Compiled By:
Karl R. Schneider
Reference Section
Reference and User Services Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351
| SET | DESCRIPTION |
| 1 | (((SOIL or SOILS) near5 (TEST* or ANAL* or (NUTRIENT*
near3 (LEVEL or LEVELS)))) or ((PLANT or PLANTS or FOLIA*) near ANAL*))/TI,DE |
| 2 | (NUTRIENT* near6 (LEVEL or LEVELS)) or ((TISSUE or TISSUES)
near2 TEST* |
| 3 | FERTILISER or FERTILIZER or FERTILISERS or FERTILIZERS or FERTILITY)
near10 (ADD* or NEED* or NECESS* or RECOM* or APPL*) |
| 4 | ((#1 or #2) and #3) or DRIS |
| 5 | #4 and (UD>9306) [to include only updates since June 1993] |
Abstract: A national series of rates X forms of phosphate fertilizer trials has provided a large amount of data on patterns of response of pasture production and soil P tests to forms, rates and frequencies of P fertilizer application over time. A simple mechanistic model of P in pastoral systems has been developed in an attempt to account for the observed patterns. The model considers active P in the soil to be in one of two compartments: undissolved fertilizer P (PF) and a pool of labile, plant-available P (PA). P dissolving from PF enters PA, and P is lost from PA by immobilisation in the soil and by net removal above ground through non- recycled uptake by plants. Both these transfers are taken to follow first order kinetics, with rate constants designated K1 and K2 respectively. Pasture dry matter (DM) production in any year is related to the mid-year value of PA by the diminishing-returns Mitscherlich equation, with nil pasture yield being associated with nil PA. Data from different sites with the same design were combined to give generalised response patterns with which to assess the model. Only the control treatment and treatments receiving triple superphosphate (TSP) and Sechura phosphate rock (SPR) were considered. With a value for K1 corresponding to almost immediate dissolution, the model accounted well for the Olsen soil P test patterns from TSP when K2 corresponded to an annual loss of 16.3% of P in PA and a factor of 10 was used to convert Olsen P to kg P/ha in PA. Pasture DM yield response curves to rates of TSP in individual years were well accounted for when the mid-year value of PA required for 90% relative yield was taken as 130 kg P/ha. The model also accounted well for the difference between response. controls were less than model predictions: this could be due to unfertilised pasture making more use of P from greater soil depth or less available forms. Olsen P tests with the higher rates of SPR were always lower than model predictions using a value for K1 derived from chemical measurement of SPR dissolution rates in the trials. However, DM yields from SPR were generally close to model predictions. These divergent results support independent data suggesting that available soil P from reactive phosphate rocks (RPRs) is underestimated by the Olsen P test. The relative success of this simple compartmental model in accounting for generalised response patterns in such a large body of data suggests that it could be a useful starting point for a dynamic P fertilizer recommendation model.
2.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Agricultural BMPs for phosphorus reduction in south
Florida.
Izuno, F. T.; Bottcher, A. B.; Coale, F. J.; Sanchez, C. A.;
Jones, D. B. Trans-ASAE v.38(3): p.735-744 (1995 May-
1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: water; water-quality; water-management;
soil-fertility; phosphorus; drainage; rotations; crops;
filtration; florida
Abstract: Four sets of eight or twelve 0.7 ha plots, designed for soil and hydraulic uniformity, were used to screen potential "Best Management Practices" (BMPs) for reducing total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and loadings in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) of south Florida. The four production systems and their alternatives (treatments) studied were: (1) sugarcane (interspecific hybrids of Saccharum sp.) versus drained fallow plots; (2) fast versus slow drainage rates for sugarcane; (3) rice (Oryza sativa L.) in rotation following radishes to serve as a P filter crop versus traditional flooding fallow; and (4) banding phosphorus (P) fertilizer at 50% of the soil-test recommendation rate for cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) versus full-rate broadcast applications. The study showed that there were no differences in P concentrations in drainage water between sugarcane and drained fallow fields. Annual P loading to the plots in rainfall and irrigation water (0.63 kg TP ha-1) exceeded the P loading of drainage waters (0.52 kg TP ha-1 for sugarcane and 0.59 kg TP ha-1 for drained fallow plots). Slow drained sugarcane plots exhibited significantly higher TP concentrations than the fast drained plots. However, TP loads were significantly higher (0.97 kg ha-1) for fast drained plots than for the slow drained plots (0.67 kg ha-1). Rice as a P filter crop following radishes reduced TP concentrations and loadings. Finally, banding P fertilizer at a reduced rate for cabbage reduced TP concentrations compared to those for broadcasted P at the full recommended level. Total phosphorus loadings in drainage water were 1.17 kg ha-1 for banded and 1.38 kg ha-1 for broadcast treatments. A total of 1.30 kg TP ha-1 entered the plots. heavy fertilization. This indicates that the EAA system is currently a net assimilator of P.
3.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Agronomic effectiveness of partially acidulated rock
phosphate and fused calcium-magnesium phosphate compared with
superphosphate.
Bolland, M. D. A.; Glencross, R. N.; Gilkes, R. J.; Kumar, V.
Fertil-res v.32(2): p.169-183 (1992 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: avena-sativa; triticum-x-secale;
triticale; partially-acidulated-rock-phosphate; fused-calcium-
magnesium-phosphate; superphosphate; comparisons; crop- yield;
phosphorus; nutrient-content; plant-composition; nutrient-
availability; soil-test-values
Abstract: The agronomic effectiveness of two partially acidulated rock phosphate (PARP) fertilizers, made from either North Carolina or Moroccan apatite rock phosphate, and a fused calcium-magnesium phosphate (thermal phosphate or TP), was compared with the effectiveness of superphosphate in two glasshouse experiments. A different lateritic soil from Western Australia was used for each experiment. Oats (Avena sativa) were grown in one experiment and triticale (X Triticosecale) in the other. Fertilizer effectiveness was measured using (i) yield of dried tops, (ii) P content (P concentration in tissue multiplied by yield) of dried tops, and (iii) bicarbonate-extractable soil P (soil test value). The following relationships differed for the different fertilizers: (i) yield of dried tops and P content in the dried tops; (ii) yield and soil test values. Consequently the fertilizer effectiveness values calculated using yield data differed from those calculated using P content or soil test data. Freshly-applied superphosphate was always the most effective fertilizer regardless of the method used to calculate fertilizer effectiveness values. For one of the soils, as calculated using yield data, relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the PARP and TP fertilizers were 15 to 30% as effective for the first crop, and 20 to 50% as effective for the second crop. The second soil was more acidic, and for the first crop the PARP and TP fertilizers were 80 to 90% as effective as freshly-applied superphosphate, but all fertilizers. fertilizer was more effective than the PARP fertilizers.
4.
NAL Call No.: S451.M9M9
Alfalfa fertilizer recommendations by plant
analysis.
Graham, D. Mont-agresearch v.1(1): p.22-26 (1984
Spring)
Includes references.
Descriptors: medicago-sativa; fertilizer-requirement-
determination
5.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
An alternative rationale for corn nitrogen fertilizer
recommendations.
Vanotti, M. B.; Bundy, L. G. J-prod-agric v.7(2): p.243-
249 (1994 Apr.-1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; nitrogen-fertilizers;
application-rates; optimization; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; edaphic-factors; nitrate-nitrogen; nitrogen-
content; soil- test-values; wisconsin
6.
NAL Call No.: TD172.W36
Application of leaf, soil, and tree ring chemistry to
determine the nutritional status of sugar maple on sites of
different levels of decline.
Cote, B.; Camire, C. Water-air-soil-pollut v.83(3/4):
p.363-373 (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: acer-saccharum; forest-decline; nutrient-
content; mineral-content; plant-composition; leaves; growth-
rings; soil-chemistry; soil-fertility; forest-soils; plant-
nutrition; dris; mineral-nutrition; nutritional-state; potassium;
calcium; magnesium; aluminum; exchangeable-potassium;
exchangeable-aluminum; quebec
7.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Assessing risk associated with N fertilizer
recommendations in the absence of soil tests.
Barreto, H. J.; Bell, M. A. Fertil-res v.40(3): p.175-
183 (1194)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; crop-production;
fertilizer-requirement-determination; methodology; comparisons;
risk; assessment; probability; crop-yield; grain; nitrogen-
fertilizers; application-rates; economic-evaluation;
mathematical-models; probability-analysis; field-experimentation;
mexico; on-farm-research
Abstract: In many developing countries, fertilizer recommendations must be made in the absence of plant and soil analyses. When the region is variable in terms of soils, weather, and magnitude of response to fertilizer, a recommendation is likely to involve a high degree of risk for the farmer. Quantification of such risk is key to developing appropriate recommendations for the farmer. However, most methodologies generally used in analyzing fertilizer trials do not allow adequate quantification, especially as a continuous function, of the risk associated with a given recommendation. Three years of on-farm trials conducted in the High Valley of Mexico were used to evaluate different methodologies for generating N fertilization recommendations and their associated risk for wheat (Triticum aestivum) production in the absence of soil tests. When the traditional approach, using average yield responses or separate trial results, was used, an economic optimum was identified, but it was not possible to quantify the associated risk. In contrast, however, by using a combination of response surface methodology and simple probability analysis, the risk associated with any given recommendation was developed, even under the highly variable conditions of the study zone. The approach uses a treatment difference matrix (developed using average yield differences between a treatment and the zero N (0N) check) and its associated standard deviation over locations. From the matrix, an equation (being a function of N rate and relative grain:N price ratios) was developed that shows the probability of outperforming the 0N check for the economic optimum rate.
8.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Assessment of fertilizer P residues in a calcareous
Vertisol.
Warren, G. P.; Sahrawat, K. L. Fertil-res v.34(1): p.45-
53 (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: vertisols; calcareous-soils; phosphorus;
residues; nutrient-availability; assessment; soil-testing;
analytical-methods; comparisons; soil-test-values; extraction;
exchangeable-cations; desorption; ion-exchange; ion-exchange-
resins; extractants; nutrient-uptake; crop-yield; correlation;
residual-effects; diammonium-phosphate; application-rates;
seasonal-variation; sorghum; andhra-pradesh
Abstract: The amounts of available P in a Typic Pellustert containing different levels of residual fertilizer P were assessed in a field experiment and chemically with cation- anion-exchange resin, using: (i) P desorbed after 1 extraction, (ii) cumulative P from 8 extractions [Resin8-P] and (iii) the asymptote of the extraction curve. P exchangeable to 32P, Olsen- P and P extracted by dilute salt solution (0.03 M KCl) were also measured. P available to sorghum in 1989 was strongly influenced by fertilizer P applied in 1988, but not by P applied in 1987. Olsen-P and Resin8-P both reflected well the effects of residual P on yield and P uptake and could therefore be used to predict available residual P. The amounts of Resin8-P were much larger than Olsen-P, so it was easier to observe the differences between soil treatments, but Olsen-p gave the better correlations with grain yield and P uptake. Multiple regressions of crop yield or P uptake with amounts of P applied in 1987 and 1988 gave the best correlations, without the need for practical work. Thus, the development of an appropriate model based on records of P fertilization is seen as the most effective way to predict availability of residual P. Assessments related to the P intensity and desorption rate using resin were not able to improve predictions of available P, indicating that within one soil the quantity of residual P is most important, but for comparisons between soils, account will need to be taken of differences in soil characteristics.
9.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Assessment of methods for studying the dissolution of
phosphate fertilizers of differing solubility in soil. I. An
isotopic method.
Di, H. J.; Harrison, R.; Campbell, A. S. Fertil-res
v.38(1): p.1-9 (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: phosphorus-fertilizers; solubility;
phosphates; release; retention; soil-analysis; analytical-
methods; isotope-labeling; ion-exchange; monocalcium- phosphate;
rock-phosphate; partially-acidulated-rock-phosphate; sandy-loam-
soils; silt-loam-soils; phosphorus; nutrient-availability;
application-rates; exchangeable-phosphorus; phosphorus-retention-
capacity
Abstract: An isotopic exchange method, based on tracer kinetic theory, was used to study the dissolution (Fin) and retention (Fout) of Phosphate (P) fertilizers in the soil. This method involves labelling of the soil with carrier-free 32p phosphate ions, and monitoring changes with time of specific activity of isotopically exchangeable phosphate in the soil as extracted by plants, and of the amounts of readily exchangeable P. To assess this method, experiments were carried out to determine the rates of release and retention of phosphate from three fertilizers, monocalcium phosphate (MCP), ground North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR > 150 micrometers), and 30% acidulated (with phosphoric acid) NCPR (NCPAPR), in two soils, Tekapo fine sandy loam and Craigieburn silt loam. MCP was applied at 75 and 150 micrograms g-1 soil; NCPR was applied at 150 and 750 micrograms g-1 soil; and NCPAPR was applied at 150 micrograms g-1 soil. After 1, 50 and 111 days of incubation, the treated soil samples were labelled with carrier-free 32P-phosphate ions, and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was grown to sample specific activity in these samples. Results showed that the changing patterns of exchangeable P in the soils as affected by fertilizer solubility and application rate could be clearly explained by the values of Fin and Fout. With increasing period of soil-fertilizer contact, the P added in the form of MCP solution was rapidly transformed into non-exchangeable forms (high Fout value). Exchangeable P in the NCPR and NCPAPR treated soils were maintained at steady concentrations for extended periods due to the continued release of P from the fertilizer material (steady Fin) and lower rates of P retention by the soil (smaller Fout) The.
10.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Banding nitrogen fertilizer influence on inorganic
nitrogen distribution.
Clay, D. E.; Carlson, C. C.; Holman, P. W.; Schumacher, T. E.;
Clay, S. A. J-plant-nutr v.18(2): p.331-341 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; glycine-max; urea-ammonium-
nitrate; band-placement; nitrogen; spatial-distribution; soil-
fertility; clay-loam-soils; rowcrops; south-dakota; silty-clay-
loam-soils
Abstract: Banding nitrogen (N) fertilizer increases inorganic N variability in areas between the corn rows for one or two years. Fertilizer recommendations may be improved by developing sampling systems that account for this variability. If soil samples are routinely taken from one location relative to another, then fertilizer recommendations may be biased. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of banding N fertilizer on N distribution in soil. Urea ammonium nitrate was applied to a Brandt silty clay loam (Fine-silty, mixed Udic Haploboroll) at the six leaf growth stage in 1992. Soil samples were collected from grid points (0, 8, 22, and > 35 cm from fertilizer band) between the corn (Zea mays L.) rows in the fall of 1992. Soil samples were analyzed for inorganic N. In unfertilized plots, inorganic N distribution at all of the sampling locations followed lognormal distributions. However, in band fertilized plots inorganic N distributions were influenced by sampling location. Inorganic N estimated from samples collected 22 cm from the band underestimated residual N by 30 to 40%. Inorganic N was estimated correctly when samples were collected 8 cm from the band, while it was over estimated when samples were collected from the band.
11.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Birdsfoot trefoil response to phosphorus and
potassium.
Russelle, M. P.; McGraw, R. L.; Leep, R. H. J-prod-agric
v.4(1): p.114-120 (1991 Jan.-1991 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lotus-corniculatus; cultivars; silt-loam-
soils; sandy-soils; irrigated-soils; impeded-drainage; seed-
production; forage; crop-production; potassium-fertilizers;
phosphorus-fertilizers; application-rates; stand-establishment;
crop-yield; persistence; nutrients; cycling; michigan; minnesota;
stand-persistence
Abstract: Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is a forage legume grown widely in cool-temperate regions, but its forage and seed yield responses to P and K are not well documented. Field experiments were established on a poorly drained Brimley silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Alfic Haplaquods) in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and on an irrigated Hubbard loamy sand (sandy, mixed Udorthentic Haploborolls) in east central Minnesota to determine response of Norcen and Viking cultivars to P and K. Plots were seeded at 2 and 10 lb/acre for seed and forage production, respectively. Factorial combinations of P and K were applied annually at each site, 0 to 13 lb P/acre with 0 to 280 lb K/acre in Minnesota and 0 to 22 lb P/acre with 0 to 80 lb K/acre in Michigan. Added fertilizer improved stands and forage yield in only a few cases. Applied P improved stands of Norcen on the poorly drained soil, but effects did not carry over in production years. Stand establishment was not affected by applied K. Forage yields on the loamy sand were not improved by applied K when soil test levels in August exceeded 126 lb K/acre. Added fertilizer K could be accounted for in exchangeable soil K in the uppermost 6 in., K removed in harvested forage, and estimated K contained in roots. Soil test levels of K increased rapidly (0.73 lb exchangeable soil K/1.0 lb fertilizer K) when K fertilizer additions exceeded removal in forage. Forage yield did not improve with added P, although Bray-1 extractable P was as low as 21 lb/acre in the upper 6 in. of soil. No effects of fertilizer were observed for seed yield or winter survival.
12.
NAL Call No.: S544.3.N9C46
Calculations for fertilizer blends to meet soil test
recommendations.
Fanning, C. NDSU-Ext-Serv-Publ-N-D-State-Univ. Fargo, N.D. :
The University. Oct 1988. (SF-961) 3 p
Descriptors: fertilizers; blending; calculation; soil-testing;
soil-test-values; fertilizer-analysis; cost-analysis
13.
NAL Call No.: S596.7.D4
Can maize cultivars with low mineral nutrient
concentrations in the grains help to reduce the need for
fertilizers in third world countries.
Feil, B.; Thiraporn, R.; Stamp, P. Dev-plant-soil-sci.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1993. v. 50 p. 295-
299
In the series analytic: Genetic aspects of plant mineral
nutrition / edited by P.J. Randall, E. Delhaize, R.A. Richards
and R. Munns.
Descriptors: zea-mays; nitrogen-content; phosphorus;
potassium; mineral-content; nutrient-content; seeds; cultivars;
genotype-nutrition-interaction; nutrient- availability; nitrogen-
fertilizers; plant-nutrition; mineral-nutrition
Abstract: An earlier study revealed considerable genotypic variation in grain N, P and K concentrations (GNC, GPC and GKC, respectively) in tropical maize. The expression of varietal differences in GNC, GPC and GKC, however, may depend on environmental conditions such as the N status of the soil. Two tropical maize hybrids (Suwan 2301 and CP 1 ) with comparable yielding capacity, but contrasting GNCs, GPCs and GKCs, were therefore grown at four levels of N in a field experiment at Farm Suwan (Thailand, latitude 14.5 degrees N). Suwan 2301 exhibited a higher GNC than did CP 1 at all rates of N, but large differences in GPC and GKC were found only at high N fertilization. This was obviously due to individual grain yield responses of the cultivars to increasing rates of N fertilizer, demonstrating that grain nutrient concentrations are, at least in part, functions of the amount of grain carbohydrates which dilute a genetically and environmentally fixed amount of grain P and K. As compared to Suwan 2301, CP 1 accumulated less N, P and K in the grains at almost all levels of N fertilization, confirming our hypothesis that the cultivation of maize genotypes with low grain mineral nutrient concentrations may help third-world cash-crop farmers to reduce the need for scarce and costly mineral fertilizers. This finding has to be verified at reduced availability of soil -P, - K, and water.
14.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Carbohydrate content of cotton plants at different growth
periods and the influence of fertilizers.
Ergle, D. R. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.28(10): p.775-786 (1936
Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; crop-yield; growth-
period; crop-growth-stage; npk-fertilizers; sugars;
polysaccharides; monosaccharides; growth-rate; bolls; roots;
shoots; plant-analysis; clay-loam-soils; texas; squares; nodes
Abstract: The data show that the total sugars, representing the soluble carbohydrates, decreased in concentration in the plant tops between the stages of seedling and square formation, after which the trend in concentration was upward and increased rapidly during active boll formation, the rate of increase diminishing as the bolls approached maturity. At maturity, when the cotton bolls began opening, the total sugars began decreasing in concentration. Excepting the period of active boll formation, when the concentration of total sugars in both the tops and roots was rapidly increasing, the course of the changes in concentration of the total sugars in the roots tended to be opposite to that in the plant top. During the period of study, the concentration of total sugars in the roots exceeded the concentrations in the plant tops. The diose sugars of the roots exceeded by a large margin the concentration of monose sugars. In the tops of the cotton plant the difference in concentration of the two sugars was influenced by the stage of plant development and the fertilizer used. In general, during the latter stage of boll formation, July 9 to August 6, the monose sugars exceeded in concentration the diose sugars. The monose sugars in the tops of cotton plants and the diose sugars in the roots were the best indicator of the effects of fertilization on the soluble carbohydrates. The polysaccharoses, representing the insoluble or storage carbohydrates, were found to occur in greater concentration in the roots than in the tops of the cotton plant. In general, the course of the changes in concentration for both the roots and tops of the plant was upward throughout the growth periods studied. The rate of change in concentration was greater in the plant roots than in the tops. Plants fertilized with complete fertilizers had a higher level of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates in both the tops and roots during the latter stages of plant development than did the unfertilized plants or those fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus separately. Phosphorus alone tended towards effecting a higher level in the plant tops. Nitrogen alone had no consistent effect upon the soluble carbohydrates in either the tops or roots but did tend to effect a lower concentration of insoluble carbohydrates near the end of the season. The growth of cotton plants and yields of seed cotton were increased by fertilizer applications, the largest returns resulting from the 9-3-3 followed by the 3-9-3 fertilizer. These mixtures also produced most cotton at the first picking, showing an early stimulating effect on growth and square and boll formation, resulting in earlier maturity of cotton. The greater carbohydrate content of the plants correlates with larger plant growth and larger yields. The total carbohydrate content expressed as percentage of green plant or as grams per plant was greatest in plants grown with 9- 3-3 and 3-9-3 fertilizers, these being the fertilizers giving largest plant growth and greatest yields.
15.
NAL Call No.: 4-Am34P
Cation-equivalent constancy in alfalfa.
Bear, F. E.; Prince, A. L. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.37(3):
p.217-222 (1945 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: medicago-sativa; soil-analysis; soil-
types-textural; crop-yield; exchange-acidity; exchangeable-
cations
Abstract: Consideration has been given to the cation content of alfalfa plants that were grown on 20 very different New Jersey soils under as nearly optimum conditions as our knowledge of these soils at the outset of the study permitted. The data indicate that high yielding-capacity of these soils for alfalfa over a period of sufficient duration to permit of eight cuttings was associated with a high content of available Ca in the soil at the start of the test. Under conditions in which all the fertilizer was applied before seeding, the alfalfa accumulated large amounts of K in the first few crops with the result that most of the soils were rapidly depleted of this element. This tendency toward excessive absorption of K by plants might be expected from the position of this element in the electromotive series. The equivalents of K per 100 grams dry weight of alfalfa tended to decrease from the second to the eighth crop, whereas those of Ca and mg tended to increase. The sum of the equivalents of Ca, Mg, and K per unit of plant material tended to be a constant for the produce of any given harvest, this constant having a value approaching 170 M.E. per 100 grams dry matter in the first crop and 187 M.E. in the eighth. The evidence supports the belief that each of these cations has at least two functions in the plant, one specific and the other or others of the type that can be performed interchangeably by all three cations. Once the supply of each cation is adequate to meet the specific need for it, there can be a wide range in ratios in the remaining quantities that are absorbed by the plant to meet its total cation needs. Whether the problem of growing alfalfa is considered from the. should be fortified with an abundance of Ca and Mg in preparation for seeding, but that the K applications should be governed by the specific annual needs of the plant, a suitable application being made at seeding time and additional quantities being supplied each year the crop is allowed to continue on the same land. Because of alfalfa's tendency to accumulate K in excess of its critical need for it, difficulty is experienced in maintaining an adequate supply of this element in the soil. The annual application of K must be sufficient to maintain the K content of the plant at not less than 1%, but it should not be so large as to effect a substitutlon of K for Ca and Mg in the functions that are common to all three cations in the plant. The Na content of the alfalfa was too small to be of any significance in connection with the conclusions reached in this paper, the largest amount found being 2.04 M.E. per 100 grams dry matter in the produce of the Whippany silt loam soil.
16.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Celery yield responds to phosphorus rate but not
phosphorus placement on histosols.
Espinoza, L.; Sanchez, C. A.; Schueneman, T. J.
HortScience v.28(12): p.1168-1170 (1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: apium-graveolens; phosphorus-fertilizers;
application-rates; band-placement; broadcasting; histosols; use-
efficiency; fertilizer-requirement-determination; crop-yield;
soil-testing; soil-test-values; plant-analysis; florida; apium-
graveolens-var; -dulce
Abstract: Four field experiments were conducted during two production seasons to evaluate soil-test P fertilizer recommendations for celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) produced on Histosols, which often are linked hydrologically to environmentally sensitive wetlands, and to evaluate band placement as a strategy for improving P fertilizer-use efficiency in celery in such areas. Phosphorus was applied (broadcast or banded) at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg P/ha. Broadcast P was surface applied and disked into the soil approximately 15 cm deep 1 day before planting. Banded P was applied 5 cm below the soil surface and 5 cm to the side of each celery row. Total above- ground mass, marketable trimmed yield of celery, and yield of the larger grade sizes increased with P rate in all experiments. Band P placement was not a viable strategy for improving P fertilizer- use efficiency for celery. However, our results indicate that previous soil-test-based P fertilizer recommendations for celery were too high for the cultivars grown currently, and improved P fertilizer-use efficiency can be obtained with revised soil-test calibrations.
17.
NAL Call No.: QD415.A1B5
Chemical composition of Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae): Do
responses to fertilizer vary with phenological
stage.
Iason, G. R.; Hartley, S. E.; Duncan, A. J. Biochem-syst-
ecol v.21(3): p.315-321 (1993 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: plant-composition; nitrogen-fertilizers;
phenolic-compounds; tannins; nitrogen-content; fiber-content;
nutrient-balance; carbon-nutrient-balance-hypothesis
Abstract: The effects of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on the content of total nitrogen, acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, total phenolics and condensed tannins of current season's shoots of Calluna vulgaris were measured. Fertilizer applications were either (i) prior to flowering or (ii) after flowering. Samples of green shoots were collected from the pre- flowering fertilizer treatment at the onset of flowering (August) and from both treatments at the end of the growth season (November); all showed increased total nitrogen and decreased ADF, consistent with increased growth, as compared with unfertilized controls. Contrary to the predictions of the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis, levels of total phenolics and condensed tannins did not decline significantly with fertilizer additions. However, fertilizer applied prior to flowering tended to reduce total phenolics and condensed tannins whereas fertilizer applications after flowering tended to increase them. There was a strong seasonal increase in condensed tannins and total phenolics between August and September, at the time of flowering. These results are discussed in relation to Calluna's changing demand for and supply of resources at different phenological stages.
18.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Chlorophyll meter estimates leaf area-based nitrogen
concentration of rice.
Peng, S.; Laza, M. R. C.; Garcia, F. V.; Cassman, K. G.
Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.26(5/6): p.927-935 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: oryza-sativa; genotypes; crop-growth-
stage; plant-analysis; nitrogen-content; leaves; chlorophyll;
meters; weight; leaf-area; nitrogen-fertilizers; application-
rates; fertilizer-requirement-determination; philippines
Abstract: The chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) can be used to diagnose the nitrogen (N) status of rice (Oryza sativa L) plants to determine the need for fertilizer-N topdressing. However, accurate estimation of leaf N concentration on a dry weight basis (Ndw) by SPAD requires the adjustment of SPAD values for specific leaf weight (SLW). The objective of this study was to determine if SPAD estimates of leaf N concentration on a leaf area basis (Na) without correcting for SLW. SPAD values were measured from different genotypes at various growth stages with the chlorophyll meter. Leaf N concentration was determined by micro-Kjeldahl procedure and expressed based on dry weight and leaf area. Specific leaf weight was calculated as the ratio of leaf dry weight to leaf area. At each growth stage, SPAD estimated Na better than Ndw, especially at the middle and later growth stages. When data for all stages were pooled, SPAD values also correlated with Na better than with Ndw (r value of 0.81 versus 0.43). This finding was also true across 80 genotypes. For estimation of Na by SPAD, therefore, no adjustment of SPAD values for SLW is needed.
19.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Commercial snap bean response to fertilization with
broiler litter.
Brown, J. E.; Gilliam, C. H.; Shumack, R. L.; Porch, D. W.
HortScience v.28(1): p.29-31 (1993 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: phaseolus-vulgaris; fertilizers; poultry-
manure; plant-nutrition; nutrient-content; foliar-diagnosis;
nitrogen; calcium; potassium; magnesium; phosphorus; manganese;
soil-ph; application-rates; crop-yield; spring; falls; alabama
Abstract: Commercial snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) yields in spring were similar when comparing a commercial fertilizer standard based on soil test recommendations to three application rates of broiler litter. Snap bean yields in the fall were higher on plots that received spring-applied broiler litter than on those receiving the commercial fertilizer standard in the fall. Increasing the application rate of broiler litter generally resulted in a linear yield response during both seasons.
20.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
A comparative study of the DOP and the DRIS methods, for
evaluating the nutritional status of peach trees.
Monge, E.; Montanes, L.; Val, J.; Sanz, M. Acta-hortic
(383): p.191-199 (1995 Apr.)
In the series analytic: Mineral nutrition of deciduous fruit
plants / edited by M. Tagliavini, G.H. Neilsen and P.
Millard.
Descriptors: prunus-persica; nutrient-requirements;
dris; plant-nutrition; mineral-nutrition; foliar-diagnosis;
mineral-content; nitrogen-content; nitrogen; potassium;
phosphorus; calcium; magnesium; leaves; nutritional-state;
fertilizer-requirement-determination; deviation-of-optimum-
percentage
21.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Comparison between two controlled-release fertilizers on
selected foliage plants in an artificial potting
mix.
Rauch, F. D.; Murakami, P. K. Fertil-res v.39(2): p.89-
95 (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: impatiens; palmae; genera; species;
spathiphyllum; ornamental-foliage-plants; nitrogen-fertilizers;
nutrient-sources; slow-release-fertilizers; application- rates;
comparisons; growth-rate; nutrient-content; plant-height; dry-
matter-accumulation; pot-culture; hawaii
Abstract: A series of trials compared Osmocote and a recently available controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) product, Nutricote, at the same rates of N per container. Comparable formulations (e.i. 3-4 months) were compared on a variety of tropical foliage plants including: Impatiens, palms (Chamaedorea seifrizii, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Phoenix roebelinii, Rhapis excelsa and Chamaedorea elegans) and Spathiphyllum; at 10 rates of N from 0 to 2-3 times the manufacture's recommended rate in a 1:1 (v:v) peat:perlite mix amended with dolomitic lime and a commercial micronutrient mixture. The plants were grown in a shade house, watered with overhead spray stakes and pest control measures used as required. Growth parameters used were plant height, growth index and top dry weight, along with tissue analysis and NO3(-) concentrations. Overall plant height of the majority of plants tested was found to be comparable for the two CRF sources. However, there were some differences in top dry weight and leaf green color which were species specific. These results suggest that the release rate and availability of specific nutrients during the various plant growth phases may be more important for optimum plant growth and quality than the fertilizer formulation used. In general, both CRF products resulted in satisfactory plant growth and quality under the conditions of these trials. Additional studies are needed on the other factors affecting the use of these fertilizer products, such as water quality, media, media temperature, light, fertilizer placement, and economics. Once these factors are fully understood it will be possible to fully take advantage of this newer fertilizer technology and to customize.
22.
NAL Call No.: QH540.J6
Comparison of amendments and management practices for
long-term reclamation of abandoned mine lands.
Pichtel, J. R.; Dick, W. A.; Sutton, P. J-environ-qual
v.23(4): p.766-772 (1994 July-1994 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dactylis-glomerata; festuca-arundinacea;
trifolium-hybridum; trifolium-repens; lotus-corniculatus; mine-
spoil; mined-land; reclamation; sewage-sludge; fly- ash;
composts; paper-mill-sludge; bark; topsoil; lime; ammonium-
nitrate; superphosphate; potassium-fertilizers; soil-ph;
nutrient-content; biomass-production; yields; grassland-
management; ohio
Abstract: Abandoned mine lands containing pyritic spoil may become toxic due to production of sulfuric acid and subsequent high levels of heavy metals. A field study was initiated to compare the long-term (10 yr) effectiveness of digested municipal sewage sludge (224 Mg ha-1), powerplant fly ash (448 Mg ha-1), papermill sludge composted with either coarse or fine wood bark (67, 90, and 112 Mg ha-1), and limed topsoil (20-cm depth) in maintaining a grass-legume mixture on toxic abandoned mine spoil (initial pH 3.4). Management of reclaimed plots included an additional one-time application of N, P, and K according to soil test 1 yr after reclamation and annual cutting of vegetation that was either removed from the plot or left on the surface. Soil was sampled at depths of 0 to 10 and 10 to 20 cm, with the lower sample representing soil (except for the topsoil treatment) to which the amendments had not been mixed. These soil samples were analyzed for pH and plant nutrients. Dry matter production declined sharply after 3 yr and then recovered the last 2 yr due to favorable weather, although to only two- thirds of the initial levels. The topsoil and sewage sludge amendments maintained overall highest yields and highest percent vegetative cover (93 and 91%, respectively). Amended spoil experienced a gradual pH increase over the study period with the topsoil amendment exhibiting the highest pH (7.0) and fly ash the lowest pH (5.1) after 10 yr. The topsoil and sewage sludge amendments generally maintained the highest soil K, Ca, and Mg concentrations, while the sewage sludge and fly ash amendments had the highest P concentrations. pH values and P, K, Ca, and concentrations in the 0- to 10-cm soil horizon. and fertilizer did increase vegetative yields. We conclude that the papermill sludge and sewage sludge amendments were roughly equivalent to limed topsoil for the successful long-term reclamation of toxic mine spoil. The fly ash amendment was least successful due to its inability to provide pH and nutrient levels sufficient for the maintenance of good vegetative growth.
23.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-So3
Comparison of diagnosis and recommendation integrated
system and nutrient sufficiency range for corn.
"Soltanpour, P. N.; Malakouti, M. J.; Ronaghi, A. Soil-Sci-
Soc-Am-j. [Madison, Wis.] Soil Science Society of America.
Jan/Feb 1995. v. 59 (1) p. 133-139
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; mineral-deficiencies;
diagnostic-techniques; dris; comparisons; nutrient-requirements
Abstract: The diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) is a potential method for interpreting plant foliar nutrient composition. The objective of our study was to compare DRIS with the nutrient sufficiency range (NSR) for corn (Zea mays L.). We used published standard DRIS norms and Colorado DRIS norms calculated from ear leaf composition at tasseling to silking of corn yielding 11 Mg grain ha-1 or higher. Our NSR values are based on the minimum and maximum nutrient concentration values found in the literature. We changed the minimum value of 21 g kg-1 for N to 26 g kg-1. For identifying nutrient needs of corn, the NSR was superior to DRIS regardless of the DRIS norms used. Identified flaws of DRIS are: (i) very high levels of one nutrient can cause false relative deficiency (imbalance) diagnosis of other nutrients, and (ii) an optimal ratio between two nutrients produces maximum yields only when both nutrients are in their respective sufficiency ranges. We recommend use of the NSR technique in combination with a soil test to avoid the misdiagnosis of Zn and Cu deficiencies in corn when N is extremely deficient.
24.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Comparison of near-infrared spectroscopy and other soil
nitrogen availability quick tests for corn.
Fox, R. H.; Shenk, J. S.; Piekielek, W. P.; Westerhaus, M. O.;
Toth, J. D.; Macneal, K. E. Agron-j v.85(5): p.1049-1053
(1993 Sept.-1993 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; prediction; nutrient-
availability; nitrogen; soil-testing; infrared-spectroscopy;
crop-yield; grain; fertilizer-requirement-determination;
sampling; soil-test-values; nitrogen-fertilizers; mathematical-
models; pennsylvania
Abstract: Our ability to predict N fertilizer needs for corn (Zea mays L.) is improving, but more accurate and convenient tests are still needed. This work compared a new quick test for soil N availability using a near-infrared spectrophotometer (NIRS) with three published quick tests for predicting soil N-supplying capability (NSC) and relative corn grain yield. The other tests were the pre-sidedress nitrate test (PSNT), nitrate concentration (at-plant NO3), and absorbance at 200 nm of a 0.01 M NaHCO3 extract (UV-200 test) of 0- to 20-cm soil samples taken at planting. Soil samples taken at planting from 95 field experiments in Pennsylvania were analyzed at reflectance wavelengths from 400 nm to 2500 nm with NIRS. The coefficients of determination were the same (R2 = 0.49) for both linear and quadratic regressions of NSC and NIRS test values. The abilities of the four tests to predict NSC and relative corn grain yield were compared using data from 90 of the 95 experiments. The R2 values for linear and quadratic regressions between soil test values and NSC ranged from 0.49 to 0.58 for the NIRS, PSNT, and UV-200 tests; for the at-plant NO3 test, R2 was lower (approximately 0.40). Eliminating sites where corn directly followed a legume, R2 values for quadratic regressions between test values and NSC increased to approximately 0.60 for the NIRS, PSNT, and UV-200 tests. The PSNT test was slightly better than the other tests in predicting a grain yield response to N fertilizer, but this advantage lessened when. The NIRS test offers a convenient, rapid, and inexpensive alternative to the PSNT for predicting whether humid-region corn fields will respond to N fertilizer.
25.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
A comparison of various methods for determining the
fertilizer needs of certain soils.
Smith, F. B.; Brown, P. E.; Neal, O. R. J-Am-Soc-Agron
v.25(6): p.383-391 (1933 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: avena-sativa; crop-yield; fertilizer-
requirement-determination; soil-testing; loam-soils; aspergillus-
niger; weight; nutrient-availability; nitrate-fertilizers;
superphosphate; potassium-fertilizers
Abstract: The fertilizer needs of Carrington loam were studied by means of biological, chemical, and greenhouse tests. Applications of sodium nitrate alone gave slight increases in the crop yield and brought about an increase in solubility of the soil phosphates. Twenty per cent superphosphate gave increases in crop yields which varied directly with the amount of the application. Applications of muriate of potash had no significant effect on crop yields on this particular soil. The growth of A. niger was closely correlated with the amount of available phosphate as measured by the Truog method. There was also a direct relationship between the amount of available phosphate and the crop yield. The Carrington loam, under the conditions of this experiment, seemed to be adequately supplied with available nitrogen and potassium but showed a deficiency in readily available phosphate for maximum plant growth. In general, the results secured with the A. niger method, the Neubauer test, and the Truog method for available phosphate agreed rather closely with the crop yields obtained in both greenhouse experiments. That is, increased crop yields were secured on those soils containing the larger amounts of available phosphate.
26.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Compositional nutrient diagnosis of the greenhouse
tomato.
Parent, L. E.; Karam, A.; Visser, S. A. HortScience
v.28(10): p.1041-1042 (1993 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lycopersicon-esculentum; plant-
composition; crop-growth-stage; foliar-diagnosis; nutrient-
content; integrated-systems; plant-analysis; principal-component-
analysis; multivariate-analysis; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; diagnosis-and-recommendation-integrated-system;
compositional-nutrient-diagnosis
Abstract: Compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) norms were computed from a diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) databank as means and sds of CND multinutrient ratios and CND factors characterizing the high-yielding subpopulation of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants during the 3- to 8-cluster developmental stages. A CND multinutrient ratio is a row-centered logratio corrected for the bounded-sum constraint to 100% of all components, including a filling value between known components and 100%. CND multinutrient ratios for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were reduced to three dimensions by principal component analysis (PCA). Varimax- rotated factors-(N-K-Ca+), (Ca+Mg-), and (P-)-were designated as contrasts describing nutrient status and equilibria in diagnostic tissues. CND nutrient indexes for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were highly correlated with their DRIS counterparts (r = 0.964 to 0.987), using 20 independent observations. Since CND is compatible with PCA, CND could expand DRIS to a multivariate diagnostic approach projecting structured information on nutrient data into a Euclidean space. A critical sphere specific to a developmental stage could delineate the high-yielding subpopulation for diagnostic purposes. The critical radius defined using a probabilistic approach to capture the high yielders should be validated with independent fertilizer experiments.
27.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Corn and soybean yields during 11 years of phosphorus and
potassium fertilization on a high-testing soil.
Mallarino, A. P.; Webb, J. R.; Blackmer, A. M. J-prod-
agric v.4(3): p.312-317 (1991 July-1991 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; glycine-max; rotations;
phosphorus-fertilizers; potassium-fertilizers; application-rates;
crop-yield; phosphorus; potassium; soil-test-values; nutrient-
content; leaves; long-term-experiments; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; profitability; iowa
Abstract: Fertilization during the past two decades has increased the number of soils testing high in P and K; this increase has created the need for more information concerning how these soils should be fertilized. A study was conducted from 1979 to 1989 on a high-testing (28 ppm for P, 170 ppm for K) Kenyon loam (fine- loamy, mixed, mesic, Typic Hapludoll) soil in northeastern Iowa to determine the effects of P and K fertilization on soil test values and yields of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown in rotation. Factorial combination of 0, 20, and 40 lb P/acre and 0, 60, and 120 lb K/acre were applied annually to each crop. For both nutrients, the greatest rates of application caused increases in soil test values, and the smallest rates caused decreases in these values. Analyses of variance showed that 11-yr means for yields of corn and soybean were not significantly affected by either P or K fertilization. Occasional positive yield responses to fertilization were observed in individual years, but these responses often did not pay fertilizer costs. The results at this site suggest that corn and soybean producers could increase their profits by not applying P or K fertilizers to high-testing soils.
28.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Corn yield response to varied producer controlled factors
and weather in high yield environments.
Polito, T. A.; Voss, R. D. J-prod-agric v.4(1): p.51-57
(1991 Jan.-1991 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; hybrid-varieties; crop-
management; crop-yield; crop-density; row-spacing; fertilizers;
application-rates; timing; split-dressings; sidedressing;
preplanting-treatment; climatic-zones; climatic-factors; iowa
Abstract: Much of the corn (Zea mays L.) yield increases in the past five decades can be attributed to the identification and adjustment of controllable factors that limit production. This process must continue if we are to meet the food requirements of the future. The objectives of these experiments were to determine what combination of the producer controlled variables (e.g., N, P, and K fertilization, plant density, row spacing, hybrid, and timing of N application) would give maximum yields under the prevailing climatic conditions in the western Corn Belt. Eight field experiments were conducted in eastern and central Iowa from 1982 through 1984. Treatments varied with location but the treatment ranges were as follows: plant density- 20000 to 36000 plants/acre; row spacing-20 and 30 in.; N rate-60 to 333 lb/acre; fertilizer P rate-0 to 99 lb/acre; fertilizer K rate-0 to 249 lb/acre; N timing-preplant vs. split (preplant and side dress); plus four different hybrids. Weather had a moderating effect on all but one experiment by either delaying planting or providing severe moisture stress. Mean experiment grain yields ranged from 103 to 178 bu/acre, with the combination of controlled variables giving maximum yields varying with site- year. Grain yields did not respond to fertilizer N rates above the initial rate. Soil P levels were sufficient to produce maximum yields with or without added fertilizer P, and in 1983, added P resulted in a negative yield response. Grain yields responded to fertilizer K rates of 166 and 249 lb/acre in 1982 on plots with soil tests averaging 67 and 91 ppm K, respectively. The rate of 166 lb/acre resulted in grain yield increases in 1984 on plots with soil tests averaging. resulted in a grain yield difference only in 1982 when 20-in. rows showed an advantage over 30-in. rows. Hybrid had a significant effect on yield in all but one experiment. These experiments demonstrate the increased risk to the producer who is striving for high yields but who cannot control or predict the weather.
29.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Critical nutrient concentrations and DRIS analysis of
leaf and grain from high-yielding corn.
Roberts, S.; Rhee, J. K. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal
v.24(19/20): p.2679-2687 (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; high-yielding-varieties; leaves;
grain; plant-composition; nutrient-content; dris; fertilizers;
application-date; nutrient-sources; fertilizer- requirement-
determination
30.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Deriving fertilizer recommendations with a flexible
functional form.
Sain, G. E.; Jauregui, M. A. Agron-j v.85(4): p.934-937
(1993 July-1993 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; growth-models;
simulation-models; climatic-factors; soil-test-values; crop-
yield; grain; yield-response-functions; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; economic-analysis; econometric-models; argentina
Abstract: General fertilizer response models are useful to derive robust recommendations for farmers who face different circumstances. This paper shows that a flexible functional form such as the transcendental can be applied to develop both agronomically and economically sound recommendation tables using a set of soil test, climate, and management variables. Data from thirty-eight experiments on wheat response to N and P in the Humid Pampa, Argentina, were used to build a general response model that incorporates the initial levels of soil test measures (NO3-N and Bray-1 P), rainfall from sowing to maturity, and previous crop. The economic analysis was performed for relevant nutrient/grain price ratios r(n) = 8.0 and r(p) = 18.3 for N and P, respectively. A table of fertilizer recommendations for wheat was derived for different combinations of rainfall expectations, previous crop, and soil test values. The following results were
31.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Determination of wheat nitrogen status with a hand-held
chlorophyll meter: influence of management
practices.
Reeves, D. W.; Mask, P. L.; Wood, C. W.; Delaney, D. P. J-
Plant-Nutr v.16(5): p.781-796 (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; nitrogen-content;
foliar-diagnosis; crop-growth-stage; chlorophyll; measurement;
meters; fertilizer-requirement-determination
Abstract: The nitrogen (N) status of wheat at specific growth stages has potential in predicting yield goals and supplemental N fertilizer requirements but there is a need for a simple and reliable method for field determination of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) N status under different management schemes. This field study was conducted for two seasons (1989-90 and 1990-91) on a Norfolk sl (fine-loamy, siliceous thermic Typic Kandiudults) in east-central Alabama. Treatment variables were tillage, fungicide and N rate. Tillage treatments were disk/harrow or paraplow. Fungicide treatments were no fungicide or propiconazole (Tilt) applied at Feekes growth stage (GS) 8. Nitrogen rates were a 0-N control and 45, 90, 134, or 179 kg N/ha applied in a two-way split with 22.5 kg N/ha applied at planting and the remainder applied in mid-February. Whole plant samples at GS 3 and 5, and flag leaf samples at GS 10.51 were analyzed for N; a hand-held meter was used to measure chlorophyll concentrations at these sampling times also. The most consistent yield response was to fungicide, especially at higher N rates, with increases ranging from 15 to 62%. Paraplowing also affected grain yield response to N application. Leaf chlorophyll meter readings were significantly correlated to tissue N concentration and grain yield. The best predictor of grain yield was N uptake at GS 5, however, multiple regression models that included chlorophyll meter readings and dry matter at GS 5 were comparable to N uptake as predictors of yield. Chlorophyll meter readings have potential to be combined with other simple measurements, e.g., dry matter determination and/or soil nitrate tests, to develop quick and reliable methods for predicting N fertilizer requirements for winter wheat.
32.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Development and testing of preliminary foliar DRIS norms
for onions.
O'N Caldwell, J.; Sumner, M. E.; Vavrina, C. S.
HortScience v.29(12): p.1501-1504 (1994 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: allium-cepa; dris; nutrient-requirements;
phosphorus; potassium; sulfur; nitrogen; trace-elements;
nutrient-content; mineral-content; nutrient-nutrient-
interactions; yield-response-functions
Abstract: The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was developed to incorporate the importance of nutrient balance into plant analysis. Yield and plant analysis data from five fertilizer trials conducted in the field during 2 years, using 'Granex 33' onions (Allium cepa L.), were entered into a data bank. The trials consisting of a N4 X P4 X K4 X S4, a N4 X P4 X K4 X plant density4, two N4 X P4 X K and a 4N X 6S factorial were conducted on sandy Ultisols in Georgia Significant yield responses resulted from the addition of P and N. Leaf samples were analyzed for N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B. Nutrient data were expressed in ratio form, and the population with yields >45 Mg.ha-1 were used to calculate the DRIS norms. The proposed norms for N, P, K, Mg, and Cu were tested using published data from independently conducted field and greenhouse studies. By accurately diagnosing the most limiting nutrients, these norms successfully predicted yield responses to treatment. Preliminary norms for S, Ca, Mn, Zn, and B were determined but not tested.
33.
NAL Call No.: S590.S68
Development of a rapid field test for soil mineral
nitrogen and its application to grazed grassland.
Scholefield, D.; Tichen, N. M. Soil-use-manage v.11(1):
p.33-43 (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-testing; ammonium; nitrogen; nitrate-
nitrogen; nitrogen-content; determination; rapid-methods;
reflectometry; evaluation; comparisons; laboratory- methods;
grassland-soils; pastures; fertilizer-requirement-determination
Abstract: The efficiency with which fertilizer nitrogen (N) is used in agricultural systems might be improved if the amounts applied at each top dressing were adjusted to avoid the accumulation of mineral-N in the soil profile to levels in excess of the growth requirements of the crop. Such tactical application of fertilizer would be feasible if soil mineral-N could be determined rapidly in the field with sufficient accuracy. This paper describes a rapid field test for both the ammonium and nitrate components of soil mineral-N based on reading paper test strips with a reflectometer, recalibrated for use with KCl solution. The new test is volumetric and also accounts for the effects of fluctuations in soil water content by means of a standard dilution procedure to provide an absolute measure of soil mineral-N in about one hour. Measurements of ammonium and nitrate in a clay loam soil sampled from grazed pasture were compared with those made by conventional laboratory based methods; they generally differed by less than 5%. The proportion of mineral-N as ammonium averaged about 50% overall and typically exceeded 70% in spring. Ammonium and nitrate were not well correlated. The use of a filter-press to expel soil solution increased the sensitivity of the test five-fold to enable application in studies of soil N transformations in unfertilized and semi-natural environments.
34.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Development of DRIS norms for potato in the calcareous
soils of Iran.
Navvabzdeh, M.; Malakouti, M. J. J-plant-nutr v.16(8):
p.1409-1416 (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: solanum-tuberosum; dris; plant-nutrition;
mineral-nutrition; nutrient-requirements; crop-growth-stage;
leaves; nutrient-content; mineral-content; calcareous- soils;
crop-yield; fertilizer-requirement-determination; potassium;
foliar-diagnosis; iran
Abstract: The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) has been proposed to determine nutrient balance in plants at different stages of growth. The DRIS index for each nutrient allows ranking of nutrients in order of their deficiency. Preliminary DRIS norms for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were developed during the 1991 growing season in Damavand area located 70 km northeast of Tehran. The soil and leaf samples at flowering stage (early tuber development stage) were collected from 50 different farms. Average concentrations of nutrients in both high- and low-yielding populations were calculated. The following average foliar nutrient concentration were obtained from the high-yielding populations: N = 5.22, P = 0.38, K = 4.20, Ca = 1.50, and Mg = 0.65 percent; and Fe = 150, Mn = 50, Zn = 40, Cu = 11, and B = 38 ppm. The average nutrient concentrations for the low-yielding population were close to those in high-yielding ones except for K which was 3.23 in contrast to 4.20-percent. There was no significant relationship between different soil nutrient availability indices and yield except for K. The DRIS indices ranked K as the most limiting nutrient in the low yielding farms with only one exception. It seems high rates of N and P fertilization have created a lack of balance between these nutrients and K.
35.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Displacement of soil solubles through plant roots by
means of air pressure as a method of studying soil fertility
problems.
Lauritzen, C. W. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.26(10): p.807-819
(1934 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-fertility; methodology; soil-testing;
apparatus; laboratory-equipment; pressure; phosphorus; potassium;
calcium; roots; soil-water; dry-matter; shoots
Abstract: The exact nature of the solution forced from the cut stem stubs of the plants by the application of air pressure is not known. There can be no doubt that it is not unaltered soil solution, nor can it be entirely root sap squeezed out by the pressure applied, inasmuch as the amount obtained in many cases is equivalent in weight to several times the weight of the green plant top cut from the root. To say that the solution obtained is soil solution which is altered as a result of being forced through the plant roots is probably as complete and accurate a statement as can be made. The solution is altered more by living than by dead roots if it can be assumed that a dilute acid extract of the soil is an index of the soil solution. This can be seen by comparing the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in the soil extract (Table 5) with the concentrations of these elements in the solutions obtained by means of living roots (Tables 1 and 3) and in solutions obtained by means of dead roots (Tables 2 and 4). The fact that the concentrations of phosphorus and potassium are much higher and that the concentration of calcium is much lower in the solutions obtained by means of living roots than the concentrations of these elements in the solutions obtained by means of dead roots would lead one to believe that the condition of the roots as to whether or not they are alive is in some way responsible for the marked differences in concentration in the solutions obtained. Again, since the concentrations of these nutrient elements in the solutions obtained by means of dead roots approach much more closely the concentrations of these elements in the soil extract, it would appear that the living root under the conditions of this experiment retains, to some extent at least, the power of selective intake of nutrients which some believe to be and inherent property of the roots of growing plants. The better correlation of phosphorus in the solution with fertilizer application than was obtained with potassium and calcium was to be expected inasmuch as the fertilizer application increased the concentration of the phosphorus in the soil extract to a much more marked degree than it did the concentration of potassium and calcium. The use of air pressure as a means of forcing solution from the soil through plant roots appears to offer a profitable means of investigating soil-plant nutritional problems, although the investigation using this method has not been sufficient to prove its value conclusively or to define its scope and limitations. Thus far the method has been applied only to plants grown in potted soil, but there appears to be no reason why it cannot be applied to plants grown in the field if the soil containing the roots is removed intact and placed in a pressure chamber. The method could be applied equally well to plants growing is sand or water cultures, and it appears that this procedure offers an opportunity for studying the effects of the various solubles common to nutrient media in regard to their individual and relative concentrations on the intake of the separate elements from solution.
36.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
DRIS diagnosis of soybean nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium status are unsatisfactory.
Beverly, R. B. J-plant-nutr v.16(8): p.1431-1447
(1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: glycine-max; dris; nitrogen; potassium;
phosphorus; nutrient-requirements; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; errors; foliar-diagnosis; diagnostic- techniques;
modified-dris; soy-dris; sufficiency-range-approach
Abstract: Previous research has shown that the Diagnosis and Recommendation integrated System (DRIS) is useful to identify the nutrient most likely to limit yield of soybean (Glycine max). However, recent work with other crops has shown that DRIS diagnoses are sometimes unsatisfactory due to large numbers of false positive (F+) diagnoses, which would lead to recommendation of unnecessary fertilizer application. This paper reports a reconsideration using the prescient diagnostic analysis approach of data previously used to establish the diagnostic utility of DRIS for soybean. In addition to previously-published evaluation criteria, the approach is extended by defining an efficiency rating which accounts for differences in the incidence of sufficient and deficient cases. Using this evaluation approach, DRIS phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) diagnoses of soybean using numerous sources of norms and methods to calculate function values and nutrient indices led to unacceptable efficiency ratings (< 67%), even though accuracies often exceeded 90%. In one test, diagnoses of nitrogen (N), P, and K by both DRIS and sufficiency ranges were low in accuracy and efficiency ratings. In several other tests, poor ratings for P diagnoses often followed from low accuracy among deficient cases; i.e. false negative (F-) diagnoses were excessive. In contrast, K diagnoses were often poor due to low accuracy among cases of
37.
NAL Call No.: HD1773.A3N6
An economic analysis of the pre-sideress nitrogen test
for Pennsylvania corn production.
Musser, W. N.; Shortle, J. S.; Kreahling, K.; Roach, B.; Huang,
W. C.; Beegle, D. B.; Fox, R. H. Rev-agric-econ v.17(1):
p.25-35 (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; nitrogen; soil-testing; crop-
production; economic-analysis; fertilizers; environmental-impact;
water-quality; equations; profits; pennsylvania
Abstract: The impact of agriculture on water quality is increasing attention to management practices that decrease pollution while increasing farm profits. The pre- sidedress nitrogen test (PSNT) is a new management practice that increases the feasibility of nitrogen tests in humid production regions. This article evaluates the impacts on profits and excess nitrogen of adoption of the PSNT by Pennsylvania corn producers. Three data sources are used in this study. A 1990 survey of Pennsylvania dairy producers provided data on PSNT use, corn yields, and nutrient management practices. A 1989 to 1991 field evaluation provided data on changes in PSNT fertilizer recommendations compared to traditional recommendations. Fertilizer response and nitrogen uptake functions were estimated from fertilizer response experiments. These data were limited to a few years and reflected the behavior of early adopters and agronomy research results. However, the similarity of results from separate analyses validates the procedures. Statistical analysis of the farmer survey data found no changes in yields, but did find an approximately 42 pound per acre decrease in nitrogen fertilizer and total nitrogen from using the PSNT. The average decrease in recommended nitrogen applications in the field test study ranged from 15 to 60 pounds per acre. Profit increases from PSNT use are $3.78 per acre for the farmer survey and $13.65 per acre for the field test. Excess nitrogen decreases are 42.51 and 38.06 pounds per acre from the farmer survey and field evaluation, respectively. The modest increase in profits and large decreases in excess nitrogen indicate that the PSNT is a desirable practice, but that policy incentives may be necessary.
38.
NAL Call No.: SD13.C35
Ecosystem nutrient responses to chronic nitrogen inputs
at Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia.
Gilliam, F. S.; Adams, M. B.; Yurish, B. M. Can-j-for-res.
Ottawa, National Research Council of Canada. Feb 1996. v. 26 (2)
p. 196-205
Includes references.
Descriptors: forests; ecosystems; nitrogen; ammonium-
sulfate; aerial-spraying; watersheds; saturation; nitrates;
calcium; stream-flow; soil-chemistry; forest-litter; leaves;
nutrient-content; mineral-soils; nitrification; mineralization;
acid-deposition; west-virginia
Abstract: Among the current environmental concerns for forests of the eastern United States is nitrogen (N) saturation, a result of excessive inputs of N associated with acidic deposition. We studied nutrient responses on N-treated and untreated watersheds of the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia, to test for evidence of N saturation on the treated watershed. The watersheds were WS7 (23-year-old even-aged control), WS4 (mature mixed-aged control), and WS3 (23- year-old even-aged treatment). WS3 has received aerial applications of (NH4)2SO4 from 1989 to the present (a total of 4 years for the study period) at 3X ambient inputs of N and S (54 and 61 kg.ha- 1.year-1, respectively). Base-flow stream samples were collected weekly from each watershed and analyzed for NO3- and Ca2+. Mineral soil was incubated in situ, placed in bags, and buried about every 30 days during the growing season in each of seven sample plots within each watershed. Moist samples of soil from the bags were analyzed for extractable NH4+ and NO3-. In addition, forest floor material and leaves of an herbaceous species (Viola rotundifolia Michx.) from each plot were analyzed for N and other nutrients. Viola rotundifolia was present on all 21 plots and used as an additional indicator of N availability and soil fertility. Foliage tissue was sampled from overstory tree species (Liriodendron tulipifera L., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Betula lenta L., and Acer rubrum L.) from WS3 and WS7 and analyzed for nutrient content. Results from the 1993 growing season showed few, if any, differences among watersheds for (1) N content and C/N ratio of the mineral soil and forest floor and (2) relative proportion of NH4+. of overstory tree species and of V. rotundifolia in the treatment versus control watersheds; plant tissue Ca was significantly lower for the treatment watershed than for the control watersheds. Our results support the conclusions of earlier studies that high amounts of ambient N deposition have brought about N saturation on untreated watersheds at the Fernow Experimental Forest. This is suggested by minimal differences among watersheds in N mineralization and nitrification and soil and forest floor N. However, aggravated N saturation on our treated watershed can be seen in differences in plant tissue nutrients among watersheds and streamflow data, indicating increased losses of NO3- with accompanying losses of Ca2+ in response to further N additions to a N-saturated system.
39.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Effect of applied fertilizer on Tifton 44
bermudagrass.
Thom, W. O.; Rice, H. B.; Collins, M.; Morrison, R. M. J-
prod-agric v.3(4): p.498-501 (1990 Oct.-1990 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cynodon-dactylon; fertilizers;
application-rates; dry-matter-accumulation; plant-composition;
nutrient-content; crop-quality; nutritive-value; soil-test-
values; fertilizer-requirement-determination; kentucky
Abstract: Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) production in the U.S. transitional climatic zone could potentially supplement cool-season grass production in the summer. Information is needed regarding the effects of fertilizers on yields, nutrient composition, and forage quality as a basis for fertilizer recommendations. 'Tifton 44' bermudagrass was evaluated on a Pope silt loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Dystrochrept) in eastern Kentucky to determine: (i) yield response to varying rates of fertilizer; (ii) effects of applied fertilizer on forage composition and quality; and (iii) the effects of fertilization on soil test values. Forage dry matter yields averaged more than 14 000 lb/acre for the 5-yr study when N was applied at 240 lb/acre (268 kg/ha) or higher. Forage N and K concentrations were increased by increasing application rates of their respective fertilizer materials. Digestibility estimates were acceptable although fiber content was higher than has been reported for bermudagrass. Measurements made at the end of the first and last years of the study indicated that soil pH decreased over this period with increasing fertilizer rates, soil test P increased with increasing P fertilization, and soil test K was maintained when 896 lb K/acre were applied over 4 yr.
40.
NAL Call No.: SD13.C35
Effect of base cation addition on soil chemistry in a
sugar maple forest of the Lower Laurentians, Quebec.
Hendershot, W. H.; Courchesne, F. Can-j-for-res. Ottawa,
National Research Council of Canada. March 1994. v. 24 (3) p.
609-617
Includes references.
Descriptors: acer-saccharum; soil-chemistry; magnesium-
carbonate; potassium-sulfate; calcium-carbonate; cycling;
nutrient-retention; leaching; soil-fertility; soil-depth;
dieback; quebec
Abstract: Forest fertilization has been adopted as the primary means of controlling sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) dieback in southern Quebec. Following foliar analysis, treatments containing appropriate mixtures of K, Ca, Mg, and (or) P have been used on commercial sugar groves. This study was undertaken to identify the impact of base cation additions on nutrient cycling in a sugar maple stand in the Lower Laurentians, Quebec, and to quantify the amounts of added nutrients that were retained in the stand or lost by leaching. In 1988, six 40 X 40 m plots were established; three were kept as controls and the other three received a mixture of 500 kg ha-1 of K2SO4, 250 kg ha-1 of Ca, Mg(CO3)2 and 250 kg ha-1 of CaCO3 applied as fine particulate matter in June 1989. Soil solutions were collected weekly during the spring and fall from October 1988 until November 1992. Soil solution chemistry indicated that there was increased biocycling of both K and Mg as a result of the treatment. The application of appropriate mixtures of base cation will improve the fertility of the soils and decrease nutrient imbalances. The amount of added material lost from the rooting zone was a small proportion of the amount added: over a 4-year period following treatment only 12.1, 9.5, and 1.4% of added Ca, Mg, and K were lost, respectively.
41.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Effect of fertilizers of soil pH and performance of apple
and pear trees. II. Grown in different soils in the
orchard.
Raese, J. T. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.25(9/10):
p.1865-1880 (1994)
Paper presented at the 1993 International Symposium on Soil
Testing and Plant Analysis: Precision Nutrient Management. II.,
August 14-19, 1993, Olympia, Washington.
Descriptors: malus-pumila; pyrus-communis; calcium-
nitrate; monoammonium-phosphate; ammonium-nitrate; npk-
fertilizers; nutrient-sources; application-rates; soil-ph; crop-
production; performance; vigor; growth; plant-development;
fruits; size; crop-yield; plant-analysis; leaves; crop-quality;
washington
42.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Effect of fertilizers on irrigated Ephrata fine sand and
apple tree response in the Wenatchee Orchard
District.
Larson, C. A. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.25(10): p.633-652 (1933
Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: malus-pumila; orchards; crop-yield; sand;
application-rates; nitrogen-fertilizers; superphosphate;
potassium-fertilizers; limestone; soil-analysis; leaves; plant-
composition; nutrient-content; calcium; potassium; sodium;
phosphorus; nitrogen; ph; leachates; nutrient-availability;
seasonal-variation; washington
Abstract: 1. The object of these investigations was to attempt to discover the effect of various fertilizer treatments on the absorbing complex of the soil and its relation to tree response and yield of fruit from Jonathan apple trees growing on irrigated Ephrata fine sand in the Wenatchee orchard district. 2. Water extraction of soils treated with different fertilizers gave no reliable indications of relative productivity. 3. Extraction of the plat soils with 0.2 N nitric acid gave results which did not show the fertility conditions of these soils as affected by the fertilizer applications. 4. Electrodialysis of the soils was apparently of no perceptible value in estimating the productivity of these plats. The absence of correlations is attributed to the character of the soil in that it does not fix fertilizer elements to any appreciable degree. 5. The amount of nitrate nitrogen contained in the plat soils during the first half of the growing season was rather closely correlated with the actual production of fruit. After July 1, however, only negligible amounts were found. 6. The H-ion concentration of the various plat soils showed that combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increased the acidity of the soil. 7. Apple leaves from trees on fertilizer plats were analyzed each month for 5 months for calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus as P2O5, and potassium as K2O. The variation in percentage of each of the above-mentioned elements when shown graphically for the season reveals a tendency for the elements to be in a definite ratio to each other when production is good. Plats producing leaves with a relatively low percentage of P2O5 and a high percentage of nitrogen gave an increased yield. The most favorable ratios found for apple tree leaves are quite similar to those reported by Lagatu and Maume for grapes. 8. Yields from the fertilizer plats show that where nitrogen has been applied alone or in combination with other fertilizers, yields have been increased. Plats N, NK, NP, and NPK have shown a steady increase in yield since 1928. This condition is reflected in the higher nitrogen content of the leaves produced on these plats.
43.
NAL Call No.: 4-Am34P
Effect of salt index, analysis, rate, and placement of
fertilizer on cotton.
Skinner, J. J.; Nelson, W. L.; Whittaker, C. W. J-Am-Soc-
Agron v.37(9): p.677-688 (1945 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; fertilizers;
application-rates; placement; manures; salts; solubility; roots;
seedling-emergence; crop-yield; plant-height; sowing-rates
Abstract: The effects of salt index, analysis, rate of application, and placement of fertilizer on soluble salts in the soil of the root zone and in the plant, on plant emergence, and on final yields were determined in a series of field tests. High salt index fertilizers regardless of analysis gave a higher amount of soluble salts in the root zone soil than did the low salt index fertilizers. Placement, however, was the most important factor influencing the soluble salt content of the root zone soil. Side band placement, as compared with under seed placement, markedly decreased the soluble salts in the root zone. A high rate of fertilizer application increased the soluble salts to some extent. The effect on the soluble salts in the plant was not as marked although the high salt index fertilizers, the low analysis fertilizers, the 700-pound rate, and the under seed placement did all tend to increase the soluble salt content. There was only a fair correlation between the soluble salts in the plant and the soluble salt in the root zone soil. Plant emergence was retarded and imperfect stands resulted from the use of fertilizers with a high salt index. Fertilizers of the same salt index, whether of low analysis as the 6-8-4 and 6-8-8 fertilizers, or of high analysis as the 9-12-6 or 9-12-12 fertilizers, all had approximately the same effect on emergence and stand when used to supply equal amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash. The relative importance of side-band placement and salt index in influencing plant emergence was demonstrated. While the use of low salt index fertilizers as compared with high salt index fertilizers increased cotton stands, side-band placement increased the stands to a. band placement of the fertilizer as compared to under seed placement markedly increased yields. The 700-pound rate of fertilizer had a tendency to reduce yields when the fertilizer was placed under the seed. In 1944, under favorable environmental conditions, however, with side-band placement the 700-pound rate gave a highly significant increase in yield over the 400-pound rate. No increase in yield from the additional fertilizer was obtained with under seed placement. The potential injurious effect of a given amount of a fertilizer on cotton stands and on injury to surviving seedlings is influenced by the salt index and by placement; as the fertilizer rate is increased the potential injurious effect is increased. The direct injurious effects of fertilizers on cotton are due to the high amounts of soluble salts affecting germinations, rate of emergence, plant survival, and rapidity of growth. The extent of the injury is influenced by the moisture conditions prevailing during the emergence and seedling stages. Conditions favoring the movement of fertilizer salts from the fertilizer band to the root zone increase the injury. If the fertilizer injury is sufficiently severe to result in retarded plant development and in imperfect stands after the cotton is chopped, the yields are affected. Under a given set of environmental conditions the yield is the integrated product of the fertilizer effects. Potential fertilizer salt injury to cotton may be avoided by using high analysis fertilizers with a low salt index and by placing the. a greater efficiency from each unit applied.
44.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Effect of superphosphate and nitrogen on yield and take-
all of wheat.
Brennan, R. F. Fert-Res-Int-J-Fert-Use-Technol v.31(1):
p.43-49 (1992 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; gaeumannomyces-
graminis; fungal-diseases; superphosphate; urea; application-
rates; disease-resistance; incidence; crop-yield; grain;
nutrient-content; nitrogen; phosphorus; shoots; nutrient-
deficiencies; western-australia; gaeumannomyces-graminis-var; -
tritici; disease-severity; disease-incidence
Abstract: Wheat was grown continuously in soil amended with 5 levels of superphosphate and with 4 levels of urea at 3 sites. The incidence and severity of take-all, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, declined with increasing rates of application of both superphosphate and urea. In both years, the severity of take-all on plants receiving neither superphosphate nor urea was about 40% while at the highest level of superphosphate and urea supply the take-all severity was approximately halved at 22%. There was an increase in grain yield in response to applied superphosphate and urea to the highest level of each nutrient. There was also an increase in the 1,000- kernal weights with superphosphate and urea fertilizer application.
45.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Effect of water supply on the response of wheat and
triticale to applications of rock phosphate and
superphosphate.
Bolland, M. D. A. Fertil-res v.39(1): p.43-57 (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; triticum-x-secale;
triticale; rock-phosphate; superphosphate; application-rates;
residual-effects; use-efficiency; water-stress; water-
availability; yields; dry-matter-accumulation; phosphorus;
nutrient-content; nutrient-availability; soil-test-values;
topsoil; subsoil; placement; agronomic-effectiveness
Abstract: The effect of water supply on the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (X Triticosecale) to levels of freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate, and the residues of these fertilizers applied 9 years previously in the field, was studied in three glasshouse experiments. The < 2 mm fraction of the top 10 cm of soil was used (1.8 kg soil per pot), and in one experiment, freshly-applied fertilizer was also added to the more acidic subsoil (10 to 20 cm). There were two water treatments: the soil was returned to field capacity by watering to weight, either daily (W1, adequate water) or weekly (W2, water stress). Yield of dried tops was used to calculate fertilizer effectiveness. The phosphorus (P) concentration in dried tops was used to determine critical P, which is the P concentration related to 90% of the maximum yield. Just before sowing, soil samples were collected to measure bicarbonate- extractable (soil test) P which was related to plant yield. Water stress reduced yields and maximum yield plateaus by 20 to 40%. Water stress reduced the effectiveness of all P fertilizers by between 20 to 60%, largely because of a reduction in the maximum yield potentials. In the field, water supply is seasonally dependent and it can affect the yield response of plants to freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate and the residues of these fertilizers applied to the field in previous years. Relative to placing fertilizer in the topsoil, placing fertilizer in the subsoil improved effectiveness by about 26% for rock phosphate and 12% for superphosphate. The relationship between yield and P concentration in dried tops, and critical P, differed for W1 and W2. The soil test P. test P calibrations depend on water supply, which in the field varies within and between growing seasons. This is so for freshly- and previously- applied rock phosphate and superphosphate.
46.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Effects of fertilizer type and rate, and liming on banana
squash yield.
Russo, V. M. J-plant-nutr v.16(9): p.1821-1828
(1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cucurbita-maxima; liming; limestone; npk-
fertilizers; ammonium-nitrate; potassium-fertilizers; triple-
superphosphate; application-rates; crop-yield; soil-ph; calcitic-
limestone; muriate-of-potash
Abstract: There is a question whether it is best to use synthetic or alternative materials to fertilize horticultural crops. Levels of applied fertilizer can affect development of crops such as banana squash (Curcubita maxima Duch.). Seed were planted in 1990, 1991, and 1992 into beds treated with sufficient fertilizer to raise the residual nutrient levels to the recommended (base) and twice recommended (2X) rate with a synthetic or an alternative fertilizer. Lime was applied prior to seeding in 1990 and as a treatment was, or was not, applied prior to seeding in 1991 and 1992. Plants grown in beds treated with the synthetic fertilizer consistently produced higher yields than plants grown in beds treated with the alternative fertilizer. In 1990, the base fertilizer rate improved yield. There was no difference in 1991 due to fertilizer level, and in 1992, the 2X fertilizer rate improved yield. Application of fertilizer above the base level is not encouraged. Liming did not affect yield. By the spring of 1992, the soil pH for lime augmented fertilizer treatments was increased above the spring 1991 levels which was maintained through fall 1992. For the no-lime treatments, soil pH by fall 1992 was below spring 1991 levels. Soil pH was not correlated with yield. These data suggest that factors which would include solubility, mineralization, and leaching of materials may be responsible for yield differences between plants fertilized with synthetic or an alternative fertilizer.
47.
NAL Call No.: QH540.J6
The effects of zinc fertilization on cadmium
concentration in wheat grain.
Oliver, D. P.; Hannam, R.; Tiller, K. G.; Wilhelm, N. S.; Merry,
R. H.; Cozens, G. D. J-environ-qual v.23(4): p.705-711
(1994 July-1994 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; cadmium; pollutants;
zinc-fertilizers; uptake; concentration; wheat; soil-ph; south-
australia
Abstract: Although the effect of Zn in soil on Cd uptake by plants has been studied extensively, there appears to be no consensus in the literature about the interactions. Furthermore, the majority of investigations have studied soils containing elevated concentrations of Cd or Zn as a result of pollution, e.g., the application of sewage sludge to the soil. The accumulation of Cd by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain grown at nine sites across South Australia was investigated. Applications of low rates of Zn fertilizer (up to 5.0 kg Zn ha-1) were found to markedly decrease the Cd concentration in wheat grain grown in areas of marginal to severe Zn deficiency. No further significant decreases in Cd concentration in grain occurred at higher rates of applied Zn. Effectiveness of applied Zn on grain Cd concentration decreased with time since application. Grain Cd concentrations decreased with fresh and residual applications of Zn fertilizer (up to 5.0 kg Zn ha-1). Soil tests may provide useful guides to situations where Cd concentrations in grain may be beneficially decreased by Zn applications.
48.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Eggplant yield in response to potassium fertilization on
sandy soil.
Hochmuth, G. J.; Hochmuth, R. C.; Donley, M. E.; Hanlon, E. A.
HortScience v.28(10): p.1002-1005 (1993 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: solanum-melongena; sandy-soils; potassium-
fertilizers; nutrient-uptake; sap; crop-growth-stage; growth-
rate; crop-yield; fertilizer-requirement- determination; soil-
testing; plant-analysis; florida
Abstract: 'Classic' eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) responses to K fertilization were evaluated in Spring and Fall 1991 at Live Oak, Fla., on soils testing low in Mehlich-1 extractable K. Total season yield leveled off at 51.1 t-ha-1 with 94 kg K/ha fertilization in spring and at 53.3 t.ha-1 with 60 kg K/ha in fall. Critical K concentrations (in grams per kilogram) in whole leaves were approximately 45 at first flowering, 35 at early fruiting, 30 during harvest, and 28 at the end of seven harvests. Fresh petiole-sap K critical concentrations (in milligrams per liter) were approximately 4500 to 5000 before harvest and 4000 to 4500 during harvest. Less than 3500 mg K/liter in fresh sap indicated K deficiency in fruiting plants. The Mehlich-1 soil extractant procedure predicted similar responses at the two sites; however, yield responses showed that the two sites differed in fertilization requirements. Fertilizer recommendations for K at both sites exceeded eggplant K requirements.
49.
NAL Call No.: QH540.J6
Environmental impacts of dryland residue management
systems in the Southern High Plains.
Jones, O. R.; Smith, S. J.; Southwick, L. M.; Sharpley, A. N.
J-environ-qual v.24(3): p.453-460 (1995 May-1995
June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; sorghum-bicolor;
fallow; continuous-cropping; no-tillage; stubble-mulching; dry-
farming; herbicides; weeds; weed-control; clay-loam- soils;
runoff; leaching; sediment; nutrients; herbicide-residues;
nitrate-nitrogen; profiles; losses-from-soil; water-pollution;
texas
Abstract: Increased use of agricultural chemicals with no-tillage (NT) may negatively impact the environment through chemical or nutrient loss in runoff or by leaching below the root zone. We compared environmental impacts of NT and the lower chemical input stubble mulch (SM) management methods for dryland crop production on a clay loam soil in a semiarid environment. We measured runoff volume and sediment, nutrient, and triazine concentrations in runoff for 9 yr from seven field-sized watersheds (2-5 ha each) cropped in a dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] fallow sequence with SM or NT management with no N or P fertilizer added. We analyzed soil cores to a 6-m depth for NO3- (-)N and to a 3-m depth for atrazine and propazine content. Adoption of NT management reduced sediment loss by 54% compared with SM, although annual runoff was 15 mm yr-1 greater from NT. Nutrient concentrations and losses (NO3-(-)N, NH4+(-)N, TN, soluble P, biologically available P, TP) in runoff were extremely small from both tillage systems (losses a kg N and <1 kg P ha-1 yr-1) on these unfertilized watersheds. Atrazine [6-chloro-N- ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] did not accumulate in the soil or leach below the root zone. Maximal losses of atrazine and propazine in runoff were 0.26 and 1.5% of total application, respectively. Propazine [6- chloro-N'N'-bis- (1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], applied to both NT and SM sorghum when runoff is probable, appears to have a greater potential for negatively impacting the environment under semiarid conditions than does atrazine, which is applied when runoff probability is small. Propazine accumulated in. depths below the plant root zone as a result of wetter soil and improved water conservation with NT in the semiarid environment.
50.
NAL Call No.: SD13.C35
Evaluating the nutrient status and fertilization response
potential of planted spruce in the interior of British
Columbia.
Swift, K. I.; Brockley, R. P. Can-j-for-res. Ottawa, National
Research Council of Canada. March 1994. v. 24 (3) p. 594-
602
Includes references.
Descriptors: picea-glauca; fertilizers; nitrogen-
fertilizers; plant-nutrition; foliar-nutrition; conifer-needles;
weight; foliar-diagnosis; nutrient-content; forest-plantations;
british-columbia; needle-weight
Abstract: Factorial combinations of nitrogen (0, 100, and 200 kg/ha) and a "complete" fertilizer (0 and 1170 kg/ha) were applied to 10 spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and hybrids) plantations in the central interior of British Columbia. Postfertilization patterns of foliar nutrient concentration and needle weight were used to evaluate the nutrient status and fertilization response potential of treated stands. When applied alone, N and the complete fertilizer generally had little effect on the weight of needles produced in the first year after treatment. Combined applications, however, often resulted in large responses. In 8 of the 10 installations, combined applications of N + complete fertilizer were significantly more effective than N alone in stimulating first-year needle weight. Which nutrient in the complete fertilizer is responsible for the increased needle-weight response cannot be stated conclusively. However, examination of foliar nutrient concentration data, combined with graphical analyses of relative differences in needle weight and nutrient concentration of added and nonadded nutrients, indicate that sulphur (and possibly potassium) may have a strong controlling influence on the N fertilization response potential of these stands. Systematic testing must be undertaken to verify these tentative diagnoses.
51.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
An evaluation of mineral analysis of 'Verna' lemons by
DRIS.
Cerda, A.; Nieves, M.; Martinez, V. Commun-soil-sci-plant-
anal v.26(11/12): p.1697-1707 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: citrus-limon; dris; evaluation; leaves;
plant-composition; mineral-content; rootstocks; sampling; timing;
irrigation-water; salinity; plant-nutrition; mineral- excess;
mineral-deficiencies
Abstract: The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms of 'Verna' lemon [Citrus limon (L) Burm. f.] trees were obtained from field data. DRIS diagnoses agreed with sufficiency range in leaves sampled at a similar period as those of the norms. DRIS determinations were affected by rootstock and sampling date of the leaves. This approach failed to reveal under saline conditions if a nutrient deficiency is induced by an excess of salinity or by a deficient fertilization.
52.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Fall vs. spring soil sampling for calibrating nutrient
applications on individual fields.
Kawalenko, C. G. J-prod-agric v.4(3): p.322-329 (1991
July-1991 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fields; soil-testing; nutrient-
availability; soil-fertility; determination; sampling; timing;
spring; autumn; soil-test-values; temporal-variation; soil-
variability; soil-depth; british-columbia
Abstract: Historic soil test results have been proposed as a method for adjusting the nutrient applications on specific fields but the method has not been tested. The method requires consistency of sampling and analysis. An assumption that fall or spring soil sampling could be used for this purpose was tested in a field monitoring study. Soils of six production fields at Agassiz Research Station were sampled in the fall (3-8 November) and the subsequent spring (3-10 March) following three successive cropping years (1984-1986) to examine changes in standard soil test analyses over the winter and from year to year. Four of the fields were cropped to a grass-legume mixture and, in most cases, removed as silage or hay, and two were used for silage corn. Management practices were relatively uniform within each crop type and nutrient inputs were recorded. The fields were sampled in triplicate to determine variability and sampled at 0 to 6, 6 to 12, and 12 to 24 in. depth intervals to monitor possible leaching. All samples were immediately air dried and stored until analyses could be done as a batch to ensure uniform analytical conditions. Some soil tests (P, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Zn) did not change over the winter but others (NO3-N, K, Ca, pH, S, Mn, and B) did. Only B changed from fall to spring independent of field or year of sampling, with a consistent decrease. All the other analyses that changed over the winter were influenced by the field, year, or both. The change in Ca over the winter was consistent over all fields, but was variable over the three years. Sulphur, Mn, and NO3-N tended to decrease, and K and pH tended to increase over the winter, but the changes were not consistent over all fields and all years of the study. The. adequate to assess residual levels of most elements. Subsurface sampling was preferred for residual NO3- assessment. Several of the analyses (Mg, P, Mn, K, and NO3-N) were consistently higher in the corn (Zea mays L.) fields than in the grass fields and frequently increased from year to year, probably reflecting the influence of the crop and application of inorganic fertilizer and manure during the period of study. The other analyses varied from year to year and field to field, but not consistently with respect to differences in general field management during the study period. The results of this study show that the use of soil test records to adjust on-farm field-specific fertilizer practices must be approached with caution and that fall rather than spring soil sampling would be preferable unless local data on the effect of winter on soil test analyses are available to recommend otherwise.
53.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Farming soils, not field: a strategy for increasing
fertilizer profitability.
Carr, P. M.; Carlson, G. R.; Jacobsen, J. S.; Nielsen, G. A.;
Skogley, E. O. J-prod-agric v.4(1): p.57-61 (1991 Jan.-
1991 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; fields; soil-
fertility; crop-yield; soil-variability; fertilizers;
application-rates; variation; profitability; montana; precision-
farming
Abstract: Farm fields are traditionally fertilized as one homogeneous soil unit. Most fields, however, contain two or more soils with different crop yield potentials. This study was conducted to (i) measure crop yield differences between contrasting soils within fields, and (ii) compare the economics of "farming soils, not fields," where contrasting soils in a field receive different vs. uniform rates and formulations of fertilizer. Crop yield variability studies were conducted along 1600 ft transects across several soil units in each of four fields during 1987. Grain yield, test weight, and returns over variable costs varied greatly among soil units in each field (P <0.05). Soil fertility studies also revealed differences in grain yield, test weight, and returns among soil units in five fields during 1987 and 1988. Fertility studies indicated yields were similar for small grains when recommended fertilizer treatments were applied as soil unit treatments rather than as a field treatment. Returns were $2.06 to $5.14 greater per acre for the soil treatment than for the field treatment in three of five fields, but overall, the returns were not significantly different. A recommended fertilizer treatment was not always the optimum treatment, however. In two fields, additional returns of $21.68 to $23.51/acre resulted when optimum soil treatments were applied rather than the field treatment. The data reveal the importance of appropriate crop yield goals, accurate soil tests, and reliable fertilizer recommendations when developing a strategy for generating greater returns by farming soil, not fields. Given these caveats, our work suggests that farming soils, not fields will increase fertilizer profitability.
54.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Fertility Analysis and Recommendations Manager
(F.A.R.M.).
Kruger, G. A.; Karamanos, R. E.; Henry, J. L. Commun-soil-
sci-plant-anal v.25(7/8): p.955-965 (1994)
Paper presented at the 1993 International Symposium on Soil
Testing and Plant Analysis: Precision Nutrient Management, August
14-19, 1993, Olympia, Washington. Part 1.
Descriptors: soil-testing; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; sample-processing; computer-software
55.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-SO3
Fertilizer and organic amendment effects on mine soil
properties and revegetation success.
Schoenholtz, S. H.; Burger, J. A.; Kreh, R. E. Soil-Sci-Soc-
Am-J v.56(4): p.1177-1184 (1992 July-1992 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mined-land; reclamation; revegetation;
afforestation; soil-amendments; wood-chips; topsoil; nitrogen-
fertilizers; physicochemical-properties; plant- nutrition;
nitrogen; nutrient-availability; appalachian-states-of-usa
Abstract: Nitrogen deficiency frequently limits mine- soil revegetation in the eastern USA. Application of organic amendments to these systems may provide a long- term source of N and eliminate the need for repeated fertilization. A factorial experiment was conducted using lysimeters to determine the degree to which (i) organic amendments (control, 50 Mg ha-1 of whole- tree wood chips, or 500 Mg ha-1 of native topsoil) and (ii) inorganic N fertilizer (0 or 100 kg N ha-1 as NH4NO3) affected mine-soil properties and establishment of herbaceous vegetation and pitch X loblolly hybrid pine (Pinus rigida L. X P. taeda L.) seedlings on a newly exposed mine soil from the central Appalachian region. Amendments were tilled into the soil surface prior to application of fertilizer and cover-crop seed. After 3 yr, total N, mineralizable N, and organic C in the wood-chip- amended mine soil were 10, 50, and 18% higher, respectively, than the control. Tree growth after 2 yr was highest with wood chips. A lack of wood-chip treatment effect on pine nutrition showed that higher soil moisture levels, resulting from lower evapotranspiration, probably accounted for improved tree growth. Topsoil replacement increased total N and mineralizable N by 23 and 46%, respectively, but did not significantly increase vegetation productivity over that of the control. Nitrogen fertilizer increased herbaceous biomass production by 87% during the first growing season but did not affect herbaceous or pine productivity in two subsequent years or produce lasting effects on soil nutrient levels. Organic amendment X fertilizer interactions were not significantly for any measured parameters. Results show that the organic amendments proved more stable sources of soil N; however, early revegetation success was more a function of moisture than of soil nutrient availability.
56.
NAL Call No.: 275.29-So85
Fertilizer recommendations guide.
Gerwing, J.; Gelderman, R.; Fixen, P. Ext-circ-SD-State-Univ-
Coop-Ext-Serv. Brookings : Cooperative Extension Service, South
Dakota State University,. Jan 1988. (750) 28 p
Descriptors: fertilizers; nutrient-requirements; field-crops;
fodder-crops; fodder-legumes; helianthus-annuus; solanum-
tuberosum; minerals; soil-testing; south-dakota
57.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Fertilizers and eutrophication in southwestern Australia:
setting the scene.
Hodgkin, E. P.; Hamilton, B. H. Fertil-res v.36(2):
p.95-103 (1993)
In the special issue: Fertilizers and eutrophication in South-
Western Australia / edited by E.P. Hodgkin and J.S. Yeates.
Descriptors: aquatic-environment; eutrophication;
history; phosphorus-fertilizers; phosphorus; nutrient-sources;
point-sources; losses-from-soil; watershed- management;
pollution-control; water-pollution; problem-solving; water-
quality; western-australia
Abstract: An excess of plant nutrients has caused serious eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems of southwestern Australia manifested by excessive growth and accumulation of green and bluegreen algae. Phosphorus is generally the limiting nutrient for algal growth and phosphatic fertilizers applied to nutrient-deficient, leaching, sandy soils are the main source of P, supplemented by rural industry point sources. Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient in marine embayments with little drainage from the land. Measures to reduce the load of P delivered to drainage include basing fertilizer application rates on soil testing for P and the use of less soluble P fertilizers. Catchment management plans are being implemented with community involvement to reduce P loads and maintain agricultural production. This introductory paper reviews the history of eutrophication in southwestern Australia and of studies into its causes, principally in the large Peel-Harvey estuary. It briefly summarizes other papers in this special issue concerned with different aspects of the problem: how to fertilize the land without causing eutrophication.
58.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-So32
Field fertility research with P and K for vegetables--
interpretations and recommendations.
Hochmuth, G.; Hanlon, E.; Hochmuth, B.; Kidder, G.; Hensel, D.
Proc-Soil-Crop-Sci-Soc-Fla. [S.l.] : The Society. 1993. v. 52
p. 95-101
Meeting held September 23-25, 1992, Gainesville, Florida.
Descriptors: horticultural-crops; fertilizer-
requirement-determination; phosphorus; potassium; soil-test-
values; fertilizers; crop-yield; agricultural-research
59.
NAL Call No.: 292.8-J82
Field measurements of water and nitrogen losses under
irrigated maize.
Kengni, L.; Vachaud, G.; Thony, J. L.; Laty, R.; Garino, B.;
Casabianca, H.; Jame, P.; Viscogliosi, R. J-hydrol
v.162(1/2): p.23-46 (1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; irrigated-conditions; nitrogen-
fertilizers; nitrogen-balance; nitrogen-cycle; water-balance;
drainage; leaching; losses-from-soil; nitrogen-content; temporal-
variation; spatial-variation; france
Abstract: An intensive multidisciplinary experiment has been conducted over several years at La Cote Saint-Andre, near Grenoble, France. The major objective is to determine an optimal fertilizer application scheme for an irrigated agricultural system. Such a scheme would not degrade the quality of the environment, and yet would maintain a profitable level of crop production. This study is explicitly related to the cultivation of irrigated maize, a major crop in the area. The various terms of the water balance (consumption, drainage, soil storage) and of the nitrogen cycle (mineralization, plant uptake, leaching) were obtained from intensive monitoring in the upper layer of the 0.8 m of soil which corresponds to the root zone of the crop. This entailed the combined use of a neutron moisture meter, tensiometers and soil suction cups. To determine the specific effects of fertilization and crop growth, there were different treatments. These corresponded to a traditional fertilizer application of 260 kg N ha-1, no fertilization, and bare soil, carried out within an area of approximately 2 ha. Several sites were instrumented on each treatment, one of them being specifically for the application and the monitoring of 15N-tagged fertilizer. The results have shown that, in terms of the water balance, irrigation water management is extremely efficient, as drainage losses under the maize culture are negligible during the crop cycle. The situation is totally different, however, during the intercrop period (October-April), owing to rainfall. Then the soil is left bare and evaporation is very small, and now the drainage corresponds to about 90% of total inputs from precipitation. zone during the crop cycle is negligible, regardless of the rate of fertilizer application, as a result of the very small amount of drainage, despite irrigation. A very important contrast was found, however, between the fertilized and unfertilized treatments at harvest, There was a residue of 182 +/- 64 kg N ha-1 in the fertilized sites, but none for the others. The whole quantity remaining in the root zone at harvest was then totally leached by winter rains. To decrease the risk of groundwater pollution, a reduction of about 100 kg N ha-1 from the traditional application rate has been recommended. Finally, the method of estimation of N balance has been successfully validated by a comparison between N uptake determined by direct analysis of the whole plant and the value estimated from the temporal variations of the N content in the soil.
60.
NAL Call No.: 56.8-C162
Field scale fertilizer recommendations: the spatial
scaling problem.
Kachanoski, R. G.; Fairchild, G. L. Can-j-soil-sci
v.76(1): p.1-6 (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; nitrogen-fertilizers;
fertilizer-requirement-determination; soil-fertility; soil-
variability; spatial-variation; fields; soil-test-values;
nutrient-availability; crop-yield; yield-increases; application-
rates; relationships; mathematical-models; equations;
calibration; ontario
61.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Field soil sampling density for variable rate
fertilization.
Franzen, D. W.; Peck, T. R. J-prod-agric v.8(4): p.568-
574 (1995 Oct.-1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fields; soil-testing; phosphorus;
potassium; nutrient-availability; representative-sampling;
determination; samples; density; soil-variability; soil-
fertility; fertilizers; application-rates; variation;
alternative-farming; precision-farming
Abstract: Variable rate fertilizer application being commercially performed today is most often based on a soil test map. The sampling density used to develop a map is often selected without background information regarding field soil test variability. The objective of this study was to determine how many samples should be taken from a field in order to locate and describe major areas of fertility affecting variable rate fertilizer applications. Two 40 acre fields were sampled in an 82.5 ft grid each fall from 1989 to 1992. Soil pH, Bray P1, and available K levels were determined on each sample and maps were made using inverse distance squared estimates. Data were taken from the samplings to represent a 165 ft and 330 ft grid pattern. Maps were developed from these less dense grids and compared with the 82.5 ft grid values. In 1992, a separate 220 ft grid sampling was taken. The 220 ft grid estimates were more highly correlated with the 82.5 ft grid values than were the 330 ft grid estimates, however, membership of 220 ft and 330 ft grid estimates within soil test categories were similar. Fertilizer P and K applications were made in one field following the 1992 sampling. Spring 1993 sampling showed the success of the 220 ft grid in directing a variable rate application of P and K. Comparisons to theoretical P and K applications directed by a 330 ft grid map showed the superiority of the 220 ft grid compared with the 330 ft grid.
62.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
The foliar absorption of urea-N by Kentucky bluegrass
turf.
Bowman, D. C.; Paul, J. L. J-plant-nutr v.12(5): p.659-
673 (1989)
Includes references.
Descriptors: poa-pratensis; urea; foliar-uptake;
foliar-spraying; nitrogen-content; nutrient-uptake
Abstract: The absorption and assimilation of urea applied to the foliage of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. 'Columbia') turf was evaluated under a controlled environment. Urea was spray-applied at 5 g N m-2 in 200 ml m-2 of deionized water to both N-replete and N-deficient turf. Uptake over a 48 hr period was estimated by a washing procedure to measure the urea remaining on the foliage and by 15N analysis. Immediately following application, approximately one third of the urea was located on new leaf blades and two thirds on older leaves and shoots. Compared to the amount of urea absorbed at 48 hr as determined by 15N analysis (43%), the washing method significantly overestimated urea absorption (59%). Approximately 30%, 55%, and 15% of the absorbed 15N-urea was recovered in the new leaves, old leaves/shoots, and roots, respectively. Nitrogen deficiency had very little effect on either urea absorption or partitioning of the absorbed N. Because approximately 40% of the urea remained on leaf blades 48 hr after application, considerable loss of the fertilizer N might occur with mowing and clipping removal.
63.
NAL Call No.: SB327.A1B5
Foliar nutrient testing with the diagnosis and
recommendation integrated system (DRIS) for beans.
Wortmann, C. S. Annu-Rep-Bean-Improv-Coop. Fort Collins, Colo
: Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University. 1993. v. 36 p.
91-92
In the series analytic: Annual report of the bean improvement
cooperative.
Descriptors: phaseolus-vulgaris; foliar-diagnosis;
nutrients; index-of-nutritional-quality; nutrient-requirements;
uganda
64.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Frequency of nitrogen fertilizer carryover in the humid
Midwest.
Vanotti, M. B.; Bundy, L. G. Agron-j v.86(5): p.881-886
(1994 Sept.-1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: avena-sativa; zea-mays; rotations;
nitrogen-fertilizers; persistence; humid-zones; fertilizer-
requirement-determination; silt-loam-soils; application-rates;
nitrate-nitrogen; soil-fertility; crop-yield; uptake; north-
central-states-of-usa; wisconsin
Abstract: Soil tests for residual NO3- can improve prediction of crop N fertilizer requirements in the humid Midwest, but their adoption as a standard procedure in fertilizer N recommendation programs depends on the frequency of significant profile NO3--N carryover. Data from a 25-yr crop sequence experiment (1967 to 1991) on a Rozetta silt loam soil (fine- silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) at Lancaster, WI, were used to estimate the frequency and extent of N fertilizer carryover. Sequences studied included unfertilized oat (Avena sativa L.) grown after corn (Zea mays L.) that received a range of N rates. Oat yields were influenced by the residual effects of the previous year's N application in 21 of the 25 yr, with yield responses varying from 500 to 1500 kg ha-1. Soil profile measurements (0 to 90 cm) taken before seeding oat in spring 1987 through 1991 showed substantial NO3--N carryover that was usually found below the 30-cm depth. Significant increases in profile NO3--N content occurred at low N rates (56 to 112 kg N ha-1) in years with limited rainfall during the preceding corn growing season, but only at higher N rates under optimum corn growing conditions. Total N uptake by oat was also significantly affected by corn N treatments, and it was well correlated with profile NO3--N. A nutrient efficiency index that characterized the yield response of oat to profile NO3--N was used to estimate carryover NO3--N from 1967 to 1986 oat yield data. Expected N fertilizer carryover values (P = 80%) ranged from 32 to 106 for a 168 kg N ha-1 rate, and from 63 to 151 kg NO3--N for a 224 kg N ha-1 rate. The wide variation of expected amounts of N carryover reflects typical year-to-year changes in conditions affecting N recovery by. and that year-specific tests for profile NO3--N are needed to adjust N recommendations for varying amounts of NO3--N carryover.
65.
NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E52
Heavy metals incidence in the application of inorganic
fertilizers and pesticides to rice farming soils.
Gimeno Garcia, E.; Andreu, V.; Boluda, R. Environ-pollut
v.92(1): p.19-25 (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: heavy-metals; cadmium; cobalt; copper;
nickel; lead; zinc; iron; manganese; concentration; urea;
superphosphates; iron-fertilizers; molinate; propineb;
thiobencarb; soil-analysis; soil-pollution; rice-soils; indexes;
spain; calcium-superphosphate; iron-sulfate; contamination-
indexes
66.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Identification of nutritional and environmental factors
affecting sugarcane production in Barbados.
Anderson, D. L.; Boer, H. G. de.; Portier, K. M. Commun-soil-
sci-plant-anal v.26(17/18): p.2887-2901 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: saccharum-officinarum; crop-production;
plant-analysis; leaves; nutrient-content; mineral-deficiencies;
crop-yield; soil-types; altitude; environmental- factors;
databases; regression-analysis; barbados; ecological-grouping
Abstract: Sugarcane production in Barbados has declined since the 1950s. Plant nutrition and fertilization deficiencies are generally believed to negatively influence yields in Barbados. The objective of this study was to identify nutritional and environmental factors related to sugarcane yields. Leaf analyses, respective crop yields, and other data were collected from the Barbados Sugar Industry Ltd. during the period 1985- 1990. The database was constructed from 2,853 site observations, consisting of crop cane yield (Mt/ha), soil grouping, ecological grouping, growing elevation, and leaf tissue analysis [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)]. Simple mean separation and tree-based regression were used to identify nutritional and environmental factors associated with sugarcane yields. Twenty- three environments were delineated by tree-based regression, in which plant nutrient deficiencies (i.e., yield limiting) were identified. One environment described N-deficient conditions, four environments described P-deficient conditions, and five environments described K-deficient conditions. Different critical leaf nutrient concentrations were related to yields. A single nutrient norm under different environments may be misleading. If current fertilizer recommendations are adhered to by growers in Barbados, attention to additional fertilization should be given only under these environments.
67.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-So3
Immobilization and uptake of nitrogen applied to corn as
starter fertilizer.
Francis, D. D.; Doran, J. W.; Lohry, R. D. Soil-Sci-Soc-Am-j.
[Madison, Wis.] Soil Science Society of America. July/Aug 1993.
v. 57 (4) p. 1023-1026
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; ammonium-nitrate; liquid-
fertilizers; starter-dressings; nutrient-availability; nutrient-
uptake; immobilization; soil-flora; ammonium-nitrogen; nitrate-
nitrogen; quantitative-analysis; techniques; teaching; losses-
from-soil; nitrification; dicyandiamide; nebraska
Abstract: One goal of best management practices for N fertilization is to obtain high utilization of applied fertilizer. This experiment was conducted to determine plant uptake and the degree of microbial immobilization of NH4-N and NO3-N in fluid starter fertilizer applied to corn (Zea mays L.). In addition, two modifications of the fumigation-incubation method for biomass C and N determinations were evaluated for their ability to quantify immobilization of fertilizer N by soil microbial populations. Starter fertilizers tagged with (14)NH4NO3 or NH4(15)NO3 were used to measure effects related to the fertilizer NH4 and NO3 components. Plant and soil samples were collected at the V3 and V8 growth stages. In both years, NO3 in the starter fertilizer was leached out of the emerging plant's root zone before it could be fully utilized. Ammonium underwent rapid nitrification and subsequently also was leached out of the topsoil, limiting immobilization and plant uptake. In the second year of the study, dicyandiamide (DCD) was included in the treatments, which maintained more N in the NH4 form, resulting in greater crop uptake and more microbial immobilization of fertilizer N. Under environments that tend to be conducive to leaching, it may be necessary to add a nitrification inhibitor to starter fertilizers to ensure that fertilizer N remains positionally available to young corn plants. The Shen, Pruden, and Jenkinson method for estimating biomass N gave immobilization values that were consistent with values anticipated from isotopic analyses of soil N. The Voroney and Paul technique appeared to overestimate biomass N by 1.5- to seven fold for our soils and climatic conditions.
68.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-So3
Impact of fertilizer placement and tillage system on
phosphorus distribution in soil.
Rehm, G. W.; Randall, G. W.; Scobbie, A. J.; Vetsch, J. A.
Soil-Sci-Soc-Am-j. [Madison, Wis.] Soil Science Society of
America. Nov/Dec 1995. v. 59 (6) p. 1661-1665
Includes references.
Descriptors: phosphorus; spatial-distribution;
profiles; phosphorus-fertilizers; broadcasting; band-placement;
surface-treatment; subsurface-application; chiselling; ridging;
soil-test-values; soil-variability
Abstract: Repeated use of band applications, both surface and subsurface, of immobile nutrients applicable to a variety of tillage systems raises concerns about the collection of soil samples used for making fertilizer recommendations. This study was conducted to measure the effect of tillage system and fertilizer placement on soil test P in a major part of the root zone. Soil samples were collected from control treatments and from treatments where phosphate fertilizer supplying 29 kg P ha-1 yr-1 had been broadcast, applied as a surface band, or applied in a subsurface band for three consecutive years in a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. These placements were used in both a chisel and a ridge-till planting system. Soil samples were collected from depths of 0 to 7.5, 7.5 to 15.0, 15.0 to 22.5, 22.5 to 30.0, and 30.0 to 45.0 cm at distances of 0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, 30.0, and 37.5 cm from the row. Soil test P, to a depth of 15 cm at each position from the row, was significantly affected by fertilizer placement. Placement also had a significant effect on soil test P to a depth of 30 to 45 cm at a distance of 30 cm from the row. Tillage system had a significant effect on measured soil test P at sampling positions near the row. These results indicate that both tillage system and fertilizer placement could have a major effect on soil test values. If band locations are known, they should be avoided, if possible, during sample collection.
69.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Impact of time of day and time since irrigation on cotton
leaf blade and petiole nutrient concentrations.
Davis, J. G. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.26(15/16):
p.2351-2360 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; nutritional-state;
evaluation; plant-analysis; leaves; petioles; plant-composition;
phosphorus; potassium; calcium; magnesium; potassium-fertilizers;
application-rates; sampling; timing; variation; irrigation;
fertilizer-requirement-determination; daily-variation
Abstract: Petioles are used in weekly nutrient monitoring programs because they are more responsive to short- term changes than leaf blades. However, this responsiveness may allow other factors, such as sampling time, to mask genuine changes in nutrient status. The objectives of this study were to measure the influence of time of day and time since irrigation on petiole and blade phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations and to compare petiole and blade samples in their stability and usefulness in evaluation of cotton nutrient status. Cotton was grown on a sandy soil in the Coastal Plain region of Georgia. Treatments were K application rates of 0, 55, and 110 kg K2O/ha. In early bloom, leaf blades and petioles were sampled from the first fully expanded leaf immediately following irrigation at 13:00 Monday through Friday and on Tuesday at 7:00, 9:00, 11:00, 15:00, 17:00, and 19:00. Blades were separated from petioles, and P, K, Ca, and Mg were measured. Petiole and blade nutrient levels were positively correlated for P, K, Ca, and Mg. The difference in K rates was not as well reflected in the blade K levels as in the petiole K levels. As time since irrigation increased and the soil dried out, the petiole K levels of the 55 and 110 kg K2O/ha treatments became significantly different. Petiole and blade P and K levels declined earlier in the day than Ca and Mg levels as the moisture content of the leaves declined. Blade moisture content dropped earlier than petiole moisture content which led to increased nutrient concentrations. The large daily variation in petiole nutrient levels could result in altered fertilizer recommendations. Therefore, it is of critical importance to sample. and the timing effect due to crop growth stage.
70.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Improvements of the DRIS-system and first experiences in
grapevine nutrition with special consideration of the
compositional nutrient diagnosis approach.
Schaller, K.; Lohnertz, O.; Michel, H. Acta-hortic
(383): p.171-189 (1995 Apr.)
In the series analytic: Mineral nutrition of deciduous fruit
plants / edited by M. Tagliavini, G.H. Neilsen and P.
Millard.
Descriptors: vitis-vinifera; nutrient-requirements;
dris; plant-nutrition; mineral-nutrition; foliar-diagnosis;
leaves; mineral-content; nutrient-content; nitrogen; phosphorus;
potassium; nitrogen-content; nutrient-availability; soil-
fertility; fertilizers
71.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Improving fertilizer recommendations for subsistance
farmers in West Africa: the use of agro-economic analysis of on-
farm trials.
Posner, J. L.; Crawford, E. W. Fertil-res v.32(3):
p.333-342 (1992 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: oryza-sativa; zea-mays; arachis-hypogaea;
fertilizer-requirement-determination; field-experimentation; use-
efficiency; economic-analysis; returns; risk; programs;
subsistence-farming; senegal; fertilizer-validation-programs
Abstract: A large number of zero, half and full rate fertilizer trials were conducted on-farm in Southern Senegal with rainfed lowland rice (n = 24), maize (n = 48), and groundnuts (n = 18). Trial sites were located according to farmer selected criteria: soil texture in the case of rice; compound garden versus outer field in the case of maize; and, previous cropping history in the case of groundnuts. Quadratic fertilizer response curves using all the cases explained only 16-29% of the variance. Subsequent stratification of the fields by soil organic matter, texture, and pH permitted the identification of fertilizer responsive and non-responsive fields. Response curves using only the tests conducted on soils without a limiting constraint explained 36 to 47% of the variance. At half rate fertilization levels VCR'S of 3.8 (maize), 5.8 (rice) and 6.9 (groundnuts) resulted. Within productive fields, level of weed control, percent barrenness and final stand at harvest explained much of the remaining variation in yields for rice 82%), maize (61%) and groundnuts (76%) respectively. Response curves were then used in an economic analysis to address on-farm fertilizer allocation issues. Based on survey results and field trial data, partial budgets for small and medium-sized farms were developed. This analysis showed marginal rates of return of 400 and 165 percent to half and full rate fertilization, respectively. This type of fertilizer validation program, conducted on farmer-selected sites, improved targeting of recommendations, and helped to identify agronomic practices that should result in reduced economic risk and increased fertilizer adoption by farmers.
72.
NAL Call No.: 56.8-J823
Incorporation of natural hydrocarbons from plant residues
into an hydromorphic humic podzol following afforestation and
fertilization.
Jambu, P.; Ambles, A.; Dinel, H.; Secouet, B. J-Soil-Sci
v.42(4): p.629-636 (1991 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pinus-pinaster; forest-litter; plant-
composition; quantitative-analysis; hydrocarbons; incorporation;
humus; podzols; biodegradation; biological-activity-in- soil;
mineralization; transformation; npk-fertilizers; phosphorus-
fertilizers; france
Abstract: The content and composition of natural hydrocarbons from plant residues (Pinus maritima sp.) of a hydromorphic humic podzol were investigated following the addition of NPK and P fertilizers. L and F layers and the Al horizon from non-fertilized and fertilized soil were analysed for total lipids and hydrocarbons, and non-linear and linear hydrocarbons. The decrease in non-linear hydrocarbons extracted following the addition of fertilizers was attributed to the incorporation of non-linear hydrocarbons into humus, rather than to their biodegradation by soil micro-organisms. Short- and medium-chain linear hydrocarbons from plant residues or of microbial origin were rapidly biodegraded or fixed by soil micro- organisms, resulting in a very low concentration in the Al horizon. In contrast, long- chain linear hydrocarbons of plant origin accumulated in the non-fertilized soil, while the addition of P fertilizer slightly stimulated their biodegradation.
73.
NAL Call No.: 4-Am34P
The influence of exchangeable ions and neutral salts on
the pH of soils.
Puffeles, M. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.31(9): p.761-766 (1939
Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-ph; salts-in-soil; exchangeable-
cations; calcareous-soils; soil-analysis
Abstract: The following conclusions may be drawn from the experiments reported here: 1. The observation that the pH value of a soil is lowered on the addition of a neutral salt is valid not only in the case of humid soils but also in arid soils. We cannot speak here of saturated and unsaturated soils, only more or less saturated soils. All the processes which render humid soils unsaturated also take place in arid climates, but much less intensively. 2. Analytical data confirm the fact that the dilution Of 1:5 and an extraction time of 3 minutes give optimum results. 3. On the addition of a neutral salt, the pH value diminishes most in heavy soils and least in light soils. 4. A close relation exists between the position and valency of the absorbed complex and the pH of the soil. 5. In preparing different types of soils, such as Ca, Mg, K, and Na soils, it was observed that bivalent soils, i.e., Ca and Mg soils, were less affected by the addition of neutral salts than the monovalent types, i.e., K and Na soils. Also, Ca soil was less affected than Mg soil and K soil than Na soil. 6. The fact that the addition of a mineral fertilizer to the soil causes a diminution of the pH in the soil is of immense importance to the practical agriculturist. By examining the exchange of bases in the soil, he can arrive at an accurate estimate of the extent to which the soil would be affected by the addition of a mineral fertilizer and what means should be taken be taken, e.g., addition of lime, in order to prevent the accumulation of acids in the soil.
74.
NAL Call No.: 4-Am34P
Influence of placement of ammoniated and non-ammoniated
superphosphates on efficacy of the phosphate.
Ross, W. H.; Whittaker, C. W.; Adams, J. R.; Rader, L. F. Jr.
J-Am-Soc-Agron v.40(2): p.125-135 (1948 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: superphosphates; placement; greenhouse-
culture; millets; soil-chemistry; alabama; arkansas; mississippi;
south-carolina; maryland
Abstract: The effects of various placements on the relative response of crops to the phosphate in nonammoniated and ammoniated superphosphate were studied in greenhouse pot cultures. In experiments at five locations, the state experiment stations of Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, and South Carolina, and the Plant Industry Station at Beltsville, Md., the effects of placement on response of millet, Sudan grass, and sorghum to nonammoniated superphosphate and superphosphate ammoniated to 2, 3, 4, or 5% under various conditions, were studied on six acid soils and one alkaline soil. The placements were (1) complete mixed fertilizer containing phosphate, nitrogen, and potash, mixed with all the soil, (2) the fertilizer mixed with 5% of the soil in a layer halfway down the pot; and (3) the fertilizer applied in a 3-inch circular layer 1 1/2 inches below the surface without mixing with the soil. In another experiment at Beltsville, millet was grown on four of the same soils used in the other experiments and on another acid soil. All the soils were fertilized with nonammoniated superphosphate or with ammoniated superphosphate (4%) prepared under conditions least conducive to phosphate reversion. Placements were the same as before except that the localized placement was a continuous band 0.5 inch wide 2 inches below the seed. Nitrogen and potash were applied separately in solution form. On the acid soils mixing with all the soil tended to be the least effective of the three methods of placement for both types of phosphate. The localized placements (unmixed layer and band) gave results with the nonammoniated superphosphate about equal to the method of mixing with 5% of the soil (mixed layer), with Sudan. markedly superior to the mixed layer placement with Sudan grass on Cecil soil and with millet on Newtonia, Grady, Cecil, and Sassafras soils, especially at the lower rates of application. The localized placements were inferior to the mixed layer placement on the Hartsells and Sunnyside soils with millet. The ammoniated superphosphates tended to give better results on the acid soils in the mixed layer placement than in the localized placements. The rate of application modified this effect somewhat in the millet tests on the Newtonia, Grady, Cecil, and Sassafras soils. The effect was more pronounced at the higher rates of ammoniation. It persisted even when the ammoniation conditions were least conducive to phosphate reversion. Observed placement effects arose mainly from the position of the phosphate since results obtained when the potash and nitrogen were applied separately were similar in trend to those obtained when all three nutrients were applied together. Results on the single alkaline soil tested were similar but less definite. The results reported in this paper point to the need for consideration of the placement factor in field comparisons of nonammoniated and ammoniated superphosphates, especially when more than 3% of ammonia have been added to the latter. A placement optimum for the nonammoniated superphosphate, or fertilizer containing it, may not be the best placement on a particular soil-crop combination for the ammoniated material.
75.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
The influence of plant population, soil moisture, and
nitrogen fertilization on the sugar content and yield of sugar
beets.
Haddock, J. L. Agron-j v.41(2): p.79-84 (1949 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sugarbeet; plant-composition; crop-yield;
soil-water; nitrogen-fertilizers; plant-density
Abstract: A study was made on the effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield and quality of the sugar beet under a variety of spacing and soil moisture conditions. Soil moisture relationships throughout the growing season were followed by means of resistance blocks and tensiometers. The extent of growth response in sugar beets to various amounts of added nitrogen fertilizer is markedly influenced by the plant population as well as the nitrogen-supplying power of the soil. The total amount of irrigation water required to produce a crop of sugar beets in Utah may be of less importance than the time at which the water is applied. Although the sugar beet crop is not considered highly sensitive to variations in soil moisture conditions, wide differences in yield were obtained for different irrigation programs. It appears important that sugar beet plants be kept growing vigorously early in the season. Split applications of nitrogen fertilizer do not appear to be of great importance in this study. The data presented show the influence of several farming practices alone and in combination upon the yield and quality of sugar beets. The effect of available nitrogen on the lowering of the percentage of sugar and purity of the expressed juices of sugar beets is generally accentuated under conditions of wide spacing. The matter of plant population should be given consideration when nitrogen fertilizers are to be supplied to the sugar beet crop. Plant analyses are extremely helpful in the interpretation of field experiments when factors affecting plant nutrition are under investigation. It does not appear feasible to establish an arbitrary value, such as nitrogen in parts per million of plant tissue, to.
76.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Influence of rootstock on nutrient acquisition by
pistachio.
Brown, P. H.; Zhang, Q.; Ferguson, L. J-plant-nutr
v.17(7): p.1137-1148 (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pistacia-vera; pistacia-atlantica;
pistacia; pistacia-terebinthus; nutrient-uptake; mineral-uptake;
ion-uptake; phosphorus; calcium; magnesium; trace- elements;
rootstocks; mineral-content; nutrient-content; leaves; pistacia-
integerrima
Abstract: The influence of rootstock selection on leaf nutrient concentrations in commercial pistachio (Pistacia vera cv. 'Kerman') was studied. Five commercially important pistachio rootstocks were used. The pistachio rootstock Pistacia atlantica was clearly superior in enhancing leaf concentrations of the elements, boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and phosphorus (P) from a range of soil types. The influence of rootstock on leaf nutrient concentration was apparent both in grafted and non- grafted trees and was most pronounced when leaf nutrient levels were low. Leaf B, Cu, and Zn concentrations were from 1.2 to 2.4 times higher in pistachio grafted to P. atlantica than in those grafted on other rootstocks. For Cu and Zn, elements that are often deficient in Californian pistachio orchards, the choice of rootstock was sufficient to overcome visual deficiencies of these elements. In soils low in a particular element selection of rootstock may significantly influence management decisions and the need for fertilizer supplementation. Two hybrid rootstocks, in which the efficient rootstock P. atlantica was crossed with the inefficient P. integerrima, had lower leaf nutrient concentrations than the P. atlantica parent. The mechanism of nutrient efficiency was not identified though correlation analysis suggests separate characteristics are responsible for the enhancement of Zn uptake as compared to B or Cu uptake. Improvement in nutrient efficiency may be possible in future breeding programs.
77.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422. SD13.C35
Influence of soil organic carbon on the interpretation of
soil test P for wheat grown on alkaline soils. Copper deficiency
a probable cause of stem deformity in fertilised Eucalyptus
nitens.
Benbi, D. K.; Brar, S. P. S.; Turnbull, C. R. A.; Beadle, C. L.;
West, P. W.; Cromer, R. N. Fertil-res. Can-j-for-res.
Ottawa, National Research Council of Canada. July 1994. v. 24 (7)
p. 1434-1439 v.37(1): p.35-41 (1994)
Includes references. Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; alkaline-soils;
fertilizer-requirement-determination; phosphorus; soil-testing;
interpretation; soil-organic-matter; phosphorus-fertilizers;
application-rates; crop-yield; indian-punjab; eucalyptus-nitens;
forest-plantations; stem-form; deformities; mineral-deficiencies;
copper; nitrogen-fertilizers; phosphorus-fertilizers; foliar-
diagnosis; foliar- nutrition; tasmania
Abstract: Organic carbon is known to alter crop response to applied phosphorus (P) but that fact has not been incorporated in soil test interpretations. To achieve this objective, field experiments with wheat were conducted for four years on alkaline soils of Punjab, India. The experimental soils ranged from loamy sand to loam in texture, 7.4 to 9.6 in pH, 0.16 to 0.75% in organic carbon (OC) and 2 to 40 mg Olsen extractable P kg-1 soil. Response of wheat to fertilizer phosphorus application was related to the combined effect of Olsen P and soil OC content. At a given Olsen P level, wheat yield was a function of soil OC content. Multiple regression analysis of the data showed that OC content < 0.2% did not affect yield significantly. At values > 0.6%, OC along with Olsen P accounted for 97% of the variation in yield and there was no response to applied fertilizer P. Yield isoquants for 4 and 5 tons grains ha- 1 showed that for a given Olsen P level, as OC content increased the amount of fertilizer P required to achieve a yield target decreased. It was shown that OC may be used to approximate the contribution of organic P mineralization to plant available soil P during a growing season. The reliability of fertilizer recommendations based on Olsen P may be improved on some alkaline soils by consideration of soil OC content. Record 69 of 155 - AGRICOLA 1/92-6/96. Serious malformation of tree stems and branches was first observed 17 months after planting Eucalvptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden trees on an improved pasture site in southern Tasmania. The trees were planted in a factorial fertiliser trial with application of nitrogen at 0, 60, l20, 240, and 480 kg/ha and phosphorus at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 kg/ha. The phosphorus was semibroadcast as a single dose just after planting in September 1990 and the nitrogen was applied over a 2- year period from planting. At 21 months of age, the degree of malformation increased significantly with increasing levels of nitrogen or phosphorus fertilisers and was most severe at the highest levels of application. There was a significant linear trend of decreasing diameter growth with increasing levels of phosphorus fertiliser. The concentration of Cu in the foliage was significantly lower in malformed than unaffected trees whilst other macro- and micro-nutrient foliar levels were within the normal range for healthy individuals. Whilst the symptoms appear similar to those of "Toorour syndrome" previously reported for Pinus radiata D. Don on improved pasture sites in Australia, we believe the present symptoms may result from Cu deficiency induced at high fertiliser levels. The deformations substantially reduce the merchantability of trees from the plantation.
78.
NAL Call No.: S590.S62
Integrating mineralizable nitrogen indices into
fertilizer nitrogen recommendations.
Rice, C. W.; Havlin, J. L. SSSA-spec-publ (40): p.1-13
(1994)
In the series analytic: Soil testing: Prospects of improving
nutrient recommendations / edited by J.L. Havlin and J.S.
Jacobsen.
Descriptors: fertilizer-requirement-determination;
nitrogen-fertilizers; nitrogen; mineralization; estimation;
environmental-factors; models
79.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
The interpretation of Olsen extractable P values in
relation to recommendations for the fertilizer requirements of
crops.
Benbi, D. K.; Brar, S. P. S. Fertil-res v.32(2): p.223-
227 (1992 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: abelmoschus-esculentus; soil-test-values;
interpretation; fertilizer-requirement-determination; crop-yield;
phosphorus; nutrient-availability
Abstract: A greenhouse experiment, with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) as the test crop, was conducted on twenty-one soils ranging in Olsen's extractable phosphorus from 1.8 to 15.5 microgram P g(-1) soil. The experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. The soils were nonsaline with pH ranging from 7.7 to 8.6. A critical level of 2.55 micrograms P g(-1) soil was predicted by Cate and Nelson's (1971) statistical procedure. Because of a wide range in relative yields, this value did not accurately predict response to applied P. An approach to compute minimum response to applied fertilizer, which is likely to be obtained at a particular Olsen P level, has been presented. It involves calculation of lower 60 percent confidence limits for relative yield and fitting log(e)-linear regression to the transformed data. The regression was tested on a published data set and was found to hold well.
80.
NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Labile soil organic matter as influenced by cropping
practices in an arid environment.
Biederbeck, V. O.; Janzen, H. H.; Campbell, C. A.; Zentner, R. P.
Soil-biol-biochem v.26(12): p.1647-1656 (1994 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: chernozems; arid-climate; soil-organic-
matter; cycling; chemical-composition; mineralization; rotations;
sequences; saskatchewan; cropping-sequences
Abstract: The dynamics of organic matter (OM) in prairie soils play an important role in long-term soil productivity and in the global carbon cycle. Temporal fluctuations in OM occur primarily in the readily-decomposable, labile fractions. We analyzed soils from a long-term study on a Brown Chernozem (Aridic Haploboroll) in southwestern Saskatchewan to determine the effect of cropping practices on OM content and composition under arid conditions. Soils (0-7.5 and 7.5-15 cm layers) from various rotations of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter wheat, flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) and fallow were analyzed for organic C, total N and selected indicators of labile OM [light fraction(LF)-C, LF- N, mineralizable-C, mineralizable-C, microbial biomass(MB)-C and MB-N]. The indicators of labile OM were all more sensitive than total OM to agronomic variables. Treatment effects on all characteristics were usually similar in the 0-7.5 and 7.5-15 cm layers, but effects in the surface layer were often more highly significant. Frequency of fallow in the rotation was the dominant factor influencing labile OM. For example, LF-C in the 0-7.5 cm layer of well-fertilized continuously-cropped spring wheat, bare fallow-wheat-wheat and bare fallow-wheat was 3.15, 1.55 and 1.17 mg C kg-1 soil, respectively. The corresponding values for CO2-C mineralized at 21 degrees C in 30 days were 371, 184 and 158 mg C kg-1 soil and those for cumulative net N mineralized in 16 weeks at 35 degrees C were 126, 96 and 80 mg N kg-1 soil. MB-C and MB-N exhibited similar trends (e.g. MB-C was 368, 256 and 257 mg C kg- 1 soil for the three treatments, respectively). Application of N fertilizer and substitution. had little effect or reduced labile OM. Differences in labile OM appeared to be related, not only to residue inputs, but also to moisture and temperature conditions. Our findings suggest that it may be possible to manipulate the timing of residue inputs and moisture through cropping practices and thereby maintain adequate labile OM concentrations and improve the synchrony of mineralization with crop requirements. Our results also imply that LF and mineralizable fractions may be useful as early indicators of OM change.
81.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Logit analysis of information in animal waste
management.
Halstead, J. M.; Kramer, R. A.; Batie, S. S. J-prod-
agric v.3(4): p.540-544 (1990 Oct.-1990 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: nitrogen-fertilizers; farm-management;
animal-manures; testing; nutrient-content; decision-making;
regional-surveys; case-studies; virginia; nutrient-management
Abstract: Recent evidence indicates that many farmers apply two to three times as much N fertilizer as their crops require. One of the reasons for these high applications is a lack of consideration of the nutrient values of animal manure supplied to cropland. Logit analysis of data from a survey of Rockingham County, Virginia, dairy farmers revealed that farmers' age, use of soil testing services adjustment of commercial N application to reflect manure contributions, farm size, and whether or not the farm had storage facilities were the more important factors in determining whether a farmer would use a manure testing service if one were provided. Owners of small farms were less likely to adopt manure testing than were owners of large farms.
82.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Long-term residual value of North Carolina and Queensland
rock phosphates compared with triple superphosphate.
Bolland, M. D. A.; Gilkes, R. J. Fertil-res v.41(2):
p.151-158 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: avena-sativa; hordeum-vulgare; triticum-x-
secale; trifolium-subterraneum; lateritic-soils; rock-phosphate;
triple-superphosphate; phosphorus-fertilizers; comparisons;
residual-effects; phosphorus; nutrient-availability; crop-yield;
western-australia; relative-effectiveness
Abstract: The effectiveness of large single applications of North Carolina reactive rock phosphate, Queensland non-reactive rock phosphate, and Calciphos, were compared to the effectiveness of superphosphate in field experiments in south-western Australia for up to 11 years after application. As measured using plant yield, superphosphate was the most effective fertilizer in the year of application, and relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the effectiveness of the superphosphate residues declined to be about 15 to 65% as effective in the year after application, and 5 to 20% as effective 9 to 10 years after application. Relative to freshly- applied superphosphate, all the rock phosphates were 10 to 30% as effective in the year of application, and the residues remained 2 to 20% as effective in the 10 years after application. The bicarbonate soil test reagent predicted a more gradual decrease in effectiveness of superphosphate of up to 70% 10 years after application. For rock phosphate, the reagent predicted effectiveness to be always lower than for superphosphate, being initially 2 to 11% as effective in the year after application, and from 10% to equally as effective 10 years later. Therefore rock phosphates are unlikely to be economic alternatives to superphosphate in the short or long term on most lateritic soils in south-western Australia.
83.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
A magnesium deficiency induced by previous fertilizer
treatments.
Knoblauch, H. C.; Odland, T. E. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.26(7):
p.609-615 (1934 July)
Descriptors: solanum-tuberosum; crop-yield; chlorosis;
growth-retardation; magnesium; mineral-deficiencies; phosphorus-
fertilizers; magnesium-fertilizers; calcium- fertilizers; liming-
materials; potassium-fertilizers; lime; silt-loam-soils; acid-
soils; rhode-island
Abstract: In recent years potatoes growing on certain plats of the Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station have been found to be chlorotic and to make very poor growth. This correlation suggested a deficiency in some essential element. A small application of magnesium sulfate to some of the plants partially corrected the disorder. The investigations reported in this paper cover both field and greenhouse experiments designated to determine if a lack of magnesium in the soil was the chief cause of the disorder; and, if so, whether any element in the previous fertilization helped bring about the deficiency. With a fertilizer high in potash and on an acid soil, the yield was much reduced from that obtained with the standard fertilization. When magnesium sulfate was applied to the high-potash soil in 1931 and 1932, a significant increase in yield was obtained. However, supplementing the normal fertilization with magnesium sulfate gave a much larger relative increase. In 1933, a significant response was also obtained from the magnesium sulfate, but the depression in yield observed the two previous years with the high-potash soil did not occur. When lime is used the best yields of potatoes are usually obtained on those plats with a relatively high potash fertilizer. In experiments where different magnesium sources were used all were found effective when supplying a minimum of 20 pounds of MgO per acre. Larger quantities than this did not give further increases in yield. The greenhouse tests with a high potash soil showed a significant response to magnesium sulfate. While supplying magnesium was beneficial it did not give as large an increase with the high-potash fertilizer as was obtained from the low-potash and magnesium treatment. It was found that magnesium was the deficient element and that a high potash supply in the soil under acid conditions facilitates a magnesium deficiency. Probably, the cause of the magnesium deficiency is that the fertilizers applied have been relatively free from magnesium and that there has been a continual loss of this element by crop removal and leaching. Further, it is probable that the high concentration of potassium has largely displaced the available magnesium of the soil and that the excess concentration of potassium has interfered with magnesium absorption. For control of the disorder, under our soil conditions, it is recommended that magnesium limestone supplying 25 to 35 pounds of MgO per acre be applied.
84.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Mapping soil test phosphorus and potassium for variable-
rate fertilizer application.
Wollenhaupt, N. C.; Wolkowski, R. P.; Clayton, M. K. J-prod-
agric v.7(4): p.441-448 (1994 Oct.-1994 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fertilizers; application-rates; spatial-
variation; phosphorus; potassium; soil-test-values; sampling;
mapping; soil-variability
85.
NAL Call No.: 4-Am34P
A method of determining the potassium requirements of
peas.
Tremblay, F. T.; Baur, K. E. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.40(11):
p.945-959 (1948 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pisum-sativum; potassium-fertilizers;
fertilizer-requirement-determination; silty-soils; plant-
morphology; washington
Abstract: Analyses of plant samples taken periodically from experimental pea plots in western Washington showed that it is possible to select representative plant material that accurately reflects the potassium status of the soil in as far as the growth of peas is concerned. In general, increasing amounts of potash added in the fertilizer resulted in an increased uptake of potassium by the pea plants. Application of 15 to 30 pounds of nitrogen (N) and 30 to 60 pounds of phosphorus (P2O5) per acre had no significant effect on the concentration of potassium in the pea plants provided adequate amounts of potash were also applied. Either leaves (leaf blades) or petioles (leaf petioles) selected at the third node down from the top of the plant when it has reached an eight- or nine-node stage appeared to be most indicative of its potassium status. The results indicated that the differences in the potassium concentrations between pea plants failing to respond to potassium applications to the soil as compared to those responding to applications of this element are of sufficient magnitude to warrant its use under field conditions. Tentative limits have been set on the estimated percentage of potassium required in the leaves from time of pre- bloom to full bloom stage in order to delineate deficient, low, sufficient, and high potassium areas.
86.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67; LNSU QK867.J67
Microwave-oven drying of rice leaves for rapid
determination of dry weight and nitrogen
concentration.
Peng, S.; Laza, M. R. C.; Garcia, F. V.; Cassman, K. G. J-
plant-nutr v.17(1): p.209-217 (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: oryza-sativa; nitrogen-content; leaves;
dry-matter; foliar-diagnosis; microwave-ovens; drying; drying-
methods; microwave-dryers
Abstract: Predicting the need for fertilizer-nitrogen (N) topdressing based on plant N status is an important N management strategy for increasing both grain yield and N-use efficiency of irrigated rice. Plant N analysis by conventional- oven drying and micro-Kjeldahl procedure generally requires several days. Accurate estimation of leaf N content per unit dry weight (NDW) at different growth stages by the chlorophyll meter requires that meter-reading values (SPAD values) be adjusted for specific leaf weight (SLW). This study demonstrated that a microwave oven can be used for drying rice leaves for quick estimation of leaf dry weight without significantly influencing the estimation of NDW by micro-Kjeldahl procedure. Microwave oven drying of 0.5 g (dry weight) leaf samples required only two minutes. Extended exposure duration up to six minutes did not alter the measured Kjeldahl N concentration. Specific leaf weight determined with microwave- oven drying improved the prediction of NDW by SPAD. The chlorophyll meter with SLW adjustment can provide another tool to make rapid, in-season diagnosis of crop N status.
87.
NAL Call No.: 4-Am34P
Mineral nutrient extraction and distribution in the
peanut plant.
Burkhart, L.; Page, N. R. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.33(8): p.743-
755 (1941 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: arachis-hypogaea; mineral-nutrition; soil-
fertility; fertilizer-requirement-determination; field-
experimentation; north-carolina
Abstract: 1. Extraction of plant tissue with hot water for 2 hours is sufficient to remove from the peanut plant the soluble mineral nutrients under consideration, namely, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and sulfate. 2. The soluble mineral nutrient distribution in the peanut plant is shown graphically. The leaf blades, petioles, and stems, respectively, were separated into top, middle, and lower portions. The range in concentration of mineral nutrients in the respective parts of peanut plants grown in various fertilizer field experiments are shown. 3. The plants were analyzed at three stages of growth, namely, vegetative, early fruiting, and at maturity. The vegetative stage is the most practical for foliar diagnosis as fertilizer supplements may be beneficially applied as top or side dressings during this stage. 4. The lower blades of the peanut are the most suitable portions to test for all mineral nutrients in determining deficiencies or excesses in the plant with special reference to calcium, potassium, and magnesium. 5. There is a relation between the mineral nutrient concentration in the lower blades of the peanut plant and fertilizer treatment and response. 6. The calcium-potassium relationship is an important factor associated with the growth and yield of peanuts under the conditions of these experiments in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina.
88.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Mobilization of residual phosphate of different phosphate
fertilizers in relation to pH in the rhizosphere of
ryegrass.
Singh Gahoonia, T.; Claassen, N.; Jungk, A. Fertil-res
v.33(3): p.229-237 (1992)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lolium-perenne; rhizosphere; soil-ph;
phosphorus-fertilizers; residual-effects; phosphates; movement-
in-soil; phosphorus; solubility; nutrient-availability
Abstract: Only 10 to 20% of the P in fertilizers are utilized by crops in the year of application. The value of the remaining 90% to 80% for succeeding crops is uncertain. This paper is aimed at assessing the residual value of several P- fertilizers such as superphosphate (Super-P), Thomasphosphate (Thomas-P), Rhenaniaphosphate (Rhenania-P) and Hyperphos (Hyper- P) a ground rock phosphate. These fertilizers had been applied annually for ten years to supply a total of 520 kg P ha-1 to a silt loam soil derived from loess. Fertilizer P accumulation compared to the unfertilized plots was 520 kg ha-1 for Hyper-P and 410 kg ha-1 for Super-P (4.2 and 3.3 mmol P kg-1 soil). The residual value of this P was assessed by both conventional soil test procedures and P-depletion at the soil-root interface by ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) supplied with either NO3-N, NH4-N or no N. The different N sources changed soil pH in the rhizosphere and thereby the solubility of P present in this region. To measure P depletion at the soil-root interface, ryegrass seedlings were grown on a soil block covered with a nylon screen, mesh 30 micrometers. A dense root mat developed simulating a plane root surface. After 10 days of growth the soil block was sliced into 0.2 mm layers parallel to the root mat. These soil samples were analysed for P (4 N HCl) giving P concentration as a function of distance from the root surface. Phosphorus depletion at the root surface, in mmol kg-1, was 1.7 for the No-P and 3.2 for the Super-P treatment. Thomas-P and Rhenania-P were in between while for Hyper-P the depletion was only 1.0. This gave a residual effect of 47% for Super-P and a negative 15% for Hyper- P. Acidification of the rhizosphere due to NH4-N supply had no effect on the residual effect of Super-P but increased that. rhizosphere pH and decreased the residual effect of Super-P but increased slightly the residual effect of the other P-fertilizers as compared to No-N application. The pattern of these changes of P depletion in the rhizosphere was similar for the No-P and the Super-P treatments suggesting the presence of similar P compounds in both cases. In contrast, Hyper-P apparently remained unchanged in soil, as Ca-P, if not mobilized by acidification. These results are supported by the soil tests. Reasons for the relatively low residual effect even of Super-P (only 47%) are discussed. It is concluded that, because of the low rate of P release from soil, the 10 days growth period of the plants was not long enough to include all P that could potentially be mobilized.
89.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Modification of the M-DRIS for soybean.
Hallmark, W. B.; Beverly, R. B.; Morris, H. F. Jr.; Wall, D. A.
Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.25(7/8): p.1085-1101
(1994)
Paper presented at the 1993 International Symposium on Soil
Testing and Plant Analysis: Precision Nutrient Management, August
14-19, 1993, Olympia, Washington. Part 1.
Descriptors: glycine-max; cultivars; phosphorus;
potassium; mineral-deficiencies; plant-analysis; nutrient-
content; dris; modification; mathematics
90.
NAL Call No.: 81-SO12
Multivariate nutrient diagnosis of the carrot
crop.
Parent, L. E.; Isfan, D.; Tremblay, N.; Karam, A. J-Am-Soc-
Hortic-Sci v.119(3): p.420-426 (1994 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: daucus-carota; crop-production; crop-
yield; mathematical-models; principal-component-analysis; foliar-
diagnosis; yield-forecasting; fertilizers; application- rates;
quebec; diagnosis-and-recommendation-integrated-systems;
critical-value-approach; compositional-nutrient-diagnosis
Abstract: Compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) provides undistorted (linearized) variates amenable to principal component analysis (PCA) using a row-centered logratio transformation of foliar nutrient data. Our objectives were to carry PCA on raw or transformed nutrient data for carrot (Daucus carota L.) crops and to compare the critical value approach (CVA), diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS), and CND diagnoses using independent data. PCA conducted on percentage or log-transformed data produced similar multivariate structures difficult to interpret. PCA conducted on DRIS indexes and on row- centered logratios produced PCs (K-Ca+), (N+K-Ca-Mg+), and (P- Mg+) and PCs (K-Mg+), (N-Ca+), and (P-), respectively. Nutrient contrasts were easiest to interpret with CND and reflected either K-Mg antagonism or N dilution and Ca accumulation over time. CVA diagnosis of independent samples was generally, not in line with DRIS or CND. DRIS and CND diagnostic indexes were highly correlated (r = 0.98 to 0.99). By summing bivariate DRIS functions, the DRIS index calculation procedure effectively row- centered the nutrient values for carrots. DRIS and CND index diagnosis indicated treatment-dependent Ca shortage. In contrast, CND PC diagnosis indicated overall stationary values for PC (N-Ca+) whatever treatment was applied. CND PC diagnosis is a multivariate (PCA) approach providing simplified computational effort and a theoretical basis for further improvements in foliar diagnosis.
91.
NAL Call No.: QH540.J6
Nitrate leaching in a udic haploboroll as influenced by
fertilization and legumes.
Campbell, C. A.; Lafond, G. P.; Zentner, R. P.; Jame, Y. W.
J-environ-qual v.23(1): p.195-201 (1994 Jan.-1994
Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: nitrate-nitrogen; leaching; triticum-
aestivum; rotations; summer-fallow; fertilization; medicago-
sativa; green-manures; soil-water; soil-testing; nitrogen-
fertilizers; application-rates; groundwater-pollution; udic-
regimes; saskatchewan
Abstract: An ongoing 34-yr crop rotation experiment being conducted on a heavy clay at Indian Head, SK, allowed a snap-shot assessment to he made of the influence of fertilization, legume green manure and legume-grass hay crops, and frequency of cropping to monoculture hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on deep leaching of soil nitrate (NO3). The results showed that NO3 leaching was greatest when summer fallowing was most frequently employed. Although N fertilization may increase NO3-N leached, using a soil test as a guide to choosing fertilizer application rates and cropping annually will minimize NO3 leaching. Further, we found that, although deep- rooted forage crops such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) remove NO3 and water to a depth of 2.4 m, and because legumes increase the N supplying power of the soil, considerable NO3 leaching can still occur under these systems. This is especially true if legume plowdown is followed by a fallow period, because during the fallow period, copious net N mineralization may occur together with increased soil moisture storage. These results do not imply that leaching is pervasive on the Canadian Prairies, but they do confirm certain well-known principles: viz., that NO3 leaching can be expected whenever conditions favor NO3 accumulation and water buildup in soil. Consequently, it is important to keep the land cropped for a large proportion of the time and to use fertilizers at moderate rates based on soil tests.
92.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Nitrogen fertilization timing effect on wheat production,
nitrogen uptake efficiency, and residual soil
nitrogen.
Alcoz, M. M.; Hons, F. M.; Haby, V. A. Agron-j v.85(6):
p.1198-1203 (1993 Nov.-1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; nitrogen-fertilizers;
split-dressings; nitrogen; nutrient-uptake; efficiency;
application-rates; application-date; growth-stages; crop-yield;
plant-tissues; nitrogen-content; soil-analysis; movement-in-soil;
yield-increases; yield-components; texas; fertilizer-nitrogen-
recovery; soil-nitrogen-residues; soil-nitrate-concentration;
soil-nitrate-residues; grain-nitrogen-content
Abstract: Split fertilizer N application has been proposed for improving N uptake efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production systems, but results have been inconsistent. In this field study, 75 and 150 kg N ha-1 was applied either all preplant or in two, three, or four split applications based on wheat growth stage (GS) to determine N timing effect on wheat yield and apparent fertilizer N recovery. Vegetative samples were also collected at Feekes GS 4, 6, and 10 to determine treatment effects on tissue N concentration during the growing season. Soil samples were collected after harvest to evaluate residual N quantity and movement in soil relative to N rate and time of application. The soil used was a Fluventic Ustochrept-Udic Chromustert intergrade. Nitrogen rate and application timing appeared to have less effect than year on yield and N parameters. Significant grain yield increases were achieved with split applications of N fertilizer when N was topdressed at GS 4 or 6 in 1989 as compared with all preplant or application at GS 10. Split N application at GS 10 produced greater grain yield than application at GS 4 or 6 in 1990. Nitrogen uptake efficiency was greatest with 75 kg N ha-1 and split application. Soil NO3(-)-N concentration was significantly higher at 150 kg N ha-1 than at 75 kg N ha-1. Significantly lower residual NO3(-)-N with the preplant treatment was not accounted for by greater grain or straw N content.
93.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar effects on yield and
nitrogen-use efficiency of grain amaranth.
Elbehri, A.; Putnam, D. H.; Schmitt, M. Agron-J v.85(1):
p.120-128 (1993 Jan.-1993 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: amaranthus-hypochondriacus; amaranthus-
hybridus; cultivars; varietal-reactions; nitrogen; use-
efficiency; nitrogen-fertilizers; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; application-rates; phosphorus-fertilizers;
potassium-fertilizers; crop-yield; grain; harvest-index; lodging;
forage; minnesota
Abstract: Knowledge of fertility requirements or nitrogen-use efficiency of amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) cultivars is limited. The objectives of this research were to determine the response of grain amaranth to applied N, P, and K, and to determine the effect of cultivar and fertilizer N on nitrogen-use efficiency. Two field experiments were conducted. In the first, five rates of N, P, and K were applied in a central composite design with the cultivar Plainsman grown in five environments. In a second experiment, six amaranth cultivars, Amont, K266, K283, Plainsman, K432 and D136, were grown in three environments with five N rates (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg N ha-1). There was no response to P and K applications when initial soil tests were above 68 kg P ha-1, and 172 kg K ha-1, respectively, but grain amaranth responded linearly to applied P at one location with initial soil P tests of 11 kg ha-1. Grain yield ranged from 794 to 1980 kg ha-1 and responded to N in most environments. Forage yield ranged from 6.1 to 16.6 Mg ha-1 and was increased at higher N rates. At all locations, lodging increased with application of N. Fertilizer N increased pre-flowering N accumulation but not post-flowering N accumulation. Nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) ratio of grain yield to total soil N supply ranged from 3.48 to 7.91 kg kg-1 across cultivars and environments. Nitrogen-use efficiency decreased with increased soil N mainly because of decreasing N-uptake efficiency (ratio of total plant N to total soil N). Grain amaranth is relatively inefficient in N-use primarily because of its low harvest index (HI = 9-15%) and N harvest index (NHI = 12-26%). This suggests that selection for higher HI and NHI could be effective in improving grain yield and nitrogen-use efficiency of grain amaranth.
94.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Nitrogen-fertilizer recommendations for gladiolus based
on N-mineral soil analysis.
Groen, N. P. A.; Slangen, J. H. G. Acta-hortic (266):
p.375-380 (1990 Mar.)
Paper presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Flower
Bulbs held July 10-14, 1989, Seattle, Washington.
Descriptors: gladiolus; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; nitrogen; soil-fertility; nitrate; ammonium;
nutrient-availability; nitrogen-content; nutrient-uptake
95.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-SO3
Nitrogen fixation by alfalfa with two substrate nitrogen
levels under sodium chloride stress.
Zhou, M.; Tucker, T. C.; Pessarakli, M.; Cepeda, J. A. Soil-
Sci-Soc-Am-J v.56(5): p.1500-1504 (1992 Sept.-1992 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: medicago-sativa; cultivars; rhizobium-
meliloti; nitrogen-fixation; growth; salt-tolerance; nutrient-
solutions; salinity; sodium-chloride; nitrate-nitrogen
Abstract: Nitrogen fertilizer is rarely applied to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) fields because high yields are attained with symbiotic N2 fixation between alfalfa and Rhizobium meliloti. The growth and N2 fixation by one alfalfa cultivar with low salt tolerance ('Mesa-sirsa 83CL') an two selections that are salt tolerant at germination ('Mesa-sirsa Cycle 3' and 'Cycle 5') were investigated at four NaCl salinity levels (0, -0.3, -0.6, and -1.2 MPa added osmotic potentials, OP) in a green house. Automatically recirculated nutrient solution with 5 mg NO3-N L-1 was used during the growth at first cutting and 1 mg NO3-N L-1 was provided for the regrowth of the second cutting. A second N2- fixation study was conducted with two salt levels (0 and -0.6 MPa added OP) and two NO3-N levels (1 and 5 mg L-1). The NaCl salinity resulted in substantial reductions in growth, N2 fixation percentage, and total fixed N2. The effect of salinity was more pronounced for the second cuttings than the first ones. The percentages of total N2 fixed by plants were substantially decreased by increasing NO3-N level in the nutrient solution and the reduction was enhanced as the growth period progressed. The amount of fixed N2, however, did not decrease with increasing NO3-N availability. Fixed N2 was between 86 and 93% for the 1 mg NO3-N L-1 level in the nutrient solution, whereas this value ranged between 50 and 60% for the 5 mg NO3-N L-1 level. The alfalfa cultivar and the selections did not differ in either growth or N2 fixation. The combination of high NO3-N level and salinity, however, significantly decreased the percentage of fixed N2 in the plants.
96.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Nitrogen management for spring wheat grown annually on
zero-tillage: yields and nitrogen use efficiency.
Campbell, C. A.; Zentner, R. P.; Selles, F.; McConkey, B. G.;
Dyck, F. B. Agron-J v.85(1): p.107-114 (1993 Jan.-1993
Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; nitrogen-fertilizers; no-tillage; nitrogen; use-
efficiency; application-rates; timing; application-date;
placement; crop-yield; grain; available-water; prediction;
mathematical-models; growth-models; saskatchewan
Abstract: Soil testing laboratories require predictive equations that provide accurate fertilizer recommendations to improve economic return to producers and reduce the risk of environmental pollution. Snow management by cereal trap strips and fertilizer N management involving rates, placement, and timing of application were studied in a 9-yr experiment on a Swinton Loam (Aridic Haploboroll) in southwestern Saskatchewan. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown annually using zero-tillage management. Stepwise regression with back-ward elimination was used to develop the following relationship: Y = - 781 + 3.11 WU + 6.88 FN - 0.053 FN2 - 0.33 SN2 + (0.23 SN X WU) - (0.25 SN X FN) + (0.035 FN X WU + (0.0083 SN X FN X WU) + (1.60 Yr X SN) - (0.53 Yr X FN) (R2 = 0.91, P=0.001, n = 1248), where Y = grain yield (kg ha-1), WU = estimated water use (mm), SN = available soil N (kg ha-1), FN = rate of fertilizer N (kg ha-1), and Yr = number of years of study. Water use was available spring soil water in the 0- to 1.2-m depth plus 1 May to 31 July precipitation, and SN was NO3-N in 0- to 0.6-m depth, measured in the fall. The regression accurately predicted yields of wheat for an 8-yr zero-tillage study carried out on similar soil nearby. Fertilizer N placement (seed placed, deep band, broadcast) influenced grain yields more than timing, but in 5 of 9 yr neither factor was significant. Response to fertilizer N decreased with years, presumably because the available N supplying power of the soil improved under no-till management with adequate fertilization. Efficiency of available N use [grain wt/(SN + FN)] varied from 4 to 41 kg grain kg(-1) N, being directly related to WU and generally to SN, but inversely to FN rate.
97.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Nitrogen nutrition of rainfed winter wheat in tilled and
no-till sorghum and wheat residues.
Knowles, T. C.; Hipp, B. W.; Graff, P. S.; Marshall, D. S.
Agron-j v.85(4): p.886-893 (1993 July-1993 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; sorghum-bicolor;
cultivars; crop-residues; no-tillage; tillage; crop-yield; grain;
stover; nitrogen-fertilizers; application-rates; rotations;
continuous-cropping; dry-conditions; nutrient-availability;
nitrogen; nutrient-deficiencies; soil-fertility; texas;
conventional-tillage; crop-residue-management
Abstract: Decomposition of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant residues can immobilize enough surface-applied N to cause a deficiency in successive winter wheat crops. This experiment examined the effects of conventional and no-till grain sorghum and wheat residues on N requirements of dryland winter wheat. Field experiments conducted from 1987-1991 on an Austin silty clay (fine-silty, carbonatic, thermic Udorthentic Haplustoll) soil included sorghum and wheat residue treatments with conventional till (CT), no-till (NT), and residue removal (RR). All residue plots received four preplant N rates (0, 45, 90, and 135 kg N ha- 1), with subplots planted to three winter wheat cultivars in 1988 and 1989, and two cultivars in 1990 and 1991. Grain and stover yields were significantly lower when wheat followed sorghum than under continuous wheat. Wheat grain yields at N application rates < 90 kg ha-1 were 39% lower in NT plots vs. CT plots, 5% lower in CT plots compared with yields in RR plots, and 39% lower in sorghum-wheat rotation compared with continuous wheat. Wheat N uptake at N application rates < 90 kg ha-1 was 41% lower in NT plots vs. N uptake in CT plots, 10% lower in CT plots vs. N uptake in RR plots, and 36% lower in sorghum-wheat rotation vs. continuous wheat. Grain yield and N uptake of wheat at the 135 kg N ha-1 rate were not significantly different in NT and CT plots. Preplant soil NO3-N analysis indicated a need for the application of N fertilizer at planting in CT and NT sorghum residues, and basal stem NO3-N analysis showed wheat growing in NT residues and sorghum-wheat rotations had higher N fertilizer requirements than continuous CT wheat. Microbial immobilization of surface- applied N was responsible for N deficiencies observed in NT winter wheat. and indigenous soil N in sorghum-wheat rotations. A fallow period following grain sorghum and/or band application of fertilizer N could alleviate N deficiencies observed in this study.
98.
NAL Call No.: SB13.E97
Nitrogen uptake of cereals grown on sandy soils as
related to nitrogen fertilizer application and soil nitrogen
fractions obtained by electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) and CaCl2
extraction.
Appel, T.; Mengel, K. Eur-J-agron v.1(1): p.1-9
(1992)
Descriptors: avena-sativa; hordeum-vulgare; secale-
cereale; application-rates; nitrogen; nutrient-uptake; nitrogen-
fertilizers; soil-analysis; sampling; sandy-soils; models- ;
organic-nitrogen-compounds; multiple-regression; nitrogen-
content; straw; grain; germany
99.
NAL Call No.: 4-Am34P
Nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation in soils of a semi-arid
region of North China.
Moyer, R. T. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.33(11): p.980-992 (1941
Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: nitrogen-fixation; semiarid-zones;
symbiosis; nitrogen-fertilizers; nitrogen-content; winter-wheat;
silt-loam-soils; northern-china
Abstract: Studies have been conducted in a semi-arid part of North China having conditions generally considered to be very favorable for an active nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation to determine to what extent nitrogen is added to soils in this region by this process. The response of field crops to applications of nitrogenous fertilizers was tested in 17 field experiments. The yield of intertilled summer crops was increased by fertilization in a majority of cases by 20 to 30%. Increases of the grain yield of winter wheat did not exceed .5% in any of the five experiments in which this crop was grown. The changes in total nitrogen content of a soil over a period of years of cropping was determined in an experiment using small artificial plots cropped for six successive seasons without the addition of nitrogeneous materials. Results showed that the soil underwent a definite loss of nitrogen and that the amount so lost was approximately the same as that removed in the crops harvested. In a second experiment designed to measure the amount of nitrogen added to the soil by fixation, soil was placed in large pots sunk in the ground, and a nitrogen balance was drawn up after treatment and cropping for 2 years. In one of the three series of this experiment a definite unaccounted for loss of nitrogen occurred. In no case was a positive gain by fixation shown. In laboratory tests it was found that a greater number of macroscopic colonies of Azotobacter appeared on soil plaques of Honeoye silt loam and Dunkirk silty clay loam than on those made with China soils; but nitrogen was found to be fixed at an appreciably more rapid rate by the last-mentioned soil than by the other two in tests with soil in tumblers and in. this soil. It seems to be indicated, however, that the summer crops grown on soils not receiving fertilizer additions, or with additions only of high carbonaceous organic matter, the amount of nitrogen added by nonsymbiotic fixation is not sufficient to constitute all appreciable part of that required by the growing crop.
100.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-So3
Nutrient availability and foliar nutrient status of sugar
maple saplings following fertilization.
Pare, D.; Meyer, W. L.; Camire, C. Soil-Sci-Soc-Am-j.
[Madison, Wis.] Soil Science Society of America. July/Aug 1993.
v. 57 (4) p. 1107-1114
Includes references.
Descriptors: acer-saccharum; foliage; plant-analysis;
nutrient-content; potassium; phosphorus; calcium; triple-
superphosphate; calcium-hydroxide; nutrient- availability;
nutrient-uptake; soil-acidity; nutrient-deficiencies; forest-
decline; quebec
Abstract: Foliar analysis of maple sugar (Acer saccharum Marsh.) saplings having low foliar K (5.4 g kg-1) and P (1.2 g kg-1) was carried out for 3 yr to investigate the effects of a single application of fertilizer P triple superphosphate [TSP], K (K2SO4) and Ca [Ca(OH)2]. Also, soil, water-saturated soil extract, resin sacks buried in situ, and lysimeter solution analysis methods were used. Potassium and P additions significantly increased foliar K (1.81 g kg-1 increase) and P (0.25 g kg-1 increase) for the 3 yr that the observations were conducted. Calcium addition had no effect on foliar element concentrations. A Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) analysis corroborated the foliar analysis: K indices increased with increased K fertilization (from -47 to -23) and P indices increased with increased P fertilization (from -25 to - 15). Calcium application significantly increased the effective cation-exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable Ca and Mg and water- extractable Ca and decreased the acidity in the rooting zone for a 3-yr period. Conventional soil analysis and resin sacks detected significant effects of P and K fertilizers on their respective elements. However, these effects did not last more than 2 yr after fertilizer application in the surface soil horizon (Ah). Lysimeter solution analysis showed that K2SO4 fertilizer caused short-term increases in SO4 and Ca leaching. The duration of fertilizer P and K on foliar nutrition and the behavior of soil nutrients suggested that biochemical cycles are important mechanisms perpetuating fertilizer effects.
101.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Nutrient concentrations of turfgrass and soil test levels
as affected by soil media and fertilizer rate and
placement.
Waddington, D. V.; Gover, A. E.; Beegle, D. B. Commun-soil-
sci-plant-anal v.25(11/12): p.1957-1990 (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lolium-perenne; soil-analysis; growing-
media; sand; peat; silt-loam-soils; plant-analysis; nutrient-
content; plant-composition; organic-fertilizers; trace- element-
fertilizers; incorporation; top-dressings; application-rates
Abstract: There has been a trend toward using sandier growing media on highly trafficked turf areas to combat the detrimental effects of compaction on soil physical properties. Use of sand to modify, or even replace, existing soil also affects the nutrient status of these turf areas and could lead to both macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of natural organic fertilizer (Milorganite) or micronutrient supplement (Esmigran) applied to the surface or incorporated at several rates on the nutrient concentration of 'Pennfine' perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) gown on quartz sand, a sand-peat topdressing mix, and a silt loam soil. Effects of Milorganite rate were most apparent on sand and topdressing, and, with at least one soil for one harvest period, increased rates of Milorganite resulted in increased tissue concentration for phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), iron Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). With Esmigran, increases in tissue concentration due to rate were found for Mn, boron (B), and Zn. Interactions among soil, rate, and application method made it difficult to generalize concerning nutrient availability from these fertilizers. Effects tended to be most obvious with sand and were more apparent with surface applications in some cases and with incorporation in others. Tissue analysis was superior to soil testing for assessing the nutrient status of a turfgrass stand.
102.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Oat cultivar response to potassium chloride on soils
testing high in potassium.
Gasper, P. E.; Reeves, D. L.; Schumacher, T. E.; Fixen, P. E.
Agron-j v.86(2): p.255-258 (1994 Mar.-1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: hordeum-vulgare; potassium-chloride;
potassium-fertilizers; soil-fertility; potassium; crop-yield;
grain; crop-quality; plant-water-relations; incidence; puccinia-
coronata; lodging; south-dakota
Abstract: Yield responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to additions of KCl fertilizer on high-K soils have been documented. One of the principal effects of KCl on high-K soils is a reduction in foliar disease. Little research has been conducted on the effects on oat (Avena sativa L.) production of KCl on high-K soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding KCl to high-K-test soils on grain yield, quality, plant water relations, crown rust (Puccinia coronata Corda) incidence, and lodging of commonly grown oat cultivars. The experiments were conducted at four locations in eastern South Dakota. Fertilization with KCl increased oat grain yields by 4% at two locations. Although the increase in grain yield was significant, it was too small to be profitable under current economic conditions. A significant increase in 1000-kernel weight (4-7% relative to the control) occurred at locations with a yield response. Additions of KCl did not affect crown rust infection, protein, or oil content, relative water content, or stomatal conductance; however, KCl addition decreased solute potential adjusted for full turgor during the boot stage at two locations by 0.07 MPa. The decrease in adjusted solute potential was not consistently associated with a grain yield response.
103.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Optimal concentrations of nitrate in cornstalks at
maturity.
Binford, G. D.; Blackmer, A. M.; Meese, B. G. Agron-j
v.84(5): p.881-887 (1992 Sept.-1992 Oct.)
This record replaces IND 93003885 which was attached to the wrong
title.
Descriptors: zea-mays; nitrogen-balance; plant-
composition; nitrate-nitrogen; concentration; maize-stover;
models; fertilizer-requirement-determination; grain; yields; iowa
Abstract: The concentration of NO3(-1) in the lower portion of cornstalks at physiological maturity has been proposed as the basis for evaluating the N status of corn (Zea mays L.). Here we refine estimates of the optimal range in NO3(-1) concentrations for this test by using relevant economic scenarios that include 900 plot- years of new data as well as 450 plot- years reported earlier. The results showed that rainfall had little effect on concentrations of NO3(-1) identified as being optimal. However, calculations showed that optimal concentrations of NO3(-1) in stalks were influenced by prices of corn and fertilizer. For prices that have prevailed in the Corn Belt during the past decade, an optimal range of 0.7 to 2.0 g NO3(-1)- N kg-1 was shown to be more appropriate than the range originally reported. When this optimal range is used, the tissue test can be used to identify deficiencies of N as well as excesses of N. Overall, the results show that the end- of-season cornstalk test deserves attention as a tool for providing feedback that can be used to compare and refine systems for making N fertilizer recommendations.
104.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Phosphate availability in calcareous Vertisols and
Inceptisols in relation to fertilizer type and soil
properties.
Castro, B.; Torrent, J. Fertil-res v.40(2): p.109-119
(1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: vertisols; inceptisols; calcareous-soils;
phosphorus; nutrient-availability; determination; phosphorus-
fertilizers; monocalcium-phosphate; superphosphate; diammonium-
phosphate; granules; powders; application-rates; soil-properties;
clay; iron; calcium-carbonate; soil-testing; soil-test-values;
comparisons
Abstract: The availability to plants of fertilizer phosphorus (P) applied to soil, as measured by chemical extraction, is used to estimate P fertilizer needs. We studied the availability of P, applied as monocalcium phosphate (MCP) powder, ordinary superphosphate (OSP) granules and diammonium phosphate (DAP) granules in 24 calcareous Vertisols and Inceptisols of Andalusia, Spain, by using laboratory incubation techniques. The soils differed widely in their P adsorption- and Ca- phosphate precipitation-related properties. For MCP, availability (defined as the proportion of added P that is recovered by extraction with NaHCO3 or is isotopically exchangeable) decreased markedly with incubation time and increasing addition rate. The mean recoveries after 180 d of incubation at field capacity at a rate of 246 mg P kg-1 soil were 17% for Olsen P, 38% for Colwell P, and 16% for isotopically exchangeable P (IEP). Increasing the application rate to 2460 mg kg-1 resulted in recoveries of 6% for Olsen P, 25% for Colwell P, and 4% for IEP. While IEP-based recovery was not significantly correlated to any soil property, that based on Olsen P (and, to a lesser extent, Colwell P) decreased sharply with increase in the ratio of clay (or Fe oxides) to total (or active) calcium carbonate equivalent. Accordingly, Olsen P might overestimate P availability in those soils relatively rich in carbonate and poor in clay and Fe oxides. On the other hand, recovery of applied P from soils containing more clay and Fe oxides, by a sequential extraction (with H2O, two 0.5 M NaHCO3 treatments, 0.5 M HCl), was lower than 100%, thereby suggesting phosphate occlusion by Fe oxides or clay. Availability of the fertilizers tested 90 d after application was. granules (rate, 308 mg kg-1). Differences between fertilizers tended to increase with increasing carbonate content in the soil. This may have been due to precipitation of Ca phosphates caused by the presence of Ca in the fertilizer and the high Ca- supplying capacity of the more calcareous soils.
105.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Plant analysis interpretation based on a new index:
Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP).
Montanes, L.; Heras, L.; Abadia, J.; Sanz, M. J-Plant-
Nutr v.16(7): p.1289-1308 (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: plant-nutrition; mineral-nutrition; plant-
analysis; nutrient-availability; nutrition-physiology; indexes-
of-nutrient-availability; comparisons; dris; optimal-nutrient-
concentration
Abstract: The objective of the present work is to introduce a new index (DOP: Deviation from Optimum Percentage), as an alternative methodology for plant mineral analysis interpretation. The DOP index is calculated for each of the analyzed elements by applying the following general formula: DOP = [(C X 100)/C(ref)]--100, where C is the nutrient concentration in the sample to assess and C(ref) is the optimal nutrient concentration used as a reference value. The calculations used to obtain the DOP index can be easily implemented in a microcomputer. An optimum nutritional situation for any element is defined by a DOP index equal to zero. The DOP index permits to know the nutrient limitation order in a given sample, giving information similar to that obtained with the DRIS method. Furthermore, the DOP indexes indicate whether a element is in defect (negative indexes) or excess (positive indexes). For comparison, the DOP index has been applied, together with other traditional methods including the DRIS approach, to a new nutrient database from a peach tree study and to other available databases from the scientific literature. Other examples are shown indicating the different behavior of DRIS and DOP method when nutrient contents change.
106.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Potassium requirements of a grass/legume pasture
established on selected soils of the subhumid zone of
Nigeria.
Tening, A. S.; Omueti, J. A. I.; Tarawali, G. Commun-soil-
sci-plant-anal v.26(15/16): p.2403-2424 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: andropogon-gayanus; stylosanthes-hamata;
mixed-pastures; grassland-soils; potassium-fertilizers;
application-rates; optimization; models; comparisons; fertilizer-
requirement-determination; dry-matter-accumulation; nutrient-
uptake; nigeria
Abstract: The fast depletion of available potassium (K) in soils of the subhumid zone (SHZ) of Nigeria has become a problem for the formulation of fertilizer recommendations, especially in the grass/legume mixtures of the fodder bank system. Five different K fertilizer recommendation models viz. Control, Conventional Rate, Fractional Recovery, Mitscherlich Baule Units, and Nutrient Supplementation Index were employed to determine the amount of K required to satisfy the needs of an Andropogon/stylo mixture. Andropogon gayanus (grass) and Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano (legume) seeds were sown in June 1991. Cutting started two months after planting and continued at monthly intervals during the rainy season and bimonthly in the dry season till mid dry season when there is usually feed crisis. The Andropogon/stylo mixture grown on soils of the SHZ will require no K fertilization when the soil test value is more than 0.20 cmol/kg. The soils require an application of 52 kg K2O/ha when the soil test value is less than 0.20 cmol/kg. Dry matter yield and K uptake of the Andropogon/stylo mixture increased up to October 1991 and started decreasing with subsequent cuttings. Among the recommendation models tested for K fertilization of the Andropogon/stylo mixture, the Fractional Recovery model was the most appropriate and is therefore recommended for determining K levels to apply to Andropogon and stylo in the SHZ.
107.
NAL Call No.: QH301.A76
The potential of a rapid test for soil mineral nitrogen
to determine tactical applications of fertiliser nitrogen to
grassland.
Titchen, N. M.; Scholefield, D. Asp-appl-biol (30):
p.223-229 (1992)
In the series analytic: Nitrate and farming systems / edited by
J.R. Archer, K.W.T. Goulding, S.C. Jarvis, C.M. Knott, I. Lord,
S.E. Ogilvy, J. Orson, K.A. Smith, and B. Wilson.
Descriptors: nitrogen; soil-fertility; nitrate-
nitrogen; ammonium-nitrogen; soil-analysis; nitrogen-fertilizers;
ammonium; nitrate; application-date; application-rates
108.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Preliminary DRIS norms for banana.
Angeles, D. E.; Sumner, M. E.; Lahav, E. J-Plant-Nutr
v.16(6): p.1059-1070 (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: musa-paradisiaca; nutrient-requirements;
dris; foliar-diagnosis; nutrient-databanks
Abstract: Diagnostic nutrient norms for banana using the critical value approach have been established in different countries under a wide range of environmental conditions. Because these norms were identified through a curve representing the relationship of plant composition and yield, their application becomes limited to the conditions from which they were established. To minimize the effect of environment and ensure that norms would have a wider application, the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System was used to establish nutrient norms for banana. A data bank consisting of 915 observations from 26 published and unpublished sources was assembled. DRIS norms were established from the high yielding population with a yield > 70 t/ha, and compared with critical values obtained from published sources. Except for K and its ratios and products with other nutrients, DRIS norms were very similar to the average critical values. The validity of DRIS norms and their superiority over the critical values in making correct diagnosis were partly confirmed in a single fertilizer experiment but further testing in field factorial experiments is needed.
109.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
A procedure for sampling the soil microenvironment at the
site of fertilizer application.
Christianson, C. B.; Baethgen, W. E. Commun-soil-sci-plant-
anal v.25(19/20): p.3413-3419 (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-analysis; nitrogen-fertilizers;
granules; placement; microenvironments; sampling; urea; ammonium;
soil-ph; spatial-distribution; movement-in-soil; nitrogen;
transformation
110.
NAL Call No.: 4-Am34P
The relation of corn yields to nutrient balance as
revealed by leaf analysis.
Tyner, E. H.; Webb, J. R. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.38(2): p.173-
185 (1946 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; crop-yield; nutrient-balance;
plant-analysis; npk-fertilizers; yield-increases
Abstract: Abstract: A study was made with corn grown under field conditions on the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium interactions and balances occurring within the sixth leaf and their significance in determining the efficiency of utilization of applied fertilizers. Nitrogen and potassium were found to exert mutual influences. The application of nitrogen as ammmonium sulfate had a marked depressive effect on the percentage potassium occurring in the leaves sampled. A reduction in efficiency of nitrogen utilization appeared to accompany and be related to the K depression. Potash applied at the rate of 80 pounds per acre had a slight depressive effect on the percentage N on certain dates. This, however, did not appear to affect yields significantly. Phosphorus did not appear to have effect on either N or K content. Neither did N or K appear to have effect on P content. It is believed that NK balances may assume critical importance under field conditions only under certain conditions, eg., on soils of low to moderate potash supplying heavy applications of nitrogen fertilizers may induce or intensify potash deficiencies. On soils with low-nitrogen supplying power, heavy potash applications may intensify nitrogen-deficiency symptoms and depress yields. This, however, requires further investigation.
111.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Relation of exchangeable potassium in Alabama soils to
needs of the cotton crop.
Volk, N. J. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.34(2): p.188-198 (1942
Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; crop-yield;
exchangeable-potassium; application-rates; potassium-fertilizers;
soil-types-textural; alabama
Abstract: In an attempt to reveal any relationship that might exist between the amount of exchangeable potash in Alabama soils and the increased yield of seed cotton resulting from the application of different amounts of potash, a study was made of the results obtained from 599 substation, experimental field, and cooperative fertilizer tests distributed over the entire state. The effect of soil series and texture on the above relationship was also investigated. The results may be summarized as follows: About 95% of all soils studied responded significantly to the first increment (25 pounds per acre of K2O) of applied potash and about 40% to 50% responded significantly to the second increment of applied potash. For soils of the same type containing less than about 200 pounds of exchangeable potash per acre, there is a general relationship between the total yield of seed cotton and the total amount of exchangeable potash contained in the soil. Soils, however, which contained over 200 pounds of exchangeable potash per acre frequently responded to an application of potash. A laboratory method to aid in determining which soils do not respond to the application of the first increment of potash would have little application in the case of cotton in Alabama since only about 5% of all the soils of the state are involved. On the other hand, any method which would indicate with a fair degree of accuracy those soils which respond significantly to the application of a second increment of potash would be extremely valuable. The results of this investigation reveal that predictions of the need of the cotton plant for a second increment of potash, based on a knowledge of the texture, series, and exchangeable potash content of the soils, will be unreliable in about 35% of the cases. This is due in many cases to the fact that the additional potash causes greater growth, later maturity, and, as a consequence, more serious boll weevil injury. It is believed that differences in response to like amounts of potash are caused by differences in soil characteristics which may greatly influence the yield of cotton. If possible, these should be taken into consideration in making fertilizer recommendations on the basis of soil analysis.
112.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
The relation of organic matter and fertilizer to the
growth and composition of rice.
Sturgis, M. B.; Reed, J. F. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.29(5):
p.360-366 (1937 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: oryza-sativa; nitrogen-fertilizers; ash;
plant-composition; soil-analysis; soil-organic-matter; growth;
louisiana
Abstract: A study was made of the relation of additions of nitrogenous organic matter, fertilizer salts, lime, and sulfur to the yield, protein, and ash constituents of rice grown in Crowley soils. The addition of nitrogen to a deflocculated Crowley silt loam increased the percentage of protein in the rice heads and the yield of rice grown on the soil. A relatively large amount of nitrogen in a virgin Crowley soil was found to be associated with a high protein content in the rice. The application of phosphorus to a soil deficient in this nutrient resulted in a greater yield of rice and a higher phosphorus content on the percentage basis. The comparatively higher amount of phosphorus in a virgin Crowley silt loam was reflected by a higher yield of rice and a high percentage of phosphorus in the rice heads. The use of potassium salts as a fertilizer seemed to balance the effects of excess amounts of lime-and sulfur in their tendencies to cause the development of a low ratio of grain to straw. The indications are that the absorption and translocation of phosphorus by the rice plant were not necessarily dependent upon the absorption and movement of magnesium. Rice grown on alkaline soil which contained large amounts of soluble and colloidal silica absorbed unusually large amounts of silica. The silica content of the straw was much higher than that of the heads. Silicon was not substituted for phosphorus as a nutrient in the growth of rice. The iron content of both heads and straw was found to be high in all cases observed. The soil solution of the flooded soil was high in soluble iron which existed largely in the ferrous state.
113.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Relationship between total and extractable cotton leaf
potassium in studies involving soil and foliar applied
treatments.
Percell, W. M.; Howard, D. D.; Essington, M. E. Commun-soil-
sci-plant-anal v.26(19/20): p.3121-3131 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; plant-analysis;
leaves; potassium; nutrient-content; determination; comparisons;
accuracy; acid-treatment; sulfuric-acid; hydrogen- peroxide;
extraction; acetic-acid; potassium-fertilizers; foliar-
application; application-methods; application-rates; tillage; no-
tillage; regression-analysis; soil-application
Abstract: Information on the potassium (K) concentration of cotton leaves is useful to researchers, consultants, and producers for evaluating possible nutrient deficiencies and subsequent need for fertilizer applications. Procedures for evaluating leaf K concentrations generally involve digestion techniques requiring considerable time per sample. Extraction procedures require less time per sample for evaluating nutrient concentrations. An extraction method needs to be correlated with digestion data to evaluate accuracy of the procedure. This study was initiated to evaluate total leaf K, as detected by the sulfuric acid (H2SO4)- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) method, and extractable leaf K, using 2% acetic acid, in selected leaf materials representing a wide range of soil-extractable K, foliar treatments, and growing conditions. Cotton leaves previously collected from other experiments with known total K concentrations were extracted with 2% acetic acid. Regression analyses were conducted evaluating digestible and extractable K by sample dates within spray periods. Regression analyses were continued evaluating data by spray periods, soils, soils by year, and all sites. Extractable leaf K increased linearly with digestible K for leaf materials collected within each spray period from the 1991, 1992, and 1993 surfactant tests. The equation for samples collected one day after the first foliar K spray was: Extractable K (EK) = 0.0877 + 0.8774 Total K (TK) having an R2 of 0.94 for the 30 samples. Combining sampling dates within spray periods showed the relationship between total and extractable leaf K remained high. The regression equation for the 1,942 leaf comparisons (across soils, years, and treatments) was. as determined by H2SO4-H2O2 digestion.
114.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Relationship of diagnostic nutrient expressions to
soybean phosphorus and potassium diagnoses.
Hallmark, W. B.; Beverly, R. B.; deMooy, C. J.; Pesek, J.
Agron-J v.83(5): p.858-863 (1991 Sept.-1991 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: glycine-max; plant-composition;
phosphorus; potassium; dry-matter-distribution; nutrient-
diagnoses
Abstract: Research is lacking as to whether forms of nutrient expression (e.g, N/P vs. P/N, etc.) and placement of nutrient variables (N, P, K, etc.) and/or dry matter (DM) exclusively in the numerator vs. the denominator of function values affects nutrient diagnoses by the modified-diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (M-DRIS) using the Jones (J) and Traditional (T) methods. Consequently, a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar-by-P-by-K-by-limestone soil fertility field study conducted on a Cresco loam (fine loamy mixed, mesic Typic Argiudoll) was used to determine whether these variations affect P and K diagnoses. Forms of expression affected T diagnoses, and placement of DM in the numerator vs. the denominator of functions had an effect on both T and J diagnoses. Effects of nutrient expression and DM placement on T diagnoses were caused by systematic errors in the M-DRIS norms. These biases were highly alleviated when nutrient indices were calculated so that the variable under consideration always appeared in the numerator or the denominator of the function. Diagnoses by J were more accurate, however, when variables were placed in the denominator. Our results show that the effects of nutrient expression, calculating functions by T and J, and DM placement on M-DRIS diagnoses can be largely alleviated when index values are calculated so that the variable under consideration is always in the numerator or denominator of the function.
115.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Residual value of superphosphate for oat and barley grown
on a very sandy, phosphorus leaching soil.
Bolland, M. D. A. Fertil-res v.38(3): p.171-181
(1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: avena-sativa; hordeum-vulgare; lupinus-
angustifolius; sandy-soils; phosphorus-fertilizers; residual-
effects; crop-yield; phosphorus; nutrient-availability; soil-
test-values; fertilizer-requirement-determination; western-
australia
Abstract: In a field experiment in a Mediterranean climate (474 mm annual rainfall, 325 mm (69%) falling in the May to October growing season) on a deep sandy soil near Kojaneerup, south-western Australia, the residual value of superphosphate was measured relative to freshly-applied superphosphate. The grain yield of five successive crops (1988-1992) was used to measure the residual value: barley (Hordeum vulgare), barley, oat (Avena sativa), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), and barley. There was no significant yield response to superphosphate applied to the first crop (barley, cv. Moondyne). There were no results for the second crop (barley) due to weeds or the fourth crop (lupin) due to severe wind erosion which damaged the crop. The residual value of superphosphate was measured using grain yields of the third crop (oat, cv. Mortlock) for superphosphate applied one and two years previously, and the fifth crop (barley, cv. Onslow) for superphosphate applied one, two, three and four years previously. In February 1992, before sowing the fifth crop, soil samples were collected to measure bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus (P) (soil test P) which was related to the subsequent grain yields of that crop. This relationship is the soil test P calibration used to estimate the current P status of soils when providing P fertilizer recommendations. The residual value of superphosphate declined markedly. For the third crop (oat), it was 6% as effective as freshly-applied superphosphate one year after application, and 2% as effective two years after application. For the fifth crop (barley), relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the residual value of superphosphate in successive years after application was 46%, 6%. years previously in 1990, and two, three and four years previously in 1992, was 35 to 50% lower than the maximum yield for freshly-applied P. Soil test P was very variable (coefficient of variation was 32%) and mostly less than 8 micrograms P/g soil. The calibration relating yield (y axis) to soil test P (x axis) differed for soil treated with superphosphate one year previously compared with soil treated two, three and four years previously. The top 10 cm of soil was used for soil P testing, the standard depth. P was leached below this depth but some of the P leached below 10 cm may still have been taken up by plant roots. Consequently soil test P underestimated the P available to plants in the soil profile. The soil test P calibration therefore provided a very crude estimate of the current P status of the soil.
116.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Response of early corn growth to fertilizer phosphorus
rates and placement methods.
El Hamdi, K. H.; Woodard, H. J. J-plant-nutr v.18(6):
p.1103-1120 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; ammonium-polyphosphates;
application-rates; band-placement; soil-injection; liquid-
fertilizers; subsurface-application; top-dressings; dry-matter-
accumulation; shoots; nutrient-uptake; nitrogen; phosphorus;
nitrogen-content; mineral-content; one-band-placment; two-band-
placement; subsurface-band-placement
Abstract: Previous research showed that applying fertilizer phosphorus (P) to the soil in concentrated subsurface bands increased P availability to crops compared to a surface application. Early growth responses of corn (Zea mays L.) plants were measured after 28 days of growth in pots in a greenhouse for single band, two single bands, injection, and surface fertilizer P placement methods. Fertilizer P was applied at the rates of 0, 12, and 24 mg P/kg soil for each method for three different soils. Shoot dry matter weight and nitrogen (N) and P uptake increased for all placement methods regardless of initial soil test P level. However, growth parameters were greater for the banded and injection methods. Response parameters were minimally influenced by the surface P application, but some fertilizer P from the surface application leached through small desiccation cracks after daily additions of water. This probably increased P availability slightly. Shoot dry matter production efficiency and shoot N/P ratio were higher for the surface P placement method and for the unfertilized P treatments. Overall growth responses to fertilizer P rates were less effective in soils with higher initial soil test P levels.
117.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Response of ensete (Ensete ventricosum W.) to mineral
fertilizers in southwest Ethiopia.
Uloro, Y.; Mengel, K. Fertil-res v.37(2): p.107-113
(1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ensete-ventricosum; starch-crops;
nitrogen-fertilizers; potassium-fertilizers; phosphorus-
fertilizers; sulfur-fertilizers; soil-types; growth; biomass-
production; crop-yield; roots; plant-composition; starch;
nitrogen; phosphorus; potassium; sulfur; nutrient-content; soil-
texture; cation-exchange-capacity; nutrient- availability;
ethiopia
Abstract: Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
118.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Response of tall fescue to fertilizer placement at
different levels of phosphorus, potassium, and soil
pH.
Moyer, J. L.; Sweeney, D. W.; Lamond, R. E. J-plant-nutr
v.18(4): p.729-746 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: festuca-arundinacea; urea-ammonium-
nitrate; ammonium-polyphosphates; potassium-chloride;
application-methods; subsurface-application; broadcasting- ;
phosphorus; nitrogen; potassium; soil-ph; interactions; yield-
response-functions; nutrient-uptake; nutrient-availability; band-
placement; nitrogen-content; ; knife-placement
Abstract: Fertilizer application, particularly nitrogen (N), is important in cool-season grass forage production. Subsurface (knife) placement of N often has resulted in higher forage yield and N uptake of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) compared to surface-broadcast fertilization, but further studies were needed to indicate whether soil pH, phosphorus (P), or potassium (K) modifies the response. Experiment I tested responses of forage yield and N and P concentration to N, P, and K amount and placement. Two types of fertilizer placement-- broadcast and knife--were used with 13, 112, or 168 kg N; 0 or 19 kg P; and 0 or 37 kg K/ha in a factorial arrangement. Yields increased by 53% as N fertilization went from 13 to 112 kg/ha and by 69% as N increased from 13 to 168 kg N/ha. Forage yield was increased 26% from knife compared to broadcast fertilizer placement. P application increased forage production by 13%, but K application had no effect on yield. Forage N concentrations increased by 25% as N fertilization went from 13 to 112 kg/ha and by 38% as N increased from 13 to 168 kg N/ha. Effects of added P and fertilizer placement on N concentration often resulted in interactions among factors. Forage P generally was increased by added P, with some effects of interactions among N rate, P rate, and placement. In Experiment II, fescue responses to N placement were tested where different soil characteristics had been established by previous lime and fertility treatments. Forage yield, N concentration, and N uptake were highest where 9.36 Mg/ha of lime were applied as compared to the control. Previous fertility treatments had no significant (P < 0.05) effect. When N was knifed. respectively, as a result of knife versus broadcast N application.
119.
NAL Call No.: SD13.C35
Responses of western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, and
western red cedar plantations on northern Vancouver Island to
applications of sewage sludge and inorganic
fertilizer.
Weetman, G. F.; McDonald, M. A.; Prescott, C. E.; Kimmins, J. P.
Can-j-for-res. Ottawa, National Research Council of Canada.
Sept 1993. v. 23 (9) p. 1815-1820
Includes references.
Descriptors: tsuga-heterophylla; abies-amabilis; thuja-
plicata; forest-plantations; sewage-sludge; application-to-land;
application-rates; nitrogen-fertilizers; ammonium- nitrate;
phosphorus-fertilizers; triple-superphosphate; foliar-nutrition;
growth-rate; british-columbia
Abstract: A field experiment was designed to determine whether or not municipal sewage sludge would be effective for fertilization for chlorotic and checked plantations of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes), and western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex. D. Don) already shown to be responsive to conventional nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Sewage sludge was applied at an estimated rate of 500 kg N/ha and 133 kg P/ha and ammonium nitrate and triple superphosphate were applied at 225 kg N/ha and 75 kg P/ha to plots planted 8 years earlier on a cutover of old- growth cedar-hemlock forest. Current-year leader growth and foliar vector analyses showed that the trees responded to both treatments during the first growing season with a doubling or tripling of growth rates and improved nutrition. The apparent problem of insufficient sulphur following nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization was not seen in trees treated with sludge. There were no apparent problems in micronutrient supply in these plantations. The extensive area of checked plantations on northern Vancouver Island present an opportunity for the disposal of sewage sludge.
120.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Screening for phyto-toxic contaminants in an industrial
source of nutrients intended for foliar and root
fertilization.
Etzion, O.; Neumann, P. M. J-plant-nutr v.16(8): p.1385-
1394 (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; potassium-dihydrogen-phosphate;
quality; potassium-phosphates; phytotoxicity; contaminants;
screening; leaves; foliar-application; roots; shoots; growth;
nutrient-availability; industrial-grade; analytical-grade
Abstract: Plant screening assays were used to determine whether significant levels of growth inhibitory and phytotoxic contaminants were present in a new industrial source of potassium dihydrogen phosphate fertilizer intended for foliar and root application. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants hydroponically cultured in a controlled environment chamber, were used for the assays. The threshold concentration of industrial potassium phosphate which just caused burn damage symptoms, when applied as standard droplets to the leaf surface with Tween 80 wetting agent was 0.5 M. The comparative threshold concentration for damage by an ultrapure analytical grade of potassium phosphate was > 0.6 M. Thus, the industrial grade had slightly higher toxicity for leaf application. Effects on plants of supplying industrial and analytical grade phosphates via the roots were also compared. Root and leaf elongation kinetics, mature leaf cell lengths, apparent capacity for leaf cell production, shoot ontogeny, and shoot fresh weight yields were determined at low and high potassium phosphate concentrations. The effects of analytical and industrial grade fertilizer salts were equivalent. We suggest that these rapid and relatively simple plant screening assays can provide a useful safety check, prior to large scale field trails, for fertilizer nutrients produced by new industrial processes.
121.
NAL Call No.: QH301.A76
A soil analysis sampling method to determine pH, P, K,
and Mg fertiliser application using variable rate
technology.
Budden, A. L. Asp-appl-biol (37): p.281-282 (1994)
In the series analytic: Sampling to make decisions / edited by P.
Brain, S.H. Hockland, P.D. Lancashire, and L.C. Sim.
Descriptors: soil-fertility; soil-ph; phosphorus;
potassium; magnesium; mapping; sampling; soil-analysis; spatial-
variation
122.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Soil nutrient depletion by agricultural production in
Southern Mali.
Pol, F. v. d.; Traore, B. Fertil-res v.36(1): p.79-90
(1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-degradation; depletion; agricultural-
production; sustainability; gossypium; soil-analysis; nutrient-
balance; mali
Abstract: The degree of soil mining by agricultural production in Southern Mali is assessed by calculating nutrient balances: differences between the amount of plant nutrients exported from the cultivated fields, and those added to the fields. Export processes include extraction by crops, losses due to leaching, to erosion, and to volatilization and denitrification. Inputs include applications of fertilizer and manure, restitution of crop residues, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition of nutrients in rain and dust, and enrichment by weathering of soil minerals. Nutrient balances are calculated for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Both pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given. The resulting figures indicate, even when the most optimistic estimates are used, large deficits for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. For the region as a whole, the calculated deficits are -25 kg N/ha, -20 kg K/ha, and -5 kg Mg/ha. Further, acidification is to be expected, in particular in areas where cotton is grown. The deficits are caused by traditional cereal crops, but also by cotton and especially by groundnut. The latter two crops are fertilized, but insufficiently. It is important to note, that the negative figures are not automatic recommendations for application of a specific amount of additional fertilizer. For phosphorus and calcium the balance of the region as a whole appears to be about in equilibrium, but locally large variations may occur. Erosion and denitrification are important causes of nutrient loss, accounting respectively for 17 and 22% of. organic and mineral fertilizer combined. Nutrient depletion is very large in comparison to the amount of fertilizer applied. Drastic options, such as doubling the application of fertilizer or manure, or halving erosion losses, even if feasible, would still not be enough to make up for the calculated deficits. The annual value of withdrawn nutrients, if related to prices of fertilizers, varies between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA/hA (40-60 US $/ha). Since the estimated average gross margin from farming in this area is 34,000 FCFA/HA (123 US $/ha), soil mining appears to provide an amount equal to 40% of farmers' total income from agricultural activities.
123.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Soil phosphate sorption and simulated runoff parameters
as affected by fertilizer addition and soil
properties.
Indiati, R.; Sharpley, A. N. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal
v.26(15/16): p.2319-2331 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-testing; sorption; nutrient-
availability; phosphorus-fertilizers; runoff; losses-from-soil;
fertilizer-requirement-determination
Abstract: Changes in soil phosphate (P) sorption properties, soil P availability and two runoff-related parameters, were determined on 32 Italian soils, following application of 100 mg P/kg soil. The ability of soil chemical and physical characteristics, in predicting the relative changes in soil P availability was investigated. Phosphorus Sorption Index (SI) gave the best estimate (r > 0.76; P < 0.001) of the potential for change in the studied P soil properties. Inclusion of SI into the fertilizer recommendation process using soil P availability, may improve fertilizer use efficiency and reduce the potential for P loss in runoff.
124.
NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Soil properties and the ability of the urease inhibitor
N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT) to reduce ammonia
volatilization from surface-applied urea.
Watson, C. J.; Miller, H.; Poland, P.; Kilpatrick, D. J.; Allen,
M. D. B.; Garrett, M. K.; Christianson, C. B. Soil-biol-
biochem v.26(9): p.1165-1171 (1994 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: grassland-soils; urea; phosphoric-
triamides; urease-inhibitors; surface-treatment; ammonia;
volatilization; losses-from-soil; soil-ph; titratable-acidity;
cation- exchange-capacity; urease; soil-enzymes; enzyme-activity
Abstract: A laboratory study was made to evaluate the ability of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT) to reduce NH3 volatilization from surface- applied urea. Urea was amended with 0.0, 0.01, 0.058 or 0.28% nBTPT (w/w) and was applied, at a rate equivalent to 100 kgN ha- 1, to the surface of 16 grassland soils, selected to show a wide range of different chemical and physical characteristics. Daily NH3 loss was measured for 9 days, after fertilizer application, using ventilated enclosures at 13 degrees C. The influence of soil properties on the effectiveness of nBTPT as a urea amendment was investigated using a modelling approach followed by stepwise multiple regression analysis. NH3 volatilization from unamended urea ranged from 5.8 to 38.9% of the N applied and was greatest from a soil with a high pH and low titratable acidity. The % inhibition of NH3 loss by NBTPT was highly dependent on soil type, being effective on some soils even at the 0.01% nBTPT level. The % inhibition at the 0.28% level ranged from 99.4 to 54.4%. Modelling the relationship between total NH3 loss and inhibitor concentration showed that the % nBTPT required to achieve a given % decrease in NH3 volatilization was constant for all soils. For example, 0.092% nBTPT was predicted to lower total NH3 by 90% from any given soil. The response to increasing inhibitor concentration in lowering NH3 volatilization was greatest in a soil with low organic matter content and high pH. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 4 soil properties (titratable acidity, PH-H2O, urease activity and cation-exchange capacity) contributed significantly to explaining 90.6% of the variation in total NH3. urea treated with nBTPT was particularly marked in soils with a high pH and could have physiological implications for plants. It is particularly interesting that nBTPT was most effective in soils which showed high NH, volatilization from unamended urea.
125.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Soil sampling procedures for monitoring potassium
distribution in grazed pastures.
Mathews, B. W.; Sollenberger, L. E.; Nkedi Kizza, P.; Gaston, L.
A.; Hornsby, H. D. Agron-j v.86(1): p.121-126 (1994
Jan.-1994 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cattle; cynodon-dactylon; pastures;
soil-testing; sampling; soil-fertility; spatial-variation;
potassium; nutrient-content; monitoring; rotational-grazing;
stocking-rate; excreta; grazing-systems; hay; florida
Abstract: Nutrient redistribution in grazed pastures occurs via deposition of excreta by animals. Because this redistribution is generally not uniform, a composite sample of randomly collected soil cores may not reflect the nutrient status of much of the pasture. To address this limitation, zonal soil sampling, with zones determined by distance from shade, water, and supplemental feeders (lounging areas), has been proposed as an alternative sampling strategy. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of zonal soil sampling for monitoring extractable K distribution in grazed pastures. Utility of the zonal approach was evaluated by comparing it with a more rigorous, but less practical transect sampling procedure. Rotationally and continuously stocked bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 'Callie'] pastures were used in the study. Ranges of extractable K within a pasture were as great as 13-fold (14-181 mg kg-1) after 2 yr of grazing. Extractable K concentration was greatest in the one-third of the pastures closest to lounging areas regardless of grazing method. Data from zonal soil sampling described this distribution of soil K. Kriged contour maps constructed using data from transect soil sampling supported the conclusions made using zonal sampling. We conclude that zonal soil sampling is a useful and practical tool for describing K redistribution in pastures and for improving the utility of soil test results and fertilizer recommendations for grazed swards.
126.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-So3
Soil sampling technique for band-fertilized, no-till
fields with Monte Carlo simulations.
James, D. W.; Hurst, R. L. Soil-Sci-Soc-Am-j. [Madison, Wis.]
Soil Science Society of America. Nov/Dec 1995. v. 59 (6) p. 1768-
1772
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-testing; phosphorus; nutrient-
availability; representative-sampling; soil-test-values; soil-
variability; phosphorus-fertilizers; band-placement; no-tillage;
monte-carlo-method; computer-simulation
Abstract: Band application of P fertilizer in no-till fields results in extremely variable soil test P (STP) along lines perpendicular to the bands. This variation may be represented by two interlaced populations, each with a unique STP mean and standard deviation. The objectives of this research were to: (i) characterize STP populations in a band-fertilized field; (ii) use these population characteristics to calibrate a Monte Carlo based model to simulate STP populations; and (iii) use simulated STP populations to evaluate different soil sampling procedures. A corn (Zea mays L.) field was band fertilized with P, and 1 yr later STP (mg P kg-1) was measured on individual soil cores with the bicarbonate extraction procedure. Out-band STP mean and standard deviation (SD) were 13.9 +/- 4.75, in-band STP mean and SD were 127.4 +/- 29.7, and composite STP mean and SD were 23.3 +/- 28.69. A computer simulation model based on the Monte Carlo technique reproduced the observed populations very closely. The results show that the number of completely random soil cores needed to represent a band-fertilized field is prohibitive. Rapid collection of a single representative composite sample with equipment capable of taking a slice of soil across the fertilizer band and accurately weight in-band and out- band STP by volume is recommended.
127.
NAL Call No.: QH540.J6
Soil solution chemistry of sewage-sludge incinerator ash
and phosphate fertilizer amended soil.
Bierman, P. M.; Rosen, C. J.; Bloom, P. R.; Nater, E. A. J-
environ-qual v.24(2): p.279-285 (1995 Mar.-1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ash; soil-amendments; superphosphate;
application-rates; chemical-composition; chemical-speciation;
cadmium; zinc; copper; nickel; phosphorus; solubility; zea-mays;
nutrient-uptake; application-to-land; agricultural-land
Abstract: The chemical composition of the soil solution provides useful information on the feasibility of amending agricultural land with municipal and industrial waste, because the soil solution is the medium for most soil chemical reactions, the mobile phase in soils, and the medium for mineral absorption by plant roots. The soil solutions studied in this research were from plots in a 4-yr field experiment conducted to evaluate the effects of the trace metals and P in sewage-sludge incinerator ash. Treatments compared ash with equivalent P rates from triple- superphosphate fertilizer and a control receiving no P application. Ash and phosphate fertilizer were applied annually at rates of 35, 70, and 140 kg citrate-soluble P ha-1. Cumulative ash applications during 4 yr amounted to 3.6, 7.2, and 14.4 Mg ash ha-1. Soil solutions were obtained by centrifugation- immiscible liquid displacement using a fluorocarbon displacing agent. Following chemical analysis, a chemical speciation model was used to determine possible solubility-controlling minerals for trace metals and P, and correlations between solution composition and plant uptake were analyzed. Ash increased soil solution pH, Cd, and Zn, but had no significant effect on solution concentrations of other trace metals. Ash increased soil solution P and S, but P increases were less than those from equivalent citrate-soluble P rates of phosphate fertilizer. Soil solution Ba appeared to be in equilibrium with barite (BaSO4). Solubility data did not indicate that any discrete mineral phases controlled Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, or P solubility. Soil solution P concentration was strongly correlated (r = 0.92) with P accumulation in sweet corn (Zea mays L.) plants. Cu) with plant accumulation.
128.
NAL Call No.: S541.5.A2A47--no.178
Soil test fertilizer recommendations for Alabama
crops.
Adams, J. F. [Auburn, Ala.] : Alabama Agricultural Experiment
Station, [1994] 68 p. : ill, Cover title.
129.
NAL Call No.: aZ5071.N3
Soil testing and plant analysis for fertilizer
recommendation: January 1991 - June 1993.
Schneider, K. Quick-bibliogr-ser. Beltsville, Md., National
Agricultural Library. Feb 1993. (93-54) 71 p
Updates QB 91-103.
Descriptors: fertilizer-requirement-determination;
soil-testing; plant-analysis; bibliographies
130.
NAL Call No.: 4-Am34P
Some aspects of the physiology and nutrition of
tobacco.
Garner, W. W. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.31(5): p.459-471 (1939
May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; plant-physiology;
plant-nutrition; nutrient-deficiencies; chemical-analysis;
leaves; north-carolina
Abstract: In connection with fertilizer experiments conducted in cooperation with several of the tobacco-growing states, the necessity for developing a physiological approach to the tobacco fertilizer problem, more particularly on light sandy and sandy loam soils, was well demonstrated in certain tests with potash salts at the Oxford, N.C., tobacco station which resulted in the discovery in 1923 of magnesium deficiency in these soils, accompanied by characteristic deficiency symptoms in the crop grown on them. Chemical analysis of the soils in question and of the tobacco they produce indicates that they are quite as likely to be deficient in calcium, magnesium, and sulfur as in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Field tests have shown that this is actually the case. In specific cases soil deficiency in all of these six elements has been demonstrated by (a) marked depression in yield obtained, (b) occurrence in the crop of distinctive deficiency symptoms, and (c) abnormally low content in the crop of the particular element withheld from the fertilizer. The above-mentioned soils are to be regarded simply as somewhat impure sand culture media and it is not logical, as has been very commonly done in the past, to apply to these soils salts or other substances containing two or more essential elements, without any compensating treatment, and attempt to evaluate the results obtained with plants in terms of only one of the constituent elements. With soils properly selected with respect to the above- mentioned criteria of mineral deficiency and with the precaution of varying the supply of only a single essential element, excellent data have been obtained on absorption by the plant in relation to. physiological studies of effect of the nitrogen supply on growth and development phenomena, metabolism, and other internal relations, and on the chemical and physical properties of the cured tobacco leaf. This appears to furnish a reasonably adequate procedure for study of the more tangible aspects of the mode of action of the essential elements in plant growth and associated phenomena.
131.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Soybean seed yield and nutrient diagnosis as related to
plant nutrient balance.
Hallmark, W. B.; Beverly, R. B. Commun-soil-sci-plant-
anal v.25(9/10): p.1239-1253 (1994)
Paper presented at the 1993 International Symposium on Soil
Testing and Plant Analysis: Precision Nutrient Management. II.,
August 14-19, 1993, Olympia, Washington.
Descriptors: glycine-max; cultivars; nutritional-state;
dris; modification; calculation; methodology; plant-analysis;
nutrient-content; ratios; correlation; crop-yield; seeds;
nutrient-nutrient-interactions
132.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Spatial variability of plant analysis phosphorus
levels.
Franzen, D. W.; Peck, T. R. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal
v.26(17/18): p.2929-2940 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; plant-analysis; phosphorus;
nutrient-content; determination; analytical-methods; acid-
treatment; acetic-acid; extraction; soil-testing; nutrient-
availability; soil-test-values; correlation; sampling; timing;
mapping; spatial-distribution; soil-variability; acid-digest-
method
Abstract: Plant samples were taken from a corn field at an early and later sampling dates in an 82.5 ft. grid. The samples were analyzed for phosphorus (P) using both an acid- digest method and a simple acetic-acid extraction. Values for P composition were compared to soil Bray PI levels taken from the same locations. Mapping from the plant analysis methods and soil PI values were compared. Acid-digest P levels were significantly correlated with soil P levels at each sampling. Acetic acid extracts were significantly correlated with soil P only at the late sampling. Acetic acid and acid-digest P were strongly correlated with each other at the early sampling and also significantly correlated at the late sampling. Plant analysis using both methods may be useful in mapping relative P uptake levels throughout a field, but the levels may or may not be related to soil PI levels. Some ground truthing with soil sampling may be necessary to interpret plant analysis P before fertilizer application is directed.
133.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Spring nitrogen on winter wheat. I. Farmer-field
validation of tissue test-based rate
recommendations.
Scharf, P. C.; Alley, M. M.; Lei, Y. Z. Agron-j v.85(6):
p.1181-1186 (1993 Nov.-1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; winter-wheat;
cultivars; soil-types; farms; fields; nitrogen-fertilizers;
application-rates; application-date; spring; prediction;
optimization; foliar-diagnosis; nitrogen-content; virginia;
fertilizer-recommendations; fertilizer-efficiency; optimum-
application-rate
Abstract: Correct N application rates on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend Thell) are needed to minimize NO3 leaching to ground and surface waters and to maximize profit. A system for predicting optimum spring N fertilizer rates for winter wheat in the U.S. mid-Atlantic was previously developed from a small set of experiments using a single wheat variety and in which all cultural operations were conducted by researchers. The objective of the research reported here was to evaluate whether this system could be successfully applied to the more varied environment of farmer fields. Thirty-nine N response experiments were carried out in farmer fields over five growing seasons encompassing a wide and representative range of soil types and wheat varieties. The relationship between wheat tissue N content at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 30 and optimum N rate at GS 30 was weaker in farmer fields (r2 = 0.51) than in the researcher-planted experiments (r2 = 0.59) but was still strong enough to be useful. Economic analyses indicate that tissue test- based N rate recommendations increased profit by an average of $36 ha-1 relative to traditional N application practices. Apparent fertilizer efficiency was measured in 10 of the experiments and was significantly higher for N applications based on the tissue test system than for traditional applications.
134.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Spring nitrogen on winter wheat. II. A flexible
multicomponent rate recommendation system.
Scharf, P. C.; Alley, M. M. Agron-j v.85(6): p.1186-1192
(1993 Nov.-1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; winter-wheat;
cultivars; soil-types; farms; fields; nitrogen-fertilizers;
application-rates; application-date; spring; split-dressings;
foliar- diagnosis; nitrogen-content; tillers; density;
prediction; virginia; fertilizer-recommendations; optimum-
application-rate
Abstract: A recently developed system to predict the optimum N fertilizer rate for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell) at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 30 is based on the relationship between measured economic optimum N rate at GS 30 and wheat tissue-N content measured at GS 30. However, winter wheat often needs an earlier application of spring N to achieve optimum yield. We therefore developed a test to determine which fields need this earlier (GS 25) application, and to predict the optimum N rate with split-application management using the tissue test or as a single spring application. The optimum N rate at GS 25 was measured over 5 yr, both with and without GS 30 N applications. These measured optimum N rates were regressed against a variety of possible predictor variables measured in the same fields. Tiller density at GS 25 was a good predictor of optimum N rate at GS 25 in a split spring application program. Using this relationship along with the GS 30 tissue test to make N recommendations for winter wheat increased estimated profit relative to using the tissue test alone. Soil NO3 measured to 0.9 m depth was the best predictor of optimum N rate at GS 25 when that is to be the only spring N application, and improved estimated profit relative to applying 90 kg N ha-1 at all sites; however, the economic performance of split spring N applications was substantially better than for any single spring applications. The recommendation system developed by integrating these component relationships is powerful and. spring N applications.
135.
NAL Call No.: 100-SO82-3
Starter P fertilizer placement as a 'pop-up' application
for ridge-till corn and soybeans.
Woodard, H. J.; Sorensen, D. R.; Claypool, D. A.; Winther, D.
TB-Agric-Exp-Stn-S-D-State-Univ. Brookings, S.D. : The
Station. Oct 1992. (99) 6 p
In the series analytic: Soil science research in the Plant
Science Department : 1991 Annual Report. Soil PR 91-25.
Descriptors: glycine-max; zea-mays; phosphorus; row-
tillage; application-methods; crop-yield; dry-matter; south-
dakota
136.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
A study of the basicity of dolomite, rock phosphate, and
other materials in preparing non-acid-forming
fertilizers.
Cook, H. L.; Conner, S. D. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.28(10):
p.843-855 (1936 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: field-crops; sandy-loam-soils; soil-
acidity; soil-ph; cultivation; application-rates; liming-
materials; phosphates; npk-fertilizers; nitrification;
application-date; soil-analysis; soil-ph; leaching; losses-from-
soil; leachates; norfolk,; miami; muck
Abstract: Results obtained with Norfolk sandy loam soil may be summarized as follows: 1. Additions of the fertilizer studied increased the acidity of the soil as determined by every method used. 2. Cropping the soil increased acidity. 3. Additions of dolomite, calcium carbonate, and calcium silicate reduced the acidity by every method used. 4. The coarse dolomite was not as good as the fine dolomite in reducing acidity. 5. The fine dolomite was the best of the carbonates in all cases. 6. The calcium carbonate was slightly better than the coarse dolomite but was not as good as the fine dolomite. 7. Tricalcium phosphate showed some value by the Hopkins and Jones acidity methods and by pH in KCl solution, but none by pH in water or by percentage saturation. 8. The four treatments with raw rock phosphate showed some neutralizing value with the Jones and Hopkins methods, but none by any other method. 9. The raw rock phosphate showed more acidity than the fertilizer alone by the pH and percentage saturation methods. 10. The calcium silicates were better than any other neutralizing material. 11. The quenched calcium silicate was slightly superior to the raw. 12. Attention is called to the similarity between the different methods when applied to the same soil. Results obtained with Miami sandy loam soil may be summarized as follows: 1. Addition of fertilizer reduced acidity by the Jones and Hopkins methods. 2. Fertilizer increased acidity by the percentage saturation method but had no effect on pH. 3. Coarse dolomite reduced the acidity in all cases except pH, but was not as good as the fine dolomite. 4. Calcium carbonate reduced acidity in all cases except pH, in water. 5. Calcium carbonate was not as good as fine dolomite. 6. Tricalcium phosphate showed no benefit by any method except Hopkins acidity. 7. Tricalcium phosphate showed an abnormally large reduction of the lime requirement by the Hopkins method on the Miami soil. 8. The raw rock phosphate shows a neutralizing value by the Hopkins method but not by any other method. 9. The calcium silicates were good neutralizers by all methods. With the exception of the Hopkins acidity on the Miami sandy loam, there is a significant similarity in the trend of results between various treatments on both soils. On the Norfolk sandy loam, the better nitrification may be the reason why the raw rock phosphate showed negative effects by pH and percentage saturation. There was in all cases better nitrification with the fine dolomite, the calcium carbonate, the tricalcium phosphate, and the calcium silicates than with the fertilizer alone or fertilizer neutralized with raw phosphate. In general, the pH curves of the two soils are similar. As can be seen in Table 5 the addition of dolomite increased the amount of both magnesium and calcium leached from the soil. The fine dolomite caused a greater loss than the coarse.
137.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Sufficiency level and diagnosis and recommendation
integrated system approaches for evaluating the nitrogen status
of corn.
Dara, S. T.; Fixen, P. E.; Gelderman, R. H. Agron-j
v.84(6): p.1006-1010 (1992 Nov.-1992 Dec.)
This record replaces IND 93012484 which was attached to the wrong
title.
Descriptors: zea-mays; nitrogen-fertilizers;
fertilizer-requirement-determination; plant-analysis; leaves;
mineral-nutrition; plant-nutrition; crop-yield; grain; yield-
response- functions; correlation-analysis
Abstract: An irrigated corn (Zea mays L., cv. Pioneer 3732) N fertilizer field experiment was conducted for 3 yr to compare plant analysis interpretation of status by the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) and sufficiency level (SL) methods. Preplant soil NO3(-) N was supplemented with ammonium nitrate to provide seven available N levels. Leaf samples were taken at the silking stage and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Ma, Zn, and Cu. Nutrient indices were calculated using published standard and locally-developed (South Dakota) DRIS norms derived from 600 observations. At highest grain yield, 11.86 Mg ha-1, the average soil NO3-N level was 247 kg ha-1 over the 3-yr test period, while check yields average 6.54 Mg ha-1 and required 68 kg NO3-N ha-1. The SL approach (using a critical ear leaf N concentration of 27.6 g kg-1) diagnosed N as inadequate even when excess N was applied, indicating that the N sufficiency level for irrigated corn is inflated and needs to be readjusted to 25.2 g N kg-1. Nitrogen indices calculated from the standard and local DRIS norms at 95% of maximum yield were -2 and 2, respectively. Regression of Nutrient Balance indices against relative yield indicated greater variability in the standard norms than in the local norms. Our data suggest that the SL approach overestimated ear leaf N requirement, and that DRIS indices calculated using published standard norms were less useful than those from locally-developed norms.
138.
NAL Call No.: QH540.J6
Thallium toxicity in bean.
Kaplan, D. I.; Adriano, D. C.; Sajwan, K. S. J-Environ-
Qual v.19(3): p.359-365 (1990 July-1990 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: phaseolus-vulgaris; glycine-max; nutrient-
uptake; bioavailability; thallium; cadmium; chromium; nickel;
vanadium; mineral-nutrition; nutrients; roots; leaves; biomass-
production; hydroponics; phototoxicity; chlorosis; soil-
pollution; south-carolina
Abstract: Hydroponic, rhizotron, and field studies were conducted to determine the effect of Tl on the biomass and nutrient concentrations in roots and leaves of bean plants. Loamy sand soils in the field and rhizotron cells were treated with Tl, Cd, Cr, Ni, and V. Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were planted in both studies. The hydroponic study consisted of growing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Hoagland's solution treated with Tl. All three studies showed that Tl accumulated in the roots and not in aerial portions of the plant. In the hydroponic study, micromolar concentrations of Tl added to the nutrient solution drastically altered the concentration of certain nutrients in soybean tissues and significantly reduced plant biomass. Thallium-treated plants had fewer nodes than the normal ones. In addition, Tl caused the roots to become severely stunted with few lateral branches. The lower, more mature leaves of the treated plants exhibited chlorosis in spite of Fe concentrations comparable to the control plants. Based on tissue analyses, there was a concomitant increase in K concentrations in high Tl treatments, whereas Ca and Mg concentrations in leaves decreased below critical levels for normal growth. In addition, diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) indicated that Ca was relatively more deficient than Mg; DRIS also identified Mn as being deficient.
139.
NAL Call No.: 275.29-M58B
Tri-state fertilizer recommendations for corn, soybeans,
wheat and alfalfa.
Vitosh, M. L.; Johnson, J. W.; Mengel, D. B. Ext-bull-Coop-
Ext-Serv,-Mich-State-Univ. East Lansing : Michigan State
University, Cooperative Extension Service,. July 1995. (E-2567)
21 p
Descriptors: zea-mays; glycine-max; triticum-aestivum; medicago-
sativa; fertilizers; soil-testing; soil-ph; liming; nitrogen;
application-date; phosphorus; potassium; trace-elements;
michigan; ohio; indiana
140.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Two post thinning fertilizer trials in Pinus radiata in
New South Wales, Australia.
Turner, J.; Lambert, M. J.; Bowman, V.; Knott, J. Fertil-
res v.32(3): p.259-267 (1992 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pinus-radiata; growth; thinning; basal-
area; volume; interactions; ammonium-nitrate; superphosphate;
application-rates; chemical-composition; leaves; mineral-content;
nitrogen; phosphorus; ratios; new-south-wales; thinning-
intensity; n-p-ratio
Abstract: Two trials in Pinus radiata growing on different sites in N.S.W. allowed consideration of fertilizer applications after 2nd or 3rd thinning. The trials included factorial applications of N and P at a single thinning intensity plus a further treatment which allowed assessment of different thinning intensities. The most significant growth responses were obtained by application of N and P in combination. The largest response (additional productivity compared with the unfertilized control) occurred 4 years after application and after 7 years there was no additional absolute response for either of the two sites. The largest fertilizer response was 70 m3 ha-1 over 7 years on one site and 36 M ha on the other, indicating differences in absolute responses between sites. It was concluded that in planning treatments the most responsive sites near the end of the rotation should be selected to maximize economic returns. Foliage analyses indicated differences between sites at the commencement of the study. It was concluded that either a single year of foliage analyses at study commencement is of value, or sampling every year of the study should be used to analyse responses, but a single year of analysis during or at the end of the study would not be of value.
141.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Understanding the Magdoff Pre-Sidedress Nitrate Test for
corn.
Magdoff, F. J-prod-agric v.4(3): p.297-305 (1991 July-
1991 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-testing; nitrate-nitrogen; nitrogen-
content; nutrient-availability; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; zea-mays; nutrient-requirements; nutrient-uptake;
mineralization; seasonal-fluctuations; nitrogen-fertilizers;
sidedressing; nitrate; leaching; spatial-distribution
Abstract: Problems associated with using excess N for corn (Zea mays L.) production include NO3(-)N pollution of groundwater as well as economic loss to the farmer. The Magdoff Pre-Sidedress Nitrate Test (PSNI) is a soil test that provides more accurate fertilizer N recommendations for corn than previous N recommendation systems based on anticipated effects of manure and crop management. Using the test can result in significant reductions of fertilizer N use on high-N supplying soils. This article provides the background for understanding how and why this soil test functions for corn in the humid regions of the Midwest and Northeast. The pattern of high-crop N uptake rates relative to mineralization indicates that adequate nutrition requires the presence of a large available N pool in the soil at the start of corn's period of rapid growth. In addition, there is little NO3(-)N leaching in most soils during normal growing seasons and when NO3(-)N is moved deeper in the root zone, some enrichment remains in the surface 1 ft. This combination of phenomena allows NO3(-)N in a 1-ft soil sample taken just prior to the period of rapid growth to reflect fertilizer N requirements.
142.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Use of boron fertilizers in apple orchards of
Lithuania.
Svagzdys, S. Acta-hortic (383): p.487-490 (1995
Apr.)
In the series analytic: Mineral nutrition of deciduous fruit
plants / edited by M. Tagliavini, G.H. Neilsen and P.
Millard.
Descriptors: malus-pumila; boron-fertilizers; foliar-
spraying; boron; leaves; mineral-content; trace-element-
deficiencies; crop-yield; frost-injury; shoots; lithuania
143.
NAL Call No.: 100-SO82-3
The use of soil tests to predict fertilizer nitrogen
needs of corn.
Gelderman, R.; Drymalski, S.; Evjen, L. TB-Agric-Exp-Stn-S-D-
State-Univ. Brookings, S.D. : The Station. Oct 1992. (99) 3
p
In the series analytic: Soil science research in the Plant
Science Department : 1991 Annual Report. Soil PR 91-2.
Descriptors: zea-mays; nitrogen; soil-testing; crop-
yield; rain; south-dakota
144.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Use of the analysis of plant growth and nutrient uptake
for nitrogen fertilizer recommendations in open air vegetable
growing.
Titulaer, H. H. H.; Slangen, J. H. G. Acta-hortic (267):
p.111-118 (1990 Apr.)
Paper presented at the 6th Symposium on the Timing of Field
Production of Vegetables, August 21-25, 1989, Wageningen, the
Netherlands.
Descriptors: cucumis-sativus; lactuca-sativa; nitrogen-
fertilizers; split-dressings; nutrient-uptake; plant-development;
leaching; netherlands
145.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Using a chlorophyll meter to predict nitrogen fertilizer
needs of winter wheat.
Fox, R. H.; Piekielek, W. P.; Macneal, K. M. Commun-soil-sci-
plant-anal v.25(3/4): p.171-181 (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; nitrogen-fertilizers;
application-rates; fertilizer-requirement-determination; plant-
analysis; leaves; chlorophyll; crop-yield; grain; optimization;
pennsylvania
146.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Using cotton petiole nitrate-nitrogen concentration for
prediction of cotton nitrogen nutritional status on a clayey
soil.
Keisling, T. C.; Mascagni, N. J. Jr.; Maples, R. L.; Thompson, K.
C. J-plant-nutr v.18(1): p.35-45 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; fertilizer-
requirement-determination; soil-analysis; soil-fertility; foliar-
diagnosis; petioles; nitrate-nitrogen; nitrogen-content; clay-
soils; plant-nutrition; urea; ammonium-nitrate; application-
rates; nutrient-availability; crop-yield; lint; arkansas
Abstract: Soil and petiole nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) analyses have been used to monitor the nitrogen (N) nutritional status of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Arkansas. The basis for in-season N fertilizer additions has been NO3-N monitoring for the most recently matured leaf petiole. In this manner N fertilizer can be adjusted so that N is not limiting during growing seasons conducive to high yields. The objective of studies reported herein was to determine petiole NO3-N levels that define deficient, adequate, and excessive N nutritional status of irrigated cotton growing on a clayey soil. Experiments were conducted on a Sharkey silty clay (very fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic, Vertic Haplaquept) located on the Northeast Research and Extension Center at Keiser, AR. The experimental design was a 5 by 5 Latin Square with a split plot arrangement of treatments. Subplots were cultivars of cotton, and main plots were N rates of 0, 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg/ha applied as 56 kg/ha splits beginning just before planting, again at pinhead square, and again at 56 or 110 kg/ha at early bloom until all N for a treatment was applied. The N fertilizer was 32% N solution (16% urea-N and 16% ammonium nitrate-N). Petioles were collected weekly beginning the week before first bloom and continued for eight weeks. Cotton was harvested and lint yield calculated. Subsequent analysis of petiole NO3-N and lint yield were performed using (a) X2 and (b) percent correct predictions on both the actual lint yield versus petiole NO3-N content and the lint yield versus the slope of the petiole NO3-N content with time. The results indicated that (a) the percent correct predictions were the best predictor, (b) petiole. estimates for subsequent weeks, and (c) slope of NO3-N with time gives percent correct estimates approximately 50% of the time. These results indicate that petiole NO3-N content by itself is useful for determining the N nutritional status of cotton until the third week of bloom.
147.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Watermelon phosphorus requirements in soils with low
Mehlich-I-extractable phosphorus.
Hochmuth, G. J.; Hanlon, E. A.; Cornell, J. HortScience
v.28(6): p.630-632 (1993 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: citrullus-lanatus; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; phosphorus-fertilizers; application-rates; crop-
yield; foliar-diagnosis; phosphorus; ultisols; soil-analysis;
florida
Abstract: Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] was grown at two sites differing slightly in Mehlich-I (double-acid)-extractable P (6 and 10 mg.kg-1 soil). Early and total yields responded positively to P rate; however, maximum yields were obtained with small amounts of P fertilizer. The linear-plateau critical P fertilizer rates were 26 and 27 kg.ha-1 at sites 1 and 2, respectively. These critical rates were lower than those currently used for recommending P fertilizer on soils that have very low P. Phosphorus concentrations of most- recently matured leaves at early fruit set were 2.5 and 2.8 g.kg- 1 at sites 1 and 2, respectively, with 0 P, and 4.4 and 4.8 g.kg- 1 with the 25-kg P/ha treatment.
148.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Yield response of canola to nitrogen, phosphorus,
precipitation, and temperature.
Nuttal, W. F.; Moulin, A. P.; Townley Smith, L. J. Agron-
j v.84(5): p.765-768 (1992 Sept.-1992 Oct.)
This record replaces IND 93003864 which was attached to the wrong
title.
Descriptors: brassica-napus-var; -oleifera; crop-yield;
responses; nitrogen-fertilizers; phosphorus-fertilizers;
application-rates; environmental-impact; temperature;
precipitation; soil-chemistry; nitrogen-content; phosphorus;
silty-soils; clay-soils; correlated-traits; saskatchewan
Abstract: Canola (Brassica napus L.) is a major crop in western Canada, and been used extensively as an alternative crop to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Yet, little information is available on the response of this crop to N and P fertilizers in relation to soil tests for these elements under varying environmental conditions. Accordingly, this study was conducted for a 16-yr period to determine the yield response of canola to N and P fertilizers in relation to soil tests for these elements in northeastern Saskatchewan on black Melfort silty clay (Typic Cryoboroll) previously cropped to spring wheat. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 45 and 134 kg N ha-1 in factorial combination with 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg P ha-1. Extra treatments consisted of 10N-20P kg ha-1 and a control with no fertilizer applied. Canola grain and straw response to N and P fertilizer was significant, but the N by P interaction was not significant. The interaction effects of Year by P and Year by N were significant, indicating a wide range of response to applied elements among years because of temperature, precipitation and sod nutrient effects. Grain yield was positively correlated to total precipitation and negatively correlated to mean maximum daily temperature for the months of July and August (R2 = 0.32). The highest grain yield (2.46 t ha-1) was obtained in 1987 with P fertilizer applied at kg P ha-1 (averaged across N rates), 162 mm of rainfall and an average maximum temperature of 21.2 degrees C. The lowest yield (0.37 t ha-1) was obtained in 1989 with P fertilizer applied at 20 kg P ha-1, 95 mm of rainfall and an average maximum temperature of 25.1 degrees C. In conclusion, soil tests for N and P accounted for much of the variation in yield.
