TITLE: Biotechnology: Bioremediation
PUBLICATION DATE: August, 1994
ENTRY DATE: September, 1994
EXPIRATION DATE: None
UPDATE: As needed
CONTACT: Biotechnology Information Center(biotech@nalusda.gov)
National Agricultural Library
DOCUMENT TYPE: Text
DOCUMENT SIZE: 197k, approx. 110 pp.
United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library
10301 Baltimore Blvd.
Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351
Quick bibliography series; 94-50
ISSN: 1052-5378
Biotechnology: Bioremediation
Kim Guenther and Raymond Dobert
162 citations from AGRICOLA
January 1991 - May 1994
Quick bibliography series; 94-50
August 1994
SEARCH STRATEGY
SET ITEMS DESCRIPTION
S1 12321 GENETIC?()ENGINEER? OR BIOTECHNOLOG? OR
RECOMBINANT()DNA OR BIOENGINEER? OR
MICROMANIPULAT? OR TRANSGEN?
S2 16670 (GENE OR GENES OR CHROMOSOM? OR DNA OR RNA) (4N)
(TRANSFER? OR TRANSFORM? OR MANIPULAT? OR EXPRESS?
OR ALTER? OR INSERT? OR MODIF? OR RECOMBIN?)
S3 5732 (WASTE? OR POLLUT?) (4N) (TREAT? OR MINIMIZ? OR
REDUC? OR CONTROL? OR DIGEST? OR DECOMPOS?)
S4 18055 (WATER OR GROUNDWATER OR WASTE? OR SOIL OR AIR)
(4N) (CONTAMINAT? OR DECONTAMIN? OR DISINFECT? OR
PROTECT? OR TOXI? OR POLLUT? OR DETOXI? OR
REMEDIAT?)
S5 4989 (MICROB? OR BACTER? OR AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC OR
BIOLOG?) (4N) (TREAT? OR DIGEST? OR DEGRAD?)
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S8 41371 SH=W000
S9 158 BIOREMEDIAT?
S10 25586 S1 OR S2
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S12 496 S9 OR (S10 AND (S3 OR S4 OR S6 OR S7 OR S8 OR S11))
S13 482 S12 AND LA=ENGLISH
S14 11330 (IMPACT OR RISK? OR LEGAL? OR INTRODUCTION)/DE
S15 462 S13 NOT S14
S16 242 S15 AND UD=9201:UD=9999
1 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G456
Accessing bioremediation technologies via tech transfer from government &
industry.Language: English
Descriptors: Technology transfer; Diffusion of information; Diffusion of research; Technical progress; Biotechnology; Waste treatment; Government research; Research
2 NAL Call. No.: 450 AN7
Acclimation of trees to pollution stress: cellular metal tolerance traits.
Dickinson, N.M.; Turner, A.P.; Watmough, S.A.; Lepp, N.W.
London : Academic Press; 1992 Dec.
Language: English
Descriptors: Uk; Acer pseudoplatanus; Cell suspensions; Shoots; Explants; Air
pollution; Copper; Cadmium; Phytotoxicity; Injuries; Acclimatization; Stress
response
Abstract: Cell suspension cultures were established from shoot explants of
mature trees of Acer pseudoplatanus L. (sycamore) at a site contaminated by
aerial deposition of copper and cadmium from metal processing industry, and
from the same species at uncontaminated sites. The responses of cell cultures
to elevated metal concentrations in growth media differed markedly according
to site of origin. Both Cu and Cd, applied singly at concentrations of 10-15
mg l-1 inhibited growth and were toxic to cultures originating from the
uncontaminated sites, but not to cultures from the contaminated site. This
metal tolerance trait in the cultures from the contaminated site was stable
through repeated sub-culturing. It could also be induced in one culture
originating from the reference uncontaminated site, by gradually exposing the
culture to increasing concentrations of Cu. A reduced level of metal removal
from the media was found in tolerant cultures, compared to non-tolerant
cultures. The results of these experiments demonstrate the occurrence of an
alteration of gene expression in response to pollution stress, suggesting that
metal tolerance may be induced within shoot meristems in vivo. It also
represents the first example of non-mycorrhizal adaptation to metal toxicity
identified in woody plants.
3 NAL Call. No.: QK725.I43
Accumulation of toxic metal ions on cell walls of Datura innoxia suspension
cell cultures.
Language: English
Descriptors: Datura fastuosa; Metal ions; Adsorption; Cell walls; Cell
suspensions; Bioremediation
4 NAL Call. No.: QH442.A1G4
Actinomycetes as agents of biodegradation in the environment--a review.
McCarthy, A.J.; Williams, S.T.
Language: English
Descriptors: Actinomycetales; Soil bacteria; Carbon cycle; Cycling; Microbial
degradation; Lignocellulose; Ligninolytic microorganisms; Lignocellulosic
wastes; Composting; Recombinant DNA; Literature reviews; Genetic engineering
Abstract: The diversity of form in the Actinomycetales is well-recognised,
due to the sustained generation of environmental isolates for pharmaceutical
screening. Actinomycetes isolated from soil and related substrates show
primary biodegradative activity, secreting a range of extracellular enzymes
and exhibiting the capacity to metabolise recalcitrant molecules. Composting
is one process which relies heavily on such prolific actinomycete activity.
Amongst actinomycetes in soil, there are examples of different strategies,
from cycles of rapid proliferation and sporulation to the maintenance of
populations by prolonged slow growth and scavenging, and the evidence for this
is examined. The mechanisms of lignocellulose degradation by actinomycetes are
discussed in relation to functional conservation within the group, and
correlations with those described in other bacteria and fungi.
5 NAL Call. No.: QR53.B56
Aerobic metabolism of pentachlorophenol by spent sawdust culture of "Shiitake"
mushroom (Lentinus edodes) in soil.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lentinula edodes; Mycelium; Pentachlorophenol; Bioremediation;
Soil pollution; Mushroom compost; Hydrogen peroxide
Abstract: Spent sawdust cultures of the Shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes)
metabolised pentachlorophenol in soil to a significant (P < 0.05) extent with
60.5, 57.3 and 44.4% disappearance recorded for strains LE2, 866 and R26,
respectively. Addition of H2O2 markedly enhanced pentachlorophenol metabolism.
Analysis of metabolites by GC/MS showed that pentachloroanisole was a
metabolic product. These results suggest that there is potential for
commercial application in bioremediation.
6 NAL Call. No.: QR97.X46B56
Aerobic, phenol-induced TCE degradation in completely mixed,
continuous-culture reactors.
Language: English
Descriptors: Trichloroethylene; Microbial degradation; Volatile compounds;
Drinking water; Groundwater pollution; Pseudomonas putida; Aerobic treatment;
Cultures; Bioreactors; Substrates; Glucose; Acetates; Phenol; Bioremediation
7 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4522
Agri-diagnostics to market biotech-based, fast field analysis system to test
for gasoline contamination.
Language: English
Descriptors: Immunoassay; Polluted soils; Polluted water; Biotechnology
8 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J62
Anaerobic remediation of dinoseb from contaminated soil: an on-site
demonstration--scientific note.
Language: English
Descriptors: Idaho; Cabt; Dinoseb; Herbicide residues; Polluted soils; Soil
pollution; Bioremediation; Anaerobic treatment; Anaerobic conditions; Starch;
Nutrient availability; Microbial degradation
9 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45
Applicability of biological processes for treatment of soils.
Eckenfelder, W.W. Jr; Norris, R.D.
Language: English
Descriptors: Waste water treatment; Soil pollution; Biodegradation;
Groundwater; Application to land; Bioremediation
Abstract: Biological processes are used to treat excavated soils, saturated
and unsaturated soils in situ, and recovered groundwater. Application of these
technologies utilizes the experience gained from waste water treatment and
various soils and groundwater remediation methods. These processes can
incorporate physical removal along with biooxidation. Site conditions and
contaminant properties determine which, if any, biological treatment process
is appropriate for a given site. This chapter is an introductory summary of
these biological processes.
10 NAL Call. No.: TP248.2.B46
Application of oxygen microbubbles for in situ biodegradation of
p-xylene-contaminated groundwater in a soil column.
Jenkins, K.B.; Michelsen, D.L.; Novak, J.T.
New York, N.Y. : American Institute of Chemical Engineers; 1993 Jul.
Biotechnology progress v. 9 (4): p. 394-400; 1993 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pseudomonas putida; Bioremediation; Microbial degradation;
Xylene; Groundwater pollution; Bioreactors; Soil; Oxygen; Groundwater;
Aerobiosis; Ferrous ions
Abstract: In situ biodegradation of p-xylene was studied in a 7-cm (2.75-in.)
soil column using oxygen microbubbles to supply the electron acceptor.
Pseudomonas putida continuously degraded p-xylene below detectable limits
until the oxygen supply was exhausted. Retention time in the biodegradation
zone was approximately 45 min. Vent losses claimed 5-10% of the injected
oxygen, with 71-82% being utilized. The pressure drops resulting from
increased biomass showed a slight increase over the first few days followed by
a gradual decline, indicating that the biomass will not plug the soil matrix
under the conditions of this test. The addition of ferrous iron in the feed
and its subsequent oxidation to ferric hydroxide did not affect
biodegradation, nor did it cause appreciable soil plugging. In order to
precipitate the ferrous iron before it reached the microbubbles, an
air-sparging section was added. This resulted in volatilization of p-xylene
with very little ferrous oxidation until the groundwater reached the oxygen
microbubbles.
11 NAL Call. No.: TP248.65.E59T47 1991
Applications of controlled pore inert materials as immobilizing surfaces for
microbial consortia in wastewater treatment.
Portier, R.J.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pseudomonas; Arthrobacter; Aspergillus niger; Biological
treatment; Waste water treatment; Microbial degradation; Bioremediation;
Aldrin; Malathion; Groundwater pollution; Insecticide residues; Sugar factory
waste; Molasses; Factory effluents; Sucrose; Fermentation
12 NAL Call. No.: TP248.65.E59T47 1991
Applications of molecular biology techniques to the remediation of hazardous
waste.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bacteria; Escherichia coli; Metabolic detoxification; Organic
compounds; Wastes; Biological treatment; Bioremediation; Molecular biology;
Molecular genetics; Recombinant DNA; Genetic engineering; Microbial
degradation
13 NAL Call. No.: SB123.57.I55 1992
Bacterial detoxification of mercury in sediment microcosms.
Rochelle, P.A.; Olson, B.H.
Language: English
Descriptors: Mercury; Groundwater pollution; Decontamination; Bacteria;
Biotechnology
14 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6
Bacterial transport through homogeneous soil.
Gannon, J.T.; Mingelgrin, U.; Alexander, M.; Wagenet, R.J.
Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil bacteria; Introduced species; Strains; Loam soils; Movement
in soil; Downward movement; Adsorption; Macropore flow; Soil mechanics;
Infiltration; Pore size; Saturated conditions; Spatial distribution; Soil
pollution; Groundwater pollution; Microbial degradation; Pollutants; Benzene;
Toluene; Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Abstract: The transport of microorganisms in soils is of major importance for
bioremediation of subsurface polluted zones and for pollution of groundwater
with pathogens. A procedure for evaluating the relative mobility and recovery
of bacteria in the soil matrix was developed. In the method devised, movement
of bacteria along the walls of the column of soil and channeling were
prevented. Changes in population size during the test period were minimal
because temperatures of 2-5 degrees C were maintained and predators and
parasites were eliminated by 60(Co) irradiation. The 19 strains of bacteria
tested had markedly different degrees of transport. From 0.01 to 15% of the
added cells passed through a 5-cm long column of Kendaia loam with four pore
volumes of water and from 4.3% to essentially all of the added bacteria were
recovered. The marked differences in the mobilities of the various bacteria
and the high recoveries of most of the isolates suggested that the procedure
developed is a useful means for selecting bacteria according to their
mobilities in soils, aquifer materials, and other porous media.
15 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8224
Batch cultivation of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. I. Production of soluble
methane monooxygenase.
Language: English
Descriptors: Methanobacterium; Methane; Oxygenases; Biological production;
Cell growth; Optimization
Abstract: Methanotrophs have promising applications in bioremediation and in
the production of fuel-related chemicals due to their nonspecific enzyme,
methane monooxygenase (MMO). The optimal conditions for cell growth and
production of the soluble form of MMO (sMMO) were determined from batch
cultivations of an obligatory methanotroph, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b,
in shake flasks and a 5-L bioreactor. It was confirmed that a copper
deficiency is essential for the formation of the cytoplasmic sMMO. Optimum
cell growth without added copper was observed at pH 6.0-70, temperature of
30-34 degrees C, and phosphate concentration of 10-40 mM. in the bioreactor
experiments, external CO2 addition eliminated the long lag period observed in
the absence of added CuSO4, i.e., prior to the exponential cell growth phase.
When methane was continuously supplied, the profile of the cell growth showed
two different phases depending on the availability of nitrate, an initial fast
exponential growth phase (specific growth rate, micro = 0.08 h-1) and a later
slow growth phase (micro = 0.008 h-1). The cell density at the transition from
a fast to a slow growth rate was proportional to the initial medium nitrate
concentration in the range 5-20 mM and cell yield was estimated to be 7.14 g
dry cell wt/g N. Whole-cell sMMO activity remained essentially constant
regardless of the growth rate until cell growth stopped. With an initial
medium iron concentration below 40 mM, an abrupt decrease in sMMO activity was
observed. The lowered sMMO activity could be restored by supplying additional
iron to the bioreactor culture. Cell yield on iron was estimated to be 1.3 X
10(3) g dry cell wt/g Fe.
16 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J62
Bench scale studies of the soil aeration process for bioremediation of
petroleum hydrocarbons.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Hydrocarbons; Petroleum; Bioremediation
17 NAL Call. No.: QH545.A1C7
Beneficial effects of plants in the remediation of soil and groundwater
contaminated with organic materials.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plants; Bioremediation; Polluted soils; Soil pollution;
Groundwater pollution; Polluted water; Pollutants; Biodegradation; Microbial
degradation; Soil flora; Rhizosphere; Literature reviews
18 NAL Call. No.: QH545.A1E52
Biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in
gas-condensate-contaminated ground-water.
Morgan, P.; Lewis, S.T.; Watkinson, R.J.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science; 1993.
Environmental pollution v. 82 (2): p. 181-190; 1993. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Netherlands; Groundwater pollution; Benzene; Toluene; Xylene;
Aromatic hydrocarbons; Biodegradation; Temperature; Organic matter; Inorganic
compounds; Dissolved oxygen; Anaerobic conditions; Microbial activities;
Bioremediation
19 NAL Call. No.: QR1.F44
Biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil microcosms stimulated by an introduced
Alcaligenes sp.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alcaligenes; Phenanthrene; Soil pollution; Soil inoculation;
Inoculum density; Moisture content; Microbial degradation; Bioremediation
Abstract: A phenanthrene degrading strain of Alcaligenes sp. was isolated
from oil polluted soil. Addition of Alcaligenes sp. to soil microcosms
supplemented with phenanthrene (1 mg/g dry soil) resulted in degradation of
the added phenanthrene within 11 days. The phenanthrene concentration declined
only 12% in uninoculated soil during 42 days. The total phenanthrene
degradation potential of Alcaligenes sp. was 2.3 mg/g dry soil during a period
of 22 days. The amount of CO2 evolved during 22 days corresponded to the
conversion of 91% of the degraded phenanthrene to CO2. The Alcaligenes sp.
were not able to degrade phenanthrene in sterile soil. Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hazardous components of hydrocarbon mixtures such as
creosote and oil refinery waste, and are common pollution factors in soils and
ground waters. Although some decline in PAH content in soil due to abiotic
processes has been reported, most of the PAH degradation observed in polluted
soils are accomplished by the microbial populations. The effects on the
microbial degradation of PAHs in soils by such factors as temperature,
fertilization and sorption of the PABs to the soil have been investigated. An
approach towards bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil with positive results
is the combining of agricultural techniques such as tilling, irrigation and
fertilization collectively known as landfarming, although higher molecular
weight PAHs tend to persist in the soil.
20 NAL Call. No.: QH540.M64
Biodegradation of phenoxyacetic acid in soil by Pseudomonas putida PP0301
(pR0103), a constitutive degrader of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate.
Short, K.A.; King, R.J.; Seidler, R.J.; Olsen, R.H.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Aug.
Molecular ecology v. 1 (2): p. 89-94; 1992 Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pseudomonas putida; Genetic engineering; 2,4-d; Aromatic acids;
Microbial degradation; Herbicide residues; Introduced species; Agricultural
soils; Polluted soils; Soil pollution; Recombination
21 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by new isolates of white
rot fungi.
Language: English
Descriptors: Decay fungi; Strains; Phanerochaete chrysosporium; Coriolus
versicolor; Bjerkandera adusta; Polyporus; Microbial degradation; Polycyclic
hydrocarbons; Aromatic hydrocarbons; Pollutants; Soil pollution; Sediment;
Ligninolytic microorganisms
Abstract: Eight rapid Poly R-478 dye-decolorizing isolates from The
Netherlands were screened in this study for the biodegradation of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) supplied at 10 mg liter-1. Several well-known
ligninolytic culture collection strains, Phanerochaete chrysosporium
BKM-F-1767, Trametes versicolor Paprican 52, and Bjerkandera adusta CBS 595.78
were tested in parallel. All of the strains significantly removed anthracene,
and nine of the strains significantly removed benzo[a]pyrene beyond the
limited losses observed in sterile liquid and HgCl2-poisoned fungus controls.
One of the new isolates, Bjerkandera sp. strain Bos 55, was the best degrader
of both anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene, removing 99.2 and 83.1% of these
compounds after 28 days, respectively. Half of the strains, exemplified by
strains of the genera Bjerkandera and Phanerochaete, converted anthracene to
anthraquinone, which was found to be a dead-end metabolite, in high yields.
The extracellular fluids of selected strains were shown to be implicated in
this conversion. In contrast, four Trametes strains removed anthracene without
significant accumulation of the quinone. The ability of Trametes strains to
degrade anthraquinone was confirmed in this study. None of the strains
accumulated PAH quinones during benzo[a]pyrene degradation. Biodegradation of
PAH by the various strains was highly correlated to the rate by which they
decolorized Poly R-478 dye, demonstrating that ligninolytic indicators are
useful in screening for promising PAH-degrading white rot fungal strains.
22 NAL Call. No.: TP995.A1I5
Biological treatment of groundwater, soils, and soil vapors contaminated with
petroleum hydrocarbons.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Polluted soils; Petroleum; Petroleum
hydrocarbons; Contamination; Biological treatment; Microbial degradation; Soil
air; Biological fixed-film systems; Bacteria; Groundwater pollution; Benzene;
Toluene; Xylene; Bioreactors
23 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J62
Bioremediating herbicide-contaminated soils.
Dzantor, E.K.; Felsot, A.S.; Beck, M.J.
Totowa, N.J. : Humana Press; 1993.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alachlor; Atrazine; Metolachlor; Trifluralin; Herbicide residues;
Soil pollution; Polluted soils; Bioremediation; Microbial degradation; Soil
flora; Application to land
24 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72
Bioremediation: a response to gross environmental abuse.
Hamer, G.
Language: English
Descriptors: Industrial wastes; Pollution control; Bioremediation
25 NAL Call. No.: QR1.F4
Bioremediation and waste management.
Language: English
Descriptors: Microorganisms; Pseudomonas putida; Pseudomonas fluorescens;
Phanerochaete chrysosporium; Anaerobes; Genetic engineering; Pollutants;
Microbial degradation; Bioremediation; Polluted soils; Soil pollution; Soil
inoculation
26 NAL Call. No.: GC1085.B55
Bioremediation for marine oil spills.
Language: English; English
Descriptors: Oil spills; Oil pollution of the sea; Environmental
biotechnology; Environmental protection
27 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1E5
Bioremediation in the rhizosphere.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Organic compounds; Rhizosphere; Bioremediation;
Microbial degradation
28 NAL Call. No.: TP995.A1I5
Bioremediation of ethanol and petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater
using a rotating biological contactor.
Language: English
Descriptors: Groundwater pollution; Ethanol; Petroleum hydrocarbons;
Groundwater; Water purification; Biological treatment; Rotating biological
contactors
29 NAL Call. No.: TP995.A1I5
Bioremediation of former manufactured gas plant sites.
Srivastava, V.J.; Kilbane, J.J.; Kelley, R.L.; Gauger, W.K.; Akin, C.; Hayes,
T.D.; Linz, D.G.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Polluted soils; Industrial sites; Town gas; Gas
production; Polycyclic hydrocarbons; Aromatic hydrocarbons; Microbial
degradation; Biological treatment; Soil bacteria; Reclamation
30 NAL Call. No.: TD1040.B5
Bioremediation of hazardous wastes.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hazardous wastes; Environmental biotechnology
31 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72
Bioremediation of organic compounds--putting microbial metabolism to work.
Bouwer, E.J.; Zehnder, A.J.B.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Groundwater pollution; Pollutants; Organic
compounds; Pollution control; Microbial degradation; Bioremediation
Abstract: Microorganisms can metabolize many aliphatic and aromatic organic
contaminants, either to obtain carbon and/or energy for growth, or as
co-substrates, thus converting them to products such as carbon dioxide, water,
chloride and biomass. These biotransformations can be exploited for treatment
of contaminated soils and ground water.
32 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soil via in-vessel composting.
Adenuga, A.O.; Johnson, J.H. Jr; Cannon, J.N.; Wan, L.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Pollutants; Polycyclic hydrocarbons; Aromatic
hydrocarbons; Biodegradation; Composting
33 NAL Call. No.: TD879.P4R57 1992
Bioremediation of petroleum contaminated sites.
Riser-Roberts, Eve
Language: English
Descriptors: Oil pollution of soils; Oil pollution of water; Petroleum;
Bioremediation
34 NAL Call. No.: TD172.J6
Bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soil using vegetation: a microbial
study.
Language: English
Descriptors: Polluted soils; Petroleum; Contaminants; Pollutants; Rhizosphere;
Microbial degradation; Microorganisms; Population density; Biological activity
in soil; Bioremediation; Medicago sativa
35 NAL Call. No.: QH545.A1E52
Bioremediation of soil contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs): a review.
Language: English
Descriptors: Aromatic hydrocarbons; Contaminants; Bioremediation; Polluted
soils; Literature reviews
36 NAL Call. No.: 500 N484
Bioremediation of soils contaminated with pentachlorophenol.
Bajpai, R.; Banerji, S.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pentachlorophenol; Pesticide residues; Soil pollution;
Biodegradation; Decontamination; Microorganisms; Photolysis
37 NAL Call. No.: S590.A48
Bioremediation of soils contaminated with selenium.
Thompson-Eagle, E.T.; Frankenberger, W.T. Jr
New York, N.Y. : Springer-Verlag; 1992.
Advances in soil sciences. p. 261-310; 1992. In the series analytic: Soil
restoration / edited by R. Lal and B.A. Stewart. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Agricultural soils; Soil pollution; Contamination;
Selenium; Cycling; Nutrient uptake; Transformation; Soil flora; Reclamation;
Losses from soil systems
38 NAL Call. No.: TD192.5.B58
The Bioremediation report.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bioremediation
39 NAL Call. No.: QH540.S8 no.51
Biotechniques for air pollution abatement and odour control policies
proceedings of an international symposium, Maastricht, the Netherlands, 27-29
October, 1991.
Language: English; German
Descriptors: Air quality management; Odor control; Bioremediation
40 NAL Call. No.: TP248.3.A38
Biotechnological reduction of CO2 emissions.
Karube, I.; Takeuchi, T.; Barnes, D.J.
Language: English
Descriptors: Algae; Photosynthesis; Carbon dioxide; Bioreactors; Air
pollution; Biological treatment; Factory fumes; Literature reviews
Abstract: Biotechnological fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is described as a
measure for reducing CO2 emissions. Photosynthesis by microalgae would provide
an efficient mechanism for the reduction of CO2, if well-designed
photobioreactors could be constructed for the intensive cultivations.
Screening of microalgae which can grow well under high CO2 concentrations
would also be necessary in order to establish biotechnological CO2 reduction
systems. In addition, calcification and vegetation are discussed as mechanisms
for reducing CO2 emissions. Environmental monitoring is significantly
important for the understanding of global CO2 cycle, so that recent
development in sensor technology are also described.
41 NAL Call. No.: 449.9 V58 Bd.80
Biotechnologische In-situ-Sanierung kontaminierter Standorte internationales
Fachgesprach in Langen, 11. und 12. Mai 1987 [Biotechnological in situ
rehabilitation of contaminated sites].
Language: German; English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Water, Underground; Environmental biotechnology
42 NAL Call. No.: TD192.5.B56
Biotechnology and biodegradation.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bioremediation; Biodegradation
43 NAL Call. No.: TP248.14.B5592 1993
Biotechnology and environmental science molecular approaches.
Mongkolsuk, S.; Lovett, P. S.; Trempy, J.
New York : Plenum Press,; 1993.
Language: English
Descriptors: Biotechnology; Bioremediation; Agricultural biotechnology;
Microbial biotechnology
44 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6
Biotechnology and hazardous waste treatment.
Stroo, H.F.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pesticides; Industrial wastes; Biological treatment;
Biotechnology; Fungi; Microbial degradation
Abstract: Despite considerable speculation and research on the potential for
biotechnology to improve the treatment of hazardous wastes, little progress
has been made to date in developing commercially available products and
processes. This paper examines the current state of the art and the progress
to date, as well as the barriers to biotechnological advances in hazardous
waste treatment. The potential applications of biotechnology are also
discussed, in terms of the contaminated matrix, the type of reactor technology
used and the types of compounds present. The most promising areas for
technology development efforts are identified, as well as the critical issues
which must be addressed in moving from laboratory-scale testing to the
development of commercially-viable technologies.
45 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3
Biotechnology: bioremediation: January 1987-March 1992.
Warmbrodt, R.D.; Wiggert, L.
Language: English
Descriptors: Environment; Genetic engineering; Biotechnology; Bibliographies
46 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45
Biotechnology in bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated sites.
Karns, J.S.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pesticides; Contamination; Waste disposal sites; Bioremediation;
Biotechnology; Microbial degradation; Waste treatment
47 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B57
Biotechnology in pesticide environmental research.
Karns, J.S.; Mulbry, W.W.; Kearney, P.C.
Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1986.
Biotechnology for solving agricultural problems : invited papers presented at
a symposium held May 5-9, 1985, at the Beltsville Agricultural Research
Center, Beltsville, Maryland. p. 339-354; 1986. (Beltsville symposia in
agricultural research : 10 ;). Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Flavobacterium; Gracilicutes; Coumaphos; Carbofuran; Microbial
degradation
48 NAL Call. No.: QR97.X46B56
Biotechnology in the degradation and utilization of lignocellulose.
Broda, P.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lignocellulose; Cellulose; Enzymes; Biodegradation; Phanerochaete
chrysosporium; Streptomyces; Gene expression; Lignin; Biotechnology; Wastage;
Waste utilization
49 NAL Call. No.: A00040
Biotechnology's coming of age.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Genetic engineering; Pest resistance;
Crops; Bacillus thuringiensis; Product development; Pesticides; Biodegradation
50 NAL Call. No.: QR53.J68
Bioventing soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
Hoeppel, R.E.; Hinchee, R.E.; Arthur, M.F.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers on behalf of the Society for
Industrial Microbiology; 1991 Oct.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Petroleum hydrocarbons; Microbial degradation
Abstract: Bioventing combines the capabilities of soil venting and enhanced
bioremediation to cost-effectively remove light and middle distillate
hydrocarbons from vadose zone soils and the groundwater table. Soil venting
removes the more volatile fuel components from unsaturated soil and promotes
aerobic biodegradation by driving large volumes of air into the subsurface. In
theory, air is several thousand times more effective than water in penetrating
and aerating fuel-saturated and low permeability soil horizons. Aerobic
microbial degradation can mitigate both residual and vapor phase hydrocarbon
concentrations. Soil venting is being evaluated at a number of U.S. military
sites contaminated with middle distillate fuels to determine its potential to
stimulate in situ aerobic biodegradation and to develop techniques to promote
in situ vapor phase degradation. In situ respirometric evaluations and field
pilot studies at sites with varying soil conditions indicate that bioventing
is a cost-effective method to treat soils contaminated with jet fuels and
diesel.
51 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J62
Carbon dioxide fixation by microalgae photosynthesis using actual flue gas
discharged from a boiler.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chlorophyta; Bacillariophyta; Photosynthesis; Carbon dioxide;
Biological treatment; Exhaust gases; Power industry
52 NAL Call. No.: QH442.J69
Cartapip: a biopulping product for control of pitch and resin acid problems in
pulp mills.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ophiostoma; Pitch; Resins; Microbial degradation; Industrial
microbiology; Biotechnology; Wood chips; Blue stain; Biological competition;
Wood pulp; Bleaching
53 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Characterization of a flavobacterium glutathione S-transferase gene involved
in reductive dechlorination.
Language: English
Descriptors: Flavobacterium; Structural genes; Lyases; Glutathione
transferase; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences; Enzyme activity;
Organochlorine compounds; Pentachlorophenol; Chemical reactions;
Bioremediation; Microbial degradation; Soil pollution
Abstract: The gene pcpC, encoding tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone (TeCH) reductive
dehalogenase, was cloned from Flavobacterium sp. strain ATCC 39723 and
sequenced. The gene was identified by hybridization with a degenerate
oligonucleotide designed from the N-terminal sequence of the purified protein.
An open reading frame of 747 nucleotides was found, which predicts a
translational product of 248 amino acids having a molecular weight of 28,263,
which agrees favorably with the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis-determined molecular weight of 30,000 reported for the
purified protein. The predicted translational product of pcpC matched the
N-terminal sequence of the purified protein exactly. From the nucleotide
sequence, the protein appears to have a processed formylmethionyl. An
Escherichia coli pcpC overexpression clone was shown to produce
dichlorohydroquinone and trichlorohydroquinone from TeCH. Protein data base
searches grouped the predicted translational sequence of pcpC with two
previously reported plant glutathione S-transferases but less significantly
with any of the mammalian glutathione S-transferases or the
glutathione-utilizing, hydrolytic dechlorinating enzyme from Methylobacterium
sp. strain DM4.
54 NAL Call. No.: QH545.A1E58
Chemical and toxicological testing of composted explosives-contaminated soil.
Griest, W.H.; Stewart, A.J.; Tyndall, R.L.; Caton, J.E.; Ho, C.H.; Ironside,
K.S.; Caldwell, W.M.; Tan, E.
Language: English
Descriptors: Polluted soils; Explosives; Composting; Bioremediation;
Ceriodaphnia dubia; Mortality; Mutagenicity; Military areas
55 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J62
Chemical interaction of flue gas components with the growth of Cyanidium
caldarium: scientific note.
Language: English
Descriptors: Algae; Exhaust gases; Biological treatment; Carbon dioxide;
Photosynthesis; Oxygen; Gas production; Bioreactors; Air pollution
56 NAL Call. No.: S612.A753
Cleopatra's bathwater: an informal introduction to the art and science of
bioremediation.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arizona; Biotechnology; Water resources; Wetlands; Waste water
treatment; Marshes
57 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 J82
Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of the Flavobacterium
pentachlorophenol-4-monooxygenase gene in Escherichia coli.
Orser, C.S.; Lange, C.C.; Xun, L.; Zahrt, T.C.; Schneider, B.J.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1993 Jan.
Journal of bacteriology v. 175 (2): p. 411-416; 1993 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Flavobacterium; Structural genes; Oxygenases; Cloning; Nucleotide
sequences; Amino acid sequences; Gene expression; Genetic transformation;
Escherichia coli; Pentachlorophenol; Microbial degradation; Enzyme activity;
Chemical reactions
Abstract: The pcpB gene of Flavobacterium sp. strain ATCC 39723 was cloned by
using a degenerate primer designed from the N-terminal sequence of the
purified enzyme. The nucleotide sequence of pcpB was determined and found to
encode an open reading frame of 1,614 nucleotides, yielding a predicted
translation product of 538 amino acids, in agreement with the estimated size
of the purified protein analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis. The transcriptional start of pcpB was found to be 80 bp
upstream of the translational start, and the transcript was found to be
induced in Flavobacterium sp. strain ATCC 39723 by the presence of
pentachlorophenol but to be constitutive in the Escherichia coli pcpB clone.
DNA hybridizations with genomic DNAs from Arthrobacter sp. strain ATCC 33790
and Pseudomonas sp. strain SR3 revealed a similar-size 3.0-kb EcoRI fragment,
whereas there was no positive hybridization with genomic DNA from Rhodococcus
chlorophenolicus. Cell extracts from an E. coli pcpB overexpression strain, as
well as the whole cells, were proficient in the dechlorination of
pentachlorophenol to tetrachlorohydroquinone. Protein data base comparisons of
the predicted translation products revealed regions of homology with other
microbial monooxygenases, including phenol-2-monooxygenase and
tryptophan-2-monooxygenase.
58 NAL Call. No.: 300.9 Am3
Colley lecture: new technology to remediate wood treating sites.
McGinnis, G.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Soil pollution; Groundwater pollution;
Bioremediation; Wood; Treatment
59 NAL Call. No.: QR1.F4
Commercial use of microbial inocula containing live genetically modified
microorganisms (GEMMOs).
Language: English
Descriptors: Microorganisms; Genetic engineering; Inoculum; Introduced
species; Economic evaluation; Production economics; Microbial degradation;
Pollutants; Bioremediation; Polluted soils; Microbial pesticides
60 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45
Comparison of the effectiveness of emerging in situ technologies and
traditional ex situ treatment of solvent-contaminated soils.
Just, S.R.; Stockwell, K.J.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Waste disposal; Solvents; Technology; Heat
treatment; Extraction; Biodegradation; Flushing; Washing; Comparisons
Abstract: This chapter examines the applicability of various treatment
technologies to the remediation of contaminated soils in light of the Land
Disposal Restrictions (LDRs) which were fully implemented for F001-F005
solvent contaminated wastes in November of 1990. Both traditional and emerging
technologies are reviewed, including low temperature thermal treatment, radio
frequency heating, steam stripping, vacuum extraction, aeration, in-situ
bioremediation, and soil flushing/washing. In discussing the applicability of
each technology, the feasibility, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and
performance of the treatment methods are reviewed. The treatment of soil
contaminated with spent solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE) is
emphasized, and cleanup levels achieved during studies of different
technologies are discussed. For some technologies, information concerning
solvent removal was limited, and the treatment of other contaminants is
summarized. The chapter concludes with a comparison of the removal
efficiencies attained through emerging in-situ technologies and more
traditional ex-situ treatment.
61 NAL Call. No.: QR53.J68
Composting of explosives and propellant contaminated soils under thermophilic
and mesophilic conditions.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Explosives; Contaminants; Composting;
Bioremediation
Abstract: Composting was investigated as a bioremediation technology for
clean-up of sediments contaminated with explosives and propellants. Two field
demonstrations were conducted, the first using 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT),
octahydro-1;3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazocine (HMX),
hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and
N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline (tetryl) contaminated sediment, and the
second using nitrocellulose (NC) contaminated soil. Tests were conducted in
thermophilic and mesophilic aerated static piles. Extractable TNT was reduced
from 11840 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg, and NC from 13090 mg/kg to 16 mg/kg under
thermophilic conditions. Under mesophilic conditions, TNT was reduced from 11
190 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg. The thermophilic and mesophilic half-lives were 11.9
and 21.9 days for TNT, 17.3 and 30.1 days for RDX, and 22.8 and 42.0 days for
HMX, respectively. Known nitroaromatic transformation products increased in
concentration over the first several weeks of the test period, but decreased
to low concentrations thereafter.
62 NAL Call. No.: GB651.N3
Conserving microbial gene pools for sustainable development.
Stevenson, R.E.
Language: English
Descriptors: Biotechnology; Sustainability; Microorganisms; Genetic resources;
Culture collections; Cultures; Preservation; Microbial degradation; Biological
treatment; Wastes; Technology transfer; International cooperation
63 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Construction and characterization of heavy metal-resistant
haloaromatic-degrading Alcaligenes eutrophus strains.
Springael, D.; Diels, L.; Hooyberghs, L.; Kreps, S.; Mergeay, M.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1993 Jan.
Applied and environmental microbiology v. 59 (1): p. 334-339; 1993 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alcaligenes; Metal tolerance; Heavy metals; Microbial
degradation; 2,4-d; Polychlorinated biphenyls; Bioremediation; Genetic
engineering; Plasmids; Genetic transformation
Abstract: Alcaligenes eutrophus strains exhibiting both plasmid-borne heavy
metal resistance and haloaromatic-degrading functions were obtained by
intraspecific conjugation. The strains which we constructed expressed
catabolic and resistance markers together. Degradation of various
polychlorinated biphenyl isomers and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
was observed in the presence of 1 mM nickel or 2 mM zinc, provided that the
metal resistance determinant was present in the catabolizing strain. Such
strains may be useful for decontamination of sites that are polluted with both
organic compounds and heavy metals.
64 NAL Call. No.: TD879.P4C66 1992
Contaminated soils diesel fuel contamination.
Kostecki, Paul T.; Calabrese, Edward J.,
Boca Raton : Lewis Publishers,; 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oil pollution of soils; Diesel fuels; Bioremediation
65 NAL Call. No.: RA565.A1E54
Contamination and restoration of groundwater aquifers.
Piver, W.T.
Language: English
Descriptors: Groundwater pollution; Drinking water; Aquifers; Agricultural
chemicals; Pollutants; Transport processes; Exposure; Bioremediation
66 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72
Controlling environmental nitrogen through microbial metabolism.
Cole, J.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pollution control; Pollutants; Nitrogen; Nitrogen fixing
bacteria; Denitrifying microorganisms; Bioremediation
Abstract: The major sources of environmental nitrogen are the result of
process intensification by human activities such as the chemical synthesis of
nitrogenous fertilizers, internal-combustion engines, intensive farming and
the use of xenobiotic chemicals in industrial processes. Recent advances in
the biochemistry, genetics and ecology of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria
can now be exploited in the control of environmental pollution from these
sources. However, frequently, biotreatment must be combined with physical and
chemical processes to achieve satisfactory remediation.
Copper toxicity towards a pentachlorophenol-degrading flavobacterium sp.
Wall, A.J.; Stratton, G.W.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pentachlorophenol; Copper; Toxicity; Flavobacterium; Microbial
degradation; Growth; Bioremediation
68 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Cross-flow ultrafiltration used in algal high rate oxidation pond treatment of
saline organic effluents with the recovery of products of value.
Rose, P.D.; Maart, B.A.; Phillips, T.D.; Tucker, S.L.; Cowan, A.K.; Rowswell,
R.A.
Language: English
Descriptors: South Africa; Cabt; Tannery waste; Salinity; Waste water
treatment; Oxidation; Ponds; Dunaliella; Ultrafiltration; Algae; Biotechnology
69 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8224
Degradation kinetics of pentachlorophenol by Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
Lin, J.E.; Wang, H.Y.; Hickey, R.F.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phanerochaete chrysosporium; Ligninolytic microorganisms; Yeast
extracts; Enzymes; Pentachlorophenol; Microbial degradation; Kinetics; Models
Abstract: The extracellular enzymes and cell mass from the pregrown
Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultures were used for the degradation of PCP. The
use of both extracellular enzymes and cell mass resulted in extensive
mineralization of PCP, while the action of only the crude extracellular
enzymes led to the formation of a degradation intermediate (TCHD). A kinetic
model, which describes the relationship among PCP degradation, initial PCP
concentration, dosage of extracellular enzymes, and cell mass concentration,
was developed. Based on this model, various effects of initial PCP
concentration, dosage of extracellular enzymes, and cell mass concentration
were evaluated experimentally. It was found that when initial PCP
concentration is lower than 12 micromol/L, the model of a parallel-series
first-order reaction is sufficient to describe the degradation process. PCP
disappearance and mineralization were enhanced by increasing either the
extracellular enzyme concentration or the cell mass concentration. As high as
70% of PCP mineralization could be obtained by using a higher dosage of
extracellular enzymes and cell mass. Various parameters of the kinetic model
were determined and the model was verified experimentally. Simulation using
this model provided the criteria needed to choose rational dosages of
extracellular enzymes and cell mass for the degradation of PCP. Data reported
allow some insight into the function of the extracellular enzymes and cell
mass of P. chrysosporium in degradation processes of toxic pollutants and
assist in the design and evaluation of practical bioremediation methods.
70 NAL Call. No.: QR1.F44
Degradation of Aroclor 1221 in soil by a hybrid pseudomonad.
Havel, J.; Reineke, W.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pseudomonas cepacia; Soil bacteria; Hybrids; Polychlorinated
biphenyls; Metabolites; Microbial degradation; Bioremediation; Soil pollution
Abstract: The hybrid Pseudomonas cepacia strain JHR22 was tested for its
ability to degrade Aroclor 1221 in soil. The influence of supplements-mineral
salts and trace elements-on the degradation was investigated. Disappearance of
Aroclor 1221 congeners, occurrence of metabolites, and release of chloride
were measured under different conditions. After 45 days the hybrid organism,
strain JHR22, was still present at high numbers in soil, independently of
whether the soil had been sterilized prior to inoculation or not. There was
only a minor difference in degradation efficiency between sterilized and
untreated soil with about 70% release of chloride when 10(7) cells/g soil were
inoculated. The whole hybrid pathway, originating from three different
strains, was found to be stable under the conditions tested. Mineral salts did
not significantly affect the degradation rate or survival of the hybrid
strain.
71 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Degradation of azo dyes by the lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete
chrysosporium.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phanerochaete chrysosporium; Biodegradation; Mineralization; Dyes
Abstract: Under nitrogen-limiting, secondary metabolic conditions, the white
rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium extensively mineralized the
specifically 14C-ring-labeled azo dyes 4-phenylazophenol,
4-phenylazo-2-methoxyphenol, Disperse Yellow 3
[2-(4'-acetamidophenylazo)-4-methylphenol], 4-phenylazoaniline,
N,N-dimethyl-4-phenylazoaniline, Disperse Orange 3
[4-(4'-nitrophenylazo)-aniline], and Solvent Yellow 14
(1-phenylazo-2-naphthol). Twelve days after addition to cultures, the dyes had
been mineralized 23.1 to 48.1%. Aromatic rings with substituents such as
hydroxyl, amino, acetamido, or nitro functions were mineralized to a greater
extent than unsubstituted rings. Most of the dyes were degraded extensively
only under nitrogen-limiting, ligninolytic conditions. However,
4-phenylazo-[U-14C]phenol and 4-phenylazo-[U-14C]2-methoxyphenol were
mineralized to a lesser extent under nitrogen-sufficient, nonligninolytic
conditions as well. These results suggest that P. chrysosporium has potential
applications for the cleanup of textile mill effluents and for the
bioremediation of dye-contaminated soil.
72 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B55
Degradation of halogenated hydrocarbons.
Wilson, J.T.
Language: English
Descriptors: Groundwater pollution; Halogenated hydrocarbons; Microbial
degradation; Aquifers; Biological treatment; Bioreactors
73 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J62
Degradation of munition wastes by Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
Sublette, K.L.; Ganapathy, E.V.; Schwartz, S.
Totowa, N.J. : Humana Press; 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phanerochaete chrysosporium; Microbial degradation; Biological
treatment; Waste water treatment; Waste water; Explosives; Rotating biological
contactors
74 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8
Degradation of pesticides by micro-organisms and the potential for genetic
manipulation.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pentachlorophenol; Organophosphate insecticides; Triazine
herbicides; 2,4-d; 2,4,5-t; Carbamate pesticides; Microbial degradation;
Metabolic detoxification; Pesticide residues; Biochemical pathways; Enzyme
activity; Genetic regulation; Microorganisms; Genes; Genetic engineering;
Waste treatment; Literature reviews
75 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 Ap5
Degradation of trichloroethylene by Pseudomonas cepacia G4 and the
constitutive mutant strain G4 5223 PR1 in aquifer microcosms.
Krumme, M.L.; Timmis, K.N.; Dwyer, D.F.
Washington : American Society for Microbiology; 1993 Aug.
Applied and environmental microbiology v. 59 (8): p. 2746-2749; 1993 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pseudomonas cepacia; Trichloroethylene; Microbial degradation;
Oxygenases; Enzyme activity; Groundwater pollution; Aquifers; Groundwater;
Bioremediation
Abstract: Pseudomonas cepacia G4 degrades trichloroethylene (TCE) via a
degradation pathway for aromatic compounds which is induced by substrates such
as phenol and tryptophan. P. cepacia G4 5223 PR1 (PR1) is a Tn5 insertion
mutant which constitutively expresses the toluene ortho-monooxygenase
responsible for TCE degradation. In groundwater microcosms, phenol-induced
strain G4 and noninduced strain PR1 degraded TCE (20 and 50 micromolar) to
nondetectable levels (<0.1 micromolar) within 24 h at densities of 100 cells
per ml; at lower densities, degradation of TCE was not observed after 48 h. In
aquifer sediment microcosms, TCE was reduced from 60 to <0.1 micromolar within
24 h at 5 X 10(8) PR1 organisms per g (wet weight) of sediment and from 60 to
26 micromolar over a period of 10 weeks at 5 X 10(7) PR1 organisms per g.
Viable G4 and PR1 cells decreased from approximately 10(7) to 10(4) per g over
the 10-week period.
76 NAL Call. No.: QH540.S8
Detoxification of phenol polluted soil by some Nocardia and Basidomycetes.
Malarczyk, E.; Lewicka-Krol, Z.; Kochmanska-Rdest, J.; Apalovic, R.;
Staszczak, M.; Leonowicz, A.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nocardia; Pleurotus ostreatus; Inonotus; Coriolus versicolor;
Microbial degradation; Phenol; Metabolic detoxification; Soil pollution;
Polluted soils; Sawdust; Wood dust; Soil amendments; Phytotoxicity; Avena
sativa; Festuca rubra
77 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 Ap5
Development of field application vectors for bioremediation of soils
contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls.
LaJoie, C.A.; Zylstra, G.J.; DeFlaun, M.F.; Strom, P.F.
Washington : American Society for Microbiology; 1993 Jun.
Applied and environmental microbiology v. 59 (6): p. 1735-1741; 1993 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pseudomonas; Gene transfer; Plasmid vectors; Genes;
Polychlorinated biphenyls; Microbial degradation; Bioremediation; Polluted
soils; Nonionic surfactants; Inoculum; Metabolism; Biphenyl; Recombinant DNA
Abstract: Field application vectors (FAVs), which are a combination of a
selective substrate, a host, and a cloning vector, have been developed for the
purpose of expressing foreign genes in nonsterile, competitive environments in
which the gene products provide no advantage to the host. Such gene products
are exemplified by the enzymes for the cometabolism of polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) through the biphenyl degradation pathway. Attempts to use
highly competent PCB-cometabolizing strains in the environment in the absence
of biphenyl have not been successful, while the addition of biphenyl is
limited by its human toxicity and low water solubility.
Broad-substrate-specificity PCB-degradative genes (bphABC) were cloned from a
naturally occurring isolate, Pseudomonas sp. strain ENV307, into
broad-host-range plasmid pRK293. The resulting PCB-degrading plasmids were
transferred to the FAV host Pseudomonas paucimobilis 1IGP4, which utilizes the
nontoxic, water-soluble, nonionic surfactant Igepal CO-720 as a selective
growth substrate. Plasmid stability in the recombinant strains was determined
in the absence of antibiotic selection. PCB-degrading activity was determined
by resting cell assays. Treatment of contaminated soil (10, 100, or 1,000 ppm
of Aroclor 1242) by surfactant amendment (1.0% [wt/wt]Igepal CO-720 in wet
soil) and inoculation with recombinant isolates of strain 1IGP4 (approximately
4 X 10(6) cells per g of soil) resulted in degradation of many of the
individual PCB congeners in the absence of biphenyl. Further improvements,
including the use of non-antibiotic-resistance cloning vectors, addition of
the bphD gene, and chromosomal integration of the PCB-degradative genes, may
ultimately result in FAVs useful for both reactor-contained and in situ
treatment of the partially dechlorinated PCBs often found in contaminated
soils and sediments.
78 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1E5
Ecological engineering.
Language: English
Descriptors: Environmental degradation; Pollution; Ecosystems; Nature
conservation; Biotechnology
79 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72
Ecology and evolution of microbial populations for bioremediation.
Liu, S.; Suflita, J.M.
Language: English
Descriptors: Contaminants; Microbial degradation; Bioremediation;
Microorganisms; Genetic variation; Ecology; Evolution; Physiology
Abstract: Bioremediation exploits the genetic diversity and metabolic
versatility of microorganisms for the transformation of contaminants into
less-harmful end-products, which are then integrated into natural
biogeochemical cycles. Understanding the ecology, physiology and evolution of
degradative microorganisms is critical for the successful consideration and
implementation of bioremediation. This article focuses on the common
ecological and evolutionary constraints that influence bioremediation
processes.
80 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Effect of 2-hydroxybenzoate on the maintenance of naphthalene-degrading
pseudomonads in seeded and unseeded soil.
Ogunseitan, O.A.; Delgado, I.L.; Tsai, Y.L.; Olson, B.H.
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991 Oct.
Applied and environmental microbiology v. 57 (10): p. 2873-2879; 1991 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pseudomonas; Soil flora; Microbial degradation; Naphthalene;
Phenolic acids; Salicylates; Catabolism; Gene expression; Structural genes;
Induction; Population dynamics
Abstract: The addition of specific nontoxic inducers of catabolic operons to
contaminated sites is an approach that may enhance the efficiency of in situ
biodegradation. We determined the genetic response of six pseudomonads to
salicylate (also known as 2-hydroxybenzoate) added directly to 50 g of
nonsterile soil samples. The strains, isolated from a polyaromatic
hydrocarbon-contaminated soil, metabolized naphthalene as the sole source of
available carbon, and their DNA sequences show significant homology to the
nahAB genes of the degradative plasmid NAH7. Duplicate nonsterile soil
cultures were incubated for up to 30 days. Experimental soil cultures were
seeded with naphthalene-degrading strains (10(8) CFU g-1) originally isolated
from the soil and amended with salicylate (16 or 160 microgram g-1). Soil
samples were analyzed periodically for the population density of heterotrophic
bacteria and naphthalene degraders and for the abundance of the
naphthalene-degradative genotype in the bacterial community. At 160 microgram
g-1, salicylate sustained the density of naphthalene degraders at the
introduced density for 30 days in addition to producing a two- to sixfold
increase in the occurrence in the bacterial community of DNA sequences
homologous to the nah operon. No change in recoverable bacterial population
densities was observed when soil samples were amended with 16 microgram of
salicylate g-1, but this concentration of salicylate induced a significant
increase in the level of nah-related genes in the population.
81 NAL Call. No.: QR1.E9
Effect of a non-ionic surfactant added to the soil surface on the
biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons within the soil.
Aronstein, B.N.; Alexander, M.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil; Surfactants; Aromatic hydrocarbons; Biodegradation
Abstract: A study was conducted to determine whether a non-ionic surfactant
(Novel II 1412-56) added to the surface of Lima silt loam would enhance the
biodegradation of phenanthrene and biphenyl present within the soil. Water
containing the surfactant at concentrations of 10 and 100 micrograms/ml was
pumped through the soil. At 10 micrograms/ml, Novel II 1412-56 markedly
enhanced the rate and extent of phenanthrene mineralization and the extent but
not the initial rate of biphenyl mineralization. The stimulation was less if
the water added to the soil surface contained 100 micrograms surfactant/ml.
Addition of the surfactant at the two concentrations did not result inleaching
of either phenanthrene or biphenyl, but products of the degradation were found
in the soil leachate with or without the surfactant. We suggest that
surfactants at low concentrations may be useful for in-situ bioremediation of
sites contaminated with hydrophobic pollutants without causing movement of the
parent compounds to ground-waters.
82 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Effect of inoculant strain and organic matter content on kinetics of
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation in soil.
Greer, L.E.; Shelton, D.R.
Language: English
Descriptors: 2,4-d; Microbial degradation; Soil bacteria; Strains; Kinetics;
Substrates; Soil organic matter; Bioavailability; Soil pollution
Abstract: We monitored rates of degradation of soluble and sorbed
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in low-organic-matter soil at field
capacity amended with 1, 10, or 100 microgram of 2,4-D per g of wet soil and
inoculated with one of two bacterial strains (MI and 155) with similar maximum
growth rates (micro(max)) but significantly different half-saturation growth
constants (Ks). Concentrations of soluble 2,4-D were determined by analyzing
samples of pore water pressed from soil, and concentrations of sorbed 2,4-D
were determined by solvent extraction. Between 65 and 75% of the total 2,4-D
was present in the soluble phase at equilibrium, resulting in soil solution
concentrations of ca. 8, 60, and 600 microgram of 2,4-D per ml, respectively.
Soluble 2,4-D was metabolized preferentially; this was followed by degradation
of both sorbed (after desorption) and soluble 2,4-D. Rates of degradation were
comparable for the two strains at soil concentrations of 10 and 100 microgram
of 2,4-D per g; however, at 1 microgram/g of soil, 2,4-D was metabolized more
rapidly by the strain with the lower Ks value (strain MI). We also monitored
rates of biodegradation of soluble and sorbed 2,4-D in high-organic-matter
soil at field capacity amended with 100 microgram of 2,4-D per g of wet soil
and inoculated with the low-Ks strain (strain MI). Ten percent of total 2,4-D
was present in the soluble phase, resulting in a soil solution concentration
of ca. 30 microgram of 2,4-D per ml. Rates of degradation in the
high-organic-matter soil were lower than in the low-organic-matter soil,
presumably as a result of lower rates of desorption and microbial growth.
83 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Effect of sodium chloride on transport of bacteria in a saturated aquifer
material.
Language: English
Descriptors: Aquifers; Sand; Transport processes; Pseudomonas; Sodium
chloride; Flow; Velocity; Saturated conditions
Abstract: Determinations were made of the influence of NaCl concentration,
cell density, and flow velocity on the transport of Pseudomonas sp. strain KL2
through columns of aquifer sand under saturated conditions. A pulse-type
boundary condition was used. The experiments were conducted by using
0.3-m-long Plexiglas columns with an internal diameter of 0.05 m. When a 1-h
pulse of a 0.01 M NaCl solution containing 10(8) cells per ml was added at a
flow rate of 10(-4) m s-1, the bacterial density in the effluent never
exceeded 2.2% of the density of cells added, and only 1.5% of the bacteria
passed through the aquifer material. In contrast, when the bacteria were
applied in distilled water, the relative cell density in the effluent
approached 100%, and 60% of the bacteria were transported through the aquifer
solids. Under these conditions, the breakthrough of Pseudomonas sp. strain KL2
was slower than chloride. When the flow rate was 2.0 X 10(-4) M S-1, the cell
density in the effluent reached 7.3% of that added in 0.01 M NaCl solution,
but only 3.9% of the bacteria were transported through the aquifer particles.
On the other hand, the density in the effluent approached 100% of that added
in deionized water, and 77% of the added bacteria were recovered. When the
density of added cells was 10(9) cells per ml at a flow rate of 10(-4) M S-1,
the densities in the effluent reached 70 and 100% of those added in salt
solution and deionized water, respectively, and 44 and 57% of the bacteria
were transported through the aquifer solids. Replacement of the NaCl solution
with deionized water caused some of the retained cells to be carried through
the column. We suggest that the movement of bacteria added to sandy aquifers
for bioremediation of contaminated sites may be promoted by modifying the
chemical composition of the carrying solution.
84 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 Ap5
Effect of treated-sewage contamination upon bacterial energy charge, adenine
nucleotides, and DNA content in a sandy aquifer on Cape Cod.
Metge, D.W.; Brooks, M.H.; Smith, R.L.; Harvey, R.W.
Washington : American Society for Microbiology; 1993 Jul.
Applied and environmental microbiology v. 59 (7): p. 2304-2310; 1993 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Massachusetts; Cabt; Aquifers; Bacteria; Groundwater pollution;
Sewage effluent; Sewage effluent disposal; Application to land; Dna; Adenosine
phosphates; Energy content
Abstract: Changes in adenylate energy charge (EC(A)) and in total adenine
nucleotides (A(T)) and DNA content (both normalized to the abundance of
free-living, groundwater bacteria) in response to carbon loading were
determined for a laboratory-grown culture and for a contaminated aquifer. The
latter study involved a 3-km-long transect through a contaminant plume
resulting from continued on-land discharge of secondary sewage to a shallow,
sandy aquifer on Cape Cod, Mass. With the exception of the most contaminated
groundwater immediately downgradient from the contaminant source, DNA and
adenylate levels correlated strongly with bacterial abundance and decreased
exponentially with increasing distance downgradient. EC(A)s (0.53 to 0.60) and
the ratios of ATP to DNA (0.001 to 0.003) were consistently low, suggesting
that the unattached bacteria in this groundwater study are metabolically
stressed, despite any eutrophication that might have occurred. Elevated EC(A)s
(up to 0.74) were observed in glucose-amended groundwater, confirming that the
metabolic state of this microbial community could be altered. In general,
per-bacterium DNA and ATP contents were approximately twofold higher in the
plume than in surrounding groundwater, although EC(A) and per-bacterium levels
of A(T) differed little in the plume and the surrounding uncontaminated
groundwater. However, per-bacterium levels of DNA and A(T) varied six- and
threefold, respectively, during a 6-h period of decreasing growth rate for an
unidentified pseudomonad isolated from contaminated groundwater and grown in
batch culture. These data suggest that the DNA content of groundwater bacteria
may be more sensitive than their to the degree of carbon loading, which may
have significant ramifications in the use of nucleic acids and adenine
nucleotides for estimating the metabolic status of bacterial communities
within more highly contaminated aquifers.
85 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 Ap5
Effects of medium and trace metals on kinetics of carbon tetrachloride
transformation by Pseudomonas sp. strain KC.
Tatara, G.M.; Dybas, M.J.; Criddle, C.S.
Washington : American Society for Microbiology; 1993 Jul.
Applied and environmental microbiology v. 59 (7): p. 2126-2121; 1993 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pseudomonas; Carbon tetrachloride; Microbial degradation; Metal
ions; Copper; Ferric ions; Ph; Groundwater pollution; Aquifers; Groundwater;
Bioremediation; Nutrient availability; Nitrate; Acetic acid
Abstract: Under denitrifying conditions, Pseudomonas sp. strain KC transforms
carbon tetrachloride (CT) to carbon dioxide via a complex but as yet
undetermined mechanism. Transformation rates were first order with respect to
CT concentration over the CT concentration range examined (O to 100
microgram/liter) and proportional to protein concentration, giving
pseudo-second-order kinetics overall. Addition of ferric iron (1 to 20
micromolar) to an actively transforming culture inhibited CT transformation,
and the degree of inhibition increased with increasing iron concentration. By
removing iron from the trace metals solution or by removing iron-containing
precipitate from the growth medium, higher second-order rate coefficients were
obtained. Copper also plays a role in CT transformation. Copper was toxic at
neutral pH. By adjusting the medium pH to 8.2, soluble iron and copper levels
decreased as a precipitate formed, and CT transformation rates increased.
However, cultures grown at high pH without any added trace copper (1
micromolar) exhibited slower growth rates and greatly reduced rates of CT
transformation, indicating that copper is required for CT transformation. The
use of pH adjustment to decrease iron solubility, to avoid copper toxicity,
and to provide a selective advantage for strain KC was evaluated by using soil
slurries and groundwater containing high levels of iron. In samples adjusted
to pH 8.2 and inoculated with strain KC, CT disappeared rapidly in the absence
or presence of acetate or nitrate supplements. CT did not disappear in
pH-adjusted controls that were not inoculated with strain KC.
86 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8224
Effects of nonionic surfactants on the solubilization and mineralization of
phenanthrene in soil-water systems.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phenanthrene; Solubilization; Nonionic surfactants; Microbial
degradation; Mineralization; Silt loam soils; Soil flora
Abstract: The solubilization and mineralization of 14C-phenanthrene in
soil-water systems was examined with several commercially available
surface-active agents, viz., an alkyl ethoxylate C12E4; two alkylphenol
ethoxylate surfactants: C8PE95 and C9PE10.5; two sorbitan ethoxylate
surfactants: the sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) and the sorbitan monooleate
(Tween 80); two pairs of nonionic ethoxylate surfactant mixtures: C12E4/C12E23
at a 1:1 ratio, and C12-15E3/C12-15E9 at a 1:3 ratio; and two surfactants
possessing relatively high critical micelle concentration (CMC) values and low
aggregation numbers: CHAPS and octylglucoside. Surface tension experiments
were performed to evaluate surfactant sorption onto soil and the surfactant
doses required to attain the CMC in the soil-water systems. Surfactant
solubilization of 14C-phenanthrene commenced with the onset of micellization.
The addition of surface-active agents was observed not to be beneficial to the
microbial mineralization of phenanthrene in the soil-water systems and, for
supra-CMC surfactant doses, phenanthrene mineralization was completely
inhibited for all the surfactants tested. A comparison of solubilization,
surface tension, and mineralization data confirms that the inhibitory effect
on microbial degradation of phenanthrene is related to the CMC of the
surfactant in the presence of soil. Additional tests demonstrated the recovery
of mineralization upon dilution of the surfactant concentration to sub-CMC
levels, and a relatively high exit rate for phenanthrene from micelles. These
tests suggest that the inhibitory effect is probably related to a reversible
physiological surfactant micelle-bacteria interaction, possibly through
partial complexing or release of membrane material without disrupting membrane
lameilar structure. This study indicates that nonionic surfactant
solubilization of sorbed hydrophobic organic compounds from soil may not be
beneficial for the concomitant enhancement of soil bioremediation. Add
87 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Enhanced biodegradation of phenanthrene in oil tar-contaminated soils
supplemented with Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
Brodkorb, T.B.; Legge, R.L.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Pollutants; Tars; Microbial degradation;
Phanerochaete chrysosporium; Phenanthrene; Mineralization
Abstract: In recent years, the white rot fungus Phanerocharte chrysosporium
has shown promise as an organism suitable for the breakdown of a broad
spectrum of environmental pollutants, including polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs). The focus of this study was to determine whether P.
chrysosporium could effectively operate in an actual field sample of oil
tar-contaminated soil. The soil was loaded with [14C]phenanthrene to serve as
a model compound representative of the PAHs. Soil with the native flora
present under static, aerobic conditions with buffering (pH 5.0 to 5.5)
displayed full mineralization on the order of 20% in 21 days. The addition of
P. chrysosporium was synergistic, with full mineralization on the order of 38%
in 21 days. In addition to full mineralization, there was an increase in the
proportion of radiolabelled polar extractives, both soluble and bound, in the
presence of P. chrysosporium. From this study, it is apparent that the native
soil microflora can be prompted into full mineralization of PAHs in some
contaminated soils and that this mineralization can be enhanced when
supplemented with the white rot fungus P. chrysosporium. With further
refinement, this system may prove an effective bioremediation technology for
soils contaminated with PAHs.
88 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Enhanced mineralization of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil inoculated with
chlorobenzoate-degrading bacteria.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil bacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas putida;
Polychlorinated biphenyls; Microbial degradation; Mineralization; Soil
inoculation; Organochlorine compounds; Bioremediation
Abstract: An Altamont soil containing no measurable population of
chlorobenzoate utilizers was examined for the potential to enhance
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mineralization by inoculation with
chlorobenzoate utilizers, a biphenyl utilizer, combinations of the two
physiological types, and chlorobiphenyl-mineralizing transconjugants. Biphenyl
was added to all soils, and biodegradation of 14C-Aroclor 1242 was assessed by
disappearance of that substance and by production of 14CO2. Mineralization of
PCBs was consistently greatest (up to 25.5%) in soils inoculated with
chlorobenzoate degraders alone. Mineralization was significantly lower in
soils receiving all other treatments: PCB cometabolizer (10.7%);
chlorobiphenyl mineralizers (8.7 and 14.9%); and mixed inocula of PCB
cometabolizers and chlorobenzoate utilizers (11.4 and 18.0%). However, all
inoculated soils had higher mineralization than did the uninoculated control
(3.1%). PCB disappearance followed trends similar to that observed with the
mineralization data, with the greatest degradation occurring in soils
inoculated with the chlorobenzoate-degrading strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa
JB2 and Pseudomonas putida P111 alone. While the mechanism by which the
introduction of chlorobenzoate degraders alone enhanced biodegradation of PCBs
could not be elucidated, the possibility that chlorobenzoate inoculants
acquired the ability to metabolize biphenyl and possibly PCBs was explored.
When strain JB2, which does not utilize biphenyl, was inoculated into soil
containing biphenyl and Aroclor 1242, the frequency of isolates able to
utilize biphenyl and 2,5-dichlorobenzoate increased progressively with time
from 3.3 to 44.4% between 15 and 48 days, respectively. Since this soil
contained no measurable level of chlorobenzoate utilizers yet did contain a
population of biphenyl utilizers, the possibility of genetic transfer between
the latter group and strain JB2 cannot be excluded.
89 NAL Call. No.: TP1.J686
Enhanced removal of selected hydrocarbons from soil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
UG2 biosurfactants and some chemical surfactants.
Scheilbenbogen, K.; Zytner, R.G.; Lee, H.; Trevors, J.T.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1994 Jan.
Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology v. 59 (1): p. 53-59; 1994
Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Surfactants; Glycolipids; Bioremediation;
Soil pollution; Polluted soils; Hydrocarbons; Sandy loam soils
90 NAL Call. No.: TD172.E55 v.41
Environmental biotechnology for waste treatment.
Sayler, Gary S.,_1949-; Fox, Robert; Blackburn, James W.,
Symposium on Environmental Biotechnology: Moving from the Flask to the Field
1990 : Knoxville, Tenn.
Language: English
Descriptors: Environmental biotechnology
91 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J62
Environmental influences on diethyl phthalate biodegradation kinetics.
Reardon, K.F.; Zhang, G.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil flora; Soil bacteria; Microbial degradation; Phthalates;
Cell suspensions; Dissolved oxygen; Bioremediation; Temperature
92 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45 no.509
Environmental remediation removing organic and metal ion pollutants.
Vandegrift, G. F._1945-; Reed, Donald Timothy,_1956-; Tasker, I. R.
American Chemical Society, Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,
American Chemical Society, Meeting_1991 :_Atlanta, Ga.)
Washington, DC : American Chemical Society,; 1992.
xii, 275 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (ACS Symposium series, 509). Developed from a
symposium sponsored by the Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,
Inc., at the 201st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta,
Georgia, April 14-19, 1991. Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Language: English
Descriptors: Water, Underground; Soil pollution; Separation (Technology);
Bioremediation
93 NAL Call. No.: QR53.B56
An enzyme biotechnology for the total utilization of leather wastes.
Dalev, P.G.; Simeonova, L.S.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leather waste; Waste utilization; Carrion; Animal proteins;
Animal fat; Fractionation; Proteinases; Digestion; Biological production
Abstract: The isolation of protein and fat fractions from a waste of the
leather industry is discussed. This represents the main waste of leather
production and gives rise to problems of ecological and economical nature. A
middle capacity factory deposits about 30 tons of the so called carrion, a
source for the production of about 3 t useful products - protein and fat.
94 NAL Call. No.: QH431.G452
Field performance and heavy metal concentrations of transgenic flue-cured
tobacco expressing a mammalian metallothionein-beta-glucuronidase gene fusion.
Brandle, J.E.; Labbe, H.; Hattori, J.; Miki, B.L.
Ottawa : National Research Council of Canada; 1993 Apr.
Genome v. 36 (2): p. 255-260; 1993 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Transgenic plants; Genetic transformation;
Recombinant DNA; Metallothionein; Structural genes; Beta-glucuronidase;
Reporter genes; Gene expression; Cadmium; Uptake; Leaves; Roots
Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential heavy metal that can cause acute and
chronic illness in humans. Some plant species such as tobacco (Nicotiana
tabacum L.) tend to accumulate high levels of Cd in leaf tissue, the consumed
portion of the plant. Tissue-specific expression of mammalian metallothionein
has been suggested as a means of partitioning Cd in nonconsumed portions of
transgenic plants. The purpose of the experiment reported here was to evaluate
Cd concentration and agronomic performance of four field-grown transgenic
tobacco lines harbouring a metallothionein-beta-glucuronidase (MG) gene fusion
driven by the constitutive 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus. The trial
was grown in a region of Canada known to have high background levels of Cd.
The agronomic evaluation showed that some of the transgenic lines were equal
to, while others performed more poorly than, the untransformed control for
yield, days to flower, and leaf number. Gene expression measured by
beta-glucuronidase activity showed that all of the transgenic lines expressed
the MG gene in the upper portion of the plant. One line did not express the MG
gene in the roots. Cd levels in the leaf tissue of transformed lines were not
significantly different from the untransformed control.
95 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J62
Fungal degradation of organophosphorous insecticides.
Bumpus, J.A.; Kakar, S.N.; Coleman, R.D.
Totowa, N.J. : Humana Press; 1993.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phanerochaete chrysosporium; Microbial degradation; Chlorpyrifos;
Fonofos; Terbufos
96 NAL Call. No.: QH540.S8
The future of the lignocellulosic wastes bioconversion.
Spilda, I.; Blazej, A.; Kosik, M.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lignocellulosic wastes; Lignocellulose; Cellulose digestion;
Microbial degradation; Cellulolytic microorganisms; Xylose; Glucose;
Fermentation; Fermentation products
97 NAL Call. No.: 443.8 H42
A general model for the genetic control of copper tolerance in Silene
vulgaris: evidence from crosses between plants from different tolerant
populations.
Language: English
Descriptors: Silene vulgaris; Major genes; Copper; Metal tolerance;
Segregation; Crossing; Populations; Gene interaction; Modifiers;
Heterogeneity; Roots; Growth rate; Crosses
Abstract: Copper tolerance in Silene vulgaris seems to be controlled by two
major genes. One segregates only in crosses to non-tolerants but never in
crosses between tolerants originating from different isolated populations. The
second segregates only in crosses to plants from the most tolerant population.
The level of tolerance in tolerant plants seems to be controlled by two
additional genes, which are hypostatic to the first major gene. They segregate
in crosses to non-tolerants but not in crosses between equally homozygous
tolerant plants from different populations. It is argued that all the genes
are involved in the control of an exclusion mechanism operating at the
plasmalemma.
98 NAL Call. No.: SB123.57.I55 1992
Genetic adaptation of bacteria towards chlorinated hydrocarbon degradation.
Ploeg, J. van der; Pries, F.; Wijngaard, A. van den; Kennes, C.; Janssen, D.B.
Braunschweig, Germany : Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und
Forstwirtschaft; 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bacteria; Genetic engineering; Microbial degradation; Chlorinated
hydrocarbons; Decontamination
99 NAL Call. No.: QK725.I43
Genetic improvement of tree species for remediation of hazardous wastes.
Stomp, A.M.; Han, K.H.; Wilbert, S.; Gordon, M.P.
Columbia, MD : Tissue Culture Association, c1991-; 1993 Oct.
In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant : journal of the Tissue
Culture Association v. 29P (4): p. 227-232; 1993 Oct. Paper presented at the
"Session-in-Depth Bioremediation through Biotechnological Means" at the 1993
Congress on Cell and Tissue Culture, June 5-9, 1993, San Diego, California.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Trees; Forest trees; Tree breeding; Bioremediation; Pollutants;
Uptake; Metabolic detoxification; Metal tolerance; Genetic engineering;
Genetic transformation; Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Soil pollution; Polluted
soils
100 NAL Call. No.: TD426.G754 1992
Groundwater remediation.
Language: English
Descriptors: Water, Underground; Soil pollution; Bioremediation
101 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6
Growth and biodegradation by white-rot fungi inoculated into soil.
Morgan, P.; Lee, S.A.; Lewis, S.T.; Sheppard, A.N.; Watkinson, R.J.
Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1993 Feb.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phanerochaete chrysosporium; Chrysosporium; Coriolus versicolor;
Decay fungi; 3,4-dichloroaniline; Benzopyrene; Mineralization; Microbial
degradation; Bioremediation; Polluted soils; Substrates; Carbon; Nutrient
sources; Soil amendments; Soil pollution
Abstract: The colonization of sandy loam soil following inoculation with
spore suspensions of the white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC
24725 and Chrysosporium lignorum CL1 was confirmed by an epifluorescence
microscopy-image analysis method. These fungi and Trametes versicolor PV1
mineralized 3,4-dichloroaniline and benzo(a)pyrene in soil at concentrations
up to 250 microgram g-1. Successful inoculation and biodegradation required
supplementary carbon sources. Addition of inorganic nutrients had no
stimulatory effect. Glucose, hay, wood chips, pine bark, loam and peat all
promoted growth and degradation but chopped wheat straw was the best
substrate. Increasing the content of straw in the soil led to increased
biomass and mineralization. The optimum ratio of straw: soil for
mineralization was 1:4. Both strains sporulated within 7 days of inoculation
before a further increase in hyphal growth but this had no effect on the
mineralization rate. These results indicate that use of white-rot fungi in
biotechnological soil treatment may be feasible.
102 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6
Growth and trace element concentrations of five plant species grown in a
highly saline soil.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Cabt; Grasses; Oryzopsis hymenoides; Astragalus
racemosus; Salt tolerance; Boron; Metal tolerance; Genotypes; Heavy metals;
Uptake; Electrical conductivity; Soil depth; Shoots; Yields; Bioremediation
Abstract: Kesterson Reservoir and other impoundments in the San Joaquin
Valley, California, have received large volumes of saline irrigation drainage
water that is enriched with trace elements, including As, B, Mo, Se, U, and V.
When these ponds are allowed to dry and revert to terrestrial ecosystems,
careful soil water and vegetation management may be needed to prevent
toxicological hazards to wildlife and/or livestock. We conducted a 248-d
column study in the greenhouse using a soil from Kesterson to assess the
growth of salt- and B-tolerant genotypes, and to determine the uptake of As,
B, Mo, Se, U, and V by these genotypes. Electrical conductivity decreased with
soil depth, from 14 to 5 dS m-1, with B, Mo, Se, and U concentrations
paralleling the soil salinity, whereas As and V were higher in the subsoil.
Three grasses, alkali sacaton [Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr.], tall
wheatgrass [Elytrigia pontica (Podp.) Holub], Indian ricegrass [Oryzopsis
hymenoides (Roem & Schult.)], and two Se-accumulators, Astragalus bisulcatus
(Hook.) and A. racemosus Pursh., were successfully established after a
preplanting leaching treatment to reduce salts in the seed zone. Three
cuttings of alkali sacaton and tall wheatgrass resulted in total shoot yields
of 11.1 and 7.6 g per column, respectively, but only 0.8 for a single cutting
to the less salt- and B-tolerant Indian ricegrass. The slower-growing A.
bisulcatus and A. racemosus yielded 3.8 and 4.4 g per column, respectively.
Shoot concentrations of As, U, and V were low (< 3 mg kg-1) in all genotypes,
and do not seem to pose food-chain transfer hazards at this site. Molybdenum
and Se shoot concentrations of all genotypes exceeded the upper safe limits
for consumption by ruminants, and shoot B concentrations were also high (> 60
mg kg-1). Despite high soil solution SO4 concentrations, both Astragalus
species accumulated Se to high concentrations in the shoots (ca. 650 mg kg-1),
and shoot harvest removed the equivalent of 2 to 3.5 kg Se ha-1. Growth of
these Se-accumulating species shows promise as a means of direct removal of Se
from Se-contaminated sites and could become a component of effective
remediation strategies.
103 NAL Call. No.: TD426.J68
Hydrogen peroxide use to increase oxidant capacity for in situ bioremediation
of contaminated soils and aquifers: a review.
Pardieck, D.L.; Bouwer, E.J.; Stone, A.T.
Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1992 Mar.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Organic compounds; Aquifers; Pollutants;
Biodegradation; Biological oxygen demand; Aerobiosis; Metabolism; Oxidation;
Hydrogen peroxide; Groundwater pollution; Enzyme activity; Peroxidases;
Reviews
104 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 Ap5
Hydroxylation and biodegradation of 6-methylquinoline by pseudomonads in
aqueous and nonaqueous immobilized-cell bioreactors.
Rothenburger, S.; Atlas, R.M.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pseudomonas putida; Quinoline; Derivatives; Quinolines; Microbial
degradation; Chemical reactions; Bioreactors; Immobilization; Bioremediation
Abstract: Selective culturing of pseudomonads that could degrade quinoline
led to enrichment cultures and pure cultures with expanded substrate
utilization and transformation capabilities for substituted quinolines in
immobilized and batch cultures. Immobilized cells of the pseudomonad cultures
rapidly transformed quinolines to hydroxyquinolines in bioreactors and were
able to tolerate higher substrate concentrations compared with batch cultures.
After prolonged incubation on a mixture of quinoline and 6-methylquinoline, a
quinoline-degrading culture of Pseudomonas putida developed the ability to
biodegrade 6-methylquinoline, which initially was resistant to microbial
attack, as a sole source of carbon and energy. 6-Methylquinoline was also
degraded in a nonaqueous solution by this strain of P. putida when a solution
of 6-methylquinoline in decane was flowed through an immobilized-cell
fixed-bed bioreactor.
105 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72
The impact of biochemistry, bioavailability and bioactivity on the selection
of bioremediation techniques.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Soil treatment; Pollution control;
Bioremediation; Techniques; Biochemistry; Biological activity in soil;
Bioavailability
Abstract: A wide range of bioremediation strategies is being developed to
treat contaminated soils. Selecting the most appropriate strategy to treat a
specific site can be guided by considering three basic principles: the
amenability of the pollutant to biological transformation to less toxic
products (biochemistry); the accessibility of the contaminant to
microorganisms (bioavailability); and the opportunity for optimization of
biological activity (bioactivity).
106 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 Ap5
In situ growth and activity and modes of penetration of Escherichia coli in
unconsolidated porous materials.
Language: English
Descriptors: Escherichia coli; Growth; Movement; Sand; Sandy soils;
Mathematical models; Aquifers; Bioremediation; Pores; Pore size; Motility
Abstract: Statistically reliable data on the in situ rates of growth,
substrate consumption, and product formation are required to test the validity
of the mathematical models developed for microbially enhanced oil recovery and
in situ bioremediation processes. A simple, replicable porous-core system that
could be aseptically divided into sections at various times was developed to
follow the kinetics of microbial growth and metabolism in situ. This core
system was used to study the kinetics of growth and the mode of penetration of
strains of Escherichia coli through anaerobic, nutrient-saturated, fine Ottawa
sand (permeability of 7.0 micrometers(2) and porosity of 37%) under static
conditions. The in situ rate of growth of a wild-type, motile, chemotactic
strain, RW262, was two times slower inside cores than it was in liquid
cultures. The mode of metabolism of galactose by strain RW262 was not altered
inside cores, as acetate was the only product detected either inside the cores
or in liquid cultures. Without applied advective force, strain RW262 grew
exponentially and moved through cores at a rate of about 0.1 m/day. The cell
population moved through cores in a band-like fashion, as the front of the
moving cells consisted of high cell concentrations (greater than 10(5) cells
per ml). Until the breakthrough of the cells occurred, galactose consumption
and acetate production were observed only in the proximal sections of the
core, showing that the cell propagation preceded the complete depletion of the
substrate or the accumulation of large amounts of products. A motile,
nonchemotactic strain of E. coli (RP5232) penetrated cores faster than did its
chemotactic parental strain (RP437), which can be explained by differences in
their mode of growth inside the cores. Unlike the wild-type, chemotactic
strain RP437, which grew and moved through cores in a band-like fashion, cells
of the nonchemotactic strain moved through cores in a diffuse manner, as the
front of the moving cells consisted of low cell concentrations (10(3) cells
per ml). The appearance of nonchemotactic cells in a section of the core was
not necessarily followed by an increase in cell concentration in that section
with time. For the nonmotile strain RP2912, a high cell density (10(7) cells
per ml) in a section of the core was observed before cells were detected in
the next section. This suggested that the transport of nonmotile cells through
porous material requires a high cell density and may occur by a physical
displacement process in which some of the progeny cells are forced into the
less populated regions of the core.
107 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295
In situ measurement of microbial activity and controls on microbial CO2
production in the unsaturated zone.
Language: English
Descriptors: Washington; Saskatchewan; Carbon dioxide; Respiration; Microbial
activities; Biological activity in soil; Measurement; Subsurface layers; Soil
depth; Soil temperature; Correlation; Seasonal fluctuations; Bioremediation
Abstract: Carbon dioxide concentrations were measured at various depths and
times in the unsaturated zones of two hydraulically and geochemically
contrasting field sites, one in southeastern Washington state, and the other
in south central Saskatchewan. In situ CO2 production rates were calculated
from a mass balance that accounted for diffusive fluxes and partitioning of
CO2 into an adverting aqueous phase. Production rates were compared with (1)
microbial abundance and (2) subsurface temperature to determine whether
subsurface CO2 production rates could be expressed as a simple function of
these two variables. At the Washington site, subsurface production was
successfully expressed as a function of microbial abundance and temperature
for a large portion of the year, but not near the end of the growing season.
Although subsurface microbes and organic carbon were more abundant at the
Saskatchewan site, subsurface CO2 production rates were generally several
orders of magnitude lower than at the Washington site, and no correlation
could be established between microbial numbers, temperature, and production
rate. The cases where production rates could not be expressed as a function of
microbial numbers and temperature suggested conditions in which some other
factor, such as nutrient limitations, was controlling.
108 NAL Call. No.: QR1.F44
Increased expression of the plamsid-determined 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl
dioxygenase gene in strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Language: English
Descriptors: Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas putida; Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
Soil bacteria; Soil pollution; Biphenyl; Oxygenases; Plasmids; Cloning;
Genetic transformation; Plasmid vectors; Gene expression
Abstract: A 6.5-kb EcoRI fragment containing the gene encoding
2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dioxygenase from the plasmid pBS312 was cloned into
broad host range plasmid RSF1010 and expressed in Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The increased
expression of the gene was orientation-dependent and probably due to the
transcription read through from the streptomycin promoter of the vector.
Subcloning experiments of the PstI fragments of pBS312 plasmid using vector
pBR322 revealed that the bphC gene encoding 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dioxygenase
is localized on the 2.1-kb fragment. In Escherichia coli JM109, transformed by
the plasmid pBS314 carrying the 2.1-kb insert in orientation which allowed
expression of the bphC gene from the ampicillin promoter of pBR322, the enzyme
activity of 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dioxygenase was ten times higher than that
in parental strain Pseudomonas putida SU83. The results presented show the
first case of the increased expression of Pseudomonas degradative gene in
Escherichia coli.
109 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Influence of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) concentration on the degradation of
TNT in explosive-contaminated soils by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete
chrysosporium.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Pollutants; Toluene; Explosives; Biodegradation;
Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Abstract: The ability of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to bioremediate TNT
(2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) in a soil containing 12,000 ppm of TNT and the
explosives RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine; 3,000 ppm) and HMX
(octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine; 300 ppm) was investigated.
The fungus did not grow in malt extract broth containing more than 0.02%
(wt/vol; 24 ppm of TNT) soil. Pure TNT or explosives extracted from the soil
were degraded by P. chrysosporium spore-inoculated cultures at TNT
concentrations of up to 20 ppm. Mycelium-inoculated cultures degraded 100 ppm
of TNT, but further growth was inhibited above 20 ppm. In malt extract broth,
spore-inoculated cultures mineralized 10% of added [14C]TNT (5 ppm) in 27 days
at 37 degrees C. No mineralization occurred during [14C]TNT biotransformation
by mycelium-inoculated cultures, although the TNT was transformed.
110 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6
Influence of soil inoculum and redox potential on the degradation of several
pyridine derivatives.
Language: English
Descriptors: Indiana; South Carolina; Soil flora; Microbial degradation;
Pyridines; Derivatives; Transformation; Redox potential; Contaminants;
Exposure; Enrichment; Polluted soils; Surface layers; Anaerobic conditions;
Aerobic treatment; Biological activity in soil; Biochemical pathways; Oxygen;
Nitrate; Sulfate; Reduction; Denitrification; Persistence; Contamination
Abstract: The potential of four different soils to degrade several pyridine
derivatives under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was investigated. There was
little difference observed in the metabolic potential of unpolluted surface
and unpolluted subsurface soils used as inocula from the same area. Under
aerobic conditions, pyridine and hydroxylated pyridines were more rapidly
transformed than the methylated pyridine derivatives. Under anaerobic
conditions, none of the methylated or hydroxylated pyridine derivatives was
completely degraded in 3 months by the unpolluted soil inocula. In using
surface and subsurface soils which had been exposed to these compounds for
several decades, all pyridine derivatives tested were biotransformed within 2
weeks in the presence of oxygen. However, under anaerobic conditions longer
exposure was required. In the presence of sulfate, 3- and 4-picoline and 2-
and 4-hydroxypyridine disappeared completely within 3 months when exposed to
subsurface soil. On the other hand, the dimethylated and trimethylated
pyridine derivatives were only partially transformed during this exposure
period. Some of the heterocyclic compounds behaved quite differently when
exposed to soil in the presence of either nitrate or sulfate under anaerobic
conditions, indicating that the available electron acceptor influences the
rate at which certain compounds are transformed.
111 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Influence of the endogenous storage lipid poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate on the
reducing power availability during cometabolism of trichloroethylene and
naphthalene by resting methanotrophic mixed cultures.
Henrysson, T.; McCarty, P.L.
Language: English
Descriptors: Anaerobes; Trichloroethylene; Naphthalene; Oxidation; Microbial
degradation; Metabolism; Polyhydroxybutyrate; Oxygenases; Enzyme activity;
Bioremediation; Groundwater pollution
Abstract: The role of the storage lipid poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in
trichloroethylene transformation by methanotrophic mixed cultures was
investigated. Naphthalene oxidation rates were used to assay for soluble
methane monooxygenase activity. The PHB content of methanotrophic cells grown
in reactors varied diurnally as well as from day to day. A positive
correlation between the amount of PHB in the cells and the naphthalene
oxidation rate as well as between PHB and the trichloroethylene transformation
rate and capacity was found. Addition of beta-hydroxybutyrate increased the
naphthalene oxidation rates significantly. PHB content in cells could be
manipulated by incubation at different methane-to-nitrogen ratios. A positive
correlation between the naphthalene oxidation rate and the PHB content after
these incubations could be seen. Both the PHB content and the naphthalene
oxidation rates decreased with time in resting methanotrophic cells exposed to
oxygen. However, this decrease in the naphthalene oxidation rate cannot be
explained by the decrease in the PHB content alone. Probably a deactivation of
the methane monooxygenase itself is also involved.
112 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 Ap5
Initial-phase optimization for bioremediation of munition
compound-contaminated soils.
Language: English
Descriptors: Explosives; Organic nitrogen compounds; Azines; Azo compounds;
Soil pollution; Polluted soils; Bioremediation; Microbial degradation; Soil
ph; Anaerobic conditions; Mineralization
Abstract: We examined the bioremediation of soils contaminated with the
munition compounds 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT),
hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, and
octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazocine by a procedure that produced
anaerobic conditions in the soils and promoted the biodegradation of
nitroaromatic contaminants. This procedure consisted of flooding the soils
with 50 millimole phosphate buffer, adding starch as a supplemental carbon
substrate, and incubating under static conditions. Aerobic heterotrophs,
present naturally in the soil or added as an inoculum, quickly removed the
oxygen from the static cultures, creating anaerobic conditions. Removal of
parent TNT molecules from the soil cultures by the strictly anaerobic
microflora occurred within 4 days. The reduced intermediates formed from TNT
and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1, 3,5-triazine were removed from the cultures
within 24 days, completing the first stage of remediation. The procedure was
effective over a range of incubation temperatures, 20 to 37 degrees C, and was
improved when 25 millimole ammonium was added to cultures buffered with 50
millimole potassium phosphate. Ammonium phosphate buffer (50 millimole),
however, completely inhibited TNT reduction. The optimal pH for the first
stage of remediation was between 6.5 and 7.0. When soils were incubated under
aerobic conditions or under anaerobic conditions at alkaline pHs, the TNT
biodegradation intermediates polymerized. Polymerization was not observed at
neutral to slightly acidic pHs under anaerobic conditions. Completion of the
first stage of remediation of munition compound-contaminated soils resulted in
aqueous supernatants that contained no munition residues or aminoaromatic
compounds.
113 NAL Call. No.: QR97.X46B56
Interactions of bacteria with cadmium.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cadmium; Soil pollution; Water pollution; Bacteria; Strains;
Bioremediation; Binding; Heavy metals; Biomass; Ph
114 NAL Call. No.: QH301.I54
International biodeterioration & biodegradation.
Barking, Essex, England : Elsevier Science Publishers, c1992-; 1992-9999.
v. : ill. ; 24 cm. On t.p. ampersand is in background of title.
Language: English; English
Descriptors: Biodegradation; Bioremediation
115 NAL Call. No.: TD192.5.I5 1991
International symposium environmental biotechnology 22-25 April 1991,
Oostende, Belguim.
Language: English
Descriptors: Environmental biotechnology
116 NAL Call. No.: TP248.27.M53W672 1992
Introduction to microbial biotechnology including hazardous waste treatment.
Worne, Howard E.
Language: English
Descriptors: Microbial biotechnology; Hazardous substances
117 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 B5236
Metabolism and detoxification of TNT by Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
Stahl, J.D.; Aust, S.D.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phanerochaete chrysosporium; Mycelium; Toluene; Concentration;
Toxicity; Metabolic detoxification; Reduction; Mineralization; Microbial
degradation; Nitrogen; Nutrient deficiencies; Lignin; Peroxidases;
Ligninolytic microorganisms; Bioremediation
Abstract: Several lines of evidence suggest that TNT detoxification by
Phanerochaete chrysosporium is through reduction. Rates of TNT reduction were
directly correlated with mycelial mass and TNT concentration. Toxicity was
inversely related to the amount of fungus. TNT toxicity was identical in both
ligninolytic and nonligninolytic cultures. Rapid disappearance of the reduced
metabolites coincided with production of the manganese-dependent peroxidases
and mineralization of TNT was not observed until the lignin peroxidases were
detected.
118 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 J822
Methods to assess the water quality impact of a restored riparian wetland.
Vellidis, G.; Lowrance, R.; Smith, M.C.; Hubbard, R.K.
Ankeny, Iowa : Soil and Water Conservation Society of America; 1993 May.
Journal of soil and water conservation v. 48 (3): p. 223-230; 1993 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Georgia; Water pollution; Animal wastes; Bioremediation; Water
quality; Runoff; Riparian forests; Wetlands; Reclamation; Pollution control
119 NAL Call. No.: RA1270.P35A1
Microbial abudance and degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
soil.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Polycyclic hydrocarbons; Phenanthrene; Soil
fungi; Soil bacteria; Microbial degradation; Bioremediation
120 NAL Call. No.: TD192.5.S63 1992
Microbial control of pollution.
Language: English
Descriptors: Environmental biotechnology
121 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
Microbial populations and hydrocarbon biodegradation potentials in fertilized
shoreline sediments affected by the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill.
Lindstrom, J.E.; Prince, R.C.; Clark, J.C.; Grossman, M.J.; Yeager, T.R.;
Braddock, J.F.; Brown, E.J.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alaska; Nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers; Microbial degradation;
Oil spills; Hydrocarbons; Mineralization
Abstract: The effort to clean up the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince
William Sound, Alaska, included the use of fertilizers to accelerate natural
microbial degradation of stranded oil. A program to monitor various
environmental parameters associated with this technique took place during the
summer of 1990. Microbiological assays for numbers of heterotrophic and
oil-degrading microbes and their hydrocarbon mineralization potentials were
performed in support of this program. Fertilizer addition resulted in higher
hexadecane and phenanthrene mineralization potentials on treated plots than on
untreated reference plots. Microbial numbers in treated and reference surface
sediments were not significantly different immediately after the first
nutrient application in May 1990. However, subsurface sediments from treated
plots had higher numbers of hydrocarbon degraders than did reference sediments
shortly after treatment. The second application of fertilizer, later in
summer, resulted in surface and subsurface increases in numbers of hydrocarbon
degraders with respect to reference sediments at two of the three study sites.
Elevated mineralization potentials, coupled with increased numbers of
hydrocarbon degraders, indicated that natural hydrocarbon biodegradation was
enhanced. However, these microbiological measurements alone are not sufficient
to determine in situ rates of crude oil biodegradation.
122 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6
Microbial release of 2,4-dichlorophenol bound to humic acid or incorporated
during humification.
Language: English
Descriptors: Humic acids; 2,4-dichlorophenol; Pollutants; Soil flora;
Microbial activities; Humification; Mineralization; Polymerization; Binding;
Soil pollution; Bioremediation
Abstract: The microbial release of 14C-labeled 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) bound
to synthetic and natural humic materials or polymerized by enzymes was
investigated to evaluate the possibility of future adverse effects if binding
or polymerization is used for decontamination purposes. After 12 wk of
incubation with microorganisms obtained from a forest soil, the amounts of
substances released into the media were very small (maximum 2.2% of the
initially bound 14C) without regard to the kind of the polymer into which
14C-DCP was incorporated. Most of the radioactivity (46.2 to 80.8%) remained
bound to the precipitated humic materials or in the DCP-polymer (90.1 to
97.0%). Certain amounts of the released substances evolved in the form of
14CO2 (1.0 to 9.4% from humic materials and 0 to 0.5% from a DCP-polymer). The
rate of mineralization differed depending on the type of DCP
binding-surface-bound or incorporated during synthesis of humic acid-and on
the kind of polymer to which 14C-DCP was attached. The release into the media
and 14CO2 evolution for synthetic and natural humic acids was essentially the
same. When only DCP was present in the growth medium, the formation of 14CO2
was less than from a DCP-humic acid complex; this may indicate that 14CO2 from
a DCP-humic acid complex originated mostly from DCP derivatives. The data
obtained for DCP did not provide any evidence for a delayed pollution problem
associated with polymerization or binding of xenobiotics to humic acids.
123 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72
Microbial treatment of metal pollution--a working biotechnology?.
Gadd, G.M.; White, C.
Language: English
Descriptors: Heavy metals; Pollutants; Radionuclides; Microbial activities;
Treatment; Biotechnology; Pollution control
Abstract: Some of the main processes that remove, immobilize or detoxify
heavy metals and radionuclides in the natural environment result from
microbial activities. These activities can be harnessed to clean up toxic
metal wastes before they enter the wider environment. To date, the most
successful biotechnological processes utilize biosorption and
bioprecipitation, but other processes such as binding by specific
macromolecules may have future potential. Technologies using these processes
are currently used to control pollution from diverse sources, including
smelters and mine workings.
124 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.C74
Microbiological and biotechnological aspects of metabolism of carbamates and
organophosphates.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pesticide residues; Environmental degradation; Carbamate
pesticides; Organophosphorus pesticides; Mineralization; Microbial
degradation; Metabolism; Biochemical pathways; Genetics; Genes
125 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 Ap5
Microcosm and in situ field studies of enhanced biotransformation of
trichloroethylene by phenol-utilizing microorganisms.
Hopkins, G.D.; Semprini, L.; McCarty, P.L.
Washington : American Society for Microbiology; 1993 Jul.
Applied and environmental microbiology v. 59 (7): p. 2277-2285; 1993 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Aerobes; Bacteria; Microbial degradation; Trichloroethylene;
Phenol; Metabolism; Metabolites; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Bioremediation;
Groundwater pollution; Aquifers; Toluene
Abstract: The ability of different aerobic groundwater microorganisms to
cometabolically degrade trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,2-cis-dichloroethylene
(c-DCE), and 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene (t-DCE) was evaluated both in
groundwater-fed microcosms and in situ in a shallow aquifer. Microcosms
amended with phenol or toluene were equally effective in removing c-DCE (>
90%) followed by TCE (60 to 70%), while the microcosm fed methane was most
effective in removing t-DCE (> 90%). The microcosm fed ammonia was the least
effective. None of the microcosms effectively degraded 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
At the Moffett Field groundwater test site, in situ removal of c-DCE and TCE
coincided with biostimulation through phenol and oxygen injection and
utilization, with c-DCE removed more rapidly than TCE. Greater TCE and c-DCE
removal was observed when the phenol concentration was increased. Over 90%
removal of c-DCE and TCE was observed in the 2-m biostimulated zone. This
compares with 40 to 50% removal of c-DCE and 15 to 25% removal of TCE achieved
by methane-grown microorganisms previously evaluated in an adjacent in situ
test zone. The in situ removal with phenol-grown microorganisms agrees
qualitatively with the microcosm studies, with the rates and extents of
removal ranked as follows: c-DCE > TCE > t-DCE. These studies demonstrate the
potential for in situ TCE bioremediation using microorganisms grown on phenol.
126 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 Ap5
Mineralization of the s-triazine ring of atrazine by stable bacterial mixed
cultures.
Language: English
Descriptors: Atrazine; Microbial degradation; Soil bacteria; Polluted soils;
Metabolites; Metabolism; Bioremediation
Abstract: Enrichment cultures containing atrazine
(2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) at a concentration of
100 ppm (0.46 mM) as a sole nitrogen source were obtained from soils exposed
to repeated spills of atrazine, alachlor, and metolachlor. Bacterial growth
occurred concomitantly with formation of metabolites from atrazine and
subsequent biosynthesis of protein. When ring-labeled [14C]atrazine was used,
80% or more of the s-triazine ring carbon atoms were liberated as 14 CO2.
Hydroxyatrazine may be an intermediate in the atrazine mineralization pathway.
More than 200 pure cultures isolated from the enrichment cultures failed to
utilize atrazine as a nitrogen source. Mixing pure cultures restored
atrazine-mineralizing activity. Repeated transfer of the mixed cultures led to
increased rates of atrazine metabolism. The rate of atrazine degradation, even
at the elevated concentrations used, far exceeded the rates previously
reported in soils, waters, and mixed and pure cultures of bacteria.
127 NAL Call. No.: TD403.G7
Model development and simulation of bioremediation in soil beds with
aggregates.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil pollution; Groundwater pollution; Organic compounds;
Biodegradation; Simulation models; Soil; Aggregates
Abstract: One method of remediating contaminated soil and ground water is
through management of the subsurface environment so that indigenous
microorganisms can biodegrade organic contaminants. Modeling and simulation
offer promising means of assessing the migration and attenuation of such
contaminants being treated in situ in the subsurface. In this paper, a
macropore flow model has been developed to account for bioremediation in the
interstitial spaces among soil aggregates. This model has been combined with
another bioremediation model which accounts for diffusion and biodegradation
in the micropores and soil particles in the aggregates. The combined model
comprises a system of six coupled equations, of which three are nonlinear
ordinary differential equations and three are nonlinear partial differential
equations. Dimensional analysis of these equations has yielded useful
dimensionless parameters for evaluating the relative significance of each
mechanism in remediation. Numerical experiments have been conducted to
evaluate the effects of initial contaminant concentration, aggregate size, and
soil-water partition factor. The total time of remediation has been found to
depend on the rate at which contaminants are consumed within the large
aggregates which, in turn, depends on the biodegradation kinetics and the
rates of diffusion of substrate and oxygen in the aggregates. For soil with
aggregates whose radius is 1 cm or larger, the results of simulation indicate
that the remediation time for the aggregates is significantly longer compared
to the corresponding result for homogeneous soil. For contaminants with large
partition coefficients, the estimated time for remediation achieved through
microbial oxidation in situ is much shorter than that achieved through purely
diffusional transport of the contaminants out of the soil bed.
128 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72
Monitoring the efficacy of bioremediation.
Heitzer, A.; Sayler, G.S.
Language: English
Descriptors: Toxic substances; Detoxification; Waste treatment; Pollution
control; Bioremediation; Efficiency; Monitoring; Chemistry; Molecular biology;
Techniques
Abstract: The general acceptance of bioremediation technology as an
environmentally sound and economic treatment for hazardous waste requires the
demonstration of its efficacy, reliability and predictability, as well as its
advantages over conventional treatments. An effective monitoring design
includes protocols for treatment-specific, representative sampling, control
and monitoring: these should take into account abiotic and biotic pollutant
fate processes in all relevant process compartments. A number of
well-established and novel chemical and molecular biological monitoring
techniques and parameters are available. Logical and balanced combinations of
both chemical and biological monitoring parameters should be used to
demonstrate complete degradation and detoxification of a hazardous waste as
well as the biological nature of the process. At each process-scale level, a
set of general criteria should be used for a systematic evaluation of the
overall efficacy of bioremediation.
Annals of botany v. 70 (6): p. 569-572; 1992 Dec. Includes references.
Jackson, P.J.; Anderson, W.L.; DeWitt, J.G.; Ke, H.Y.D.; Kuske, C.R.;
Moncrief, R.M.; Rayson, G.D.
Columbia, MD : Tissue Culture Association, c1991-; 1993 Oct.
In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant : journal of the Tissue
Culture Association v. 29P (4): p. 220-226; 1993 Oct. Paper presented at the
"Session-in-Depth Bioremediation through Biotechnological Means" at the 1993
Congress on Cell and Tissue Culture, June 5-9, 1993, San Diego, California.
Includes references.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992.
Gene v. 115 (1/2): p. 189-192; 1992. Paper presented at the "Eighth
International Symposium on Biology of Actinomycetes," August 11-16, 1991,
Madison, Wisconsin. Literature review. Includes references.
Okeke, B.C.; Smith, J.E.; Paterson, A.; Watson-Craik, I.A.
Middlesex : Science and Technology Letters; 1993 Oct.
Biotechnology letters v. 15 (10): p. 1077-1080; 1993 Oct. Includes
references.
Coyle, C.G.; Parkin, G.F.; Gibson, D.T.
Dordrecht, Netherlands ; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990-; 1993.
Biodegradation v. 4 (1): p. 59-69; 1993. Special Issue: Substrate
Interactions. Includes references.
Crouse, G.
Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group; 1992 Aug25.
Biotech daily v. 1 (11): p. 4; 1992 Aug25.
Roberts, D.J.; Kaake, R.H.; Funk, S.B.; Crawford, D.L.; Crawford, R.L.
Totowa, N.J. : Humana Press; 1993.
Applied biochemistry and biotechnology v. 39/40: p. 781-789; 1993. Paper
presented at the Fourteenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals
held May 11-15, 1992, Gathinburg, Tennessee. Includes references.
Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1993.
ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (518): p. 138-158; 1993. In
the series analytic: Emerging technologies for hazardous waste management III
/ edited by D.W. Tedder and F.G. Pohland. Includes references.
New York : Plenum Press; 1991.
Applications of enzyme biotechnology / edited by Jeffery W. Kelly and Thomas
O. Baldwin. p. 153-163; 1991. (Industry-university cooperative chemistry
program symposia). Paper presented at the Texas A&M University IUCCP Ninth
Annual Symposium, March 18-21, 1991, College Station, Texas. Includes
references.
Ensley, B.D.
New York : Plenum Press; 1991.
Applications of enzyme biotechnology / edited by Jeffery W. Kelly and Thomas
O. Baldwin. p. 181-190; 1991. (Industry-university cooperative chemistry
program symposia). Paper presented at the Texas A&M University IUCCP Ninth
Annual Symposium, March 18-21, 1991, College Station, Texas. Includes
references.
Braunschweig, Germany : Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und
Forstwirtschaft; 1992.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on the Biosafety Results of
Field Tests of Genetically Modified Plants and Microorganisms : May 11-14,
1992, Goslar, Germany : edited by R. Casper and J. Landsmann. p. 149-152;
1992. Includes references.
Soil biology and biochemistry v. 23 (12): p. 1155-1160; 1991. Includes
references.
Park, S.; Hanna, M.L.; Taylor, R.T.; Droege, M.W.
New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons; 1991 Aug05.
Biotechnology and bioengineering v. 38 (4): p. 423-433; 1991 Aug05. Includes
references.
Hinchee, R.E.; Arthur, M.
Totowa, N.J. : Humana Press; 1991.
Applied biochemistry and biotechnology v. 28/29: p. 901-915; 1991. Includes
references.
Shimp, J.F.; Tracy, J.C.; Davis, L.C.; Lee, E.; Huang, W.; Erickson, L.E.;
Schnoor, J.L.
Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press; 1993.
Critical reviews in environmental science and technology v. 23 (1): p. 41-77;
1993. Includes references.
Moller, J.; Ingvorsen, H.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1993 Apr.
FEMS microbiology letters - Federation of European Microbiological Societies
v. 102 (3/4): p. 271-278; 1993 Apr. Includes references.
Field, J.A.; Jong, E. de; Costa, G.F.; Bont, J.A.M. de
Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1992 Jul.
Applied and environmental microbiology v. 58 (7): p. 2219-2226; 1992 Jul.
Includes references.
Galaska, E.G.; Skladany, G.J.; Nyer, E.K.
Chelsea, Mich. : Lewis Publishers; 1990.
Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University (44th): p.
11-21; 1990. Meeting held on May 9-11, 1989, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, Indiana. Includes references.
Applied biochemistry and biotechnology v. 39/40: p. 621-630; 1993. Paper
presented at the Fourteenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals
held May 11-15, 1992, Gathinburg, Tennessee. Includes references.
Cambridge : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1993 Aug.
Trends in biotechnology v. 11 (8): p. 317-319; 1993 Aug. In the special
issue: Bioremediation: technological and commercial issues in the biological
detoxification of polluted sites.
Bewley, R.J.F.
Madison, Wis. : Science Tech Publishers; 1992.
FEMS symposium - Federation of European Microbiological Societies (63): p.
33-45; 1992. In the series analytic: The release of genetically modified
microorganisms--REGEM 2 / edited by D.E.S. Stewart-Tull and M. Sussman. Paper
presented at the "Symposium on the Release of Genetically Modified
Microorganisms--REGEM 2," August 29-31, 1991, Nottingham, UK. Includes
references.
United States, Congress, Office of Technology Assessment
Washington, D.C. : Congress of the U.S., Office of Technology Assessment : For
sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.,; 1991; Y 3.T 22/2:2 B 52/7.
v, 31 p. : ill. ; 26 cm. (Background paper). "May 1991"--P. [4] of cover.
"OTA-BP-O-70"--P. [4] of cover. Includes bibliographical references.
Anderson, T.A.; Guthrie, E.A.; Walton, B.T.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1993 Dec.
Environmental science & technology v. 27 (13): p. 2630-2637; 1993 Dec.
Includes references.
Engelder, C.L.; Matson, S.A.
Chelsea, Mich. : Lewis Publishers; 1991.
Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University (45th): p.
287-294; 1991. Meeting held on May 8-10, 1990, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, Indiana. Includes references.
Chelsea, Mich. : Lewis Publishers; 1990.
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