolated from a cDNA library prepared from poly(A)+ mRNA
isolated from roots 48 h after iron treatment. These cDNAs
were classified into two groups called FM1 and FM2. Upstream
of the sequence encoding the mature ferritin subunit, both of
these cDNAs contained an in-frame coding sequence with the
characteristics of a transit peptide for plastid targeting.
Two members of the FM1 subfamily, both partial at their 5'
extremity, were characterized. They are identical, except in
their 3' untranslated region: FM1A extends 162 nucleotides
beyond the 3' terminus of FM1B. These two mRNAs could arise
from the use of two different polyadenylation signals. FM2 is
96% identical to FM1 and contains 45 nucleotides of 5'
untranslated region. Northern analyses of root and leaf RNAs,
at different times after iron treatment, revealed ferritin
mRNA accumulation in response to iron. Ferritin mRNA
accumulation was transient and particularly abundant in
leaves, reaching a maximum at 24 h. The level of ferritin mRNA
in roots was affected to a lesser extent than in leaves.
147 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
The isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding
Lupinus angustifolius root nodule glutamine synthetase.
Grant, M.R.; Carne, A.; Hill, D.F.; Farnden, K.J.F.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1989 Nov.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 13
(5): p. 481-490; 1989 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lupinus angustifolius; Multigene families;
Glutamate-ammonia ligase; Messenger RNA; Cloning; Nucleotide
sequences; Amino acid sequences; Rhizobium lupini; Nodulation;
Root nodules; Gene expression
Abstract: Glutamine synthetase, purified from Lupinus
angustifolius legume nodules, was carboxymethylated and
succinylated prior to chemical or enzymatic cleavage. Peptides
were purified and sequenced. An oligonucleotide probe was
constructed for the sequence MPGQW. This probe was used to
identify a glutamine synthetase cDNA clone, pGS5, from a lupin
nodule cDNA library constructed in pBR322. pGS5 was sequenced
(1043 bp) and computer-assisted homology searching revealed a
high degree of conservation between this lupin partial cDNA
clone and other plant glutamine synthetases at both the amino
acid (> 90%) and nucleotide (> 80%) level. Northern and
Southern analyses using pGS5 supported the conclusion that a
multigene glutamine synthetase family exists in lupin which is
differentially expressed in both an organ-specific and
temporal manner. Western and Northern blot analyses indicated
the accumulation of a glutamine synthetase specific mRNA
species during nodule development corresponded to the
appearance of a novel glutamine synthetase polypeptide between
8 and 10 days after rhizobial inoculation.
148 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Isolation and characterization of Azospirillum brasilense loci
that correct Rhizobium meliloti exoB and exoC mutations.
Michiels, K.W.; Vanderleyden, J.; Van Gool, A.P.; Signer, E.R.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1988
Nov. Journal of bacteriology v. 170 (11): p. 5401-5404. ill;
1988 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Azospirillum
brasilense; Mutations; Loci; Isolation; Characterization;
Polysaccharides
Abstract: The occurrence in Azospirillum brasilense of genes
that code for exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis was
investigated through complementation studies of Rhizobium
meliloti Exo- mutants. These mutants are deficient in the
synthesis of the major acidic EPS of Rhizobium species and
form empty, non-nitrogen-fixing root nodules on alfalfa. We
demonstrated that the exoC mutation of R. meliloti could be
corrected for EPS production by several cosmid clones of a
clone bank of A. brasilense ATCC 29145. However, the EPS
produced differed in structure from the wild-type R. meliloti
EPS, and the symbiotic deficiency of the exoC mutation was not
reversed by any of these cosmid clones. The exoB mutation
could be corrected not only for EPS production but also for
the ability to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on alfalfa by one
particular cosmid clone of A. brasilense. Tn5 insertions in
the cloned DNA were isolated and used to construct
Azospirillum mutants with mutations in the corresponding loci
by marker exchange. It was found that these mutants failed to
produce the wild-type high-molecular-weight EPS, instead
produced EPSs of lower molecular weight.
149 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P68
Leghaemoglobin gene transcription is triggered in a single
cell layer in the indeterminate nitrogen-fixing root nodule of
alfalfa.
De Billy, F.; Barker, D.G.; Gallusci, P.; Truchet, G.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publishers and BIOS Scientific
Publishers; 1991 Jul.
The plant journal v. 1 (1): p. 27-35; 1991 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Medicago truncatula; Gene
expression; Leghemoglobin; Nitrogen fixation; Root nodules;
Rna; Histology; Rhizobium; Transcription
150 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Localization of functional regions of the Rhizobium nodD
product using hybrid nodD genes.
Spaink, H.P.; Wijffelman, C.A.; Okker, R.J.H.; Lugtenberg,
B.E.J. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1989 Jan.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 12
(1): p. 59-73; 1989 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Rhizobium trifolii; Rhizobium
leguminosarum; Genes; Hybrids; Nodulation; Promoters; Gene
expression; Transcription; Beta-galactosidase; Reporter genes;
Recombination; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences;
Genetic regulation; Flavonoids
Abstract: The flavonoid-inducible nod promoters of Rhizobium
are positively regulated by the nodD gene which is highly
conserved in various Rhizobium species. The nodD genes are
functionally different in (i) their response to various
exogenously added flavonoid inducers, (ii) the extent to which
they mediate the activation of the flavonoid-inducible
promoters, and (iii) the extent to which they repress their
own constitutive transcription. In order to localize the
regions of the nodD product which determine these differences,
two series of nodD hybrid genes have been constructed. In one
series the 5' moiety is derived from the R. meliloti nodD1
gene and the 3' moiety from the R. trifolii nodD gene. In the
other series, the origins of the nodD moieties are reversed.
Two regions of the nodD product appeared to be involved in
autoregulation and it was also shown that the nodD promoters
differ in their susceptibility to autoregulation. Many
regions, dispersed over the entire nodD product, are involved
in the specificity of activation by flavonoids. Several hybrid
nodD genes were characterized which activate transcription
with novel inducers. Furthermore, two classes of hybrid nodD
genes were found from which the activation characteristics
differ completely from those of the parental nodD genes. The
first class activates the nodABCIJ promoter to the maximum
level in the absence of flavonoid inducer. This level can no
longer be influenced, positively or negatively, by the
presence of (iso-)flavonoids. With the second class of
hybrids, activation of the nodABCIJ promoter, even in the
presence of flavonoid inducers, is no longer possible.
151 NAL Call. No.: QH548.S9
Long-term in vitro culture of an endomycorrhizal fungus,
Gigaspora margarita, on Ri T-DNA transformed roots of carrot.
Diop, T.A.; Becard, G.; Piche, Y.
Rehovot, Israel : Balaban Publishers; 1992.
Symbiosis v. 12 (3): p. 249-259; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Daucus carota; Gigaspora margarita; Vesicular
arbuscular mycorrhizas; Cell culture; Tissue culture; Roots;
Genetics; Transformation; Plasmids; Agrobacterium rhizogenes;
Sporulation
152 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Major flavonoids in uninoculated and inoculated roots of Vicia
sativa subsp. nigra are four conjugates of the nodulation
gene-inhibitor kaempferol. Recourt, K.; Verkerke, M.;
Schripsema, J.; Brussel, A.A.N. van; Lugtenberg, B.J.J.;
Kijne, J.W.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Feb.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18
(3): p. 505-513; 1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vicia sativa subsp. nigra; Rhizobium
leguminosarum; Nodulation; Genes; Gene expression; Kaempferol;
Glycosides; Flavonoids; Roots; Genetic regulation;
Glycosidases
Abstract: Inoculation of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (V.
sativa) roots with Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. viciae
(R.l. viciae) bacteria substantially increases the ability of
V. sativa to induce rhizobial nodulation (nod) genes. This
increase is caused by the additional release of flavanones and
chalcones which all induce the nod genes of R.l. viciae (K.
Recourt et al., Plant Mol Biol 16: 841-852). In this paper, we
describe the analyses of the flavonoids present in roots of V.
sativa. Independent of inoculation with R.l. viciae, these
roots contain four 3-O-glycosides of the flavonol kaempferol.
These flavonoids appeared not capable of inducing the nod
genes of R.l. viciae but instead are moderately active in
inhibiting the activated state of those nod genes. Roots of 7-
day-old V. sativa seedlings did not show any kaempferol-
glycosidase activity consistent with the observation that
kaempferol is not released upon inoculation with R.l viciae.
It is therefore most likely that inoculation with infective
(nodulating) R.l viciae bacteria results in de novo flavonoid
biosynthesis and not in liberation of flavonoids from a pre-
existing pool.
153 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Mapping and subcloning of the trifolitoxin production and
resistance genes from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii
T24.
Triplett, E.W.; Schink, M.J.; Noeldner, K.L.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1989 Jul.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 2 (4): p.
202-208; 1989 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Biotypes; Nitrogen
fixation; Symbiosis; Nodulation; Strains; Competitive ability;
Bacterial toxins; Genes; Restriction mapping; Gene expression;
Resistance
154 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P63
Medicago truncatula, a model plant for studying the molecular
genetics of the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis.
Barker, D.G.; Bianchi, S.; Blondon, F.; Dattee, Y.; Duc, G.;
Essad, S.; Flament, P.; Gallusci, P.; Genier, G.; Guy, P.
Athens, Ga. : International Society for Plant Molecular
Biology, University of Georgia; 1990 Feb.
Plant molecular biology reporter - ISPMB v. 8 (1): p. 40-49.
ill; 1990 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago; Leguminosae; Rhizobium meliloti;
Nitrogen fixation; Symbiosis; Molecular genetics; Genotypes;
Genetic transformation; Genome analysis; Gene mapping
155 NAL Call. No.: QR89.7.I56 1988
Metabolites and protein factors controlling nodulin gene
expression. Verma, D.P.S.; Delauney, A.; Kuhse, J.; Hirel, B.;
Schafer, R.; Raju, K. Stuttgart : G. Fischer; 1988.
Nitrogen fixation : hundred years after : proceedings of the
7th International Congress on N [Triple-bond] Nitrogen
Fixation, Koln (Cologne), F.R.G., March 13-20, 1980 / edited
by H. Bothe, F.J. de Bruijn and W.E. Newton. p. 599-604; 1988.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Root nodules; Gene expression; Metabolites;
Phaseolus vulgaris; Rhizobium; Glycine max; Nitrogen fixation;
Enzyme activity; Plant proteins
156 NAL Call. No.: QH431.A1G43
Mobilization of Agrobacterium rhizogenes root-inducing
plasmids into the cells of Rhizobium meliloti, Rhizobium
galegae, and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii.
Novikova, N.I.; Pavlova, E.A.; Safronova, V.I.; Zabelina, N.K.
New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1991 Aug.
Soviet genetics v. 27 (2): p. 154-161; 1991 Aug. Translated
from: Genetika, v. 27 (2), 1991, p. 229-237. (QH431.A1G4).
Includes references.
Language: English; Russian
Descriptors: Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Rhizobium meliloti;
Rhizobium leguminosarum; Rhizobium trifolii; Rhizobium;
Plasmids; Genetic transformation; Nodulation; Roots; Growth;
Virulence; Nitrogen fixation; Nicotiana tabacum; Medicago
sativa; Galega; Plant disorders
Abstract: Root-inducing plasmids (pRi) of two Agrobacterium
rhizogenes strains were marked with transposon Tn5-mob. Using
plasmid RP4-4 the pRi::tn5-mob were mobilized with a frequency
of 10(-6)-10(-7) into the cells of the nodule bacteria of
Medicago, Trifolium, and Galega. The transconjugants of the
Trifolium and Galega nodule bacteria stimulated the
proliferation of "hairy roots" on tobacco leaves, while the
transconjugants of Rhizobium meliloti (pRi) were
nonpathogenic, actively fixed nitrogen in symbiosis with
alfalfa, and were more virulent than the initial recipient
strain. The presence of pRi in the cells of Galega nodule
bacteria led to a reduction in the number of nodules formed by
them on the roots of the host plant. In the inoculated clover
plants the rate of nodulation did not change, but three weeks
after the day of inoculation with recombinant strains we
observed inhibition of the level of acetylene reductase
activity, leading ultimately to development of inefficient
symbiosis.
157 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Modeling symbiotic performance of introduced rhizobia in the
field by use of indices of indigenous population size and
nitrogen status of the soil. Thies, J.E.; Singleton, P.W.;
Bohlool, B.B.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991
Jan. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 57 (1): p.
29-37; 1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hawaii; Glycine max; Phaseolus lunatus; Vigna
unguiculata; Phaseolus vulgaris; Arachis hypogaea; Medicago
sativa; Leucaena leucocephala; Trifolium repens; Lathyrus;
Seed inoculation; Rhizobium; Urea; Nitrogen; Nutrient
availability; Crop yield; Mathematical models
Abstract: Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris P8-2-47 contains
an X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (X-PDAP; EC 3.4.14.5). A
mixed-oligonucleotide probe prepared on the basis of the N-
terminal amino acid sequence of the purified protein was made
and used to screen a partial chromosomal DNA bank in
Escherichia coli. A partial XbaI fragment cloned in pUC18
specified X-PDAP activity in E. coli clones. The fragment was
also able to confer X-PDAP activity on Bacillus subtilis. The
fact that none of these organisms contain this enzymatic
activity indicated that the structural gene for X-PDAP had
been cloned. The cloned fragment fully restored X-PDAP
activity in X-PDAP-deficient mutants of L. lactis. We have
sequenced a 3.8-kb fragment that includes the X-PDAP gene and
its expression signals. The X-PDAP gene, designated pepXP,
comprises 2,289 nucleotide residues encoding a protein of 763
amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 87,787. No
homology was detected between pepXP and genes that had been
previously sequenced. A second open reading frame, divergently
transcribed, was present in the sequenced fragment; the
function or relationship to pepXP of this open reading frame
is unknown.
158 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Modulation of host gene expression during initiation and early
growth of nodules in cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
Trese, A.T.; Pueppke, S.G.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1990
Apr. Plant physiology v. 92 (4): p. 946-953. ill; 1990 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vigna unguiculata; Rhizobium; Mutants; Seedlings;
Root nodulation; Gene expression; Growth rate; Protein
synthesis; Genetic code
Abstract: Inoculation of 2-day-old cowpea (Vigna unguiculata
[L.] Walp.) seedlings with Rhizobium fredii USDA257 results in
proficient nodulation of the tap root. The most abundant
nodulation occurs in a region roughly corresponding to the
position of the root tip at the time of inoculation. We have
examined plant gene expression in this region, after
inoculation with either USDA257 or a nonnodulating mutant,
257B3. After isolation of mRNA and in vitro translation, the
protein products were separated by two-dimensional gel
electrophoresis. Seven proteins are induced within 2.5 days
after inoculation with USDA257. One additional induced protein
is detectable by 3.5 days after inoculation, and three more
appear by day 6. Three of the proteins that are differentially
expressed at 2.5 and 3.5 days after inoculation are produced
at equivalent levels after 6 days, indicating transient
induction of these genes during early stages of nodule
development. Several proteins were more abundant in
translations of mRNA from roots that had been inoculated with
the nonnodulating mutant. This was particularly true after 6
days, when nine proteins were in this class. Thus, altered
plant gene expression in carefully selected, highly responsive
tissue can be detected 2 days before emerging nodules are
visible on the roots, and 6 to 7 days before acetylene
reduction is detectable. Additionally, comparisons of
ionically bound cell wall proteins isolated 6 days after
inoculation revealed four that were unique to nodulating
roots, suggesting that some of the nodulation-induced genes
may code for structural proteins.
159 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P55
Molecular approaches to the analysis of nitrate assimilation.
Wray, J.L.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1988 Jul.
Plant, cell and environment v. 11 (5): p. 369-382; 1988 Jul.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant nutrition; Nitrates; Uptake; Assimilation;
Genetic control; Mutants; Gene expression; Nitrate reduction;
Genetic transformation; Genetic engineering
160 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Molecular characterization and regulation of the rhizosphere-
expressed genes rhiABCR that can influence nodulation by
Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae.
Cubo, M.T.; Economou, A.; Murphy, G.; Johnston, A.W.B.;
Downie, J.A. Washington, D.C. : American Society for
Microbiology; 1992 Jun. Journal of bacteriology v. 174 (12):
p. 4026-4035; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Plasmids; Genes;
Nodulation; Genetic regulation; Nucleotide sequences; Amino
acid sequences; Vicia hirsuta
Abstract: A group of four rhi (rhizosphere-expressed) genes
from the symbiotic plasmid of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar
viciae has been characterized. Although mutation of the rhi
genes does not normally affect nodulation, in the absence of
the closely linked nodulation genes nodFEL, mutations in the
rhi genes can influence the nodulation of the vetch Vicia
hirsuta. The DNA sequence of the rhi gene region reveals four
large open reading frames, three of them constituting an
operon (rhiABC) transcribed convergently toward the fourth
gene, rhiR. rhiABC are under the positive control of RhiR, the
expression of which is repressed by flavonoids that normally
induce nod gene expression. This repression, which requires
the nodD gene product (the transcriptional activator of nod
gene expression), may be due to a cis effect caused by a high
level of NodD-dependent expression from the adjacent nodO
promoter, which is transcribed divergently from rhiR. RhiR
shows significant similarities to a subfamily of
transcriptional regulators that includes the LuxR and UvrC-28K
proteins. RhiA shows limited homology to a short domain of the
lactose permease, LacY, close to a region thought to be
involved in substrate binding. No strong homologies were found
for the other rhi gene products. It appears that RhiA and RhiB
are cytoplasmic, whereas RhiC is a periplasmic protein, since
it has a typical N-terminal transit sequence and a rhiC-phoA
protein fusion expresses alkaline phosphatase activity. The
biochemical role of the rhi genes has not been established,
but it appears that they may play a role in the plant-microbe
interaction, possibly by allowing the bacteria to metabolize a
plant-made metabolite.
161 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Molecular cloning and characterization of the recA gene of
Rhizobium phaseoli and construction of recA mutants.
Martinez-Salazar, J.M.; Romero, D.; Louredes Girard, M. de;
Davila, G. Washington, D.C. : American Society for
Microbiology; 1991 May. Journal of bacteriology v. 173 (10):
p. 3035-3040; 1991 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Rhizobium phaseoli;
Escherichia coli; Genes; Adenosinetriphosphatase; Dna repair;
Cloning; Restriction mapping; Recombination; Mutants; Induced
mutations; Deletions; Complementation; Methyl
methanesulfonate; Nitrofurantoin; Mutagenicity; Resistance;
Nodulation; Plasmids
Abstract: The Rhizobium phaseoli recA gene has been cloned by
interspecific complementation of the Fec phenotype of
bacteriophage lambda. The cloned gene restored the
recombination proficiency and conferred resistance to DNA-
damaging agents (methyl methanesulfonate and nitrofurantoin)
to an Escherichia coli recA mutant. The direction of
transcription and the localization of the recA gene were
determined by mutagenesis with phage MudIIPR13 and
heterologous hybridization with an E. coli recA probe. An R.
phaseoli recA::Spcr mutation was introduced in two R. phaseoli
strains by homogenotization. The R. phaseoli recA mutants were
more sensitive to DNA-damaging agents and exhibited a 100-fold
reduction in recombination frequency as compare with their
parental strains. A deletion of the symbiotic plasmid
abolishing nodulation was found at high frequency (10(-2)) in
R. phaseoli CFN42. This event was recA dependent. In R.
phaseoli CFN285, two events of symbiotic instability were
found at high frequency (10(-3)): one was a deletion in the
symbiotic plasmid, and the other was the loss of whole
symbiotic plasmid. In the CFN285 recA::Spcr mutant, only the
loss of the symbiotic plasmid was observed.
162 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Molecular cloning, sequencing, and expression of the glutamine
synthetase II (glnII) gene from the actinomycete root nodule
symbiont Frankia sp. strain CpI1.
Rochefort, D.A.; Benson, D.R.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1990
Sep. Journal of bacteriology v. 172 (9): p. 5335-5342; 1990
Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Frankia; Strains; Genes; Glutamine synthetase;
Gene expression; Cloning; Nucleotide sequence; Rhizobium
japonicum; Pisum sativum
Abstract: In common with other plant symbionts, Frankia spp.,
the actinomycete N2-fixing symbionts of certain nonleguminous
woody plants, synthesize two glutamine synthetases, GSI and
GSII. DNA encoding the Bradyrhizobium japonicum gene for GSII
(glnII) hybridized to DNA from three Frankia strains. B.
japonicum glnII was used as a probe to clone the glnII gene
from a size-selected KpnI library of Frankia strain CpI1 DNA.
The region corresponding to the Frankia sp. strain CpI1 glnII
gene was sequenced, and the amino acid sequence was compared
with that of the GS gene from the pea and glnII from B.
japonicum. The Frankia glnII gene product has a high degree of
similarity with both GSII from B. japonicum and GS from pea,
although the sequence was about equally similar to both the
bacterial and eucaryotic proteins. The Frankia glnII gene was
also capable of complementing an Escherichia coli delta glnA
mutant when transcribed from the vector lac promoter, but not
when transcribed from the Frankia promoter. GSII produced in
E. coli was heat labile, like the enzyme produced in Frankia
sp. strain CpI1 but unlike the wild-type E. coli enzyme.
163 NAL Call. No.: QK728.P52 1992
Molecular signaling in the Bradyrhizobium japonicum-soybean
symbiosis. Stacey, G.
Boca Raton : CRC Press; 1992.
Plant biotechnology and development / editor, Peter M.
Gresshoff. p. 45-54; 1992. (A CRC series of current topics in
plant molecular biology). Literature review. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Symbiosis;
Nodulation; Gene expression; Genes; Genetic regulation;
Literature reviews
164 NAL Call. No.: 475 EX7
Morphological, biochemical and molecular changes during
ectomycorrhiza development.
Martin, F.M.; Hilbert, J.L.
Basel : Birkhauser; 1991 Apr15.
Experientia v. 47 (4): p. 321-331; 1991 Apr15. Literature
review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant nutrition; Ectomycorrhizas; Symbiosis;
Morphology; Gene expression; Biological development
165 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Multicopy plasmids carrying the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifA
gene enhance rhizobium meliloti nodulation competitiveness on
alfalfa.
Sanjuan, J.; Olivares, J.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1991 Jul.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 4 (4): p.
365-369; 1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Mutants;
Nodulation; Strain differences; Genes; Strains; Gene
expression; Competitive ability; Nitrogen fixation; Genetic
regulation; Gene transfer; Plasmids; Klebsiella pneumoniae;
Molecular genetics
166 NAL Call. No.: 450 J8224
A mutation in Vicia faba results in ineffective nodules with
impaired bacteroid differentiation and reduced synthesis of
late nodulins. Haser, A.; Robinson, D.L.; Duc, G.; Vance, C.P.
Oxford : Oxford University Press; 1992 Nov.
Journal of experimental botany v. 43 (256): p. 1397-1407; 1992
Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vicia faba; Rhizobium; Root nodules; Nodulation;
Bacteroids; Cell differentiation; Mutants; Recessive genes;
Mutations; Nodulins; Protein synthesis; Nitrogen fixation;
Acetylene reduction; Enzymes; Enzyme activity; Gene
expression; Messenger RNA
Abstract: Although numerous reports have documented the
effect of bacterially-induced ineffectiveness on root nodule
structure, function, and plant gene expression, few studies
have detailed the effect of the plant genome on similar
parameters. In this report effective (N2-fixing) broadbean
(Vicia faba L.) and plant-controlled ineffective (non-N2-
fixing) broadbean recessive for the sym-1 gene were compared
for nodule structure, developmental expression of nodule
enzyme activities, enzyme proteins, and mRNAs involved in N
assimilation, leghemoglobin (Lb) synthesis, and acetylene
reduction activity (ARA). During development of effective
wild-type nodules, glutamine synthetase (GS), aspartate
aminotransferase (AAT), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC)
and NADH-glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities and enzyme
proteins increased coincident with nodule ARA. The increases
in GS, AAT, and PEPC were associated with increased synthesis
of mRNAs for these proteins. Synthesis of Lb polypeptides and
mRNAs during development of effective nodules was similar to
that of GS, AAT, and PEPC. By contrast, ineffective sym-1
nodules displayed little or no ARA and had neither the
increases in enzyme activities nor enzyme proteins and mRNAs
as seen for effective nodules. The effect of the sym-1 gene
appeared to occur late in nodule development at either the
stage of bacterial release from infection threads or
differentiation of bacteria into bacteroids. High in vitro
enzyme activities, enzyme polypeptides, and mRNA levels in
parental effective nodules were dependent upon a signal
associated with effective bacteroids that was lacking in sym-1
nodules. Nodule organogenesis did not appear to be a signal
for the induction of GS, PEPC, AAT, and Lb expression in sym-1
nodules.
167 NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
N-Acetylglutamic acid: an extracellular nod signal of
Rhizobium trifolii ANU843 that induces root hair branching and
nodule-like primordia in white clover roots.
Philip-Hollingsworth, S.; Hollingsworth, R.I.; Dazzo, F.B.
Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology; 1991 Sep05.
The Journal of biological chemistry v. 266 (25): p.
16854-16858; 1991 Sep05. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium trifolii; Trifolium repens;
Acetylglutamic acid; Nodulation; Root hairs; Gene expression;
Plant morphology
Abstract: An extracellular metabolite purified from Rhizobium
trifolii ANU843 was established as N-acetylglutamic acid
(GluNac) by 1H NMR and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry of its methylated product,
and organic synthesis. TLC analyses indicated that
extracellular accumulation of GluNac by R. trifolii ANU843
grown in defined BIII culture medium was dependent on
induction of its bacterial nodulation (nod) genes and the
positive regulatory gene nodD on its symbiotic plasmid. 1H NMR
analyses showed less GluNac in fractionated culture
supernatants of nodL and nodM mutant derivatives of R.
trifolii ANU843. Glunac induced three morphological responses
on axenic roots of white clover seedlings: (i) root hair
branching; (ii) tip swelling followed by resumed elongation of
root hairs; and (iii) a slight increase in foci of cortical
cell divisions, which developed into nodule-like primordia.
These biological activities of extracellular Glunac from R.
trifolii ANU843 were confirmed with authentic standards of
GluNac. These results indicate that extracellular accumulation
of N-acetylglutamic acid is linked to flavone-dependent
metabolism involving nodD, nodL, and nodm in R. trifolii
ANU843. This constitutes the first report on the structure of
a nod-dependent extracellular signal from R. trifolii that can
affect root hair and nodule development in white clover and
whose biological activity on this host has been confirmed with
authentic standards.
168 NAL Call. No.: SB123.S942 1991
New enthusiasm for microbial products?.
Brill, W.J.
Wallingford, UK : C.A.B. International; 1992.
Plant breeding in the 1990s : proceedings of the Symposium on
Plant Breeding in the 1990s, held at North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NC, March 1991 / edited by H.T. Stalker
and J.P. Murphy. p. 427-435; 1992. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant breeding; Microbial activities;
Agricultural products; Inoculum; Symbiosis; Genetic
engineering; Literature reviews
169 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
A new rhizobium meliloti symbiotic mutant isolated after
introducing Frankia DNA sequence into a nodA::Tn5 strain.
Reddy, A.; Bochenek, B.; Hirsch, A.M.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1992 Jan.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 5 (1): p.
62-71; 1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Frankia; Rhizobium meliloti; Nitrogen fixation;
Symbiosis; Mutants; Nodulation; Root nodules; Phenotypes;
Genetic regulation; Gene expression; Nodulins; Leghemoglobin;
Molecular genetics; Infection; Genetic transformation; Gene
transfer
170 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Nit-3, the structural gene of nitrate reductase in Neurospora
crassa: nucleotide sequence and regulation of mRNA synthesis
and turnover. Okamoto, P.M.; Fu, Y.H.; Marzluf, G.A.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991 Jun.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 227 (2): p. 213-223;
1991 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Neurospora crassa; Structural genes; Nitrate
reductase; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences;
Messenger RNA; Transcription; Gene expression; Genetic
regulation; Nitrate; Restriction mapping; Enzyme activity
Abstract: The nit-3 gene of the filamentous fungus Neurospora
crassa encodes the enzyme nitrate reductase, which catalyzes
the first reductive step in the highly regulated nitrate
assimilatory pathway. The nucleotide sequence of nit-3 was
determined and translates to a protein of 982 amino acid
residues with a molecular weight of approximately 108 kDa.
Comparison of the deduced nit-3 protein sequence with the
nitrate reductase protein sequences of other fungi and higher
plants revealed that a significant amount of homology exists,
particularly within the three cofactor-binding domains for
molybdenum, heme and FAD. The synthesis and turnover of the
nit-3 mRNA were also examined and found to occur rapidly and
efficiently under changing metabolic conditions.
171 NAL Call. No.: QH506.U34
Nitrogen and sulfur regulatory circuits of Neurospora.
Fu, Y.H.; Lee, H.J.; Young, J.L.; Jarai, G.; Marzluf, G.A.
New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss, Inc; 1990.
UCLA symposia on molecular and cellular biology v. 125: p.
319-335; 1990. In the series analytic: Developmental biology
/ edited by E.H. Davidson, J.V. Ruderman, and J.W. Posakong.
Proceedings of a Director's Sponsor Fund-UCLA Symposium, March
12-19, 1989, Tamarron, Colorado. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Neurospora crassa; Controlling elements;
Structural genes; Dna binding proteins; Genetic regulation;
Gene expression; Nutrient availability; Nitrogen; Sulfur;
Transcription
Abstract: The nitrogen and sulfur circuits of Neurospora each
contain a major positive-acting regulatory gene and a distinct
negative-acting regulatory gene. The nitrogen regulatory gene
nit-2 encodes a regulatory protein that may bind to target DNA
sequences via a zinc finger element. cys-3, the positive
sulfur regulatory gene, encodes a regulatory protein that
binds in a sequence-specific fashion to an upstream
recognition site of cys-14, the structural gene for sulfate
permease II. The cys-3 protein, which has a putative leucine
zipper and adjacent basic region, also appears to bind to a 5'
flanking sequence of the cys-3 gene itself, raising the
possibility of autogenous control.
172 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 C162
Nitrogen assimilation in the legume root nodule: current
status of the molecular biology of the plant enzymes.
Cullimore, J.V.; Bennett, M.J.
Ottawa : National Research Council of Canada; 1992 Jun.
Canadian journal of microbiology v. 38 (6): p. 461-466; 1992
Jun. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Legumes; Gene expression; Genetic code; Genetic
regulation; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Nitrogen
fixation; Nitrogen metabolism; Nodulation; Assimilation;
Enzyme activity; Rhizobium; Literature reviews
173 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
The nodD protein does not bind to the promoters of inducible
nodulation genes in extracts of bacteroids of Rhizobium
leguminosarum biovar viciae. Schlaman, H.R.M.; Lugtenberg,
B.J.J.; Okker, R.J.H.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1992
Oct. Journal of bacteriology v. 174 (19): p. 6109-6116; 1992
Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Genes; Nodulation;
Proteins; Transcription; Binding proteins; Nucleotide
sequences
Abstract: In a previous study, we showed that in bacteroids,
transcription of the inducible nod genes does not occur and
expression of nodD is decreased by 65% (H. R. M. Schlaman, B.
Horvath, E. Vijgenboom, R. J. H. Okker, and B. J. J.
Lugtenberg, J. Bacteriol. 173:4277-4287, 1991). In the present
study, we show, using gel retardation, that in crude extracts
of bacteroids of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar (bv.) viciae,
NodD protein does not bind to the nodF, nodM, and nodO box and
that it binds only weakly to the nodA box. Binding of NodD
from bacteroids to nod box DNA could be restored by mild
proteinase K treatment, indicating that NodD is present in
bacteroids in an altered form or complex which prevents its
binding to nod box DNA. In addition, a novel nodA box DNA-
protein complex was found which is specific for the nodA
promoter region. This novel complex was formed neither with
material from cultured bacterial cells nor with an extract
from uninfected roots, and it did not contain NodD but another
protein. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that
the protein present in the novel retardation complex acts as a
transcriptional repressor causing the decreased nodD
expression in bacteroids. Such a repressor also explains the
lack of NodABCIJ transcription despite the weak NodD binding
to the nodA box.
174 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
nodT, a positively-acting cultivar specificity determinant
controlling nodulation of Trifolium subterraneum by Rhizobium
leguminosarum biovar trifolii.
Lewis-Henderson, W.R.; Djordjevic, M.A.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Apr.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
fundamental research and genetic engineering v. 16 (4): p.
515-526. ill; 1991 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Trifolium subterraneum; Trifolium repens;
Rhizobium trifolii; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Nodulation;
Genes; Strain differences; Cultivars; Deletions; Mutants;
Complementation; Plasmids; Genetic transformation; Restriction
mapping; Strains
Abstract: Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii strain TA1
nodulates a range of Trifolium plants including red, white and
subterranean clovers. Nitrogen-fixing nodules arepromptly
initiated on the tap roots of these plants at the site of
inoculation. In contrast to theseassociations, strain TA1 has
a 'Nod-' phenotype on a particular cultivar of subterranean
clover calledWoogenellup (A.H. Gibson, Aust J Agric Sci 19:
(1968) 907-918) where it induces rare, poorly developed,slow-
to-appear and ineffective lateral root nodules. By comparing
the nodulation gene region of strain TA1with that of another
R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain ANU843, which is capable
of efficientlynodulating cv. Woogenellup, we have shown that
the nodT gene (B.P. Surin et al., Mol Microbiol 4:
(1990)245-252) is essential for nodulation on cv. Woogenellup.
The nodT gene is naturally absent in strain TA1.A cosmid clone
spanning the entire nodulation gene region of strain TA1 was
capable of conferring nodulation ability to R.L bv. trifolii
strains deleted for nodulation genes, but only on cultivars
ofsubterranean clovers nodulated by strain TA1. This shows
that cultivar recognition events are, in part, determinedby
genes in the nodulation region of strain TA1. Complementation
studies also indicated that strain TA1contains negatively-
acting genes located on the Sym plasmid and elsewhere, which
specifically blocknodulation of cv. Woogenellup.
175 NAL Call. No.: QH573.N37
Nodulation genes and their regulation in Rhizobium meliloti.
Long, S.R.; Schwedock, J.; Egelhoff, T.; Yelton, M.; Mulligan,
J.; Barnett, M.; Rushing, B.; Fisher, R.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag; 1989.
NATO ASI series : Series H : Cell biology v. 36: p. 145-151;
1989. In the series analytic: Signal molecules in plants and
plant-microbe interactions / edited by B.J.J. Lugtenberg.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Molecular Signals in Microbe-Plant Symbiotic and Pathogenic
Systems, May 21-26, 1989, Biddinghuizen, The Netherlands.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Nodulation; Multiple genes;
Gene expression; Genetic regulation; Transcription;
Flavonoids; Roots; Medicago sativa; Promoters; Bacterial
proteins
176 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Nodules elicited by Rhizobium meliloti heme mutants are
arrested at an early stage of development.
Dickstein, R.; Scheirer, D.C.; Fowle, W.H.; Ausubel, F.M.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991 Dec01.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 230 (3): p. 423-432;
1991 Dec01. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Nodulation;
Root nodules; Genes; Heme; Mutants; Nodulins; Gene expression;
Cell structure; Biological development
Abstract: Heme-deficient mutants of Rhizobium and
Bradyrhizobium have been found to exhibit diverse phenotypes
with respect to symbiotic interactions with plant hosts. We
observed that R. meliloti hemA mutants elicit nodule that do
not contain intracellular bacteria; the nodules contain either
no infection threads ("empty" nodule phenotype) or aberrant
infection threads that failed to release bacteria (Bar-
phenotype). These mutant nodules expressed nodulin genes
associated with nodules arrested at an early stage of
development, including ENOD2, Nms-30, and four previously
undescribed nodulin genes. These nodules also failed to
express any of six late nodulin genes tested by hybridization,
including leghemoglobin, and twelve tested by in vitro
translation product analysis which are not yet correlated with
specific cloned genes. We observed that R. meliloti leucine
and adenosine auxotrophs induced invaded Fix- nodules that
expressed late nodulin genes, suggesting that it is not
auxotrophy per se that causes the hemA mutants to elicit Bar-
or empty nodules. Because R. meliloti hemA mutants elicit
nodules that do not contain intracellular bacteria, it is not
possible to decide whether or not the Fix-phenotype of these
nodules is a direct consequence of the failure of R. meliloti
to supply the heme moiety of hololeghemoglobin. Our results
demonstrate the importance of establishing the stage in
development at which a mutant nodule is arrested before
conclusions are drawn about the role of small metabolite
exchange in the symbiosis.
177 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532
Nodulin gene expression and ENOD2 localization in effective,
nitrogen-fixing and ineffective, bacteria-free nodules of
alfalfa.
Wiel, C. van de; Norris, J.H.; Bochenek, B.; Dickstein, R.;
Bisseling, T.; Hirsch, A.M.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1990
Oct. The Plant cell v. 10 (2): p. 1009-1017. ill; 1990 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti;
Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Plasmids; Genetic transformation;
Nodulins; Gene expression; Rna probes; Mutants; Auxins;
Inhibitors; Tiba; Nodulation; Genes; Root nodules; Nitrogen
fixation; Page
Abstract: Alfalfa plants form bacteria-free nodules in
response to a number of agents, including Rhizobium meliloti
exo mutants, Agrobacterium tumefaciens transconjugants
carrying cloned R. meliloti nodulation genes, and compounds
that function as auxin transport inhibitors, N-(1-
naphthyl)phthalamic acid or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. These
bacteria-free nodules contain transcripts for the nodulins
Nms30 and MsENOD2; transcripts for late nodulins like
leghemoglobin are not detected. In situ hybridization studies
demonstrated that ENOD2 transcripts were localized in
parenchyma cells at the base and along the periphery of
nitrogen-fixing alfalfa root nodules. The ENOD2 gene was also
expressed in a tissue-specific manner in nodules elicited by
N-(1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid.
In bacteria-free nodules induced by R. meliloti exo mutants
and A. tumefaciens transconjugants carrying either one or both
R. meliloti symbiotic plasmids, ENOD2 transcripts were also
detected but were usually localized to parenchyma cells at the
base instead of along the periphery of the nodule. On the
basis of the pattern of ENOD2 gene expression, we conclude
that the developmental pathway of bacteria-free nodules,
whether bacterially or chemically induced, is the same as that
of nitrogen-fixing nodules, and, furthermore, that the auxin
transport inhibitors in their action mimic some factor(s) that
trigger nodule development.
178 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Nodulin regulation in common bean nodules induced by bacterial
mutants. Padilla, J.E.; Miranda, J.; Sanchez, F.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1991 Sep.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 4 (5): p.
433-439; 1991 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Nitrogen fixation; Rhizobium
leguminosarum; Agrobacterium; Strains; Mutants; Root nodules;
Nodulins; Genes; Genetic regulation; Gene expression;
Symbiosis; Nodulation
179 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532
A nodulin specifically expressed in senescent nodules of
winged bean is a protease inhibitor.
Manen, J.F.; Simon, P.; Slooten, J.C. van; Osteras, M.;
Frutiger, S.; Hughes, G.J.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
Mar. The Plant cell v. 3 (3): p. 259-270. ill; 1991 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Psophocarpus tetragonolobus; Rhizobium; Nodulins;
Proteinase inhibitors; Amino acid sequences; Nucleotide
sequences; Dna; Root nodules; Senescence; Sds-page;
Immunocytochemistry; Bacteroids; Vacuoles; Gene expression;
Rna; Northern blotting
Abstract: Nodule senescence is one aspect of nitrogen
fixation that is important to study from the perspective of
improving the host-bacteroid interaction. In winged bean
nodules, a 21-kilodalton protein is specifically expressed
when senescence begins. Using subcellular fractionation, we
observed that this plant protein interacts with the
bacteroids. Microsequencing of the protein allowed us to
obtain a specific oligonucleotide that was used to isolate the
corresponding nodule cDNA. Sequence analysis of this cDNA
revealed that the 21-kilodalton protein has all of the
features of a legume Kunitz protease inhibitor. Subsequent
analysis confirmed that this nodulin is indeed a protease
inhibitor. Immunocytochemical study showed that the protease
inhibitor is exclusively localized in infected senescent cells
of the nodule, particularly in disorganized bacteroids, the
peribacteroid membrane, vacuole membranes, and in the vacuole
fluid. The specific expression of a protease inhibitor at
senescence may be of particular interest if the targeted
proteolytic activity is important for the symbiotic
relationship. This point is discussed in relation to the known
nodule proteases.
180 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 C162
A nolC-lacZ gene fusion in Rhizobium fredii facilitates direct
assessment of competition for nodulation of soybean.
Krishnan, H.B.; Pueppke, S.G.
Ottawa : National Research Council of Canada; 1992 Jun.
Canadian journal of microbiology v. 38 (6): p. 515-519. ill;
1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Cultivars; Nitrogen fixation;
Nodulation; Rhizobium; Gene expression; Genetic regulation;
Mutants
181 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532
Nonlegume hemoglobin genes retain organ-specific expression in
heterologous transgenic plants.
Bogusz, D.; Llewellyn, D.J.; Craig, S.; Dennis, E.S.; Appleby,
C.A.; Peacock, W.J.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1990
Jul. The Plant cell v. 2 (7): p. 633-641. ill; 1990 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Trema; Ulmaceae; Nicotiana tabacum; Lotus
corniculatus; Rhizobium; Agrobacterium tumefaciens;
Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Genetic transformation; Transgenics;
Hemoglobin; Promoters; Nucleotide sequences; Chimeras; Beta-
glucuronidase; Reporter genes; Gene expression; Enzyme
activity; Roots; Root nodules; Nodulation
Abstract: Hemoglobin genes from the nitrogen-fixing nonlegume
Parasponia andersonii and the related non-nitrogen-fixing
nonlegume Trema tomentosa have been isolated [Landsmann et al.
(1986). Nature 324, 166-168; Bogusz et al. (1988). Nature 331,
178-180]. The promoters of these genes have been linked to a
beta-glucuronidase reporter gene and introduced into both the
nonlegume Nicotiana tabacum and the legume Lotus corniculatus.
Both promoters directed root-specific expression in transgenic
tobacco. When transgenic Lotus plants were nodulated by
Rhizobium loti, both promoter constructs showed a high level
of nodule-specific expression confined to the central
bacteroid-containing portion of the nodule corresponding to
the expression seen for the endogenous Lotus leghemoglobin
gene. The T. tomentosa promoter was also expressed at a low
level in the vascular tissue of the Lotus roots. The
hemoglobin promoters from both nonlegumes, including the non-
nodulating species, must contain conserved cis-acting DNA
signals that are responsible for nodule-specific expression in
legumes. We have identified sequence motifs postulated
previously as the nodule-specific regulatory elements of the
soybean leghemoglobin genes [Stougaard et al. (1987). EMBO J.
6, 3565-3569].
182 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Novel organization of the common nodulation genes in Rhizobium
leguminosarum bv. phaseoli strains.
Vazquez, M.; Davalos, A.; Penas, A. de las; Sanchez, F.;
Quinto, C. Washington, D.C. : American Society for
Microbiology; 1991 Feb. Journal of bacteriology v. 173 (3): p.
1250-1258; 1991 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Strains; Genes;
Nodulation; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences; Host
specificity
Abstract: Nodulation by Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and
Azorhizobium species in the roots of legumes and nonlegumes
requires the proper expression of plant genes and of both
common and specific bacterial nodulation genes. The common
nodABC genes form an operon or are physically mapped together
in all species studied thus far. Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.
phaseoli strains are classified in two groups. The type I
group has reiterated nifHDK genes and a narrow host range of
nodulation. The type II group has a single copy of the nifHDK
genes and a wide host range of nodulation. We have found by
genetic and nucleotide sequence analysis that in type I strain
CE-3, the functional common nodA gene is separated from the
nodBC genes by 20 kb and thus is transcriptionally separated
from the latter genes. This novel organization could be the
result of a complex rearrangement, as we found zones of
identity between the two separated nodA and nodBC regions.
Moreover, this novel organization of the common nodABC genes
seems to be a general characteristic of R. leguminosarum bv.
phaseoli type I strains. Despite the separation, the
coordination of the expression of these genes seems not to be
altered.
183 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Nucleosomal structural and histone H1 subfractional
composition of pea (Pisum sativum) root nodules, radicles and
callus chromatin.
Bers, E.P.; Singh, N.P.; Pardonen, V.A.; Lutova, L.A.;
Zalensky, A.O. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992
Dec.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 20
(6): p. 1089-1096; 1992 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Chromatin; Histones; Repetitive
DNA; Dna conformation; Root nodules; Callus; Radicles;
Nodulation; Rhizobium leguminosarum
Abstract: Higher-order packaging of DNA in chromatin
structures could be an essential step in the complex chain of
events leading to activation/repression of eukaryotic gene
expression. With the goal to investigate this aspect of
transcriptional regulation of plant genes involved in
symbiotic interactions between legumes and rhizobia we analyze
here the molecular parameters of chromatin structure in
functioning root nodules, callus and radicles of pea.
Morphological intactness and the typical nucleosomal
organization are preserved in purified nuclei isolated from
all three sources. The calculated values of nucleosomal repeat
changed from 185 +/- 5 bp in the nuclei of radicles to 168 +/-
5 bp and 195 +/- 6 bp in nodules and callus respectively. The
observed changes are due to alterations in linker DNA lengths.
The core histones are identical in all cases, but the
subfractional composition of H1 linker histone is subjected to
quantitative alterations. The most pronounced is the several-
fold increase in content of the lowest-molecular-weight
subfraction H1-6 which takes place during nodule development.
184 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Nucleotide sequence and characterization of four additional
genes of the hydrogenase structural operon from Rhizobium
leguminosarum bv. viciae. Hidalgo, E.; Palacios, J.M.;
Murillo, J.; Ruiz-Argueso, T.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1992
Jun. Journal of bacteriology v. 174 (12): p. 4130-4139; 1992
Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Structural genes;
Hydrogenase; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences
Abstract: The nucleotide sequence of a 2.5-kbp region
following the hydrogenase structural genes (hupSL) in the H2
uptake gene cluster from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae
UPM791 was determined. Four closely linked genes encoding
peptides of 27.9 (hupC), 22.1 (hupD), 19.0 (hupE), and 10.4
(hupF) kDa were identified immediately downstream of hupL.
Proteins with comparable apparent molecular weights were
detected by heterologous expression of these genes in
Escherichia coli. The six genes, hupS to hupF, are arranged as
an operon, and by mutant complementation analysis, it was
shown that genes hupSLCD are cotranscribed. A transcription
start site preceded by the -12 to -24 consensus sequence
characteristic of NtrA-dependent promoters was identified
upstream of hupS. On the basis of the lack of oxygen-dependent
H2 uptake activity of a hupC::Tn5 mutant and on structural
characteristics of the protein, we postulate that HupC is a b-
type cytochrome involved in electron transfer from hydrogenase
to oxygen. The product from hupE, which is needed for full
hydrogenase activity, exhibited characteristics typical of a
membrane protein. The features of HupC and HupE suggest that
they form, together with the hydrogenase itself, a membrane-
bound protein complex involved in hydrogen oxidation.
185 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Nucleotide sequence and protein products of two new nodulation
genes of Rhizobium meliloti, nodP and nodQ.
Schwedock, J.; Long, S.R.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1989 Jul.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 2 (4): p.
181-194; 1989 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Nodulation; Genes; Nucleotide
sequences; Rhizobium meliloti; Amino acid sequences; Gene
expression; Strain differences; Comparisons; Escherichia coli
186 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Nucleotide sequence of Rhizobium meliloti GR4 insertion
sequence ISRm3 linked to the nodulation competitiveness locus
nfe.
Soto, M.J.; Zorzano, A.; Olivares, J.; Toro, N.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Oct.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 20
(2): p. 307-309; 1992 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Plasmids; Nucleotide
sequences; Linkage; Loci; Nodulation; Amino acid sequences;
Enzymes
Abstract: Rhizobium meliloti large plasmid pRmeGR4b carries
the NifA-dependent gene locus nfe which is responsible for
nodulation efficiency and competitive ability of strain GR4 on
alfalfa roots. In this paper we are reporting the nucleotide
sequence of an IS element homologous to ISRm3 located
downstream of the nfe locus. In the course of sequencing the
former locus we found downstream of the competitiveness genes
an insertion sequence homologous to recently reported ISRm3
isolated from R. meliloti 102F70. R. meliloti strain GR4
carries a single copy of insertion sequence ISRm3 located on
plasmid pRmeGR4b. The left inverted repeat (IRL) of the
insertion sequence is located 128 bp downstream of the
translational-stop codon of the nfe locus (Fig. 1). Nucleotide
sequence comparison of GR4 ISRm3 copy with the ISRm3 element
from strain 102F70, showed seven conservative nucleotide
substitutions: T-C (at nucleotide position 227), G-A (at 240),
A-G (at 315), G-A (at 47 1), T-C (at 546), C-T (at 630) and T-
C (at 906) (this work versus published sequence) (Fig. 1).
Only the first substitution (at 227) led to an amino acid
change in the N terminus of the putative transposase, a valine
at position 13 instead of an alanine (Fig. 1). Both amino
acids are hydrophobic, and it is likely that this change may
well have little effect if any in the protein. Furthermore,
flanking the inverted repeats of GR4 ISRm3 it was found two
direct repeats of 9 bp (Fig. 1). No obvious terminator
sequence is present at the end of the nfe locus. Transposable
elements can potentially insert into actively transcribed
operons and as such, may be subject to the influence of
adjacent DNA sequences. However, transcript entering ISRm3
from the nfe promoters would potentially form a stem-loop
structure (Fig. 1), with favorable delta G equal to -35.1
kcal/mol, calculated according to Tinoco et al. Whereas the
putative ribosome binding site of ISRm3 would form part of the
loop structure the putative start codon would
187 NAL Call. No.: QH301.N32
Nutrient remobilization, nitrogen metabolism and chloroplast
gene expression in senescent leaves.
Sabater, B.; Vera, A.; Tomas, R.; Martin, M.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990.
NATO ASI series : Series A : Life sciences v. 186: p. 225-229.
ill; 1990. In the series analytic: Plant aging: basic and
applied approaches / edited by R. Rodriguez, R. Sanchez Tames,
and D.J. Durzan. Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study
Institute on "Molecular Basis of Plant Aging," July 2-15,
1989, Ribadesella, Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana; Leaves; Chloroplast genetics; Gene
expression; Nitrogen metabolism; Plant nutrition; Senescence
188 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Occurrence of H2-uptake hydrogenases in Bradyrhizobium sp.
(Lupinus) and their expression in nodules of Lupinus spp. and
Ornithopus compressus. Murillo, J.; Villa, A.; Chamber, M.;
Ruiz-Argueso, T.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1989
Jan. Plant physiology v. 89 (1): p. 78-85. ill; 1989 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lupinus albus; Lupinus angustifolius; Lupinus
luteus; Ornithopus compressus; Hydrogen; Uptake; Rhizobium;
Root nodules; Symbiosis; Nucleotide sequence; Strain
differences; Gene expression
189 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Organ regulated expression of the Parasponia andersonii
haemoglobin gene in transgenic tobacco plants.
Landsmann, J.; Llewellyn, D.; Dennis, E.S.; Peacock, W.J.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1988 Sep.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 214 (1): p. 68-73.
ill; 1988 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Agrobacterium tumefaciens;
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria; Genetic transformation; Gene
expression; Controlling genes; Nitrogen fixation
190 NAL Call. No.: QR89.7.I56 1988
Organisation and regulation of nitrogen fixation genes in
Klebsiella and Azotobacter.
Merrick, M.J.
Stuttgart : G. Fischer; 1988.
Nitrogen fixation : hundred years after : proceedings of the
7th International Congress on N [Triple-bond] Nitrogen
Fixation, Koln (Cologne), F.R.G., March 13-20, 1980 / edited
by H. Bothe, F.J. de Bruijn and W.E. Newton. p. 293-302; 1988.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nitrogen fixation; Genes; Klebsiella pneumoniae;
Azotobacter vinelandii; Azotobacter chroococcum; Nitrogenase;
Gene expression
191 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 C162
Overexpression of the dctA gene in Rhizobium meliloti: effect
on transport of C4 dicarboxylates and symbiotic nitrogen
fixation.
Rastogi, V.; Labes, M.; Finan, T.; Watson, R.
Ottawa : National Research Council of Canada; 1992 Jun.
Canadian journal of microbiology v. 38 (6): p. 555-562; 1992
Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Acetylene reduction; Gene
expression; Genetic engineering; Nitrogen fixation; Plasmids;
Promoters; Root nodules; Soil bacteria; Symbiosis
192 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Oxygen regulation of uricase and sucrose synthase synthesis in
soybean callus tissue is exerted at the mRNA level.
Xue, Z.T.; Larsen, K.; Jochimsen, B.U.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 May.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
fundamental research and genetic engineering v. 16 (5): p.
899-906; 1991 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Gene expression; Oxidoreductases;
Sucrose synthase; Genes; Messenger RNA; Genetic regulation;
Oxygen; Callus; Tissue culture; Enzyme activity;
Transcription; Root nodules; Bradyrhizobium japonicum;
Proteins
Abstract: The effect of lowering oxygen concentration on the
expression of nodulin genes in soybean callus tissue devoid of
the microsymbiont has been examined. Poly(A)+ RNA was isolated
from tissue cultivated in 4% oxygen and in normal atmosphere.
Quantitative mRNA hybridization experiments using nodule-
specific uricase (Nodulin-35) and sucrose synthase
(Nodulin-100) cDNA probes confirmed that the synthesis of the
uricase and sucrose synthase is controlled by oxygen at the
mRNA level. The steady-state levels of uricase and sucrose
synthase mRNA increased significantly (5-6- and 4-fold
respectively) when the callus tissue was incubated at reduced
oxygen concentration. Concomitant with the increase in mRNA
level a 6-fold increase in specific activity of sucrose
synthase was observed. Two messengers representing poly-
ubiquitin precursors also responded to lowering the oxygen
concentration. The increase was about 5-fold at 4% oxygen. No
expression at atmospheric oxygen or in response to low oxygen
was observed when using cDNA probes for other nodulin genes
such as leghemoglobin c3, nodulin-22 and nodulin-44.
193 NAL Call. No.: QH506.A1M622
Pea (Pisum sativum) genes involved in symbiosis with nitrogen-
fixing bacteria. I. Analysis of the expression of the early
nodulin gene ENOD12 using the polymerase chain reaction.
Zalenskii, A.O.; Kozik, A.V.; Scheres, V.; Bisseling, A.;
Tikhonovich, I.A. New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1991
Dec.
Molecular biology v. 25 (3,pt.2): p. 638-644; 1991 Dec.
Translated from: Molekuliarnaia biologiia, v. 25 (3, pt. 2),
1991, p. 787-794. (QH506.A1M62). Includes references.
Language: English; Russian
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Genes;
Nodulins; Gene expression; Polymerase chain reaction;
Nodulation; Transcription; Genetic regulation; Root hairs;
Messenger RNA; Root nodules; Flavonoids
Abstract: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to
detect the transcription products of the early nodulin gene in
the pea. Single-stranded DNA copies were prepared using a
primer corresponding to the terminal part of a previously
sequenced cDNA clone and a total RNA isolate. The presence of
amplification products was detected using Southern
hybridization. Expression of the ENOD12 gene was found to
occur at the earliest developmental stages of the symbiosis
between the pea and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and occurred in
root hair cell. Transcription activation required sufficient
levels of activity of a limited number of symbiotic bacterial
genes, namely nodDABC and nodE. Expression of ENOD12 was
inducible by a soluble component excreted into the medium by
activated bacteria, and by inhibitors of soluble hormone
(auxins) transport. The ENOD12 gene was shown to lack introns.
194 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Peribacteroid membrane nodulin gene induction by
Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutants.
Mellor, R.B.; Garbers, C.; Werner, D.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1989 Mar.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 12
(3): p. 307-315; 1989 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Gene
expression; Nodulins; Messenger RNA; Bacteroids; Plasma
membranes; Root nodules; Genetic regulation; Mutants;
Immunochemistry; Symbiosis; Nodulation
Abstract: Seventeen translation products from Glycine max
root mRNA precipitated with antiserum prepared against a
bacteroid membrane preparation from effective root nodules.
Messenger RNA from fix+ nodules coded for these 17 products
plus 7 other nodule-specific polypeptides which bound to the
antiserum. Of these 7 nodulins only 4 were present when
nodules were infected with Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 rif 15
2960, which induces the plant to produce 'empty' peribacteroid
membranes. In nodules infected with B. japonicum strains
inducing either very short-lived or defective peribacteroid
membrane, only 5 or 6, respectively, of these nodulins could
be detected. From these results we hypothesize that the
microsymbiont is responsible for the production of at least 4
different signals leading to peribacteriod membrane formation
by the plant.
195 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P63
Phosphate starvation stress as an experimental system for
molecular analysis. Goldstein, A.H.; Baertlein, D.A.; Danon,
A.
Athens, Ga. : International Society for Plant Molecular
Biology, University of Georgia; 1989 Feb.
Plant molecular biology reporter - ISPMB v. 7 (1): p. 7-16.
ill; 1989 Feb. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant nutrition; Mineral nutrition; Phosphates;
Starvation; Stress response; Molecular biology; Nutrient
requirements; Metabolism; Gene expression; Genetic regulation
196 NAL Call. No.: 470 C16C
Physiological factors determining vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhizal formation in host and nonhost Ri T-DNA transformed
roots.
Becard, G.; Piche, Y.
Ottawa, Ont. : National Research Council of Canada; 1990 Jun.
Canadian journal of botany; Journal canadien de botanique v.
68 (6): p. 1260-1264. ill; 1990 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Daucus carota; Beta vulgaris; Gigaspora
margarita; Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae; Genetic
transformation; Infectivity; Hyphae; Growth rate; Regulations;
Root exudates; Symbiosis; Plant interaction
197 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Plant cells selected for resistance to phosphate starvation
show enhanced P use efficiency.
Goldstein, A.H.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 82 (2): p. 191-194; 1991.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; In vitro selection;
Phosphates; Mineral deficiencies; Resistance; Tissue culture;
Callus; Cell lines; Multigene families; Gene expression;
Genetic regulation; Somaclonal variation; Acid phosphatase;
Isoenzymes; Secretion; Nutrition physiology; Nutrient uptake;
Cell suspensions
Abstract: In many organisms, phosphate starvation induces
multigene systems that act to increase the availability and
uptake of exogenous phosphates. Tissue-cultured tomato cells
were plated onto solid media containing starvation levels of
phosphate. While most cells died, we identified isolated
clumps of callus capable of near-normal rates of growth.
Starvation-resistant cells were used to start suspension
cultures that were kept under phosphate starvation conditions.
A selected cell line showed constitutively enhanced secretion
of acid phosphatase and greatly increased rates of phosphate
uptake. These pleiotropic effects suggest modification of a
regulatory apparatus that controls coordinated changes in the
expression of a multigene system. The somaclonal variant cell
line grew normally under phosphate-sufficient conditions, but
did significantly better than unselected cells under
phosphate-limited conditions. In vitro selection may be a
useful system for developing phosphate ultraefficient crop
plants.
198 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Plant gene expression during effective and ineffective nodule
development of the tropical stem-nodulated legume Sesbania
rostrata.
Lajudie, P. de; Huguet, T.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1988.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 10
(6): p. 537-548; 1988. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sesbania; Rhizobium; Rhizobiaceae; Gene
expression; Genes; Nodulins; Leghemoglobin; Nodulation; Root
nodules; Stem nodules; Dark; Mutants
Abstract: The expression of plant genes during symbiosis of
Sesbania rostrata with Rhizobium sp. and Azorhizobium
caulinodans was studied by comparing two-dimensional PAGE
patterns of in vitro translation products of poly(A)+ RNA from
uninfected roots and stems with that of root and stem nodules.
Both types of nodules are essentially similar, particularly
when stem nodules are formed in the dark. We detected the
specific expression of at least 16 genes in stem and root
nodules and observed the stimulated expression of about 10
other genes in both nodules. Six of the nodule-specific
translation products (apparent molecular masses around 16 kDa)
cross-react with an antiserum raised against leghemoglobin
purified from Sesbania rostrata stem nodules. During stem
nodule development, most of the nodule-stimulated genes are
expressed concomitantly with leghemoglobin at day 12 after
inoculation. However, some genes are already stimulated at
days 6-7, some others later in development (day 18), and some
are transiently activated. Patterns of root nodules induced by
either Azorhizobium caulinodans strain ORS571, capable of
effective root and stem nodulation, or Rhizobium sp. strain
ORS51, capable of effective root nodulation only, are very
similar except for a specific 37.5 kDa polypeptide. Several
types of ineffective stem and root nodules were studied; in
every case the amount of leghemoglobin components appeared
reduced together with most of the nodule-stimulated
polypeptides.
199 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P55
Plant regulated aspects of nodulation and N2 fixation.
Vance, C.P.; Egli, M.A.; Griffith, S.M.; Miller, S.S.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1988 Jul.
Plant, cell and environment v. 11 (5): p. 413-427. ill; 1988
Jul. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant nutrition; Nitrogen fixation; Nodulation;
Root nodules; Organogenesis; Genetic control; Symbiosis; Gene
expression
200 NAL Call. No.: QR1.C78
Plant-microbial interaction under gnotobiotic conditions: a
scanning electron microscope study.
Hong, Y.; Glick, B.R.; Pasternak, J.J.
New York, N.Y. : Springer International; 1991 Aug.
Current microbiology v. 23 (2): p. 111-114; 1991 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica campestris; Pseudomonas putida; Seed
inoculation; Plasmids; Genetic transformation; Roots; Growth;
Binding; Ultrastructure
Abstract: Inoculation of canola seeds with Pseudomonas putida
GR12-2 stimulates root elongation under gnotobiotic
conditions. Transformation of P. putida GR12-2 with the broad-
host-range plasmid pGSS15 abolishes the enhancement of root
elongation. With scanning electron microscopy it was found
that both transformed and nontransformed P. putida GR12-2 are
capable of binding to canola seed coats. In addition, it was
observed that 4 days after the initial inoculation the roots
of both P. putida GR12-2- and GR12-2/pGSS15-treated seedlings
were free of adhering bacteria despite the fact that it was
subsequently shown that both bacterial strains are capable of
binding to roots. Thus, adhesion to roots is not necessary for
the initial phase of enhanced root elongation that is induced
by P. putida GR122-2 under gnotobiotic conditions.
201 NAL Call. No.: QH442.A47
Plants stem the selenium flood: will new approach to
bioremediation take root?.
New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert; 1990 Mar.
Agricultural genetics report v. 9 (2): p. 5-6; 1990 Mar.
Language: English
Descriptors: Selenium; Plant analysis; Usda; Water management;
Genetic engineering
202 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.A38
Potential for exploiting vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in
agriculture. Hall, I.R.
New York, N.Y. : Allan R. Liss; 1988.
Advances in biotechnological processes v. 9: p. 141-174; 1988.
In the series analytic: Biotechnology in agriculture / edited
by A. Mizrahi. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plants; Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae;
Inoculation; Growth; Crop yield
203 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Production of root hair deformation factors by Rhizobium
meliloti nodulation genes in Escherichia coli: HsnD (NodH) is
involved in the plant host-specific modification of the NodABC
factor.
Banfalvi, Z.; Kondorosi, A.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1989 Jul.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 13
(1): p. 1-12; 1989 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Rhizobium meliloti; Escherichia
coli; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Rhizobium trifolii; Genes;
Nodulation; Genetic transformation; Gene expression; Root
hairs; Deformation; Soil inoculation; Bacterial proteins;
Symbiosis
Abstract: The role of the hsnD (nodH) gene in the
determination of the host-specific nodulation ability of
Rhizobium meliloti was studied by expressing the common
nodulation genes (nodABC) with or without the hsnD gene in
Escherichia coli and testing for biological activity on
various leguminous plants. In this way, four categories of
plants were established. Upon infection with E. coli carrying
the nodABC construct, root hair deformation (Had) was detected
on clovers while the hsnD gene was additionally needed for the
elicitation of the same response on alfalfa and sweet clover.
A weak root hair deformation was seen on siratro by
inoculation with E. coli harbouring the nodABC genes and was
highly increased when hsnD was also introduced. Cowpea and
Desmodium did not respond to any of the E. coli strains
constructed. Exudates or cytosolic fractions of the respective
E. coli derivatives elicited the same root hair deformation as
the intact bacteria. These data indicate that not only the
nodABC gene products but also the hsnD product are involved in
the synthesis of Had factors. Subclones expressing only the
nodA, nodB, or nodC genes or the same genes in pairs (nodAB,
nodBC, nodAC) did not provide a compound with activity
comparable to the NodABC factor, suggesting that all three
genes are required for the production of the Had factor which
is active on clover. Coinoculation of alfalfa plants with two
strains of E. coli, one carrying the nodABC genes and the
other expressing only hsnD, or combining exudates or cytosolic
fractions from these strains did not result in root hair
deformation on alfalfa. These data indicate that the HsnD
protein itself or its product is not an additional alfalfa-
specific extracellular signal but more likely is enzymatically
involved in the modification of the basic compound determined
by the nodABC genes.
204 NAL Call. No.: QK867.J67
Recent progress and needed research in plant Fe nutrition.
Chaney, R.L.
New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1988 Jun.
Journal of plant nutrition v. 11 (6/11): p. 1589-1603; 1988
Jun. Paper presented at the "Fourth International Symposium
on Iron Nutrition and Interactions in Plants," July 6-9, 1987,
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant nutrition; Iron; Research; Conferences;
Reviews; Technical progress; Chlorosis; Biotechnology
205 NAL Call. No.: 450 N42
Regulation of gene expression in ectomycorrhizas. I. Protein
changes and the presence of ectomycorrhiza-specific
polypeptides in the Pisolithus-Eucalyptus symbiosis.
Hilbert, J.L.; Martin, F.
New York, N.Y. : Cambridge University Press; 1988 Nov.
The New phytologist v. 110 (3): p. 339-346. ill; 1988 Nov.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Eucalyptus globulus; Pisolithus tinctorius;
Ectomycorrhizae; Polypeptides; Symbiosis; Gene expression;
Protein content
206 NAL Call. No.: QR89.7.I56 1988
Regulation of gene expression in plants with special emphasis
on the nodulation process.
Schell, J.; John, M.; Schmidt, J.; Wingender-Drissen, R.;
Simons, A.; Metz, B.; Jensen, E.O.; Hoffmann, H.J.; Welters,
P.; De Bruijn, F.J. Stuttgart : G. Fischer; 1988.
Nitrogen fixation : hundred years after : proceedings of the
7th International Congress on N [Triple-bond] Nitrogen
Fixation, Koln (Cologne), F.R.G., March 13-20, 1980 / edited
by H. Bothe, F.J. de Bruijn and W.E. Newton. p. 591-598; 1988.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Medicago sativa; Root nodulation;
Agrobacterium; Gene expression; Genes
207 NAL Call. No.: QR89.7.I56 1988
Regulation of nod gene expression and nodulation.
Wijffelman, C.A.; Spaink, H.P.; Okker, R.J.H.; Pees, E.; Zaat,
S.A.J.; Brussel, A.A.N. van; Lugtenberg, B.J.J.
Stuttgart : G. Fischer; 1988.
Nitrogen fixation : hundred years after : proceedings of the
7th International Congress on N [Triple-bond] Nitrogen
Fixation, Koln (Cologne), F.R.G., March 13-20, 1980 / edited
by H. Bothe, F.J. de Bruijn and W.E. Newton. p. 417-422; 1988.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium leguminosarum; Vicia; Medicago sativa;
Gene expression; Gene mapping
208 NAL Call. No.: QH573.N37
Regulation of nod gene expression: the role nod D protein.
Wijffelman, C.; Spaink, H.; Schlaman, H.; Zaat, B.; Recourt,
K; Maagd, R. de; Okker, R.; Lugtenberg, B.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag; 1989.
NATO ASI series : Series H : Cell biology v. 36: p. 137-144;
1989. In the series analytic: Signal molecules in plants and
plant-microbe interactions / edited by B.J.J. Lugtenberg.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Molecular Signals in Microbe-Plant Symbiotic and Pathogenic
Systems, May 21-26, 1989, Biddinghuizen, The Netherlands.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Rhizobium
meliloti; Rhizobium trifolii; Genes; Bacterial proteins;
Nodulation; Gene expression; Genetic regulation; Flavonoids;
Roots; Transcription; Literature reviews
209 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Regulation of nodulation gene expression by NodD in rhizobia.
Schlaman, H.R.M.; Okker, R.J.H.; Lugtenberg, B.J.J.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1992
Aug. Journal of bacteriology v. 174 (16): p. 5177-5182; 1992
Aug. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium; Genes; Nodulation; Gene expression;
Genetic regulation; Literature reviews
210 NAL Call. No.: QR1.M562
Regulation of nodulation in Rhizobium leguminosarum.
Lugtenberg, B.J.J.
Oxford : Rapid Communications of Oxford Ltd. with UNESCO;
1992. World journal of microbiology and biotechnology v. 8
(suppl.1): p. 120-123; 1992. In the series analytic: Trends
in microbiology / edited by P. Sajdl and M. Kocur. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Nodulation;
Genes; Gene expression
211 NAL Call. No.: QR89.7.I56 1988
Regulation of nodule-specific plant genes.
Jensen, E.O.; Stougaard, J.; Jorgensen, J.E.; Sandal, N.; De
Bruijn, F.J.; Schell, J.; Marcker, K.A.
Stuttgart : G. Fischer; 1988.
Nitrogen fixation : hundred years after : proceedings of the
7th International Congress on N [Triple-bond] Nitrogen
Fixation, Koln (Cologne), F.R.G., March 13-20, 1980 / edited
by H. Bothe, F.J. de Bruijn and W.E. Newton. p. 605-609; 1988.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Root nodulation; Genes; Gene expression; Legumes;
Glycine max; Sesbania; Agrobacterium
212 NAL Call. No.: QK710.A9
The regulation of pea seed storage protein genes by sulfur
stress. Spencer, D.; Rerie, W.G.; Randall, P.J.; Higgins,
T.J.V.
East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization; 1990.
Australian journal of plant physiology v. 17 (3): p. 355-363.
ill; 1990. In the series analytic: Plant Gene Manipulation:
Applications in Plant Biology and Cultivar Improvement /
edited by C. Critchley and J. Manners. Paper presented at a
workshop held July, 1989, University of Queensland, Australia.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Nicotiana tabacum; Transgenics;
Seeds; Protein synthesis; Genetic code; Regulation; Stress
factors; Sulfur; Gene expression; Legumin; Lectins; Vicilin;
Albumins; Nutrient requirements; Gene transfer; Literature
reviews
213 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Regulation of plant genes specifically induced in nitrogen-
fixing nodules: role of cis-acting elements and trans-acting
factors in leghemoglobin gene expression.
De Bruijn, F.J.; Felix, G.; Grunenberg, B.; Hoffmann, H.J.;
Metz, B.; Ratet, P.; Simons-Schreier, A.; Szabados, L.;
Welters, P.; Schell, J. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic
Publishers; 1989 Sep.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 13
(3): p. 319-325; 1989 Sep. Paper presented at the symposium
entitled "Plant Genetic Engineering Applications for
Agriculture, Horticulture and Industry," September 26-29,
1989, Lunteren, The Netherlands. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Lotus corniculatus; Rhizobium
meliloti; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Sesbania; Genetic
transformation; Transgenics; Leghemoglobin; Genes;
Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; Reporter genes; Gene
expression; Genetic regulation; Root nodules; Nodulation;
Mutants; Dna binding proteins; Promoters
Abstract: Transgenic alfalfa plants harboring a gene fusion
between the soybean leghemoglobin (lbc3) promoter region and
the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (cat) gene were used to
determine the influence of rhizobial mutants on lb gene
expression in nodules. The promoter region of the Sesbania
rostrata glb3 (Srglb3) leghemoglobin gene was examined for the
presence of conserved motifs homologous to binding site 1 and
2 of the soybean lbc3 promoter region, found to interact with
a trans-acting factor present in soybean nodule nuclear
extracts (Jensen EO, Marcker KA, Schell J, de Bruijn FJ, EMBO
J 7: 1265-1271, 1988). Subfragments of the S. rostrata glb3
(Srglb3) promoter region were examined for binding to trans-
acting factors from nodule nuclear extracts. In addition to
the binding sites previously identified (Metz BA, Welters P,
Hoffmann HJ, Jensen EO, Schell J, de Bruijn FJ, Mol Gen Genet
214: 181-191), several other sites were found to interact with
trans-acting factors. In most cases the same trans-acting
factor(s) were shown to be involved. One fragment (202) was
found to bind specifically to a different factor (protein)
which was extremely heat-resistant (100 degrees C). The
appearance of this factor was shown to be developmentally
regulated since the expected protein-DNA complexes were first
observed around 12 days after infection, concomitant with the
production of leghemoglobin proteins. Fragments of the Srglb3
5' upstream region were fused to the beta-glucuronidase
reporter gene with its own CAAT and TATA box region or those
of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S and nopaline synthase
(nos) promoters. These constructs were used to generate
transgenic Lotus corniculatus plants and their expression was
measured in different plant tissues. The Srglb3 CAAT and TATA
box region was found to be required for nodule-specific
expression and several upstream enhancer-type regions were
identified.
214 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
The regulatory status of the fixL- and fixJ-like genes in
Bradyrhizobium japonicum may be different from that in
Rhizobium meliloti. Anthamatten, D.; Hennecke, H.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991 Jan.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 225 (1): p. 38-48;
1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Rhizobium
meliloti; Genes; Cloning; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid
sequences; Comparisons; Bacterial proteins; Restriction
mapping; Gene expression; Genetic regulation; Nitrogen
fixation; Aerobiosis; Acetylene reduction; Mutations;
Deletions; Mutants; Growth rate; Anaerobic conditions
Abstract: The cloning, sequencing and mutational analysis of
the Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiotic nitrogen fixation genes
fixL and fixJ are reported here. The two genes were adjacent
and probably formed an operon, fixLJ. The predicted FixL and
FixJ proteins, members of the two-component sensor/regulator
family, were homologous over almost their entire lengths to
the corresponding Rhizobium meliloti proteins (approx. 50%
identity). Downstream of the B. japonicum fixJ gene was found
an open reading frame with 138 codons (ORF138) whose product
shared 36% homology with the N-terminal part of FixJ. Deletion
and insertion mutations within fixL and fixJ led to a loss of
approximately 90% wild-type symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Fix)
activity, whereas an ORF138 mutant was Fix+. In fixL,fixJ and
ORF138 mutant backgrounds, the aerobic expression of the fixR-
nifA operon was not affected. NifA itself did not regulate the
expression of the fixJ gene. Thus, the B. japonicum FixL and
FixJ proteins were neither involved in the regulation of
aerobic nifA gene expression nor in the anaerobic NifA-
dependent autoregulation of the fixRnifA operon; rather they
appeared to control symbiotically important genes other than
those whose expression was dependent on the NifA protein. The
fixL and fixJ mutant strains were unable to grow anaerobically
with nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor. Therefore,
some of the FixJ-dependent genes in B. japonicum may be
concerned with anaerobic respiration.
215 NAL Call. No.: QR1.F44
Relationship between electroporation conditions,
electropermeability and respiratory activity for Frankia
strain ACN14a.
Cournoyer, B.; Normand, P.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992 Jul01.
FEMS microbiology letters - Federation of European
Microbiological Societies v. 94 (1/2): p. 95-99; 1992 Jul01.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Frankia; Ribosomal DNA; Electroporation; Genetic
transformation; Respiration; Reduction; Tetrazolium dyes;
Fluorescein; Isothiocyanates; Dna sequencing; Nucleotide
sequences; Phylogeny
Abstract: The use of electroporation for introducing
macromolecules into intact cells of the actinomycete Frankia
was investigated. Electropermeability was demonstrated by the
uptake of dextran (70 kDa) molecules labeled with fluorescein
isothiocyanate (FITC) inside Frankia cells. Upon pulsation
with an exponentially decaying electric field, the cell
membranes became permeable. Loading increased with initial
pulsed electric field strength and capacitance. Increased
loading efficiency was inversely related to INT
(2-(p-iodophenyl-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium
chloride) reduction activity (respiring bacteria) of the cell
population. The presence of CaCl2 in the electroporation and
resealing buffer raised INT-reduction activity but K2SO4
decreased this activity. Resealing of electropores was
confirmed by a decreasing FITC-dextran loading through the
recovery period. The use of FITC-dextran molecules and INT-
reduction assay are two new approaches for the study of
permeabilization and cellular activity of electroporated
bacteria.
216 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
The relationship between nodulin gene expression and the
Rhizobium nod genes in Vicia sativa root nodule development.
Nap, J.P.; Wiel, C. van de; Spaink, H.P.; Moerman, M.; Heuvel,
M. van den; Djordjevic, M.A.; Lammeren, A.A.M. van; Kammen, A.
van; Bisseling, T. St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1989 Mar.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 2 (2): p.
53-63; 1989 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vicia sativa; Rhizobium trifolii; Rhizobium
leguminosarum; Strains; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Plasmids;
Gene transfer; Nodulation; Genes; Gene expression; Root
nodules; Leghemoglobin; Nitrogenase; Symbiosis; Molecular
genetics
217 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Release and modification of nod-gene-inducing flavonoids from
alfalfa seeds. Hartwig, U.A.; Phillips, D.A.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
Mar. Plant physiology v. 95 (3): p. 804-807; 1991 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Seeds; Flavonoids; Exudation;
Rhizobium meliloti; Nodulation; Symbiosis; Nitrogen fixation
Abstract: Traces of luteolin, an important rhizobial nod gene
inducer in Rhizobium meliloti, are released by alfalfa
(Medicago sativa L.) seeds, but most luteolin in the seed
exudate is conjugated as luteolin-7-O-glucoside (L7G).
Processes affecting the production of luteolin from L7G in
seed exudate are poorly understood. Results from this study
establish that (a) seed coats are the primary source of
flavonoids, including L7G, in seed exudate; (b) these
flavonoids exist in seeds before imbibition; and (c) both the
host plant and the symbiotic R. meliloti probably can
hydrolyze L7G to luteolin. Glycolytic cleavage of L7G is
promoted by glucosidase activity released from sterile seeds
during the first 4 hours of imbibition. Thus, L7G from
imbibing alfalfa seeds may serve as a source of the nod-gene-
inducing luteolin and thereby facilitate root nodulation by R.
meliloti.
218 NAL Call. No.: 100 L936
Response of soybeans to inoculation with recombinant strains
of B. japonicum. Breitenbeck, G.A.
Baton Rouge, La. : The Department; 1990.
Report of projects - Louisiana Agricultural Experiment
Station, Department of Agronomy. p. 49-54; 1990.
Language: English
Descriptors: Louisiana; Glycine max; Seed inoculation;
Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Recombination; Strains; Genetic
markers; Yield response functions; Nitrogen; Uptake; Seeds;
Protein content; Oils; Bacteria; Dispersal; Persistence
219 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Restricted activation of general amino acid control under
conditions of glutamine limitation in Neurospora crassa.
Kolanus, J.; Michalczyk, J.; Flint, H.J.; Barthelmess, I.B.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1990.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 223 (3): p. 443-448.
ill; 1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Neurospora crassa; Genes; Gene expression;
Messenger RNA; Northern blotting; Genetic regulation;
Glutamine; Nutrient deficiencies; Enzyme activity; Ligases;
Transferases; Oxidoreductases; Nitrate reductase; Amino acids;
Biosynthesis
220 NAL Call. No.: QK1.C83
The Rhizobium genome.
Martinez, E.; Romero, D.; Palacios, R.
Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press; 1990.
Critical reviews in plant sciences v. 9 (1): p. 59-93; 1990.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium; Nitrogen fixation; Genetic control;
Genome analysis; Genetic engineering; Symbiosis; Nodulation;
Gene mapping
221 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J823
A Rhizobium leguminosarum gene required for symbiotic nitrogen
fixation, melanin synthesis and normal growth on certain
growth media. Hawkins, F.K.L.; Kennedy, C.; Johnston, A.W.B.
Reading : Society for General Microbiology; 1991 Jul.
The Journal of general microbiology v. 137 (pt.7): p.
1721-1728; 1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Azotobacter
vinelandii; Escherichia coli; Nitrogen fixation; Genes;
Melanins; Biosynthesis; Growth; Plasmids; Mutations; Mutants;
Gene expression; Nitrates; Succinic acid; Nutrient sources;
Nodules
Abstract: The gene nfrX in Azotobacter vinelandii activates
transcription of other nif genes in that species. A cosmid
containing cloned Rhizobium leguminosarum DNA that corrected
the Nif- defect of an nfrX mutant of A. vinelandii was
isolated. Following Tn5 transposon mutagenesis of the cosmid
in Escherichia coli, mutant derivatives unable to correct the
A. vinelandii nfrX mutants were obtained in two separate
regions of DNA. In addition, mutations close to one of the
nfrX regions conferred a complex phenotype when introduced
into the Rhizobium genome by marker exchange. These mutants
induced non-fixing nodules on peas, were slow-growing on media
with succinate as C source or nitrate as N source and, when
present in R. leguminosarum biovar phaseoli, they failed to
make melanin, a pigment that is normally synthesized by R. l.
bv. phaseoli. The mutated gene, termed melC, was fused to uidA
(which encodes beta-glucuronidase); it was found that
transcription of melC-uidA was enhanced in microaerobic
conditions and that it was expressed at high levels in
infection threads in pea nodules.
222 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Rhizobium leguminosarum genes required for expressin and
transfer of host specific nodulation.
Surin, B.P.; Downie, J.A.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1989 Jan.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 12
(1): p. 19-29; 1989 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Vicia hirsuta; Trifolium pratense;
Trifolium subterraneum; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Rhizobium
trifolii; Nodulation; Genes; Gene transfer; Cloning; Genetic
transformation; Host specificity; Restriction mapping
Abstract: The contributions of various nod genes from
Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae to host-specific
nodulation have been assessed by transferring specific genes
and groups of genes to R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii and
testing the levels of nodulation on Pisum sativum (peas) and
Vicia hirsuta. Many of the nod genes are important in
determination of host-specificity; the nodE gene plays a key
(but not essential) role and the efficiency of transfer of
host specific nodulation increased with additional genes such
that nodFE < nodFEL < nodFELMN. In addition the nodD gene was
shown to play an important role in host-specific nodulation of
peas and Vicia whilst other genes in the nodABCIJ gene region
also appeared to be important. In a reciprocal series of
experiments involving nod genes cloned from R. leguminosarum
bv. trifolii it was found that the nodD gene enabled bv.
viciae to nodulate Trifolium pratense (red clover) but the
nodFEL gene region did not. The bv. trifolii nodD or nodFEL
genes did significantly increase nodulation of Trifolium
subterraneum (sub-clover) by R. leguminosarum bv. viciae. It
is concluded that host specificity determinants are encoded by
several different nod genes.
223 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532
Rhizobium meliloti elicits transient expression of the early
nodulin gene ENOD12 in the differentiating root epidermis of
transgenic alfalfa. Pichon, M.; Journet, E.P.; Dedieu, A.;
Billy, F. de; Truchet, G.; Barker, D.G. Rockville, Md. :
American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992 Oct. The Plant
cell v. 4 (10): p. 1199-1211; 1992 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago truncatula; Rhizobium meliloti; Gene
expression; Structural genes; Nodulins; Nodulation; Roots;
Epidermis; Root nodules; Transgenics; Genetic transformation;
Transcription; Genetic regulation; Nucleotide sequences; Amino
acid sequences; Restriction mapping
Abstract: To study the molecular responses of the host legume
during early stages of the symbiotic interaction with
Rhizobium, we have cloned and characterized the infection-
related early nodulin gene MtENOD12 from Medicago truncatula.
in situ hybridization experiments have shown that, within the
indeterminate Medicago nodule, transcription of the MtENOD12
gene begins in cell layers of meristematic origin that lie
ahead of the infection zone, suggesting that these cells are
undergoing preparation for bacterial infection. Histochemical
analysis of transgenic alfalfa plants that express an MtENOD12
promoter-beta-glucuronidase gene fusion has confirmed this
result and further revealed that MtENOD12 gene transcription
occurs as early as 3 to 6 hr following inoculation with R.
meliloti in a zone of differentiating root epidermal cells
which lies close to the growing root tip. It is likely that
this transient, nodulation (nod) gene-dependent activation of
the ENOD12 gene also corresponds to the preparation of the
plant for bacterial infection. We anticipate that this
extremely precocious response to Rhizobium will provide a
valuable molecular marker for studying early signal exchange
between the two symbiotic organisms.
224 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Rhizobium meliloti exoG and exoJ mutations affect the ExoX-
ExoY system for modulation of exopolysaccharide production.
Reed, J.W.; Capage, M.; Walker, G.C.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991
Jun. Journal of bacteriology v. 173 (12): p. 3776-3788; 1991
Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Genes;
Induced mutations; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences;
Cloning; Polysaccharides; Carbohydrate metabolism; Bacterial
proteins; Genetic regulation; Nodulation; Insertional
mutagenesis; Fluorescence; Fluorescent dyes
Abstract: R. meliloti Rm1021 normally produces an acidic
Calcofluor-binding exopolysaccharide, called succinoglycan or
EPS I, which is required for successful nodulation of alfalfa
by this strain. At least 13 loci affecting production of EPS I
were previously mapped to a cluster on the second of two
symbiotic megaplasmids in Rm1021, pRmeSU47b. A putative
regulatory region was originally defined by the exoG and exoJ
mutations. exoG and exoJ mutants produced less
exopolysaccharide than wild-type strains and induced nitrogen-
fixing nodules on alfalfa with reduced efficiency compared
with the wild type. These mutants appeared to produce only a
low-molecular-weight form of EPS I. Mutations called exoX
cause an increase in exopolysaccharide production and map in
the same region as the exoG and exoJ mutations. The DNA
sequence of this region reveals that it contains two open
reading frames, called exoX and exoY, which have homologs in
other Rhizobium species. Interestingly, the exoG insertion
mutations fall in an intergenic region and may affect the
expression of exoX or exoY. The exoJ mutation falls in the 3'
portion of the exoX open reading frame and is probably an
allele of exoX that results in altered function. exoG and exoJ
mutations limit EPS I production in the presence of exoR95 or
exoS96 mutations, which cause overproduction of EPS I. Gene
regulation studies suggest that ExoX and ExoY constitute a
system that modulates exopolysaccharide synthesis at a
posttranslational level. The deduced sequence of ExoY is
homologous to a protein required for an early step in xanthan
gum biosynthesis, further suggesting that the modulatory
system may affect the exopolysaccharide biosynthetic
apparatus.
225 NAL Call. No.: 500 N484
Rhizobium meliloti exopolysaccharides: structures, genetic
analyses, and symbiotic roles.
Reuber, T.L.; Urzainqui, A.; Glazebrook, J.; Reed, J.W.;
Walker, G.C. New York, N.Y. : The Academy; 1991.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences v. 646: p. 61-68;
1991. In the series analytic: Recombinant DNA technology I /
edited by A. Prokop and R.K. Bajpai. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Soil bacteria; Nitrogen
fixing bacteria; Polysaccharides; Biosynthesis; Biotechnology;
Genetic analysis; Molecular weight; Nodulation; Structure;
Symbiosis
226 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
The Rhizobium meliloti fdxN gene encoding a ferredoxin-like
protein is necessary for nitrogen fixation and is
cotranscribed with nifA and nifB. Klipp, W.; Reilander, H.;
Scluter, A.; Krey, R.; Puhler, A. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer
International; 1989 Apr.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 216 (2/3): p.
293-302; 1989 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Nitrogen
fixation; Genetic control; Genetic code; Genetic
transformation; Ferredoxin; Biosynthesis; Nucleotide sequence
227 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Rhizobium meliloti fixL is an oxygen sensor and regulates R.
meliloti nifA and fixK genes differently in Escherichia coli.
Philip, P. de; Batut, J.; Boistard, P.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1990
Aug. Journal of bacteriology v. 172 (8): p. 4255-4262; 1990
Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Genes; Regulation; Oxygen;
Gene expression; Regulator genes; Escherichia coli
Abstract: In Rhizobium meliloti, nif and fix genes, involved
in nitrogen fixation during symbiosis with alfalfa, are under
the control of two transcriptional regulators encoded by nifA
and fixK. Expression of nifA and fixK is under the control of
FixL/J, a two-component regulatory system. We showed, using
Escherichia coli as a heterologous host, that FixL/J controls
nifA and fixK expression in response to microaerobiosis.
Furthermore, expression of the sensor gene fixL and of the
activator gene fixJ under the control of two different
promoters allowed us to show that FixL mediates microaerobic
induction of nifA when the level of FixJ is low and aerobic
repression of nifA when the level of FixJ is high. Similarly,
activation of fixK occurred in microaerobiosis when the FixJ
level was low in the presence of FixL. In contrast to nifA,
fixK expression was not affected by FixL in aerated cultures
when the level of FixJ was high. We conclude that R. meliloti
FixL senses oxygen in the heterologous host E. coli consistent
with the microaerobic induction of nifA and fixK in R.
meliloti and that nifA and fixK promoters are differentially
activated by FixJ in response to the oxygen signal.
228 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563I5 1988
Rhizobium meliloti genes controlling symbiotic relationships
with plants. Batut, J.; Denarie, J.
Paris, France : Societe francaise de microbiologie; 1988.
Proceedings : 8th International Biotechnology Symposium, Paris
1988 / edited by G. Durand, L. Bobichon, J. Florent. p.
970-982. ill; 1988. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Rhizobium;
Strains; Symbiosis; Genetic control; Gene expression; Nitrogen
fixation; Nodulation; Metabolites; Improvement; Literature
reviews
229 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532
Rhizobium meliloti genes encoding catabolism of trigonelline
are induced under symbiotic conditions.
Boivin, C.; Camut, S.; Malpica, C.A.; Truchet, G.; Rosenberg,
C. Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists;
1990 Dec. The Plant cell v. 2 (12): p. 1157-1170; 1990 Dec.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Genes;
Trigonelline; Catabolism; Plasmids; Gene expression; Genetic
regulation; Betaine; Root nodules; Nodulation; Rhizosphere;
Bacteroids; Cell structure
Abstract: Rhizobium meliloti trc genes controlling the
catabolism of trigonelline, a plant secondary metabolite often
abundant in legumes, are closely linked to nif-nod genes on
the symbiotic megaplasmid pSym [Boivin, C., Malpica, C.,
Rosenberg, C., Denarie, J., Goldman, A., Fleury, V., Maille,
M., Message, B., and Tepfer, D. (1989). In Molecular Signals
in the Microbe-plant Symbiotic and Pathogenic Systems.
(Berlin: Springer-Verlag), pp. 401-407]. To investigate the
role of trigonelline catabolism in the Rhizobium-legume
interaction, we studied the regulation of trc gene expression
in free-living and in endosymbiotic bacteria using Escherichia
coli lacZ as a reporter gene. Experiments performed with free-
living bacteria indicated that trc genes were organized in at
least four transcription units and that the substrate
trigonelline was a specific inducer for three of them.
Noninducing trigonelline-related compounds such as betaines
appeared to antagonize the inducing effect of trigonelline.
None of the general or symbiotic regulatory genes ntrA,
dctB/D, or nodD seemed to be involved in trigonelline
catabolism. trc fusions exhibiting a low basal and a high
induced beta-galactosidase activity when present on pSym were
used to monitor trc gene expression in alfalfa tissue under
symbiotic conditions. Results showed that trc genes are
induced during all the symbiotic steps, i.e., in the
rhizosphere, infection threads, and bacteroids of alfalfa,
suggesting that trigonelline is a nutrient source throughout
the Rhizobium-legume association.
230 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Rhizobium meliloti glutamate synthase: cloning and initial
characterization of the glt locus.
Lewis, T.A.; Gonzalez, R.; Botsford, J.L.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1990
May. Journal of bacteriology v. 172 (5): p. 2413-1420. ill;
1990 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Glutamate synthase; Loci;
Cloning; Gene expression; Mutations; Nutrition; Symbiosis
Abstract: The genetic locus glt, encoding glutamate synthase
from Rhizobium meliloti 1021, was selected from a pLAFR1 clone
bank by complementation of the R. meliloti 41 Glt- mutant
AK330. A fragment of cloned DNA complementing this mutant also
served to complement the Escherichia coli glt null mutant
PA340. Complementation studies using these mutants suggested
that glutamate synthase expression requires two
complementation groups present at this locus. Genomic Southern
analysis using a probe of the R. meliloti 1021 glt region
showed a close resemblance between R. meliloti 1021, 41, and
102f34 at glt, whereas R. meliloti 104A14 showed many
differences in restriction fragment length polymorphism
patterns at this locus. R. meliloti 102f34, but not the other
strains, showed an additional region with sequence similarity
to glt. Insertion alleles containing transposable kanamycin
resistance elements were constructed and used to derive Glt-
mutants of R. meliloti 1021 and 102f34. These mutants were
unable to assimilate ammonia and were Nod+ Fix+ on alfalfa
seedlings. The mutants also showed poor or no growth on
nitrogen sources such as glutamate, aspartate, arginine, and
histidine, which are utilized by the wild-type parental
strains. Strains that remained auxotrophic but grew nearly as
well as the wild type on these nitrogen sources were readily
isolated from populations of glt insertion mutants, indicating
that degradation of these amino acids is negatively regulated
in R. meliloti as a result of disruptions of glt.
231 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Rhizobium meliloti host range nodH gene determines production
of an alfalfa-specific extracellular signal.
Faucher, C.; Maillet, F.; Vasse, J.; Rosenberg, C.; Brussel,
A.A.N. van; Truchet, G.; Denarie, J.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1988
Dec. Journal of bacteriology v. 170 (12): p. 5489-5499. ill;
1988 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Rhizobium meliloti; Host
specificity; Genes
Abstract: The Rhizobium meliloti nodH gene is involved in
determining host range specificity. By comparison with the
wild-type strain, NodH mutants exhibit a change in host
specificity. That is, although NodH mutants lose the ability
to elicit root hair curling (Hac-), infection threads (Inf-),
and nodule meristem formation (Nod-) on the homologous host
alfalfa, they gain the ability to be Hac+ Inf+ Nod+ on a
nonhomologous host such as common vetch. Using root hair
deformation (Had) bioassays on alfalfa and vetch, we have
demonstrated that sterile supernatant solutions of R. meliloti
cultures, in which the nod genes had been induced by the plant
flavone luteolin, contained symbiotic extracellular signals.
The wild-type strain produced at least one Had signal active
on alfalfa (HadA). The NodH- mutants did not produce this
signal but produced at least one factor active on vetch
(HadV). Mutants altered in the common nodABC genes produced
neither of the Had factors. This result suggests that the
nodABC operon determines the production of a common symbiotic
factor which is modified by the NodH product into an alfalfa-
specific signal. An absolute correlation was observed between
the specificity of the symbiotic behavior of rhizobial cells
and the Had specificity of their sterile filtrates. This
indicates that the R. meliloti nodH gene determines host range
by helping to mediate the production of a specific
extracellular signal.
232 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Rhizobium meliloti mutants unable to synthesize anthranilate
display a novel symbiotic phenotype.
Barsomian, G.D.; Urzainqui, A.; Lohman, K.; Walker, G.C.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1992
Jul. Journal of bacteriology v. 174 (13): p. 4416-4426; 1992
Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Mutants; Phenotypes;
Tryptophan; Biochemical pathways; Nodulation; Histology;
Symbiosis
Abstract: Analyses of Rhizobium meliloti trp auxotrophs
suggest that anthranilate biosynthesis by the R. meliloti
trpE(G) gene product is necessary during nodule development
for establishment of an effective symbiosis. trpE(G) mutants,
as well as mutants blocked earlier along this pathway in
aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, form nodules on alfalfa that
have novel defects. In contrast, R. meliloti trp mutants
blocked later in the tryptophan-biosynthetic pathway form
normal, pink, nitrogen-fixing nodules. trpE(G) mutants form
two types of elongated, defective nodules containing unusually
extended invasion zones on alfalfa. One type contains
bacteroids in its base and is capable of nitrogen fixation,
while the other lacks bacteroids and cannot fix nitrogen. The
trpE(G) gene is expressed in normal nodules. Models are
discussed to account for these observations, including one in
which anthranilate is postulated to act as an in planta
siderophore.
233 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Rhizobium meliloti mutants unable to synthesize anthranilate
display a novel symbiotic phenotype.
Barsomian, G.D.; Urzainqui, A.; Lohman, K.; Walker, G.C.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1992
Jul. Journal of bacteriology v. 174 (13): p. 4416-4426; 1992
Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Mutants; Phenotypes;
Symbiosis; Biosynthesis; Tryptophan; Biochemical pathways;
Aromatic acids; Amino acids; Root nodules; Histology
Abstract: Analyses of Rhizobium meliloti trp auxotrophs
suggest that anthranilate biosynthesis by the R. meliloti
trpE(G) gene product is necessary during nodule development
for establishment of an effective symbiosis. trpE(G) mutants,
as well as mutants blocked earlier along this pathway in
aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, form nodules on alfalfa that
have novel defects. In contrast, R. meliloti trp mutants
blocked later in the tryptophan-biosynthetic pathway form
normal, pink, nitrogen-fixing nodules. trpE(G) mutants form
two types of elongated, defective nodules containing unusually
extended invasion zones on alfalfa. One type contains
bacteroids in its base and is capable of nitrogen fixation,
while the other lacks bacteroids and cannot fix nitrogen. The
trpE(G) gene is expressed in normal nodules. Models are
discussed to account for these observations, including one in
which anthranilate is postulated to act as an in planta
siderophore.
234 NAL Call. No.: 500 N21P
Rhizobium meliloti produces a family of sulfated lipo-
oligosaccharides exhibiting different degrees of plant host
specificity.
Schultze, M.; Quiclet-Sire, B.; Kondorosi, E.; Virelizier, H.;
Glushka, J.N.; Endre, G.; Gero, S.D.; Kondorosi, A.
Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1992 Jan01.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America v. 89 (1): p. 192-196; 1992 Jan01. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Melilotus alba; Nodulation;
Plant growth regulators; Rhizobium meliloti; Symbiosis; Gene
expression; Oligosaccharides; Vicia sativa
Abstract: We have shown that a Rhizobium meliloti strain
overexpressing nodulation genes excreted high amounts of a
family of N-acylated and 6-O-sulfated N-acetyl-beta-1,4-D-
glucosamine penta-, tetra-, and trisaccharide Nod factors.
Either a C16:2 or a C16:3 acyl chain is attached to the
nonreducing end subunit, whereas the sulfate group is bound to
the reducing glucosamine. One of the tetrasaccharides is
identical to the previously described NodRm-1 factor. The two
pentasaccharides as well as NodRM-1 were purified and tested
for biological activity. In the root hair deformation assay
the pentasaccharides show similar activities on the host
plants Medicago sativa and Melilotus albus and on the non-host
plant Vicia sativa at a dilution of up to 0.01-0.001
micromoles in contrast to NodRM-1, which displays a much
higher specific activity for Medicago and Melilotus than for
Vicia. The active concentration range of the pentasaccharides
is more narrow on Medicago than on Melilotus and Vicia. In
addition to root hair deformation, the different Nod factors
were shown to induce nodule formation on M. sativa. We suggest
that the production of a series of active signal molecules
with different degrees of specificity might be important in
controlling the symbiosis of R. meliloti with several
different host plants or under different environmental
conditions.
235 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Rhizobium nodM and nodN genes are common nod genes: nodM
encodes functions for efficiency of Nod signal production and
bacteroid maturation. Baev, N.; Schultze, M.; Barlier, I.; Ha,
D.C.; Virelizier, H.; Kondorosi, E.; Kondorosi, A.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1992
Dec. Journal of bacteriology v. 174 (23): p. 7555-7565; 1992
Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Rhizobium leguminosarum;
Strains; Genes; Mutants; Nodulation; Glucosamine; N-
acetylglucosamine; Galactosamine; Ligases; Medicago sativa
Abstract: Earlier, we showed that Rhizobium meliloti nodM
codes for glucosamine synthase and that nodM and nodN mutants
produce strongly reduced root hair deformation activity and
display delayed nodulation of Medicago sativa (Baev et al.,
Mol. Gen. Genet 228:113-124, 1991). Here, we demonstrate that
nodM and nodN genes from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae
restore the root hair deformation activity of exudates of the
corresponding R. meliloti mutant strains. Partial restoration
of the nodulation phenotypes of these two strains was also
observed. In nodulation assays, galactosamine and N-
acetylglucosamine could substitute for glucosamine in the
suppression of the R. meliloti nodM mutation, although N-
acetylglucosamine was less efficient. We observed that in
nodules induced by nodM mutants, the bacteroids did not show
complete development or were deteriorated, resulting in
decreased nitrogen fixation and, consequently, lower dry
weights of the plants. This mutant phenotype could also be
suppressed by exogenously supplied glucosamine, N-
acetylglucosamine, and galactosamine and to a lesser extent by
glucosamine-6-phosphate, indicating that the nodM mutant
bacteroids are limited for glucosamine. In addition, by using
derivatives of the wild type and a nodM mutant in which the
nod genes are expressed at a high constitutive level, it was
shown that the nodM mutant produces significantly fewer Nod
factors than the wild-type strain but that their chemical
structures are unchanged. However, the relative amounts of
analogs of the cognate Nod signals were elevated, and this may
explain the observed host range effects of the nodM mutation.
Our data indicate that both the nodM and nodN genes of the two
species have common functions and confirm that nodM is a
glucosamine synthase with the biochemical role of providing
sufficient amounts of the sugar moiety for the synthesis of
the glucosamine oligosaccharide signal molecules.
236 NAL Call. No.: QR351.P53
Rhizobium-legume interactions: nodulation genes.
Kondorosi, A.
New York, N.Y. : Macmillan Publishing Company; 1989.
Plant-microbe interactions v. 3: p. 383-420; 1989. Literature
review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Rhizobium; Bradyrhizobium; Nitrogen
fixing bacteria; Nodulation; Genes; Genetic regulation; Gene
expression; Nucleotide sequences; Molecular genetics;
Symbiosis; Host specificity; Literature reviews
237 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45
The role of biotechnology in agricultural and food chemistry.
De Jong, D.W.; Phillips, M.
Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1988.
ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society v. 362: p.
258-261; 1988. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Biotechnology; Nitrogen fixation; Photosynthesis;
Rhizobium; Recombination
238 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4
The role of nodulation genes in bacterium-plant communication.
Kondorosi, A.; Kondorosi, E.; John, M.; Schmidt, J.; Schell,
J. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991.
Genetic engineering : Principles and methods v. 13: p.
115-136; 1991. CORRECTED RECORD: This record corrects
accession no. 92012216 which has the wrong call number, volume
number, and issue number. Literature review. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Rhizobium;
Rhizobiaceae; Nodulation; Genes; Gene expression; Genetic
regulation; Literature reviews
239 NAL Call. No.: 450 AU72
The role of nodulation genes in bacterium-plant communication.
Kondorosi, A.; Kondorosi, E.; John, M.; Schmidt, J.; Schell,
J. East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization; 1991.
Australian journal of botany v. 39 (3): p. 115-136; 1991.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Rhizobium;
Rhizobiaceae; Nodulation; Genes; Gene expression; Genetic
regulation; Literature reviews
240 NAL Call. No.: QR82.A9A98
Root hair deformation induced on maize and medicago by an
Azospirillum transconjugant containing a Rhizobium meliloti
nodulation region. Piana, L.; Delledonne, M.; Antonelli, M.N.;
Fogher, C.
Berlin : Springer-Verlag; 1988.
Azospirillum IV : genetics, physiology, ecology : proceedings
of the fourth Bayreuth azospirillum workshop / edited by
Walter Klingmuller. p. 83-91. ill; 1988. Proceedings of the
Fourth Bayreuth Azospirillum Workshop, held on June 17-18,
1987 at the University of Bayreuth, West Germany. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Medicago sativa; Root hairs;
Deformation; Azospirillum brasilense; Rhizobium meliloti; Gene
expression; Nodulation
241 NAL Call. No.: QK981.4.T46
Root nodule symbiosis: nodulins and nodulin genes.
Verma, D.P.S.; Delauney, A.J.
Wien : Springer-Verlag; 1988.
Temporal and spatial regulation of plant genes / edited by
D.P.S. Verma and R.B. Goldberg. p. 170-199. ill; 1988. (Plant
gene research). Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Rhizobium; Symbiosis; Plant
nutrition; Root nodules; Genetic control; Genetic code;
Protein analysis; Enzyme activity; Gene expression
242 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82
Rooting of microcuttings: general aspects.
Moncousin, C.
Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science;
1991 Apr. Acta horticulturae (289): p. 301-310; 1991 Apr.
Paper presented at the "International Symposium on Plant
Biotechnology and its Contribution to Plant Development,
Multiplication and Improvement," April 19-20, 1989, Geneva,
Switzerland. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plants; Micropropagation; Cuttings; Rooting
capacity; In vitro culture; Culture media; Environmental
factors; Plant nutrition
243 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Sequential expression of two late nodulin genes in the
infected cells of alfalfa root nodules.
Allen, T.; Raja, S.; Ganter, G.; Dunn, K.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1992 Sep.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 5 (5): p.
430-434; 1992 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Root nodules; Nodulation;
Symbiosis; Genes; Nodulins; Gene expression; Leghemoglobin;
Nitrogen fixation
244 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532
Sequential induction of nodulin gene expression in the
developing pea nodule. Scheres, B.; Engelen, F. van; Knaap, E.
van der; Wiel, C. van de; Kammen, A. van; Bisseling, T.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1990
Aug. The Plant cell v. 2 (8): p. 687-700. ill; 1990 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Fusarium
oxysporum f.sp. pisi; Genes; Nodulins; Binding proteins; Plant
proteins; Nucleotide sequences; Messenger RNA; Northern
blotting; Amino acid sequences; Prediction; Rna probes; Gene
expression; Root nodules; Developmental stages; Genetic
regulation; Infection
Abstract: A set of cDNA clones have been characterized that
represent early nodulin mRNAs from pea root nodules. By RNA
transfer blot analyses, the different early nodulin mRNAs were
found to vary in time course of appearance during the
development of the indeterminate pea root nodule. In situ
hybridization studies demonstrated that the transcripts were
located in different zones, representing subsequent steps in
development of the central tissue of the root nodule. ENOD12
transcripts were present in every cell of the invasion zone,
whereas ENOD5, ENOD3, and ENOD14 transcripts were restricted
to the infected cells in successive but partially overlapping
zones of the central tissue. We conclude that the
corresponding nodulin genes are expressed at subsequent
developmental stages. The amino acid sequence derived from the
nucleotide sequences of the cDNAs, in combination with the
localization data, showed that ENOD5 is an arabinogalactan-
like protein involved in the infection process, whereas ENOD3
and ENOD14 have a cysteine cluster suggesting that these are
metal-binding proteins. Furthermore, we showed that there is a
clear difference in the way Rhizobium induced the infection-
related early nodulin genes ENOD5 and ENOD12. A factor acting
over a long distance induced the ENOD12 gene, whereas a factor
acting over a short distance activated the ENOD5 gene.
245 NAL Call. No.: QH573.N37
Signal exchange between R. trifolii and clovers.
Rolfe, B.G.; Sargent, C.L.; Weinman, J.J.; Djordjevic, M.A.;
McIver, J.; Redmond, J.W.; Batley, M.; Yuan, D.C.; Sutherland,
M.W.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag; 1989.
NATO ASI series : Series H : Cell biology v. 36: p. 303-310;
1989. In the series analytic: Signal molecules in plants and
plant-microbe interactions / edited by B.J.J. Lugtenberg.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Molecular Signals in Microbe-Plant Symbiotic and Pathogenic
Systems, May 21-26, 1989, Biddinghuizen, The Netherlands.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Trifolium repens; Trifolium subterraneum;
Rhizobium trifolii; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Nodulation; Root
hairs; Flavonoids; Biosynthesis; Gene expression; Genes;
Roots; Infection
246 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Site-directed mutagenesis and DNA sequence of pckA of
Rhizobium NGR234, encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase:
gluconeogenesis and host-dependent symbiotic phenotype.
Osteras, M.; Finan, T.M.; Stanley, J.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991 Nov.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 230 (1/2): p.
257-269; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium; Genes; Phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxylase; Cloning; Targeted mutagenesis; Nucleotide
sequences; Genetic regulation; Amino acid sequences;
Gluconeogenesis; Nodulation; Root nodules; Tissue
ultrastructure; Vigna unguiculata; Leucaena leucocephala;
Macroptilium atropurpureum
Abstract: We have cloned and sequenced the pckA gene of
Rhizobium sp. NGR234, a broad host-range strain. The gene
encodes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), a key
enzyme of gluconeogenesis. The locus was isolated and
subcloned from a genomic library of NGR234 employing
hybridization with an R. meliloti pck gene probe and
complementation of a Tn5 mutant in this species. The DNA
sequence of pckA (NGR234) was determined and encoded a PEPCK
protein of 535 amino acids with a molecular weight of 58.4
kDa. The deduced polypeptide sequence was compared to those or
three known ATP-dependent PEPCKs. Slightly higher homology was
observed with yeast and trypanosome polypeptides than with
that of Escherichia coli. We have identified several regions
that are conserved in all four PEPCK proteins. A mutant
constructed in the pck gene by site-directed mutagenesis with
interposon Q failed to grow on succinate, malate and arabinose
but grew on glucose and glycerol as sole carbon sources. These
data show that NGR234 requires PEPCK-driven gluconeogenesis to
grow on TCA cycle intermediates. A host-dependent effect of
the pckA mutation was observed on nodule development and
nitrogen fixation. Nodules formed by the site-directed mutant
on Leucaena leucocephala and Macroptilium atropurpureum were
FixRed, but on Vigna unguiculata were Fix-. The expression of
the gene was positively regulated in free-living cells of
NGR234 by either succinate or host-plant exudates, and was
subject to catabolite repression by glucose.
247 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Six nodulation genes of nod box locus 4 in Rhizobium meliloti
are involved in nodulation signal production: nodM codes for
D-glucosamine synthetase. Baev, N.; Endre, G.; Petrovics, G.;
Banfalvi, Z.; Kondorosi, A. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer
International; 1991 Aug.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 228 (1/2): p.
113-124; 1991 Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Genes; Nodulation; Nucleotide
sequences; Amino acid sequences; Bacterial proteins; Ligases;
Induced mutations; Mutants; Complementation; Root hairs;
Infection; Glucosamine; Medicago sativa; Gene expression;
Restriction mapping
Abstract: The nucleotide sequence of the nod box locus n4 in
Rhizobium meliloti was determined and revealed six genes
organized in a single transcriptional unit, which are induced
in response to a plant signal such as luteolin. Mutations in
these genes influence the early steps of nodule development on
Medicago, but have no detectable effect on Melilotus, another
host for R. meliloti. Based on sequence homology, the first
open reading frame (ORF) corresponds to the nodM gene and the
last to the nodN gene of Rhizobium leguminosarum. The others
do not exhibit similarity to any genes sequenced so far, so we
designated them as nolF, nolG, nolH and nolI, respectively. We
found that the n4 locus, and especially the nodM and nodN
genes, are involved in the production of the root hair
deformation (Had) factor. NodM exhibits homology to
amidotransferases, primarily to the D-glucosamine synthetase
encoded by the glmS gene of Escherichia coli. We demonstrated
that in E. coli the regulatory gene nodD together with
luteolin can activate nod genes. On this basis we showed that
nodM complemented an E. coli glmS mutation, indicating that
nodM can be considered as a glmS gene under plant signal
control. Moreover, exogenously supplied D-glucosamine restored
nodulation of Medicago by nodM mutants. Our data suggest that
in addition to the housekeeping glmS gene of R. meliloti, nodM
as a second glmS copy provides glucosamine in sufficient
amounts for the synthesis of the Had factor.
248 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Soybean nodule-specific uricase (nodulin-35) is expressed and
assembled into a functional tetrameric holoenzyme in
Escherichia coli.
Suzuki, H.; Verma, D.P.S.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
Feb. Plant physiology v. 95 (2): p. 384-389. ill; 1991 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Cultivars; Bradyrhizobium japonicum;
Root nodules; Nodulins; Genetic code; Gene expression;
Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences; Genetic variation;
Enzyme activity
Abstract: A complete nodulin-35 (N-35) cDNA encoding nodule-
specific uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) was isolated from a soybean
(Glycine max L. var. Prize) nodule cDNA expression library
using a previously isolated partial cDNA clone. The N-35 cDNA
was expressed in Escherichia coli driven by the lacZ promoter
and was found to be functionally active. The uricase activity
was detected in the cytoplasmic fraction of E. coli with the
same pH optimum and apparent Km values as that in the nodules.
Because a stop codon is located 15 base pairs upstream of the
N-35 initiation codon, it appears that a fusion protein with
LacZ was not made, but reinitiation occurred due to the
presence of a putative Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the
appropriate region. The size of the N-35 polypeptide made in
E. coli is identical to that present in soybean nodules and is
able to assemble into a tetrameric holoenzyme with the same
molecular weight as the native uricase. Thus, the presence of
peroxisomes does not appear to be essential for the proper
assembly of the holoenzyme in E. coli. These data also
indicate that posttranslational modifications or membrane
transport are not essential either for the assembly of N-35
into a holoenzyme or for the activity of uricase.
249 NAL Call. No.: QH442.A1G4
Stable incorporation of genetic material into the chromosome
of Rhizobium meliloti 41: construction of an integrative
vector system.
Hermesz, E.; Olasz, F.; Dorgai, L.; Orosz, L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992.
Gene v. 119 (1): p. 9-15; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Vectors; Cloning; Recombinant
DNA; Bacteriophages; Gene transfer; Transfection;
Recombination
Abstract: An integrative vector system has been developed
from the site-specific recombination elements of temperate
phage 16-3. The system can be used for highly efficient stable
introduction of genetic material into the chromosome of the
symbiotic nitrogen-fixing organism, Rhizobium meliloti 41
(Rm41) at the attB site. Vectors carrying the phage-borne
attachment site were constructed, and helper phages providing
the site-specific recombination functions in trans were
isolated. Other possible applications of the system are
discussed.
250 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Strain-specific inhibition of nod gene induction in
Bradyrhizobium japonicum by flavonoid compounds.
Kosslak, R.M.; Joshi, R.S.; Bowen, B.A.; Paaren, H.E.;
Appelbaum, E.R. Washington, D.C. : American Society for
Microbiology; 1990 May. Applied and environmental microbiology
v. 56 (5): p. 1333-1341; 1990 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium japonicum; Strains; Genes; Flavonoids;
Root nodulation; Glycine max; Inhibition; Gene expression
Abstract: A broad-host range plasmid, pEA2-21, containing a
Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodABC'-'lacZ translational fusion
was used to identify strain-specific inhibitors of the genes
required for soybean nodulation, the common nod genes. The
responses of type strains of B. japonicum serogroups USDA 110,
USDA 123, USDA 127, USDA 129, USDA 122, and USDA 138 to nod
gene inhibitors were compared. Few compounds inhibited nod
gene expression in B. japonicum USDA 110. In contrast, nod
gene expression in strains belonging to several other
serogroups was inhibited by most of the flavonoids tested.
However, the application of two of these strain-specific
compounds, chrysin and naringenin, had little effect on the
pattern of competition between indigenous and inoculum strains
of B. japonicum in greenhouse and field trials. Preliminary
studies with radiolabeled chrysin and naringenin suggest that
the different responses to nod gene inhibitors may be partly
due to the degree to which plant flavonoids can be metabolized
by each strain.
251 NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
Structural determination of bacterial nodulation factors
involved in the Rhizobium meliloti-alfalfa symbiosis.
Roche, P.; Lerouge, P.; Ponthus, C.; Prome, J.C.
Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology; 1991 Jun15.
The Journal of biological chemistry v. 266 (17): p.
10933-10940; 1991 Jun15. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Nodulation; Medicago;
Symbiosis; Gene expression; Purification; Spectral analysis;
Glucosamine
Abstract: Extracellular signals produced by Rhizobium
meliloti are able to induce root hair deformations and nodule
organogenesis on alfalfa. The production of these signals is
controlled by bacterial nod genes. To enable their isolation
in significant amounts, an overproducing strain was
constructed. These Nod factors were first extracted by butanol
from the culture medium and further purified by reverse-phase
high performance liquid chromatography, ion-exchange, and
Sephadex LH-20 chromatographies. The structure of the major
signal, called NodRm-1, was determined by mass spectrometry,
nuclear magnetic resonance, 35S labeling, chemical analysis,
and enzymatic degradation, and was shown to be a sulfated and
acylated tetramer of glucosamine namely, beta-D-GlcpN(2,9-
hexadecadienoyl) - (1 leads to 4) beta -D - Glc p NAc - (1
lead to 4)- beta - D - Glc p NAc - (1 leads to 4) - D -
GlcpNAc-6-SO3H. Another Nod factor (called Ac-Nodrm-1) was
copurified and identified as NodRm-1 acetylated on the C-6 of
the nonreducing end sugar. NodRm-1 elicits root hair
deformation specifically on alfalfa at a concentration less
than 10-10 m but has no effect on vetch (a heterologous host
plant).
252 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Stuctural and functional analysis of two different nodD genes
in Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110.
Gottfert, M.; Holzhauser, D.; Bani, D.; Hennecke, H.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1992 May.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 5 (3): p.
257-265; 1992 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Nodulation; Genes;
Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences; Comparisons;
Rhizobiaceae; Rhizobium; Gene expression; Induction; Genetic
regulation; Structure activity relationships
253 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Studies of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodD1 promoter: a
repeated structure for the nod box.
Wang, S.P.; Stacey, G.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991
Jun. Journal of bacteriology v. 173 (11): p. 3356-3365; 1991
Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Agrobacterium
tumefaciens; Promoters; Nodulation; Genes; Nucleotide
sequences; Transcription; Initiation; Repetitive DNA;
Deletions; Dna binding proteins; Gene expression; Genetic
regulation; Glycine max; Seeds; Plant extracts
Abstract: Induction of nod genes in Rhizobium and
Bradyrhizobium species is dependent on the presence of plant-
produced flavonoids, the NodD protein, and the cis-acting nod
box promoter sequence. Although the nodD (nodD1) gene in
Rhizobium species is constitutively expressed, nodD1
expression in Bradyrhizobium japonium is inducible by
isoflavones in a manner similar to that of the nodYABC operon.
A consensus nod box sequence is found 5' of the nodYABC
operon, whereas a presumptive, nod box-like sequence is found
5' of the nodD1 gene. As an initial step toward examining the
nodD1 promoter, the transcriptional start sites of the nodD1
and nodYABC operons were determined and found to be 44 and 28
bp, respectively, downstream of their respective nod box
sequences. A series of deletions of the nodD1 promoter were
constructed and fused to the lacZ gene. Analysis of the
activity of these deletions clearly showed that the divergent
nod box sequence was essential for nodD1 induction by
isoflavones or soybean seed extract. The induction of nodD1
expression requires NodD1, as tested in B. japonicum and in a
heterologous system, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. On the basis
of these data, we analyzed the published nod box sequences and
propose a new consensus sequence composed of paired 9-bp
repeats. Analysis of the nodD1 nod box and synthetic
constructs of the nodYABC nod box indicate that at least two
9-bp repeats are required for NodD1-mediated induction.
Furthermore, insertions between the paired repeats of the
nodYABC nod box suggest that orientation of the repeats on
opposite faces of the DNA helix is essential for maximum nod
gene expression.
254 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1B58
Sulphated glycoconjugates in the immune system.
Rider, C.C.
London : Portland Press; 1992 May.
Transactions - Biochemical Society v. 20 (2): p. 288-291; 1992
May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium meliloti; Nodulation; Genes; Gene
expression; Oligosaccharides; Lipopolysaccharides; Genetic
regulation; Host specificity
255 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Suppression of nodulation gene expression in bacteroids of
Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae.
Schlaman, H.R.M.; Horvath, B.; Vijgenboom, E.; Okker, R.J.H.;
Lugtenberg, B.J.J.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991
Jul. Journal of bacteriology v. 173 (14): p. 4277-4287; 1991
Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Vicia hirsuta; Rhizobium
leguminosarum; Nodulation; Genes; Bacteroids; Bacterial
proteins; Gene expression; Transcription; Translation;
Messenger RNA; Root nodules; Inhibitors
Abstract: The expression of nod genes of Rhizobium
leguminosarum bv. viciae in nodules of Pisum sativum was
investigated at both the translational and transcriptional
levels. By using immunoblots, it was found that the levels of
NodA, NodI, NodE, and NodO proteins were reduced at least 14-
fold in bacteroids compared with cultured cells, whereas NodD
protein was reduced only 3-fold. Northern (RNA) blot
hybridization, RNase protection assays, and in situ RNA
hybridization together showed that, except for the nodD
transcript, none of the other nod gene transcripts were
present in bacteroids. The amount of nodD transcript in
bacteroids was reduced only two- to threefold compared with
that in cultured cells. Identical results were found with a
Rhizobium strain harboring multicopies of nodD and with a
strain containing a NodD protein (NodD604) which is activated
independently of flavonoids. Furthermore, it was found that
mature pea nodules contain inhibitors of induced nod gene
transcription but that NodD604 was insensitive to these
compounds. In situ RNA hybridization on sections from P.
sativum and Vicia hirsuta nodules showed that transcription of
inducible nod genes is switched off before the bacteria
differentiate into bacteroids. This is unlikely to be due to
limiting amounts of NodD, the absence of inducing compounds,
or the presence of anti-inducers. The observed switch off of
transcription during the development of symbiosis is a general
phenomenon and is apparently caused by a yet unknown negative
regulation mechanism.
256 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
sym-13--a gene conditioning ineffective nodulation in Pisum
sativum. Kneen, B.E.; LaRue, T.A.; Hirsch, A.M.; Smith, C.A.;
Weeden, N.F. Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant
Physiologists; 1990 Nov. Plant physiology v. 94 (3): p.
899-905. ill; 1990 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Mutants;
Nodulation; Nitrogen fixation; Genetic regulation; Gene
expression; Gene mapping; Genetic variation
Abstract: Treatment of Pisum sativum (L.) cv. 'Sparkle' with
ethyl methanesulfonic acid (EMS) produced a stable mutant,
E135F, which forms small, white, ineffective nodules. These
nodules exhibit histological zonation typical of an
indeterminant nodule, e.g. meristematic, early symbiotic, late
symbiotic, and senescent zones. Compared with the nitrogen
fixing nodules of the parent, the zones are smaller and the
nodules senesce prematurely. Bacteroids in E135F are less
elongated and less differentiated than those in 'Sparkle.' The
E135F mutant forms ineffective nodules when inoculated with
nine different effective strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum
and also when grown in a soil containing effective strains.
The ineffective phenotype of E135F is under monogenic
recessive control; the gene is designated sym 13. sym 13 was
located on chromosome 2 by linkage with genes for shikimic
dehydrogenase and esterase-2. The original selection E135F
carried another mutation in heterozygous form at a separate
locus, yielding some homozygous recessive nonnodulating
progeny, E135N, in later generations. This indicates that EMS
treatments may cause mutations at more than one sym gene. The
gene conditioning non-nodulation in E135N was designated sym
14. It mapped to a locus on a different part of chromosome 2
by linkage to the gene for fumarase. The data demonstrate that
sym genes are not necessarily closely linked.
257 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Synchronous expression of leghaemoglobin genes in Mediago
truncatula during nitrogen-fixing root nodule development and
response to exogenously supplied nitrate.
Gallusci, P.; Dedieu, A.; Journet, E.P.; Huguet, T.; Barker,
D.G. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Sep.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 17
(3): p. 335-349; 1991 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago truncatula; Rhizobium meliloti;
Multigene families; Leghemoglobin; Cloning; Nucleotide
sequences; Amino acid sequences; Transcription; Gene
expression; Messenger RNA; Root nodules; Plant development;
Nodulins; Genetic regulation; Nitrate; Nutrient availability
Abstract: Two leghaemoglobin genes from the diploid,
autogamous Medicago truncatula (Mtlb1 and Mtlb2) have been
cloned and their nucleotide sequences determined. The deduced
amino acid sequences encoded by these two genes differ
significantly (18%), confirming that they belong to different
sub-groups of Medicago leghaemoglobin genes. RNAse protection
experiments have been used to show that both genes are
transcriptionally active, and are expressed specifically in
the nitrogen-fixing root nodule of M. truncatula. Whilst Mtlb1
mRNA is present at approximatively 3-fold higher steady-state
levels than Mtlb2 mRNA, the transcription of both genes is
triggered concomitantly during nodule development (5 days
after inoculation with Rhizobium meliloti), and the ratio of
the steady-state levels of the two mRNA species remains
constant throughout nodule maturation. When the growth medium
of nodulated M. truncatula is supplemented with 5 mM KNO3 over
a period of 2-3 days there is a progressive drop in specific
nitrogen fixation activity to only 20-25% of the original
level. This is accompanied with a parallel and synchronous
reduction in the quantities of mRNA corresponding to both
Mtlb1 and Mtlb2. By contrast, the expression of the nodule
parenchyma-specific gene ENOD2 is not significantly modified
following nitrate treatment, clearly demonstrating differences
in tissue-specific gene regulation in response to combined
nitrogen.
258 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 AR26
Synthesis of beta(1-2)glucan in Rhizobium loti. Expression of
Agrobacterium tumefaciens chvB virulence region.
Lepek, V.; Navarro, Y.N. de; Ugalde, R.A.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1990.
Archives of microbiology v. 155 (1): p. 35-41; 1990. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhizobium; Beta-glucan; Biosynthesis; Genes; Gene
expression; Virulence; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Strains;
Lotus tenuis; Nodulation
Abstract: Fast growing strains of Rhizobium loti isolated
from nodules of Lotus tenuis of the flooding Pampas of
Argentina produced cellular beta(1-2)glucans having a higher
degree of polymerization and more anionic substituents than
beta(1-2)glucans accumulated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens
cells. Inner membranes of R. loti contained a 235 kDa
beta(1-2)glucan intermediate protein indistinguishable by
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from the intermediate
protein present in A. tumefaciens inner membranes. Incubation
of inner membranes of R. loti with UDP-Glc led to the
formation of neutral beta(1-2)glucans with a higher degree of
polymerization than glucans formed by A. tumefaciens inner
membranes. Introduction in R. loti strains of plasmid pCD523
containing A. tumefaciens chvA and chvB virulence regions
yielded strains that accumulated 4 times more cellular
beta(1-2)glucans than wild type cells. This glucan was,
regarding anionic substitution and degree of polymerization,
indistinguishable from A. tumefaciens beta(1-2)glucans.
Furthermore inner membranes of these R. loti exoconjugant
cells contained higher levels of the 235 kDa beta(1-2)glucan
intermediate protein and formed in vitro 8 times more neutral
beta(1-2)glucan with a degree of polymerization corresponding
to A. tumefaciens beta(1-2)glucan than inner membranes
isolated from wild type cells. It was concluded that A.
tumefaciens chvB gene is expressed in R. loti and determined
the degree of polymerization of beta(1-2)glucan.
259 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 C162
Synthesis of beta-glucans by Bradyrhizobium japonicum and
Rhizobium fredii. Bhagwat, A.A.; Keister, D.L.
Ottawa : National Research Council of Canada; 1992 Jun.
Canadian journal of microbiology v. 38 (6): p. 510-514. ill;
1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Nitrogen fixation; Beta-glucan;
Biosynthesis; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Rhizobium; Soil
bacteria; Gene expression
260 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Tissue-specific expression of the alternative oxidase in
soybean and siratro. Kearns, A.; Whelan, J.; Young, S.;
Elthon, T.E.; Day, D.A.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992
Jun. Plant physiology v. 99 (2): p. 712-717; 1992 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Macroptilium atropurpureum;
Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Bradyrhizobium; Shoots; Roots; Root
nodules; Oxidoreductases; Enzyme activity; Respiration;
Mitochondria; Gene expression; Genetic regulation; Protein
synthesis
Abstract: Alternative oxidase activity (cyanide-insensitive
respiration) was measured in mitochondria from the shoots,
roots, and nodules of soybean (Glycine max L.) and siratro
(Macroptilium atropurpureum) plants. Activity was highest in
the shoots and lowest in the nodules. Alternative oxidase
activity was associated with one (roots) or two (shoots)
proteins between 30 and 35 kilodaltons that were detected by
western blotting with a monoclonal antibody against Sauromatum
guttatum alternative oxidase. No such protein was detected in
nodule mitochondria. Measurements of oxygen uptake by isolated
soybean root and nodule cells in the presence of cyanide and
salicylhydroxamic acid indicated that alternative oxidase
activity was confined to the uninfected cortex cells of the
nodule. Immunoprecipitation of translation products of mRNA
isolated from soybean shoots revealed a major band at 43
kilodaltons that is assumed to be the precursor of an
alternative oxidase protein. This band was not seen when mRNA
from nodules was treated in the same fashion. The results
indicate that tissue-specific expression of the alternative
oxidase occurs in soybean and siratro.
261 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6
Tn5 mutagenesis of Chinese Rhizobium fredii for siderophore
overproduction. Manjanatha, M.G.; Loynachan, T.E.; Atherly,
A.G.
Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Feb.
Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (2): p. 151-155; 1992 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Iowa; Rhizobium; Bradyrhizobium japonicum;
Strains; Mutants; Evaluation; Genetic differences;
Siderophores; Biological production; Competitive ability;
Colonizing ability; Nodulation; Glycine max; Alkaline soils;
Genetic engineering; Dry matter accumulation; Cell culture;
Greenhouse culture
Abstract: In the midwestern United States, members of USDA
Bradyrhizobium japonicum serogroup 135 dominate in alkaline
soils for nodulation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.],
whereas members of USDA serogroup 123 dominate in non-alkaline
soils. A possible explanation for the dominance of 135 in
alkaline soils is that native 135 strains can produce
siderophores that assist in acquiring iron. Our objectives
were to test six reference strains (three slow-growing B.
japonicum and three fast-growing Rhizobium fredii) for
siderophore production and to evaluate mutants of R. fredii
(developed by Tn5-insertion for overproduction of
siderophores) for their competitive abilities in an alkaline
soil. B. japonicum reference strains USDA 110, 123 and 135
were tested for siderophore production in liquid culture by
using Neilands' CAS Assay Solution. Mutants were developed for
siderophore overproduction by introducing transposon Tn5
(Km[r]) into a siderophore-producing Chinese R. fredii strain.
Two siderophore overproducing mutants that produced mature and
pink nodules on soybean in growth pouches were examined for
the presence of Tn5 by Southern hybridization with a Tn5
probe. The Tn5-carrying mutants were further tested in the
greenhouse for their competitiveness against native strains
present in an alkaline soil of Iowa and for their symbiotic
effectivity. Among the three slow-growing bradyrhizobia tested
for siderophore production, USDA 135 was the only strain
producing siderophore in a liquid medium low in iron. Nodule
occupancies in the greenhouse by the two siderophore over-
producing mutants of R. fredii were 3 and 4%, compared with
19% for the wild-type strain. Thus, either the wild-type was
acquiring all the iron needed for maximum growth and
nodulation, or the insertion of Tn5 and the overproduction of
siderophore resulted in less competitive strains.
262 NAL Call. No.: QR1.F44
Transconjugants of Agrobacterium radiobacter harbouring sym
genes of Rhizobium galegae can form an effective symbiosis
with Medicago sativa. Novikova, N.; Safronova, V.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992 Jun15.
FEMS microbiology letters - Federation of European
Microbiological Societies v. 93 (3): p. 261-268; 1992 Jun15.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Galega; Rhizobium; Rhizobium
meliloti; Mutants; Agrobacterium radiobacter; Agrobacterium
tumefaciens; Genes; Plasmids; Gene transfer; Homologous
recombination; Vectors; Nodulation; Nitrogen fixation;
Symbiosis
Abstract: It is known that the Rhizobium galegae genomes
contain megaplasmids. The suicide vector pSUP2111 with nifH
gene of R. meliloti was introduced into the strains CIAM 0703
and CIAM 0711 of R. galegae inducing effective nodules on
Galega orientalis plants. The formation of self-transmissible
megaplasmids was observed. The megaplasmid transfer into non-
nodulating R. meliloti mutants resulted in partial
complementation of the nodulation defect in recipient strains
though only one transconjugant showed the nitrogen-fixing
activity in symbiosis with alfalfa and another one in
symbiosis with G. orientalis plants. Among the Agrobacterium
strains harbouring R. galegae megaplasmids there were four
classes of transconjugants: (1) Nod+ Fix- in symbiosis with
goat's rue plants (three strains); (2) Nod+ Fix- on Medicago
sativa (two strains); (3) Nod+ Fix+ on M. sativa (five
strains); (4) Nod- with both plant hosts (11 strains).
263 NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65
Transcriptional activation in nuclei from uninfected soybean
of a set of genes involved in symbiosis with Rhizobium.
Mauro, V.P.; Verma, D.P.S.
St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1988 Jan.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 1 (1): p.
46-51; 1988 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Gene expression; Nitrogen fixation;
Root nodulation; Symbiosis; Genes; Root nodules; Plant
extracts; Assays; Regulation
264 NAL Call. No.: QH426.C8
Transformants of Neurospora crassa with the nit-4 nitrogen
regulatory gene: copy number, growth rate and enzyme activity.
Yuan, G.F.; Marzluf, G.A.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Current genetics v. 22 (3): p. 205-211; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Neurospora crassa; Genetic transformation;
Modifiers; Structural genes; Dna binding proteins; Nitrate;
Nitrogen metabolism; Nitrate reductase; Enzyme activity;
Growth rate; Gene dosage; Gene expression; Genetic regulation
Abstract: nit-4 is a pathway-specific regulatory gene which
controls nitrate assimilation in Neurospora crassa, and
appears to mediate nitrate induction of nitrate and nitrite
reductase. The NIT4 protein consists of 1090 amino-acid
residues and possesses a single Gal4-like putative DNA-binding
domain plus acidic, glutamine-rich, and polyglutamine regions.
Several mutants with amino-acid substitutions in the putative
DNA-binding domain and a nit-4 deletion mutant, which encodes
a truncated NIT4 protein lacking the polyglutamine region, are
functional, i.e., they are capable of transforming a nit-4
mutant strain. However, transformants obtained with most of
these nit-4 mutant genes possess a markedly reduced level of
nitrate reductase and grow only slowly on nitrate, emphasizing
the need to examine quantitatively the affects of in vitro-
manipulated genes. The possibility that some mutant genes
could yield transformants only if multiple copies were
integrated was examined. The presence of multiple copies of
wild-type or mutant nit-4 genes did not generally lead to
increased enzyme activity or growth rate, but instead
frequently appeared to be detrimental to nit-4 function. A
hybrid nit-4-nirA gene transforms nit-4 mutants but only
allows slow growth on nitrate and has a very low level of
nitrate reductase.
265 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 G28
The translational activator GCN3 functions downstream from
GCN1 and GCN2 in the regulatory pathway that couples GCN4
expression to amino acid availability in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae.
Hannig, E.M.; Williams, N.P.; Wek, R.C.; Hinnebusch, A.G.
Baltimore, Md. : Genetics Society of America; 1990 Nov.
Genetics v. 126 (3): p. 549-562. ill; 1990 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Alleles; Controlling
elements; Mutations; Genetic regulation; Gene expression;
Translation; Initiation; Plant proteins; Amino acid sequences;
Immunoblotting; Phenotypes; Amino acids; Nutrient availability
Abstract: The GCN4 protein of S. cerevisiae is a
transcriptional activator of amino acid biosynthetic genes
which are subject to general amino acid control. GCN3, a
positive regulator required for increased GCN4 expression in
amino acid-starved cells, is thought to function by antagonism
of one or more negative regulators encoded by GCD genes. We
isolated gcn3c alleles that lead to constitutively derepressed
expression of GCN4 and amino acid biosynthetic genes under its
control. These mutations map in the protein-coding sequences
and, with only one exception, do not increase the steady-state
level of GCN3 protein. All of the gcn3c alleles lead to
derepression of genes under the general control in the absence
of GCN1 and GCN2, two other positive regulators of GCN4
expression. This finding suggests that GCN3 functions
downstream from GCN1 and GCN2 in the general control pathway.
In accord with this idea, constitutively derepressing alleles
of GCN2 are greatly dependent on GCN3 for their derepressed
phenotype. The gcn3c alleles that are least dependent on GCN1
and GCN2 for derepression cause slow-growth under
nonstarvation conditions. In addition, all of the gcn3c
alleles are less effective than wild-type GCN3 in overcoming
the temperature-sensitive lethality associated with certain
mutations in the negative regulator GCD2. These results
suggest that activation of GCN3 positive regulatory function
by the gcn3c mutations involves constitutive antagonism of
GCD2 function, leading to reduced growth rates and
derepression of GCN4 expression in the absence of amino acid
starvation.
266 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532
A two-component nodule-specific enhancer in the soybean N23
gene promoter. Jorgensen, J.E.; Stougaard, J.; Marcker, K.A.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
Aug. The Plant cell v. 3 (8): p. 819-827; 1991 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Lotus corniculatus; Rhizobium;
Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Promoters; Nodulins; Controlling
elements; Genetic transformation; Transgenics; Repetitive
DNA; Nucleotide sequences; Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase;
Reporter genes; Induced mutations; Binding site; Dna binding
proteins; Deletions; Gene expression; Root nodules
Abstract: The two positive cis elements in the soybean
nodulin N23 gene promoter were investigated in transgenic
Lotus corniculatus plants and shown to constitute a two-
component nodule-specific enhancer. Equal quantitative
contributions from the two components were suggested by the
similar expression level of chimeric N23-chloramphenicol
acetyltransferase genes after deletion of either the distal
positive element (PE-A, -320 to -298) or the proximal positive
element (PE-B, -257 to -165). A combined effect of the two
elements was indicated by orientation-dependent effects in the
N23 promoter, and by the observation that neither PE-A nor PE-
B separately was able to confer any activity to the
cauliflower mosaic virus 35S minimal promoter. Reactivation of
the minimal N23 and the minimal cauliflower mosaic virus 35S
promoters by the inverted complete element (PE-AB) further
suggested that PE-AB is a nodule-specific enhancer containing
two equally strong enhancer components. Two 12-bp sequence
motifs, InvA and InvB, constituting an inverted repeat, were
identified as the core of the enhancer components PE-A and PE-
B, respectively. Point mutations in InvA or InvB resulted in
lower expression levels and mutations in both abolished
enhancer activity. Point mutations in two nodulin consensus
sequences, 5'-CTCTT and 5'-AAAGAT located downstream of PE-AB,
resulted in a decreased level of expression, confirming the
involvement of these two motifs in nodulin gene expression.
The binding site for the nodule-specific trans-acting factor,
NAT2, present in the PE-A segment, was removed without
affecting expression significantly. This interaction is,
therefore, dispensable for enhancer activity.
267 NAL Call. No.: QH426.C8
Uptake of thiamine by Schizosaccharomyces pombe and its effect
as a transcriptional regulator of thiamine-sensitive genes.
Tommasino, M.; Maundrell, K.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991.
Current genetics v. 20 (1/2): p. 63-66; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Endomycetales; Transcription; Gene expression;
Genes; Genetic regulation; Thiamin; Nutrient availability;
Nutrient uptake
Abstract: Wild-type fission yeast, growing in minimal medium,
actively synthesizes thiamine and maintains an internal
concentration which we have measured to be around 10
pmoles/10(7) cells. If thiamine is added to such cultures it
is rapidly sequestered by the cell, and if added in excess (20
micromole) the internal concentration of thiamine rises almost
1000-fold to a maximum of around 9000 pmoles/10(7) cells
before the transport mechanism is shut down. The kinetics of
decay of intracellular thiamine to the basal level are
consistent with simple dilution as the cell mass doubles. In
parallel with this analysis, we have studied the
transcriptional activity of the thiamine-sensitive gene nmt1
as a function of intracellular thiamine concentration.
Transcription of this gene is rapidly repressed as the
internal thiamine concentration rises and is only reactivated
as the concentration falls to below about 50 pmoles/10(7)
cells.
268 NAL Call. No.: QH431.A1G43
Use of mobilizable non-conjugative broad host-range plasmids
as tools of genetic analysis in the associative nitrogen-
fixing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense.
Borovok, I.A.
New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1991 Feb.
Soviet genetics v. 26 (8): p. 902-910; 1991 Feb. Translated
from: Genetika, v. 26 (8), 1990, p. 1380-1390. (QH431.A1G4).
Includes references.
Language: English; Russian
Descriptors: Azospirillum brasilense; Escherichia coli;
Rhizobium meliloti; Genetic transformation; Plasmids; Vectors;
Inheritance; Cloning; Genes; Gene expression; Mutations;
Complementation; Motility; Nodulation; Medicago sativa
Abstract: Escherichia coli K-12 donor strains were used
transfer non-conjugative plasmids into associative nitrogen-
fixing Azospirillum brasilense bacteria, strains Sp7 and 6K
(the frequency of transfer was of 10(-4)-10(-2) per recipient
cell). The plasmids included members of the IncQ group:
RSF1010, pKT210, and pKT214; as well as IncP group plasmids:
pLAFR1 (pRK290 cos lambda), pRMSL26 (pLAFR1 + Rhizobium
meliloti nod genes), pRZ1, pRZ2, and pRZ4 (all three are
pLAFR1-based plasmids carrying cloned fragments of the R.
meliloti fla-che-mot gene cluster). These plasmids were
mobilized either in tri-parental matings using the pRK2013
helper plasmid, or with the aid of the mobilizing E. coli
strain S17-1. The IncP mobilized plasmids were stably
inherited in Azospirillum. Stable inheritance of the IncQ
group plasmids was only possible under conditions of selective
pressure (the RSF1010 copy number reached 25 per cell).
RSF1010 was found to influence the mobility of Azospirillum S
cells. The cloning of R. meliloti nod genes in A. brasilense
cells did not result in the capacity of these bacteria to form
nodules on alfalfa roots (Medicago sativa). However, the R.
meliloti fla-che-mot fragments (carried by pRZ1 and pRZ4)
partially rescued the Mot- phenotype of A. brasilense immotile
mutants.
269 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Visualization of bioluminescence as a marker of gene
expression in rhizobium-infected soybean root nodules.
O'Kane, D.J.; Lingle, W.L.; Wampler, J.E.; Legocki, M.;
Legocki, R.P.; Szalay, A.A.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1988.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 10
(5): p. 387-399; 1988. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Vibrio;
Gene splicing; Recombinant DNA; Luciferase; Reporter genes;
Nitrogenase; Promoters; Gene expression; Luminescence; Root
nodules; Bacteroids; Microscopy
Abstract: The linked structural genes lux A and lux B,
encoding bacterial luciferase of a marine bacterium Vibrio
harveyi, were fused with the nitrogenase nifD promoter from
Bradyrhizobium japonicum and with the P1 promoter of pBR322.
Both fusions were integrated into the B. japonicum chromosome
by site-specific recombination. Soybean roots infected with
the two types of rhizobium transconjugants formed nitrogen-
fixing nodules that produced bright blue-green light. Cells
containing the P1 promoter/lux AB fusion resulted in
continuously expressed bioluminescence in both free-living
rhizobium and in nodule bacteroids. However, when under
control of the nifD promoter, luciferase activity was found
only in nitrogen-fixing nodules. Light emission from
bacteroids allowed us to visualize and to photograph nodules
expressing this marker gene fusion in vivo at various levels
of resolution, including within single, living plant cells.
Localization of host cells containing nitrogen-fixing
bacteroids within nodule tissue was accomplished using low-
light video microscopy aided by real-time image processing
techniques developed specifically to enhance extreme low-level
luminescent images.
AUTHOR INDEX
Aarts, A. 62
Abbott, L.K. 3
Adams, T.H. 68, 79
Aguilar, O.M. 137
Aird, E.L.H. 124
Allen, T. 31, 243
Amar, M. 90
Anand, R.C. 56
Anthamatten, D. 15, 74, 214
Antonelli, M.N. 240
Appelbaum, E.R. 250
Appleby, C.A. 181
Arbeitsgruppe Tropische und Subtropische Agrarforschung
(Germany) 23
Arbeitsgruppe Tropische und Subtropische Agrarforschung
(Germany), Deutsche Stiftung fur Internationale Entwicklung,
Zentralstelle fur Ernahrung und Landwirtschaft 21
Arnold, W. 37
Atherly, A.G. 261
Ausubel, F.M. 176
Baertlein, D.A. 195
Baev, A.A. 54
Baev, N. 90, 235, 247
Bakos, A. 92
Banfalvi, Z. 92, 203, 247
Bani, D. 252
Barbour, W.M. 1
Bardin, R. 120
Barker, D.G. 126, 149, 154, 223, 257
Barlier, I. 235
Barnett, M. 175
Barsomian, G.D. 232, 233
Barthelmess, I.B. 219
Bastelaere, E. van 14
Batista, S. 137
Batley, M. 245
Battisti, L. 117
Batut, J. 227, 228
Becard, G. 75, 151, 196
Bellogin, R.A. 16
Bender, G.L. 91
Bennett, M.J. 29, 86, 172
Benson, D.R. 162
Berkum, P. van 61
Bers, E.P. p183
Beynon, J. 135
Bezdicek, D.F. 127
Bhagwat, A.A. 259
Bhat, U.R. 1
Bhuvaneswari, T.V. 145
Bianchi, S. 154
Billy, F. de 59, 223
Bishop, P.E. 39, 108
Bisseling, A. 193
Bisseling, T. 67, 123, 132, 145, 177, 216, 244
Blanco, G. 43
Bloemberg, G.V. 62
Blondon, F. 154
Bochenek, B. 169, 177
Bogusz, D. 181
Bohlool, B.B. 157
Boistard, P. 66, 227
Boivin, C. 229
Boller, T. 42
Borovok, I.A. 268
Bos, R.C. van den 34
Botsford, J.L. 230
Bowen, B.A. 250
Breitenbeck, G.A. 218
Briat, J.F. 146
Brierley, H.L. 10
Brightwell, G. 124
Brill, W.J. 168
Brockman, F.J. 127
Bruijn, F. de 92
Bruijn, F.J. de 35
Brussel, A.A.N. van 12, 143, 152, 207, 231
Brussel, A.N.A. van 5
Brussel, T. van 145
Buire, M. 121
Callieri, D.A.S. 51
Camut, S. 59, 229
Cannon, F.C. 135
Canter Cremers, H.C.J. 6
Capage, M. 224
Carabez, A. 112
Carlson, R.W. 1
Carne, A. 147
Castro, S. �137
Cervantes, E. 20
Chamber, M. 188
Chaney, R.L. 204
Chatuev, B.M. 54
Chelm, B.K. 27, 73, 79
Chen, H. 53
Chen, J. 30
Chino, M. 80
Cho, M.J. 77
Chow, T.J. 38
Christensen, T. 144
Cock, J.M. 86
Comis, D. 17
Cournoyer, B. 215
Craig, S. 181
Cren, M. 121
Cubo, M.T. 160
Cullimore, J.V. 29, 86, 172
Cummings, B. 60
Cunningham, S. 40
Danon, A. 195
Dattee, Y. 154
Davalos, A. 182
Davila, G. 161
Davis, E.O. 122
Day, D.A. 260
Dazzo, F.B. 30, 167
De Billy, F. 149
De Bruijn, F.J. 41, 98, 206, 211, 213
De Jong, D.W. 237
De Philip, P. 66
Deblaere, R. 28
Dedieu, A. 223, 257
Defez, R. 90
Delauney, A. 155
Delauney, A.J. 241
Delledonne, M. 240
Denarie, J. 228, 231
Dennis, E.S. 181, 189
Devos, A. 14
Dewald, L. 113
Diaz Ricci, J.C. 51
Dickstein, R. 176, 177
Diem, H.G. 4
Diop, T.A. 151
Ditta, G. 69
Ditta, G.S. 115
Djordjevic, M.A. 53, 87, 88, 91, 93, 174, 216, 245
Dommergues, Y.R. 4
Dorgai, L. 249
Downie, J.A. 160, 222
Drahos, D.J. 96
Driscoll, B. 50
Dubey, J.N. 136
Duc, G. 154, 166
Duda, E. 92
Duhoux, E. 4
Dunn, K. 31, 243
Duryea, M.L. 113
Dusha, I. 92
Ebeling, S. 71
Economou, A. 160
Eede, G. van den 28
Egelhoff, T. 175
Egli, M.A. 199
Elmerich, C. 107
Elthon, T.E. 260
Endre, G. 234, 247
Engelen, F. van 244
Espin, G. 112
Espuny, M.R. 16
Essad, S. 154
Estabrook, E.M. 70
Evans, I.J. 122
Eyers, M. 14
Farnden, K.J.F. 147
Faucher, C. 231
Feilotter, H. 101
Felix, G. 213
Finan, T. 191
Finan, T.M. 50, 246
Fischbeck, G. (Gerhard) 21
Fischer, H.M. 15, 26, 141, 142
Fisher, R.d 175
Flament, P. 154
Flint, H.J. 219
Fogher, C. 240
Forse, L.B. 127
Fortin, J.A. 75
Fowle, W.H. 176
Franssen, H.J. 67
Fredrickson, J.K. 127
Fritsche, S. 26
Frutiger, S. 179
Fu, Y.H. 170, 171
Fujiwara, T. 80
Gallusci, P. 126, 149, 154, 257
Galun, M. 48, 49
Ganter, G. 243
Gantt, J.S. 7
Garbers, C. 194
Garro, O.A. 51
Gartner, E. 53
Geelen, D. 2
Geijn, S.C. van de 114
Genier, G. 154
Gero, S.D. 234
Gherardi, M. 126
Gilles-Gonzalez, M.A. 115
Glazebrook, J. 105, 225
Glick, B.R. 19, 200
Gloudemans, T. 145
Glushka, J. 1
Glushka, J.N. 234
Goethals, K. 28
Golden, J.W. 110, 111
Goldstein, A.H. 195, 197
Gonzalez, R. 230
Gool, A. van 14
Gottfert, M. 15, 252
Gottlob-McHugh, S.G. 63
Grant, M.R. 147
Grasshoff, P.M. 129
Gray, J.X. 117
Gresshoff, P.M. 100
Griffith, S.M. 199
Grob, P. 15
Grunenberg, B. 98, 213
Guerinot, M.L. 81
Guy, P. 154
Guzman, J. 112
Gyorgypal, Z. 72
Gyuris, J. 92
Ha, D.C. 235
Haack, S.K. 30
Hales, B.J. 8
Hall, I.R. 202
Hanisch ten Cate, C.H. 114
Hankinson, T. 135
Hannaway, D.B. 82
Hannig, E.M. 265
Hansen, J. 116
Harper, J.E. 77
Hartwig, U.A. 44, 217
Haser, A. 166
Haumann, U. 121
Hawkins, F.K.L. 221
Heikkila-Kallio, U. 89
Helder, J. 114
Helinski, D.R. 115
Hennecke, H. 15, 26, 71, 74, 141, 142, 214, 252
Hermesz, E. 249
Hetherington, P.R. 140
Heuvel, M. van den 216
Hidalgo, E. 184
Higgins, T.J.V. 65, 212
Hilbert, J.L. 164, 205
Hill, D.F. 147
Hinnebusch, A.G. 265
Hirai, M.Y. 80
Hirel, B. 155
Hirsch, A. 123
Hirsch, A.M. 169, 177, 256
Hoffmann, B. 92, 121
Hoffmann, H.J. 206, 213
Holben, W.E. 73
Hollingsworth, R.I. 167
Holsters, M. 2, 28
Holzhauser, D. 252
Hong, Y. 19, 200
Hontelez, J. 132
Hontelez, J.G.J. 34
Hooren, H.G. van 114
Horvath, B. 132, 255
Howieson, J.G. 3
Huang, T.C. 38
Hubbell, D.H. 30
Hughes, G.J. 179
Huguet, T. 126, 198, 257
Hungria, M. 78
Iaccarino, M. 90
Imai, H. 11
Ivashina, T.V. 125
Jacobson, M.R. 39
Jansson, J.K. 73
Jarai, G. 171
Jarvis, B.D.W. 85
Jensen, E.O. 206, 211
Jimenez-Zurdo, J.I. 30
Jochimsen, B.U. 192
John, M. 92, 206, 238, 239
Johnson, D.A. 63
Johnston, A.W.B. 78, 122, 124, 160, 221
Jones, M.A. 124
Jorgensen, J.E. 116, 144, 211, 266
Joseph, C.M. 44
Joshi, R.S. 250
Journet, E.P. 223, 257
Kammen, A. van 34, 123, 132, 145, 216, 244
Kapp, D. 58
Kardish, N. 48, 49
Katinakis, P. 34
Kearns, A. 260
Keeler, L.C. 140
Keister, D.L. 36, 61, 259
Kennedy, C. 221
Kennedy, E.P. 62
Khan, H. 126
Kijne, J.W. 5, 143, 152
Kiss, G.B. 119
Klapatch, T. 81
Klennert, Klaus 21
Klipp, W. 226
Klosse, U. 35
Knaap, E. van der 244
Kneen, B.E. 256
Knobel, H. 26
Kolanus, J. 219
Kollmeyer, W.D. 40
Komeda, Y. 80
Kondorosi, A. 72, 92, 121, 203, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 247
Kondorosi, E. 72, 92, 121, 234, 235, 238, 239
Kosslak, R.M. 250
Kozik, A.V. 193
Krey, R. 226
Krishnan, H.B. 133, 180
Kuhle, A. 144
Kuhse, J. 155
Kullick, I. 142
Kullik, I. 15, 26
Kundig, C. 71
Kwiatkowski, R. 135
Labes, M. 191
Lajudie, P. de 198
Lakshminarayana, K. 56
Lammeren, A.A.M. van 216
Landsmann, J. 189
Lankhorst, R.K. 34
Lara, M. 57
Larsen, K. 192
LaRue, T.A. 256
Lee, C.C. 139
Lee, H.J. 171
Legocki, M. 269
Legocki, R.P. 135, 269
Leigh, J.A. 117, 139
Leizerovich, I. 48
Lepek, V. 258
Lerouge, P. 251
Levery, S.B. 117
Lewis, T.A. 230
Lewis-Henderson, W.R. 174
Leyva, A. 69, 104
Lightfoot, D.A. 29
Lindstrom, K. 64, 89
Lingle, W.L. 269
Lipavska, H. 33
Lipsanen, P. 89
Llewellyn, D. 189
Llewellyn, D.J. 181
Lobreaux, S. 146
Lohman, K. 232, 233
Long, S.R. 10, 95, 175, 185
Louredes Girard, M. de 161
Loveless, T.M. 39
Loynachan, T.E. 261
Lucca, M.E. 51
Lugtenberg, B. 208
Lugtenberg, B.E.J. 150
Lugtenberg, B.J.J. 6, 12, 62, 143, 152, 173, 207, 209, 210,
255
Lugtenbergh, B.J.J. 5
Lullien, V. 126
Lutova, L.A. 183
Maagd, R. de 208
MacDougal, S.I. 108
Maillet, F. 231
Malpica, C.A. 229�
Manen, J.F. 179
Manjanatha, M.G. 261
Mao, M. 82
Marcker, K.A. 116, 144, 211, 266
Marschner, Horst 21
Martin, F. 205
Martin, F.M. 164
Martin, G.B. 27
Martin, M. 187
Martinez, E. 102, 220
Martinez-Drets, G. 137
Martinez-Molina, E. 30
Martinez-Romero, E. 134
Martinez-Salazar, J.M. 161
Marzluf, G.A. 170, 171, 264
Massenet, O. 146
Mateos, P.F. 30
Maundrell, K. 267
Mauro, V.P. 263
Maxwell, C.A. 44, 52
McCormick, D. 118
McIver, J. 91, 245
McKersie, B.D. 140
McRae, D.G. 32
McWhinnie, E. 50
Medina, J.R. 43
Mellor, R.B. 42, 194
Merrick, M.J. 190
Messens, E. 2
Metz, B. 206, 213
Meza, R. 112
Miao, G.H. 138
Michalczyk, J. 219
Michiels, K. 14
Michiels, K.W. 148
Miller, R.W. 32
Miller, S.S. 7, 199
Miranda, J. 178
Moerman, M. 145, 216
Moncousin, C. 242
Montagu, M. van 2, 28
Moreno, S. 112
Morett, E. 141
Morisseau, B.A. 81
Mould, R.M. 86
Muller, J. 42
Muller, P. 58
Mulligan, J. 175
Mulligan, J.T. 95
Mur, L.A. 5
Murakami, T. 11
Murillo, J. 69, 104, 184, 188
Murphy, G. 160
Naito, S. 80
Naj, A. 97
Nap, J.P. 216
Natr, L. 33
Nautiyal, C.S. 61
Navarro, Y.N. de 258
Netherlands 67
Niehaus, K. 58
Noeldner, K.L. 153
Normand, P. 215
Norris, J.H. 177
Novak, B. 18
Novikova, N. 262
Novikova, N.I. 156
Nurse, P. 101
Nuti, M.P. 13
O'Kane, D.J. 269
Ogawa, J. 10
Okamoto, P.M. 170
Okker, R. 208
Okker, R.J.H. 6, 150, 173, 207, 209, 255
Olasz, F. 249
Olivares, J. 128, 165, 186
Ollero, F.J. 16
Orosz, L. 249
Osteras, M. 179, 246
Paaren, H.E. 250
Paau, A.S. 130
Padilla, J.E. 57, 178
Page, W.J.� 99
Palacios, J.M. 69, 104, 184
Palacios, R. 220
Pardonen, V.A. 183
Pasternak, J.J. 19, 200
Pasti, M.B. 13
Pathirana, S.M. 7
Pavlova, E.A. 156
Pawlowski, K. 35
Peacock, W.J. 181, 189
Pees, E. 6, 207
Penas, A. de las 182
Perez, H. 57
Perez-Silva, J. 16
Petrovics, G. 247
Philip, P. de 227
Philip-Hollingsworth, S. 167
Phillips, D.A. 44, 52, 78, 103, 217
Phillips, M. 237
Piana, L. 240
Piche, Y. 151, 196
Pichon, M. 223
Pierre, M. 121
Pinero, D. 102
Pirozynski, K.A. 46
Ponthus, C. 251
Prakash, R.K. 60
Premakumar, R. 39
Priefer, U.B. 37
Prome, J.C. 251
Proost, A. 14
Pueppke, S.G. 45, 133, 158, 180
Puhler, A. 37, 55, 58, 226
Quandt, J. 58
Quiclet-Sire, B. 234
Quinto, C. 182
Raja, S. 31, 243
Raju, K. 155
Ramos, F. 43
Randall, P.J. 212
Rasanen, L.A. 89
Rastogi, V. 191
Ratcliffe, H. 135
Ratet, P. 98, 213
Recourt, K 208
Recourt, K. 5, 143, 152
Reddy, A. 169
Redmond, J.W. 245
Reed, J.W. 84, 224, 225
Reilander, H. 226
Rerie, W.G. 65, 212
Reuber, T.L. 225
Rhijn, P. van 14
Richardson, A.E. 53, 87, 88
Rider, C.C. 254
Robinson, D.L. 166
Robson, A.D. 3
Robson, R.L. 106
Roche, P. 251
Rochefort, D.A. 162
Rolfe, B.G. 53, 87, 88, 91, 100, 117, 245
Romero, D. 161, 220
Romero, M.E. 51
Ronson, C. 135
Rosenberg, C. 229, 231
Rosenblueth, M. 134
Rossbach, S. 15
Rotem-Abarbanell, D. 49
Rottschafer, T. 37
Roughley, R.J. 53
Ruiz-Argueso, T. 69, 104, 184, 188
Rushing, B. 175
Saano, A. 64
Sabater, B. 187
Sadowksy, M.J. 36
Sadowsky, M.J. 61, 109
Safronova, V. 262
Safronova, V.I. 156
Sanchez, F. 57, 178, 182
Sandal, N. 211
Sanjuan, J. 1, 26, 128, 165
Sargent, C.L. 245
Schafer, R. 155
Scheirer, D.C. 176
Schell, J. 41, 121, 206, 211, 213, 238, 239
Scheres, B. 123, 244
Scheres, V. 193
Schink, M.J. 153
Schlaman, H. 208
Schlaman, H.R.M. 173, 209, 255
Schmidt, J. 92, 206, 238, 239
Schmidt, M. 37
Schripsema, J. 12, 143, 152
Schultze, M. 234, 235
Schwedock, J. 175, 185
Scluter, A. 226
Seidler, R.J. 83
Selander, R.K. 102
Selbitschka, W. 37, 55
Sengupta-Gopalan, C. 70
Sevinc, M.S. 99
Sharma, P.K. 56
Shermer, C.L. 108
Shukla, R.S. 136
Signer, E.R. 148
Simon, P. 179
Simon, R. 37, 55
Simonet, P. 4, 120
Simons, A. 206
Simons-Schreier, A. 213
Simpson, R.J. 87, 88
Singh, C.B. 136
Singh, N.P. 183
Singleton, P.W.R 157
Slade, E.A. 85
Slooten, J.C. van 179
Smith, C.A. 256
Soos, J. 119
Soto, M.J. 186
Spaink, H. 208
Spaink, H.P. 1, 6, 62, 150, 207, 216
Spencer, D. 212
Squartini, A. 13
Squartini, A.S. 30
Stacey, G. 1, 9, 40, 62, 163, 253
Staehelin, C. 42
Stanley, J. 20, 246
Stark, N.M. 76
Stougaard, J. 116, 144, 211, 266
Suominen, L. 89
Surin, B.P. 222
Sutherland, M.W. 245
Suzuki, H. 248
Szabados, L. 41, 98, 213
Szalay, A.A. 269
Szeto, W. 135
Teissier du Cros, E. 120
Thi Le, N. 120
Thies, J.E. 157
Thony, B. 15, 74
Tiedje, J.M. 73
Tikhonovich, I.A. 193
Timberlake, W.E. 68
Tomas, R. 187
Tommasino, M. 267
Toro, N. 186
Torrey, J.G. 22
Tortolero, M. 43
Toth, G. 119
Trese, A.T. 45, 158
Triplett, E.W. 109, 153
Truchet, G. 59, 149, 223, 229, 231
Tully, R.E. 36
Tunen, A.J. van 5
Ugalde, R.A. 258
Urzainqui, A. 225, 232, 233
Van Gool, A.P. 148
Vance, C.P. 7, 166, 199
Vanderleyden, J. 14, 148
Vanstockem, M. 14
Vasse, J. 59, 231
Vazquez, M. 182
Vegh, Z. 119
Vera, A. 187
Verkerke, M. 152
Verma, D.P.S. 138, 155, 241, 248, 263
Vijgenboom, E. 255
Vijn, I. 67
Villa, A. 188
Vincze, E. 119
Virelizier, H. 234, 235
Waelkens, F. 14
Walker, G.C. 84, 105, 224, 225, 232, 233
Wallace, A. 47
Wampler, J.E. 269
Wang, S.P. 9, 253
Ward, L.J.H. 85
Warmbrodt, R.D. 24, 25
Watson, R. 191
Watson, R.J. 50
Weeden, N.F. 256
Weinman, J.J. 91, 93, 245
Wek, R.C. 265
Welters, P. 206, 213
Werner, D. 194
Wheatcroft, R. 32
Whelan, J. 260
White, T.L. 113
Whitecross, M. 65
Wiel, C. van de 123, 177, 216, 244
Wiemken, A. 42
Wiest, D.R. 110
Wijffelman, C. 208
Wijffelman, C.A. 6, 12, 150, 207
Wijfjes, A.H.M. 6
Williams, M. 135
Williams, N.P. 265
Williams, R.R. 94
Wingender-Drissen, R. 206
Wolfinger, E.D. 108
Wray, J.L. 159
Xue, Z.T. 192
Yang, W.C. 67, 132
Yelton, M. 175
Yokoyma, T. 11
Young, J.L. 171
Young, P.G. 101
Young, S. 260
Yuan, D.C. 245
Yuan, G.F. 264
Zaat, B. 208
Zaat, S.A.J. 12, 207
Zabelina, N.K. 156
Zalenskii, A.O. 193
Zalensky, A. 123
Zalensky, A.O. 183
Zhan, H. 117, 139
Zilberstein, A. 49
Zlotnikov, K.M. 54, 125
Zorzano, A. 186
SUBJECT INDEX
Abnormal development 133
Acetylene reduction 58, 82, 166, 191, 214
Acetylglutamic acid 167
Acid phosphatase 197
Acidity 3
Acids 53
Adenosinetriphosphatase 37, 161
Aerobiosis 141, 214
Afghanistan 122
Agricultural products 168
Agricultural soils 55
Agriculture 13, 23
Agrobacterium 114, 116, 178, 206, 211
Agrobacterium radiobacter 124, 262
Agrobacterium rhizogenes 41, 82, 98, 151, 156, 181, 266
Agrobacterium tumefaciens 28, 41, 65, 89, 98, 125, 177, 181,
189, 213, 216, 253, 258, 262
Agroclimatology 56
Albumins 212
Alkaline phosphatase 139
Alkaline soils 261
Alleles 265
Allelism 101
Alnus glutinosa 120
Alnus rubra 60
Aluminum 88
Ambrosia dumosa 47
Amino acid sequences 6, 7, 26, 29, 35-37, 63, 101, 115, 119,
121, 126, 146, 147, 150, 160, 170, 179, 182, 184-186, 214,
223, 224, 244, 246-248, 252, 257, 265
Amino acids 219, 233, 265
Ammonia 9, 27
Ammonium 86
Ammonium chloride 90
Ammonium nitrate 90
Anabaena 110, 111
Anaerobic conditions 214
Anthocyanidins 78
Anthocyanins 78
Antibiotics 54, 127
Arachis hypogaea 157
Aromatic acids 233
Aspergillus nidulans 68
Assays 263
Assessment 96
Assimilation 159, 172
Australia 96
Auxins 177
Azospirillum brasilense 14, 148, 240, 268
Azotobacter chroococcum 190
Azotobacter vinelandii 39, 43, 99, 108, 190, 221
Bacteria 218
Bacterial proteins 5, 9, 10, 15, 35, 67, 175, 203, 208, 214,
224, 247, 255
Bacterial toxins 153
Bacteriophages 249
Bacteroides 79
Bacteroids 15, 58, 166, 179, 194, 229, 255, 269
Baculovirus 96
Beta vulgaris 196
Beta-d-galactosidase 69
Beta-galactosidase 9, 28, 90, 133, 150
Beta-glucan 258, 259p
Beta-glucuronidase 28, 55, 98, 181
Betaine 229
Bibliographies 24, 25
Binding 141, 200
Binding proteins 173, 244
Binding site 91, 266
Biochemical pathways 232, 233
Biogeochemistryp 83
Biological activity in soil 83
Biological competition 17, 40, 130
Biological control 96
Biological development 117, 164, 176
Biological production 261
Biomass 51, 83
Biosynthesis 5, 27, 52, 58, 93, 124, 139, 143, 219, 221, 225,
226, 233, 245, 258, 259
Biotechnology 22-25, 51, 118, 129, 204, 225, 237
Biotypes 62, 91, 112, 132, 153
Bradyrhizobium 67, 103, 236, 260
Bradyrhizobium japonicum 1, 9, 15, 17, 26, 27, 36, 40, 42,
54, 62, 63, 70, 71, 73, 77, 141, 163, 192, 194, 214, 218, 238,
239, 248, 252, 253, 259-261, 269
Brassica campestris 200
Brassica napus 33
Breeding programs 22
Calcareous soils 47
Calcium 3, 88
California 96
Callus 183, 192, 197
Candida utilis 51
Carbohydrate metabolism 14, 117, 224
Carbon 113, 127
Carbon-nitrogen ratio 127
Carboxymethylcellulose 30
Catabolism 229
Cell culture 4, 51, 151, 261
Cell differentiation 67, 166
Cell division 101
Cell lines 197
Cell structure 176, 229
Cell suspensions 197
Chalcones 143
Characterization� 2, 62, 148
Chemical analysis 2
Chemical composition 51, 77
Chemical constituents of plants 44
Chimeras 41, 98, 181
Chitinase 42
Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase 213, 266
Chloroplast genetics 187
Chlorosis 204
Chromatin 183
Chromosome maps 43
Chromosomes 56, 102
Cicer arietinum 56
Cistrons 35
Clones 124
Cloning 10, 28, 37, 45, 101, 106, 119, 126, 147, 161, 162,
214, 222, 224, 230, 246, 249, 257, 268
Clusters 34
Colonizing ability 28, 261
Comparisons 185, 214, 252
Competitive ability 56, 83, 109, 127, 134, 153, 165, 261
Complementation 6, 10, 14, 35, 89, 161, 174, 247, 268
Conferences 204
Contaminants 83
Controlling elements 92, 171, 265, 266
Controlling genes 189
Cortex 42
Cosmids 28, 89, 124
Crop production 103
Crop yield 18, 157, 202
Cultivars 82, 133, 140, 174, 180, 248
Culture media 27, 33, 94, 116, 242
Cuttings 242
Cycling 83
Cytochrome c 36
Daidzein 77
Dark 198
Daucus carota 75, 151, 196
Deformation 89, 145, 203, 240
Deletions 16, 65, 117, 144, 161, 174, 214, 253, 266
Desert soils 47
Detection 32, 73, 132
Developmental stages 145, 244
Dicarboxylic acids 50
Differentiation 59, 111
Disease resistance 42
Dispersal 218
Diversity 83
Dna 7, 29, 32, 34, 63, 64, 81, 85, 99, 110, 120, 124, 126,
141, 146, 179
Dna binding proteins 92, 141, 171, 213, 253, 264, 266
Dna conformation 183
Dna footprinting 141
Dna hybridization 45, 70
Dna libraries 45
Dna methylation 141
Dna probes 45, 70, 73
Dna repair 161
Dna sequencing 215
Drug resistance 54, 56, 127
Dry matter accumulation 82, 127, 261
Ecological balance 83
Ecology 76
Ectomycorrhizae 205
Ectomycorrhizas 164
Efficiency 131
Electroporation 215
Endomycetales 101, 267
Endotoxins 96
Environmental assessment 83
Environmental factors 46, 136, 242
Environmental impact 37, 55, 83
Enzyme activity 5, 7, 8, 28, 30, 50, 61, 69, 90, 98, 104,
106, 107, 112, 133, 155, 166, 170, 172, 181, 192, 219, 241,
248, 260, 264
Enzymes 30, 102, 166, 186
Enzymology 8
Epidermis 223
Eremosemium spinosa 47
Escherichia coli 3, 28, 54, 161, 185, 203, 221, 227, 268
Eucalyptus globulus 205
Evaluation 261
Evolution 46
Excretion 62
Extracts 1
Exudates 2
Exudation 217
Ferredoxin 226
Ferritin 146
Field tests 96
Flavonoids 2, 5, 12, 44, 52, 72, 78, 88, 90, 93, 143, 150,
152, 175, 193, 208, 217, 245, 250
Flavonols 78
Flooding 140
Fluorescein 215
Fluorescence 224
Fluorescent dyes 224
Formulations 130
Frankia 4, 60, 120, 162, 169, 215
Freezing 140
Fungi 13, 46
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi 244
Galactosamine 235
Galega 89, 156, 262
Gene dosage 264
Gene expression 1-3, 5-7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20, 26-29, 31,
32, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 50, 52, 55, 57, 61-63,
65-72, 77-80, 85-93, 95, 96, 98, 100, 107, 111, 116, 119,
121-123, 125, 126, 132, 133, 136-140, 142-147, 149, 150, 152,
153, 155, 158, 159, 162-167, 169-172, 175-181, 185, 187-195,
197-199, 203, 205-214, 216, 219, 221, 223, 227-230, 234, 236,
238-241, 243-245, 247, 248, 250-260, 263-269
Gene interaction 101
Gene mapping 6, 35, 43, 101, 106, 144, 154, 207, 220, 256
Gene splicing 269
Gene transfer 16, 28, 55, 80, 89, 105, 124, 131, 165, 169,
212, 216, 222, 249, 262
Genes 2, 3, 6, 9-12, 14-16, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34-37, 40, 41,
45, 54, 55, 58, 60, 62, 67, 69, 71-73, 79, 84, 87, 89-92, 96,
98, 101, 107, 109, 110, 112, 115, 117-119, 121, 123-125,
128-130, 132, 133, 137, 142, 143, 145, 150, 152, 153, 160-163,
165, 173, 174, 176-178, 182, 185, 190, 192, 193, 198, 203,
206, 208-211, 213, 214, 216, 219, 221, 222, 224, 227, 229,
231, 235, 236, 238, 239, 243-247, 250, 252-255, 258, 262, 263,
267, 268
Genetic analysis 20, 45, 61, 63, 81, 100, 105, 136, 225
Genetic change 32
Genetic code 52, 63, 108, 158, 172, 212, 226, 241, 248
Genetic control 22, 44, 74, 95, 100, 111, 122, 136, 144, 159,
199, 220, 226, 228, 241
Genetic differences 261
Genetic engineering 13, 17, 19, 22, 25, 37, 53, 56, 64, 69,
73, 82, 83, 96, 97, 103, 127, 129, 130, 135, 159, 168, 191,
201, 220, 261
Genetic improvement 130
Genetic markers 43, 54, 55, 56, 69, 127, 218
Genetic regulation 3, 7, 9, 12, 15, 29, 35, 39, 45, 57, 62,
65, 66, 80, 86, 90, 92, 93, 98, 106, 107, 121, 133, 137, 138,
141, 145, 146, 150, 152, 160, 163, 165, 169-172, 175, 178,
180, 192-195, 197, 208, 209, 213, 214, 219, 223, 224, 229,
236, 238, 239, 244, 246, 252-254, 256, 257, 260, 264, 265, 267
Genetic transformation 41, 43, 46, 54, 60, 65, 81-83, 96, 98,
99, 101, 114, 116, 117, 144, 154, 156, 159, 169, 174, 177,
181, 189, 196, 200, 203, 213, 215, 222, 223, 226, 264, 266,
268
Genetic variation 46, 102, 136, 248, 256
Genetics 8, 151
Genistein 77, 78
Genome analysis 32, 69, 95, 111, 154, 220
Genomes 110
Genotype environment interaction 140
Genotypes 81, 154
Gigaspora margarita 75, 151, 196
Gluconeogenesis 246
Glucosamine 235, 247, 251
Glutamate synthase 230
Glutamate-ammonia ligase 29, 86, 112, 147
Glutamine 27, 219
Glutamine synthetase 79, 162
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 50
Glycine max 1, 15, 17, 36, 40, 42, 61, 63, 70, 71, 74, 77,
79, 80, 129, 133, 144, 155, 157, 163, 180, 192, 194, 206, 211,
214, 218, 248, 250, 253, 259, 260, 261, 263, 266, 269
Glyconeogenesis 50
Glycosidases 152
Glycosides 152
Grafting 114
Greenhouse culture 261
Growth 4, 47, 54, 68, 156, 200, 202, 221
Growth analysis 83
Growth rate 51, 113, 127, 158, 196, 214, 264
Haryana 56
Hawaii 157
Heme 176
Hemoglobin 181
Heritability 136
Heterocysts 111
Heterogeneity 102
Histochemistry 98
Histology 59, 149, 232, 233
Histones 183
Homologous recombination 37, 262
Host range 20, 28, 72, 93, 133
Host specificity 20, 62, 72, 91, 93, 109, 121, 130, 133, 182,
222, 231, 236, 254
Hybridization 120
Hybrids 150
Hydrogen 69, 104, 188
Hydrogenase 184
Hydroponics 146
Hyphae 196
Identification 56, 64, 120
Illinois 96
Immunoblotting 65, 265
Immunochemistry 194
Immunocytochemistry 179
Immunohistochemistry 58
Improvement 4, 22, 228
In vitro culture 33, 94, 242
In vitro selection 197
In vivo 91
Incompatibility 16
Indiana 96
Induced mutations 6, 10, 27, 35, 37, 43, 54, 61, 117, 136,
161, 224, 247, 266
Induction 12, 78, 252
Infection 5, 6, 58, 92, 169, 244, 245, 247
Infectivity 93, 100, 196
Inheritance 43, 268
Inhibition 68, 250
Inhibitors 40, 177, 255
Initiation 253, 265
Inoculation 34, 202
Inoculum 56, 168
Insertional mutagenesis 6, 10, 36, 56, 105, 112, 127, 224
Interactions 9, 13, 58, 78
Introduced species 37, 55
Ions 88
Iowa 261
Iron 99, 146, 204
Irradiation 136
Isoenzymes 197
Isolation 148
Isomerases 32
Isoptera 13
Isothiocyanates 215
Kaempferol 152
Kinases 115
Klebsiella pneumoniae 165, 190
Krascheninnikovia lanata 47
Laboratory methods 81
Larrea tridentata 47
Lathyrus 157
Leaching 18
Leaves 29, 146, 187
Lectins 212
Leghemoglobin 31, 86, 98, 126, 133, 149, 169, 198, 213, 216,
243, 257
Legumes 11, 91, 138, 172, 211
Legumin 65, 212
Leguminosae 6, 13, 20, 57, 67, 87, 92, 100, 103, 109, 154,
203, 208, 210, 236, 238, 239, 241
Leucaena leucocephala 117, 157, 246
Lichens 48, 49
Ligases 219, 235, 247
Linkage 43, 186
Lipopolysaccharides 254
Literature reviews 57, 66, 67, 93, 103, 106, 107, 109, 130,
138, 163, 168, 172, 208, 209, 212, 228, 236, 238, 239
Loci 14, 124, 148, 186, 230
Lotus corniculatus 98, 116, 144, 181, 213, 266
Lotus tenuis 258
Louisiana 218
Luciferase 55, 269
Luminescence 269
Lupinus albus 188
Lupinus angustifolius 147, 188
Lupinus luteus 188
Lycopersicon esculentum 114, 197
Macroptilium atropurpureum 246, 260
Marker genes 96
Maryland 96
Mathematical models 157
Medicago 3, 72, 154, 251
Medicago littoralis 3
Medicago polymorpha 3
Medicago sativa 7, 10, 31, 32, 44, 50, 52, 55, 58, 59, 72,
82, 84, 92, 119, 126, 128, 135, 137, 148, 149, 156, 157, 165,
175, 176, 177, 185, 206, 207, 213, 217, 224, 226, 228, 229,
231, 234, 235, 240, 243, 247, 262, 268
Medicago truncatula 3, 72, 126, 149, 223, 257
Medicago varia 72
Melanins 221
Melilotus alba 10, 72, 126, 234
Melilotus officinalis 72
Messenger RNA 5, 7, 29, 45, 65, 69, 86, 119, 123, 126, 132,
145, 146, 147, 166, 170, 192, 193, 194, 219, 244, 255, 257
Metabolism 20, 57, 68, 79, 195
Metabolites 1, 62, 155, 228
Metalloproteins 8
Metals 141
Methionine 80
Methyl methanesulfonate 161
Microbial activities 168
Microbial degradation 83
Microbial pesticides 83
Micropropagation 33, 242
Microscopy 269
Migration 96
Mineral deficiencies 51, 65, 197
Mineral nutrition 22, 140, 195
Mineral soils 47
Minnesota 96
Mississippi 96
Mitochondria 260
Modification 96
Modifiers 264
Molecular biology 62, 78, 172, 195
Molecular conformation 119
Molecular genetics 20, 91, 154, 165, 169, 172, 216, 236
Molecular weight 225
Molybdenum 39, 107
Monitoring 64, 73
Montana 96
Morphology 164
Motility 268
Multigene families 7, 63, 65, 70, 86, 126, 147, 197, 257
Multiple genes 175
Mutagenesis 99
Mutagenicity 161
Mutants 10, 14, 20, 27, 31, 35-37, 45, 50, 54, 56, 58, 61,
77, 84, 86, 89, 95, 99, 117, 124, 127, 130, 133, 136, 137,
158, 159, 161, 165, 166, 169, 174, 176-178, 180, 194, 198,
213, 214, 221, 232, 233, 235, 247, 256, 261, 262
Mutations 91, 101, 130, 148, 166, 214, 221, 230, 265, 268
Mycorrhizal fungi 83
Mycorrhizas 22
N-acetylglucosamine 235
Naringenin-chalcone synthase 5, 70
Nebraska 96
Neomycin 56
Neurospora crassa 170, 171, 219, 264
Nicotiana 187
Nicotiana tabacum 65, 98, 156, 181, 189, 212
Nitrate 27, 170, 257, 264
Nitrate reductase 170, 219, 264
Nitrate reduction 1159
Nitrates 159, 221
Nitrofurantoin 161
Nitrogen 18, 25, 77, 101, 113, 127, 157, 171, 218
Nitrogen fixation 4, 19, 20, 24, 27, 31, 34-36, 38, 44, 50,
53, 56-58, 60-62, 66, 67, 72, 74, 82, 86, 87, 89, 91, 96, 99,
103, 106, 107, 110-112, 116-118, 121, 122, 129, 130, 132, 133,
135-137, 149, 153-156, 165, 166, 169, 172, 177, 178, 180,
189-191, 199, 214, 217, 220, 221, 226, 228, 237, 243, 256,
259, 262, 263
Nitrogen fixing bacteria 8, 24, 43, 66, 97, 129, 131, 225,
236
Nitrogen metabolism 35, 172, 187, 264
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria 79, 81, 118, 142, 189
Nitrogenase 8, 38, 39, 106-108, 118, 132, 190, 216, 269
Nodulation 1-6, 9-12, 15-17, 20, 27-29, 31, 35, 36, 40, 44,
45, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 60, 62, 67, 70-72, 77, 82, 84, 87-90,
92, 95, 100, 109, 117-119, 121-123, 125-127, 129, 130, 133,
143-145, 147, 150, 152, 153, 156, 160, 161, 163, 165-167, 169,
172-178, 180-183, 185, 186, 193, 194, 198, 199, 203, 208-210,
213, 216, 217, 220, 222-225, 228, 229, 232, 234-236, 238-240,
243, 245-247, 251-256, 258, 261, 262, 268
Nodule bacteria 32, 69
Nodules 221
Nodulins 31, 41, 57, 63, 67, 119, 123, 132, 133, 138, 166,
169, 176, 177, 178, 179, 193, 194, 198, 223, 243, 244, 248,
257, 266
Northern blotting 65, 70, 179, 219, 244
Nostoc 48, 49
Nucleotide sequence 34, 122, 128, 162, 188, 226
Nucleotide sequences 6, 7, 26, 29, 35, 36, 37, 41, 63, 65,
70, 71, 101, 107, 115, 119, 121, 126, 146, 147, 150, 160, 170,
173, 179, 181, 182, 184-186, 214, 215, 223, 224, 236, 244,
246-248, 252, 253, 257, 266
Nutrient availability 51, 68, 146, 157, 171, 257, 265, 267
Nutrient contents of plants 76, 114
Nutrient deficiencies 101, 146, 219
Nutrient requirements 77, 80, 113, 195, 212
Nutrient sources 221
Nutrient transport 113, 130
Nutrient uptake 94, 114, 197, 267
Nutrition 230
Nutrition physiology 197
Oils 218
Oligosaccharides 234, 254
Ontogeny 100
Operon 34, 74
Organic compounds 145
Organogenesis 199
Ornithopus compressus 188
Oxidoreductases 61, 192, 219, 260
Oxygen� 15, 26, 79, 115, 141, 142, 192, 227
Oxygen consumption 114
Page 177
Parenchyma 31
Peroxidase 42
Persistence 56, 96, 218
Petioles 98
Petunia 80
Ph 3, 53, 88
Phaseolus lunatus 157
Phaseolus vulgaris 29, 78, 86, 102, 112, 127, 134, 155, 157,
161, 178
Phenology 113
Phenotypes 10, 27, 50, 54, 61, 91, 109, 114, 127, 169, 232,
233, 265
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 5, 70
Phosphates 51, 139, 195, 197
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 50
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 7, 246
Phosphoglycerate kinase 50
Phosphorus 114
Photosynthesis 237
Phylogeny 215
Pinus elliottii 113
Pisolithus tinctorius 205
Pisum 221
Pisum sativum 34, 65, 69, 82, 104, 122, 123, 127, 132, 145,
162, 183, 193, 212, 222, 244, 255, 256
Plant 67
Plant analysis 201
Plant biotechnology 21, 23
Plant breeding 21, 23, 103, 168
Plant composition 42
Plant development 57, 70, 126, 257
Plant disorders 156
Plant establishment 76
Plant extracts 253, 263
Plant growth regulators 234
Plant interaction 196
Plant morphology 89, 113, 167
Plant nutrition 18, 25, 33, 94, 103, 106, 107, 118, 159, 164,
187, 195, 199, 204, 241, 242
Plant pathogenic bacteria 96
Plant pathogens 42
Plant proteins 145, 155, 244, 265
Plants 4, 21, 23, 41, 202, 242
Plasma membranes 194
Plasmids 3, 6, 14, 16, 19, 30, 32, 34, 43, 53, 54, 56, 68,
69, 82, 89, 101, 105, 124, 125, 127, 128, 134, 143, 151, 156,
160, 161, 165, 174, 177, 186, 191, 200, 216, 221, 229, 262,
268
Polymerase chain reaction 193
Polypeptides 29, 205
Polysaccharides 14, 20, 58, 84, 117, 124, 133, 139, 148, 224,
225
Population density 83
Population dynamics 83
Population structure 83
Potassium nitrate 90
Prediction 101, 244
Promoters 12, 65, 92, 98, 141, 150, 175, 181, 191, 213, 253,
266, 269
Protein analysis 241
Protein content 205, 218
Protein degradation 141
Protein synthesis 63, 80, 158, 166, 212, 260
Proteinase inhibitors 179
Proteinases 37
Proteins 142, 173, 192
Protoplast fusion 60
Pseudomonas putida 19, 200
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 179
Purification 251
Radicles 183
Recessive genes 166
Recombinant DNA 48, 49, 55, 249, 269
Recombination 16, 55, 60, 83, 96, 105, 109, 111, 124, 150,
161, 218, 237, 249
Reduction 215
Regeneration 116
Regulation 44, 69, 74, 91, 101, 128, 212, 227, 263
Regulations 196
Regulator genes 34, 144, 227
Repetitive DNA 183, 253, 266
Reporter genes 9, 28, 41, 55, 98, 150, 181, 213, 266, 269
Reproduction 76
Research 204
Resistance 153, 161, 197
Respiration 114, 215, 260
Restriction mapping 10, 29, 35, 101, 119, 153, 161, 170, 174,
214, 222, 223, 247
Reviews 83, 96, 204
Rgr 114
Rhizobiaceae 2, 28, 35, 109, 138, 198, 238, 239, 252
Rhizobium 11, 13, 16, 20, 45, 56, 57, 61, 64, 67, 87, 89, 98,
100, 103, 116, 117, 130, 133, 149, 155-158, 166, 172, 179,
180, 181, 188, 198, 209, 220, 228, 236-239, 241, 246, 252,
258, 259, 261, 262, 266
Rhizobium japonicum 74, 81, 162, 250
Rhizobium leguminosarum 3, 5, 6, 12, 30, 34, 37, 53, 55, 62,
69, 78, 85, 86, 88, 89-91, 93, 102, 104, 112, 122, 123, 127,
132, 134, 136, 143, 145, 150, 152, 153, 156, 160, 173, 174,
178, 182, 183, 184, 193, 203, 207, 208, 210, 216, 221, 222,
235, 244, 245, 255, 256
Rhizobium lupini 147
Rhizobium meliloti 3, 10, 12, 14, 31, 32, 37, 44, 50, 52, 55,
58, 59, 62, 66, 72, 82, 84, 92, 95, 105, 115, 117, 119, 121,
124, 126, 128, 131, 135, 137, 139, 148, 150, 154, 156, 165,
169, 175-177, 185, 186, 191, 203, 208, 213, 214, 217, 223-235,
240, 247, 249, 251, 254, 257, 262, 268
Rhizobium phaseoli 86, 125, 161
Rhizobium trifolii 12, 150, 156, 167, 174, 203, 208, 216,
222, 245
Rhizosphere 229
Ribosomal DNA 215
Risk 55, 83, 96
Rna 34, 38, 68, 71, 149, 179
Rna polymerase 141
Rna probes 177, 244
Root exudates 3, 12, 44, 52, 78, 143, 196
Root hairs 67, 89, 92, 123, 145, 167, 193, 203, 240, 245, 247
Root nodulation 32, 79, 85, 91, 128, 134, 158, 206, 211, 250,
263
Root nodules 3, 7, 15, 17, 20, 29, 31, 34, 42, 44, 45, 50,
56-60, 63, 67, 69, 70, 82, 84, 86, 92, 98, 112, 116, 117, 119,
120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 132, 133, 138, 144, 147, 149, 155,
166, 169, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 183, 188, 191-194, 198,
199, 213, 216, 223, 229, 233, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 255,
257, 260, 263, 266, 269
Root primordia 28
Root shoot ratio 33
Root systems 22
Rooting capacity 242
Roots 5, 6, 22, 42, 45, 52, 75, 77, 82, 86, 98, 114, 143,
145, 146, 151, 152, 156, 175, 181, 200, 208, 223, 245, 260
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 265
Screening 130
Sds-page 65, 179
Secretion 145, 197
Seed development 65
Seed germination 76
Seed inoculation 82, 157, 200, 218
Seedlings 2, 33, 76, 113, 158
Seeds 65, 78, 80, 212, 217, 218, 253
Selection 136
Selenium 201
Semiarid climate 56
Senescence 179, 187
Sesbania 2, 28, 35, 98, 198, 211, 213
Shoots 114, 260
Siderophores 99, 261
Signals 62
Soil amendments 47
Soil bacteria 1, 73, 85, 96, 138, 191, 225, 259
Soil chemistry 18
Soil fauna 83
Soil flora 83
Soil inoculation 58, 83, 143, 203
Soil toxicity 83
Solanum tuberosum 114
Somaclonal variation 197
South Carolina 96
Southern blotting 101
Spatial distribution 31
Species 83
Spectral analysis 8, 251
Sporulation 151
Stability 56
Starvation� 68, 101, 195
Stem nodules 198
Stems 29, 98
Strain differences 4, 45, 72, 112, 127, 165, 174, 185, 188
Strains 4, 20, 27, 31, 32, 45, 49, 53, 56, 68, 72, 78, 95,
99, 108, 112, 120, 125, 127, 130, 132-134, 153, 162, 165, 174,
178, 182, 216, 218, 228, 235, 250, 258, 261
Streptomyces 60
Streptomycin 56
Stress factors 212
Stress response 140, 195
Structural genes 7, 102, 104, 146, 170, 171, 184, 223, 264
Structure 225
Structure activity relationships 12, 72, 252
Succinic acid 221
Sucrose synthase 192
Sulfur 65, 80, 171, 212
Survival 56, 76
Symbionts 28, 49, 78
Symbiosis 1-4, 11, 13, 16, 20, 22, 27, 28, 31, 32, 42, 45,
46, 50, 57, 61, 71, 72, 74, 79, 89, 91, 93, 103, 112, 121,
127, 129, 130, 133, 135, 138, 153, 154, 163, 164, 168, 169,
178, 188, 191, 194, 196, 199, 203, 205, 216, 217, 220, 225,
228, 230, 232-234, 236, 241, 243, 251, 262, 263
Synechococcus 38
Targeted mutagenesis 246
Technical progress 204
Temperature 54
Tetrazolium dyes 215
Thiamin 267
Tiba 177
Tissue culture 22, 116, 151, 192, 197
Tissue ultrastructure 31, 50, 117, 133, 246
Tolerance 3, 53
Transcription 3, 6, 12, 29, 39, 78, 107, 149, 150, 170, 171,
173, 175, 192, 193, 208, 223, 253, 255, 257, 267
Transduction 105
Transfection 249
Transferases� 5, 219
Transfers 134
Transformation 151
Transformations 18, 22
Transgenics 41, 65, 80, 98, 181, 212, 213, 223, 266
Translation 255, 265
Transposable elements 43, 56, 99, 105
Trema 181
Trifolium 88, 93
Trifolium pratense 222
Trifolium repens 82, 85, 157, 167, 174, 245
Trifolium subterraneum 53, 174, 222, 245
Trigonella caerulea 72
Trigonella foenum-graecum 72
Trigonelline 229
Triticum aestivum 140
Tryptophan 232, 233
Uk 96
Ulmaceae 181
Ultrastructure 59, 200
Uptake 69, 104, 159, 188, 218
Urea 157
Usda 201
Vaccinium 76
Vacuoles 179
Vanadium 39
Vectors 28, 55, 127, 249, 262, 268
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae 75, 196, 202
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas 151
Vibrio 269
Vicia 207
Vicia faba 136, 166
Vicia hirsuta 55, 160, 222, 255
Vicia sativa 6, 216, 234
Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 5, 12, 143, 152
Vicilin 212
Vigna unguiculata 45, 157, 158, 246
Virulence 156, 258
Washington 96
Water management 201
Wild strains 127
Winter hardiness 140
Winter wheat 140
Wisconsin 96
Woody plants 22
Yield response functions 218
Zea mays 146, 240