Introduction
In
recent years there has been a renewed interest in the use of marsupials as
unique models for biomedical research (Tyndale-Biscoe and Janssens 1988;
Saunders and Hinds 1997). Of these the North American opossum
(Didelphis virginiana) has received more scientific scrutiny than
any other marsupial to date. Didelphis has long been a popular
animal model among gastroenterologists (Krause and Cutts 1992) and
numerous studies concerned with its reproductive biology (Hartman 1952),
early embryology (Hartman 1916, 1919; McCrady 1938),
histogenesis/organogenesis (Krause 1998a, 1998b), developmental
neurobiology (Martin and Wang 1997) and spinal cord regeneration (Wang et
al. 1998a, 1998b; Martin et al. 2000) have been published. In addition,
Didelphis virginiana has played a pivotal role not only in predicting
the existence of a newly discovered family of guanylyl cyclase stimulating
peptides (guanylin, uroguanylin, and lymphoguanylin) but also was the
animal model used in the initial discovery, isolation and purification of
the most recent members of this family of peptides, uroguanylin and
lymphoguanylin (Krause et al.1998, Forte et al. 1999, 2000). Recently, a
small protein known as lethal toxin neutralizing factor (LTNF) was
isolated from opossum serum. This factor has been shown to be a potent
antidote for several animal, plant, and bacterial toxins. An effective,
synthetic form of LTNF has been made so that this peptide can be made in
abundance without depending upon the natural source, opossum serum. It is
believed that the synthetic form of LTNF may become a universal therapy
against animal, plant and bacterial toxins ( Lipps 1999, Lipps
2000).
The purpose of this literature survey is to
provide an introduction into the literature with regard to the biology of
Didelphis virginiana and to gather together a variety of studies
that have focused on this particular species. Although numerous studies
have been published on Didelphis, these are scattered throughout a
very diverse literature with regard both to discipline and time. The
primary aim is to gather these references under one cover as a desk
reference for those interested either in using Didelphis as a
biomedical model for study or in the biology and natural history of this
North American marsupial. The bibliography cites the primary references
and serves as a guide into the diverse literature where specific topics
with regard to Didelphis virginiana are most likely to be
encountered. The reference list has been restricted as much as possible
to Didelphis virginiana although some confusion does exist
in the early literature with regards as to which actual species was used
in some studies. According to Gardner (1973), the genus Didelphis
contains three distinct species: Didelphis virginiana of North and
Central America; Didelphis marsupialis of Central and South
America; and Didelphis albiventris of the highlands in South
America. Prior to this work, the North American opossum was commonly
referred to as either Didelphis marsupialis or Didelphis
virginiana. The references cited in this survey are restricted as much
as possible to the North American or Virginia opossum, Didelphis
virginiana. The earliest reference is Tyson 1698, the latest includes
a few references published in 2001. The references have been organized
under 43 subheadings to aid the reader in finding specific references with
regard to general areas or topics of interest. In addition to published
accounts on the husbandry of Didelphis, videotape also is available
on its husbandry and care as well as the establishment of a
temporary-breeding colony for the North American opossum (Krause
1999).
References
Forte LR, Eber SL, Fan X, London
RM, Wang Y, Rowland LM, Chin DT, Freeman RH, Krause WJ (1999)
Lymphoguanylin: Cloning and characterization of a unique member of the
guanylin peptide family. Endocrinology 140:
1800-1806
Forte LR, London RM, Krause WJ, Freeman RH (2000) Mechanisms of
guanylin action via cyclic GMP in the kidney. Annu Rev Physiol 62:
673-695
Gardner
AL (1973) The systematics of the genus Didelphis
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Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX, 4: 1-81
Hartman CG (1916) Studies in the
development of the opossum Didelphys virginiana L. I. History of
early cleavage. II. Formation of the blastocyst. J Morphol
27:1-83
Hartman CG (1919) Studies in the
development of the opossum Didelphys virginiana L. III. Description
of new material on maturation, cleavage and entoderm formation. IV. The
bilaminar blastocyst. J Morphol 32:1-142
Hartman
CG (1952) Possums. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, pp
1-147
Krause WJ (1998a) A review of histogenesis/organogenesis in the
developing North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Adv Anat
Embryol Cell Biol Vol I. 143:1-143
Krause
WJ (1998b) A review of histogenesis/organogenesis in the developing North
American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Adv Anat Embryol Cell
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Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1992) Development
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Krause WJ, London RM, Freeman RH,
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Krause
WJ (1999) Tips on the husbandry and establishment of a temporary breeding
colony for the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana).
Videotape presentation. Housed in the Animal Welfare Information Center
Audio-Visual Series, National Agricultural Library Collection, U.S.
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Lipps BV
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Martin GF, Terman JR, Wang XM
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Wang XM, Terman JR, Martin GF (1998b)
Regeneration of supraspinal axons after transection of the thoracic spinal
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398: 83-97
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1.7 Energetics
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American opossum. Acta Physiol Scand 123:393-398
Gantt WH, Newton JEO,
Royer FL, Stephens JH (1991) Effect of person. Integ Physiol Behav Sci 26:
146-160
German RZ, Crompton AW (1996) Ontogeny
of suckling mechanisms in opossums (Didelphis virginiana).
Brain Behav Evol 48: 157-164
Hayssen VD (1985) A
comparison of the reproductive biology of metatherian (marsupial) and
eutherian (placental) mammals with special emphasis on sex differences in
the behavior of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Ph D Thesis,
Cornell Univ, Ithaca, New York, pp 345
Herring FH, Mason DJ,
Doolittle JH, Starrett DE (1966) The Virginia opossum in psychological
research. Psychol Rep 19:755-757
Holmes DJ (1987)
Social complexity and potential for chemocommunication in captive Virginia
opossums, Didelphis virginiana Kerr. Ph D Thesis, Bowling Green
State Univ, Bowling Green, Ohio, pp 195
Holmes DJ (1990)
Social and other correlates of scent marking in captive Virginia opossums,
Didelphis virginiana Kerr. In: Macdonald DW, Natynczuk SE,
Muller-Schwarze D (eds) Chemical signals in vertebrates. 5. Oxford Univ
Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp 451-458
Holmes DJ (1991)
Social behavior in captive Virginia opossums, Didelphis virginiana.
J Mammal 72:402-410
Holmes DJ (1992) Odors as cues for
orientation to mothers by weanling Virginia opossums. J Chem Ecol
18:2251-2259
Holmes DJ (1992) Sternal odors as cues
for social discrimination by female Virginia opossums, Didelphis
virginiana. J Mammal 73:286-291
Holmes Meisner D
(1986) History and gross morphology of the sexually dimorphic sternal
gland in the North American opossum, Didelphis virginiana Kerr. In:
Duvall D, Muller-Schwarze D, Silverstein RM (eds) Chemical signals in
vertebrates. 4. Ecology, evolution, and comparative biology. Plenum Press,
New York, pp 579-585
Hunsaker DII, Shyse D (1977) Behavior
of New World marsupials. In: Hunsaker DII(ed) The biology of
marsupials.Academic Press, New York, Chapt 5, pp 279-347
James WT (1937) An experimental study of the defense mechanisms
in the opossum,
with emphasis on natural behavior and its relation to mode of life.
J Genet Psychol 51:95-100
James WT (1955) The behavior of the opossum in the Guthrie-Horton puzzle box. J
Genet Psychol 87:203-206
James WT (1958) Conditioned responses in the opossum. J Genet Psychol 93:179-18
3
James WT (1959) Behavior of the opossum in the Fink arrow maize. J Genet Psycho
l
94:199-203
James WT (1960) A study of visual discrimination in the opossum. J Genet Psycho
l
97:127-130
James WT (1980) A test of the Virginia
opossum's preference for sweets. Bull Psychon Soc 16:65-66
James WT, McFarland J (1966) A study of form discrimination in
the opossum. J Psychol 64:193-198
James WT, Turner WW
(1963) Experimental study of maze learning in young opossums. Psychol Rep
13:921-922
Kimble DP (1997) Didelphid behavior.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21: 361-369
King OM (1961) A note
on opossum behavior. J Mammal 42: 397
Ladine TA, Kissell RE
(1994) Escape behavior of Virginia opossums. Am Midl Nat 132:
234-238
Langley WM (1979) Preference of the
striped skunk and opossum for auditory over
visual prey stimuli. Carnivore 2: 31-34
Langworthy OR (1925)
The development of progression and posture in young opossums. Am J Physiol
74:1-13
Langworthy OR (1928) The behavior of
pouch-young opossums correlated with the myelinization of tracts in the
nervous system. J Comp Neurol 46:201-240
McManus JJ (1967)
Observations on sexual behavior of the opossum, Didelphis
marsupialis. J Mammal 48:486-487
McManus JJ (1970)
Behavior of captive opossums, Didelphis marsupialis virginiana. Am
Midl Nat 84:144-169
McManus JJ (1971) Activity of
captive Didelphis marsupialis. J Mammal 52: 846-848
Norton AC, Beran AV, Misrahy GA (1964) Electroencephalograph
during "feigned" sleep in the opossum. Nature 204:162-163
Platt JJ, James WT (1967) Response to stimulus change in the
opossum. J Psychol
67:85-89
Platt JJ, James WT
(1966) Social facilitation of eating behavior in young opossums. 1. Group
vs solitary feeding. Psychon Sci 6: 421-422
Platt JJ, Sutker LW,
James WT (1968) Social facilitation of eating behavior in young opossums.
II. The effects of isolation. Psychon Sci 10:267-268
Platt JJ, Yaksh T, James WT (1968) Response to environmental
stimulus change in
young opossums. Perceptual Motor Skills 26:43-46
Pressman TG,
Doolittle JH (1966) Taste preferences in the Virginia opossum. Psychol Rep
18:875-878
Raven HC (1929) A case of matricide in
the opossum. J Mammal 10:168
Roberts WW, Bergquist
EH, Robinson TCL (1969) Thermoregulatory grooming and sleep-like
relaxation induced by local warming of preoptic area and anterior
hypothalamus in opossum. J Comp Physiol Psych 67:182-188
Roberts WW, Steinberg ML, Means LW (1967) Hypothalamic mechanisms
for sexual, aggressive, and other motivational behaviors in the
opossium, Didelphis virginiana. J Comp Physiol Psychol 64:1-15
Russell EM (1984) Social behaviour and social organization of
marsupials. Mammal
Rev 14:101-154
Ryser J (1992) The mating system and male mating success of the Virginia opossu
m
(Didelphis virginiana) in Florida. J Zool
228:127-139
Seidensticker J, Lumpkin S (1989)
Playing possum is serious business for our only marsupial. Smithsonian
20:108-119
Seidensticker J, O'Connell MA,
Johnsingh AJT (1987) Virginia opossum In : Novack
M, Baker JA, Obberd ME, Malloch B (eds) Wild furbearer management and
conservation in North America. Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario,
Canada, Chapt 23, pp 247-261
Stasiak M, Masterton RB (1996) Auditory quality cues are more
effective than auditory location cues in a R no R (go no go)
differentiation - the extension of the rule to primitive mammals (American
opossum, Didelphis virginiana). Acta Neurobiol Exper 56:
949-953
Tamar H (1961) Taste reception in the
opossum and the bat. Physiol Zool 34:86-91
Thexton AJ, Crompton AW (1989) Effect of sensory input from the
tongue on jaw movement in normal feeding in the opossum. J Exp Zool
250:233-243
Tilley MW, Doolittle JH, Mason DJ
(1966) Olfactory discrimination learning in the Virginia opossum.
Perceptual Motor Skills 23:845-846
Tilley MW, Doolittle
JH, Mason DJ (1966) Spontaneous alternation in the Virginia
opossum. Psychol Rep 19:593-594
Twyver HV, Allison T
(1970) Sleep in the opossum Didelphis marsupialis. Electroencephal
Clin Neurophysiol 29:181-189
Walker JM, Berger RJ
(1980) The ontogenesis of sleep states, thermogenesis, and
thermoregulation in the Virginia opossum. Develop Psychobiol 13:443-454
Wiedorn WS (1954) A new experimental animal for psychiatric
research: the opossum, (Didelphis virginiana) Science 119:360-361
Wright DD (1989) Mortality and dispersal of juvenile opossums,
Didelphis virginiana. MS Thesis, University of Florida,
Gainesville
1.10 Husbandry
Brooks MB (1959) Care
and management of opossums: their use in pediatric research. Proc Animal
Care Panel 9:167-171
Burns RK, Burns LM (1957) Observations
on the breeding of the American opossum in Florida. Rev Suisse Zool
64:595-605
Coghill GE (1939) Studies on rearing
the opossum (Didelphys virginiana).
Ohio J Sci 39:239-249
Farris, E J (1950) The opossum. In:
Farris EJ (ed) The care and breeding of laboratory animals. John Wiley
& Sons, New York
Feldman DB, Ross PW (1975) Methods for
obtaining neonates of known age from the
Virginia opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana). Lab Anim Sci
25:437-439
Feldman DB, Self JL (1971) Sedation and
anesthesia of the Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana.
Lab Anim Sci 21:717-720
Feldman DB, Self JL (1973)
Establishment of a helminth-free opossum colony. Lab
Anim Sci 23:855-857
Fritz HI (1971) Maintenance of the
common opossum. Int Zool Yearbook 11:46-49
Funk RS (2000) Opossum medicine. N Am Vet Conf Vet Proc
14: 1003
Harder JD, Fleming MW (1982)
Husbandry of a small breeding colony of opossums (Didelphis
virginiana). Lab Anim Sci 32:547-549
Heuser
CH, Hartman CG (1928) Some old and forgotten observations upon the
breeding habits of the opossum. J Mammal 9:61-62
Jurgelski W Jr (1974) The opossum
(Didelphis virginiana Kerr) as a biomedical model. I. Research
perspective, husbandry, and laboratory technics. Lab Anim Sci 24:376-403
Jurgelski W Jr, Forsythe W, Dahl D, Thomas LD, Moore JA, Kotin P,
Falk HL, Vogel
FS (1974) The opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr) as
a biomedical model. II. Breeding the opossum in captivity: facility design. Lab Anim Sci 24:404-411
Jurgelski W Jr, Porter ME (1974) The opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr)
as a biomedical model. III. Breeding the opossum in captivity: methods.
Lab Anim Sci 24:412-425
Krupp JH, Quillin R (1964) A review of
the use of the opossum for research-husbandry, experimental techniques and
routine health measures. Lab Anim Care 14:189-194
Mizell M, Ramsey DE, Warringer RA, Spencer R (1970) Laboratory
development and use of the American opossum, Didelphys virginiana.
Am Zool 10: 539
Reynolds HC (1952) Studies on
reproduction in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana virginiana). Univ
Calif Publ Zool 52:223-283
Sherwood
BF, Rowlands DT Jr, Hackel DB, LeMay JC (1969) The opossum,
Didelphis virginiana, as a laboratory animal. Lab Anim Care
19:494-499
Thomason JJ, Russell AP (1986) A
plastic cage for restraint of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana)
Lab Anim Sci 36:547-549
1.11 Use as Model
Adzick NS, Longaker
MT (1991) Animal models for the study of fetal tissue repair. J Surg Res
51:216-222
Baudinette R, Skinner J (2001)
Marsupials as models for biomedical research. ANZCCART News 14(3):1-3
Block M (1960) Wound
healing in the new-born opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Nature
187:340-341
Cullen JJ, Maes EB, Aggrawal S,
Conklin JL, Ephgrave KS, Mitros FA (2000) Effect
of endotoxin on opossum gallbladder motility: A model of
acalculous cholecystitis. Ann Surg 232: 202-207
Fleming MW, Tassava RA (1981) Preamputation and postamputation histology of the
neonatal opossum hindlimb: implications for regeneration
experiments. J Exp Zool 215:143-149
Jurgelski W Jr (1983) An alternative animal model for perinatal carcinogenesis.
Biol Res Pregnancy Perinatol 4:3-16
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Boyd CW (1972) Induction of seizures in
the opossum (Didelphis marsupials virginiana Kerr) with an
inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis - a new model for experimental
epilepsy. Fed Proc 31:304
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Falk HL,
Kotin P (1972) Ethyl nitrosourea carcinogenesis in the neonatal marsupial
(Didelphis marsupialis virginiana Kerr) - a new animal model for
oncogenesis. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 13:93
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Falk HL, Kotin P (1976) Embryonal
neoplasms in the opossum: a new model for solid tumors of infancy and
childhood. Science 193:328-332
Jurgelski, W Jr, Hudson PM, Falk HL, Zimmerman LE, Henry JM, Palmer
N (1977) Experimentally induced dysontogenetic tumors in the opossum: a
clinicopathological and histo-pathological comparison with analogous
neoplasms of man and other animals. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 18:104
Kaiser AM, Saluja AK, Sengupta A, Saluja M, Steer ML (1995)
Relationship between
severity, necrosis, and apoptosis in five models of experimental
acute pancreatitis. Am J Physiol 269: C1295-C1304
Kelln EE, Komori A (1968) Potential of the opossum in oral research. J Dent Res
47:338
Lerch MM, Saluja AK, Rünzi M, Dawra R, Saluja M, Steer ML (1993) Pancreati
c
duct obstruction triggers acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the opossum.
Gastroentorology 104:853-861
Mizell
M, Isaacs JJ (1970) Induced regeneration of hindlimbs in the newborn
opossum. Am Zool 10:141-155
Moore
CR, Bodian D (1940) Opossum pouch young as experimental material. Anat Rec
76:319-327
New DAT, Mizell M (1972) Opossum
fetuses grown in culture. Science 175:533-536
New DAT,
Mizell M, Cockroft DL (1977) Growth of opossum embryos in vitro
during organogenesis. J Embryol Exp Morphol 41:111-123
Northway MG, Libshitz HI, West JJ, Withers HR, Mukhopadhyay AK,
Osborne BM, Szwarc IA, Dodd GD (1979) The opossum as an animal model for
studying radiation esophagitis. Radiology 131:731-735
Senninger N, Moody FG, Coelho JCU, Van Buren DH (1986) The role of
biliary obstruction in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis in the
opossum. Surgery 99:688-693
Steinhardt GF, Salinas-Madrigal L, Farber R, Lynch R, Vogler G
(1990) Experimental ureteral obstruction in the fetal opossum. I. Renal
functional assessment. J Urol144:564-566
Steinhardt GF, Vogler G, Salinas-Madrigal L, LaRegina M (1988)
Induced renal dysplasia in the young pouch opossum. J Pediatr Surg
23:1127-1130
Wiedorn WS (1954) A new experimental
animal for psychiatric research: the opossum, Didelphis
virginiana. Science 119:360-361
1.12 Experimental
Techniques using Didelphis
Feldman DB, Self JL (1971) Sedation and
anesthesia of the Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana.
Lab Anim Sci 21:717-720
Jackson RK (1971) Experimental talipes
in the Virginia opossum. Clin Orthopaed Related Res 81:152-157
Jurgelski W Jr (1971) Administration of test materials to the
neonatal North American opossum (Didelphys marsupialis virginiana
Kerr). Lab Anim Sci 21:748-751
La Regina MC, Lonigro
J, Woods L, Williams GA, Vogler GA (1988) Valvular endocarditis associated
with experimental Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in the
opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Lab Anim Sci 38:159-161
Moore DM (1984) A simple technique for blood collection in the
opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Lab Anim
18:52-54
Nelsen OE, White EL (1941) A method for
inducing ovulation in the anoestrous opossum (Didelphys
virginiana). Anat Rec 81:529-535
New DAT, Mizell M
(1972) Opossum fetuses grown in culture. Science
175:533-536
Northway MG, Libshitz HI, Szwarc IA
(1979) A technique for barium esophagram in
the opossum. Lab Anim Sci 29:534-537
Parmelee AH, Brooks MB, Stone RS (1960) The effect of high oxygen concentration
s
on the opossum pouch young (Didelphis virginiana). Anat Rec
136:73-78
Senninger N, Moody FG, Coelho JCU, Van
Buren DH (1986) The role of biliary obstruction in the pathogenesis of
acute pancreatitis in the opossum. Surgery 99:688-693
Spagnoli DB, Fidler SF, Carmichael SW, Culberson JL (1979)
Perfusion fixation of
the newborn opossum: equipment and techniques. Lab Anim Sci 29:246-248
Steinhardt GF, Salinas-Madrigal L,
Farber R, Lynch R, Vogler G (1990) Experimental ureteral obstruction in
the fetal opossum. I. Renal functional assessment. J Urol 144:564-566
Steinhardt GF, Vogler G, Salinas-Madrigal L, and LaRegina M
(1988) Induced renal
dysplasia in the young pouch opossum. J Pediatr Surg 23:1127-1130
1.13 Experimental (Induced)
Pathologies
Amundson TE, Yuill
TM, DeFoliar GR (1985) Experimental La Crosse virus infection
of red fox (Vulpes fulva), raccoon (Procyon lotor), opossum
(Didelphis virginiana), and woodchuck (Marmota monax). Am J
Trop Med Hyg 34:586-595
Andrews EJ (1973) Methylcholanthrene
carcinogenesis in the North American opossum (Didelphis
virginiana). J Natl Cancer Inst 51:1217-1225
Bowen GS (1976)
Experimental infection of North American mammals with epidemic Venezuelan
encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25:891-899
Box ED, Duszynski DW
(1978) Experimental transmission of Sarcocystis from
icterid birds to sparrows and canaries by sporocysts from the opossum. J
Parasitol 64:682-688
Darling ST (1910) Sarcosporidiosis in
the opossum and its experimental production in the guinea pig by the
intramuscular injection of sporozites. Bull Soc Path Exot 3:513-518
Fenger CK, Granstrom DE, Gajadhar AA, Williams NM, Mccrillus SA,
Stamper S, Langemeier JL, Dubey JP (1997) Experimental induction of equine
myeloencephalitis in horses using Sarcocystis sp., sporocysts from
the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Vet Parasitol 68:
199-213
Gandolfi R, Culbertson R (1983)
Corticosteroid-induced death in an opossum. J Am
Vet Med Assoc 183:1277-1279
Johnson JI, Hamilton TC, Hsung J-C, and Ulinski PS (1972) Gracile nucleus absen
t
in adult opossums after leg removal in infancy. Brain Res
38:421-424
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM (1971) The
response of the pituitary-thyroid axis of the opossum (Didelphis
marsupialis virginiana Kerr) to chronic neonatal administration of
Aminotriazole. Fed Proc 30: 294
Jurgelski W Jr,
Hudson PM, Boyd CW (1972) Rickets associated with triparanol induced
intestinal lesions in the marsupial (Didelphis marsupialis
virginiana Kerr). Anat Rec 172:339
Jurgelski W Jr,
Hudson P, Falk HL (1979) Tissue differentiation and susceptibility to
embryonal tumor induction by ethylnitrosourea in the opossum. Natl Cancer
Inst Monogr No 51:123-158
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Falk HL,
Kotin P (1976) Embryonal neoplasms in the opossum: a new model for solid
tumors of infancy and childhood. Science 193:328-332
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Henery JM, Falk HL (1978) Chemically
induced ganglioglioma in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr). J
Neuropathol Exp Neurol 37: 638
Jurgelski W Jr,
Hudson PM, Vogel FS (1973) Induction of a chronic somatosensory
epilepsy in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr) with an
inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. Brain Res 64:466-471
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson P, Boyd C (1972) Induction of seizures on
the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana) with an
inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. II. Relationship between seizure
induction, brain sterol composition, and drug configuration. J Cell Biol
55:126A
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson P, Zimmerman LE,
Falk HL, Kotin P (1974) Induction of malignant intraocular
medulloepitheliomas in opossums orally exposed to a chemical carcinogen
(ethyl nitrosourea) early in postnatal life. Am J Pathol
74:40A
Jurgelski W Jr, Alderson G, Hudson P
(1973) Odontogenic tumor induction in the opossum by a chemical
carcinogen. J Dent Res 52:201
Jurgelski W Jr,
Palmer NF, Hudson PM, Falk HL (1980) Chemical induction of embryonal renal
tumors: an accurate model for pediatric renal neoplasia. Fed Proc 39:
331
La Regina MC, Lonigro J, Woods L, Williams GA, Vogler GA (1988)
Valvular endocarditis associated with experimental Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae infection in the opossum (Didelphis
virginiana). Lab Anim Sci 38:159-161
Larsen F, Schlarman
D, Andrus CC, Kaminski DL (1991) The effect of the CCK receptor antagonist
CR 1409 on bile reflux pancreatitis in the opossum. Pancreas 6:291-297
Lerch MM, Saluja AK, Dawra R, Ramarao P, Saluja M, Steer ML
(1992) Acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the opossum: earliest
morphological changes involve acinar cells. Gastroenterology 103:205-213
Lindsay DS, Hendrix CM, Blagburn BL (1988) Experimental
Cryptosporidium parvum infections in opossums (Didelphis
virginiana). J Wildl Dis 24:157-159
Malek EA (1970)
Further studies on mammalian susceptibility to experimental infection with
Heterobilharzia americana. J Parasitol 56:64-66
Mizell M (1975) Tumour induction in vivo : major events
leading to tumorigenesis in embryos inoculated with oncogenic herpes
viruses. IARC Sci Pub No11: 121-132
Moore CG,
Schnurrenberger PR (1981) Experimental infection of opossums with
Brucella abortus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:1113-1116
Prasad N, Bushong SC, MacIntyre RS (1973) Radiocytogenetic
effects on bone marrow cells of opossum in vivo. Can J Genet Cytol
15:123-126
Prasad N, Bushong SC, North LB, Thornby
J (1976) Radiation lethality in the opossum. Rad Res 68:514-517
Prasad N, Prasad R, Bushong SC (1973) In vivo and in
vitro response of opossum testes to ionizing radiation: morphological
and enzymatic studies. J Cell Biol 59:270A
Prasad N, Prasad R,
Bushong SC, North LB (1977) Effect of irradiation on electrophoretic
properties of enzymes in haemopoietic cells of opossum. Experientia 33:
263-264
Prasad N, Prasad R, Bushong SC, North
LB (1977) Effect of irradiation on testicular cells of opossum.
Strahlentherapie 153:470-473
Prestwood AK, Nettles VF, Farrell RL (1977) Pathologic
manifestations of experimentally and naturally acquired lungworm
infections in opossums. Am J Vet Res 38:529-532
Ramirez R, Brems J, Lee T,
Kaminski DL (1984) The effect of 16, 16-dimenthyl prostaglandin E2 on
experimental bile reflux pancreatitis in the opossum. Surg Gastroenterol
3:60-68
Rowlands DT Jr, Vakilzadeh J, Sherwood
BF, LeMay JC (1970) Experimental bacterial endocarditis in the opossum
(Didelphis virginiana). I. Valvular changes following a single
injection of bacteria in unmodified adult opossums. Am J Pathol 58:295-304
Senninger N (1992) Bile-induced pancreatitis. Eur Surg Res 24
:(Suppl1), 68-73
Senninger N, Moody FG, Coelho JCU, Van
Buren DH (1986) The role of biliary obstruction in the pathogenesis of
acute pancreatitis in the opossum. Surgery 99:688-693
Sevy CE, Cameron TP (1968) Two cases of infection with acid-fast
bacteria in the
opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Bull Wildl Dis Assoc 4:22-23
Sherwood BF, Rowlands DT Jr, Vakilzadeh J, LeMay JC (1971)
Experimental bacterial endocarditis in the opossum (Didelphis
virginiana). III. Comparison of spontaneously occurring endocarditis
with that induced experimentally by pyogenic bacteria and fungi. Am J
Pathol 64:513-520
Steinhardt GF, Vogler G,
Salinas-Madrigal L, LaRegina M (1988) Induced renal dysplasia in the young
pouch opossum. J Pediatr Surg 23:1127-1130
Vakilzadeh J, Rowlands DT Jr, Sherwood BF, LeMay JC (1970)
Experimental bacterial endocarditis in the opossum (Didelphis
virginiana). II. Induction of endocarditis with a single injection of
Streptococcus viridans. J Infect Dis 122:89-92
Vakilzadeh J, Sherwood BF, Hackel DB, LeMay JC (1971) Experimental
study of pulmonary adenomas in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana).
Lab Anim Sci 21:224-228
White MR, Chapman WL Jr, Hanson WL
(1989) A comparison of experimental visceral leishmaniasis in the opossum,
armadillo and ferret. Lab Anim Sci 39:47-50
White
MR, Chapman WL Jr, Hanson WL (1989) Chemotherapy of experimental visceral
leishmaniasis in the opossum. J Parasitol 75:176-178
White MR, Chapman WL Jr, Hanson WL, Latimer KS, Greene CE (1989)
Experimental visceral leishmaniasis in the opossum. Vet Pathol 26:314-321
Yaeger RG (1971) Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection
to opossums
via the oral route. J Parasitol 57:1375-1376
1.14 Diseases : Natural
Pathologies
Almgren
CM, McClure DE (2000) Granulomatous pneumonia in the opossum
(Didelphis virginiana) associated with an intracellular
fungal agent. Comparative Med 50: 323-328
Barr TRB (1963) Infectious
diseases in the opossum: a review. J Wildl Mgmt
27:53-71
Barrie MT, Snyder RL (1986) Multiple
primary neoplasms in an opossum. J Am Vet Med Assoc
189:1160-1161
Brown CC (1988) Endogenous lipid
pneumonia in opossums from Louisiana. J Wildl Dis
24:214-219
Finlayson R (1965) Spontaneous
arterial disease in exotic animals. J Zool
147:229-343
Gupta BN, Feldman DB (1973)
Carcinosarcoma in an opossum. J Am Vet Med Assoc
163:586-588
Gupta BN, Feldman DB (1974) Epidermoid
cysts in opossums. Cornell Vet 64:89-93
Gupta
BN, Feldman DB (1975) Renal agenesis in guinea pig and opossum. Lab Anim
Sci 25:238-240
Harari Y, Calabuig R, Moody F, Castro
G (1991) Immunological sensitization of opossum gallbladder by naturally
acquired stomach roundworm infection. Comp Biochem Physiol
99C:531-535
Kaufman E, Pokras M, Jakowski R (1988)
Biliary adenocarcinoma in a Virginia opossum (Didelphis
virginiana). Companion Anim Pract 2:38-40
Koller
LD (1972) Cutaneous papillomas on an opossum. J Nat Cancer Inst
49:309-313
LaPlante ES, Burrell RG (1966)
Bacterial endocarditis in opossums. Bull Widl Dis
Assoc 2:10-12
Long GG, Stookey JL, Terrell TG, Whitney GD (1975) Fibrous osteodystrophy in an
opossum. J Wildl Dis 11:221-223
Lu Y-S,
Rehg J, Lawton G (1982) Acute hepatitis in an opossum (Didelphis
virginiana) infected with Salmonella turnidorp. Lab Anim Sci
32:193-194
McConnell EE, Talley FA (1977)
Intracytoplasmic hyaline globules in the adrenal
medulla of laboratory animals. Vet Pathol
14:435-440
Musher DM, Richie Y (1974) Bacterial
clearance and endocarditis in American opossums. Infect Immunol
9:1126-1128
Potkay S
(1970) Diseases of the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis): a review.
Lab Anim Care 20:502-511
Potkay S (1977) Diseases of
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Toaston FL, Christain FA (1977) Parasitic mites of opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, from the east Baton Rouge
area in Louisiana. Proc La
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Volk JJ
(1938) Isospora boughtoni n sp from the American opossum,
Didelphis virginiana. J Parasitol 24:547-548
Whitaker JO, Jones GS, Goff RJ (1976) Ectoparasites and food habits
of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, in Indiana. Proc
Indiana Acad Sci 86: 501-507
Williams
SG, Sacci JB Jr, Schriefer ME, Andersen EM, Fujioka KK, Sorvillo FJ, Barr
AR, Azad A F (1992) Typhus and typhuslike rickettsiae associated with
opossums and their fleas in Los Angeles County, California. J Clin Micro
30:1758-1762
Wilson ML, Litwin TS, Gavin TA,
Capkanis MC, Maclean DC, Spielman A (1990) Host-dependent differences in
feeding and reproduction of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med
Entomol 27:945-954
Zimmermann RH, McWherter GR, Bloemer
SR (1988) Medium-sized mammal hosts of Amblyomma americanum and
Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) at Land Between the Lakes,
Tennessee, and effects of integrated tick management on host infestations.
J Med Entomol 25: 461-466
1.16 Guanylate Cyclase : Guanylin :
Uroguanylin : Lymphoguanylin
Fan X, Hamra FK, Freeman RH, Eber SL,
Krause WJ, Lim RW, Pace VM, Currie MG, Forte LR (1996) Uroguanylin:
cloning of preprouroguanylin cDNA, mRNA expression in the intestine and
heart and isolation of uroguanylin and prouroguanylin from plasma. Biochem
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Fan X,
Wang Y, London RM, Eber SL, Krause WJ, Freeman RH, Forte LR (1997)
Signaling pathways for guanylin and uroguanylin in the digesative, renal,
central nervous, reproductive and lymphoid systems. Endocrinology
138:4636-4648
Forte LR, Eber SL, Fan X, London RM, Wang Y, Rowland LM, Chin DT, Freeman RH, Krause WJ (1999) Lymphoguanylin: Cloning and
characterization of a unique member of the guanylin peptide family. Endocrinology 140: 1800-1806
Forte LR, Freeman RH, Krause WJ, London RM (1999) Guanylin peptides: cyclic GMP
signaling mechanisms. Brazil J Med Biol Res 32:
1329-1336
Forte LR, Krause WJ, Freeman RH (1988)
Receptors and cGMP signaling mechanism for E coli enterotoxin in
opossum kidney. Am J Physiol 255:F1040-F1046
Forte
LR, Krause WJ, Freeman RH (1989) Escherichia coli enterotoxin
receptors: localization in opossum kidney, intestine, and testis. Am J
Physiol 257:F874-F881
Forte LR, Krause WJ, Freeman RH (1993)
Guanylin bioactivity in human intestinal
and opossum kidney cells. In: Brown BL, Dobson PR (eds) Advances in second
messenger and phosphoprotein research. Raven Press, New York, Vol 28, pp
133-138
Forte LR, Krause WJ, Freeman RH,
Francis SH, Corbin JD (1992) Regulation of intestinal chloride channels
by E coli heat-stable enterotoxin: molecular mechanisms. In:
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National University of Singapore, Singapore, Vol 3, pp
485-500
Forte LR, Thorne PK, Eber SL, Krause
WJ, Freeman RH, Francis SH, Corbin JD (1992) Simulation of intestinal Cl
transport by heat-stable enterotoxin: activation of cAMP-dependent protein
kinase by cGMP. Am J Physiol 263:C607-C615
Forte
LR, London RM, Freeman RF, Krause, WJ (2000) Guanylin peptides: renal
actions mediated by cyclic GMP. Am J Physiol 278:
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Forte LR, London RM, Krause WJ,
Freeman RH (2000) Mechanisms of guanylin action
via cyclic GMP in the kidney. Annu Rev Physiol 62:
673-695
Hamra FK, Forte LR, Eber SL,
Pidhorodeckyj NV, Krause WJ, Freeman RH, Chin DT, Tomkins JA, Fok KR,
Smith CE, Duffin KL, Siegel NR, Currie MG (1993) Uroguanylin: structure
and activity of a second endogenous peptide that stimulates guanylate
cyclase. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 90:10464-10468
Hamra
FK, Krause WJ, Eber SL, Freeman RH, Smith CE, Currie MG, Forte LR (1996)
Opossum colonic mucosa contains uroguanylin and guanylin peptides. Am J
Physiol 270: G708- G716
Hamra FK, Fan X, Krause WJ, Freeman
RH, Chin DT, Smith CE, Currie MG, Forte LR (1996) Prouroguanylin and
proguanylin: purification from colon, structure, and modulation of
bioactivity by proteases. Endocrinology 137:
257-265
Krause WJ, Cullingford GL, Freeman RH,
Eber SL, Richardson KC, Fok KF, Currie MG, Forte LR (1994) Distribution of
heat-stable enterotoxin/guanylin receptors in the intestinal tract of man
and other mammals. J Anat 184: 407-417
Krause
WJ, Freeman RH, Forte LR (1990) Autoradiographic demonstration of specific
binding sites for E coli enterotoxin in various epithelia of the
North American opossum. Cell Tissue Res
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Krause WJ, Forte LR, Hamra FK, Freeman
RH (1997) The North American opossum,
Didelphis virginiana: an importaant model for mechanistic
studies of secretory diarrhoea and fluid-volume homeostasis. In: Saunders
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Krause WJ, London RM, Freeman RH, Forte LR (1997) The guanylin and
uroguanylin peptide hormones and their receptors. Acta Anat
160:213-231
White AA, Krause WJ, Turner JT, Forte
LR (1989) Opossum kidney contains a functional receptor for the
Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin. Biochem Biophys Res Comm
159:363-367
1.17 Lipids
Brumleve SJ, Musacchia JX (1960) A
study of some lipids in tissues of the opossum. J Mammal
41:311-314
Wilber CG (1952) Notes on the lipids in
some wild animals. J Mammal 33:105
1.18 Musculo-Skeletal
System
Barghusen HR, Hopson JA (1979) The endoskeleton: the comparative anatomy of the
skull and the visceral skeleton. In: Wake MH (ed) Hyman's
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Black JD (1935) Vitality of the Virginia opossum as exhibited in the skeleton.
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Blincoe H (1962) The structure of the
nonmotile hindlimb of the pouch young opossum. Anat Rec 142: 89-93
Bowen JM (1975) Comparative electrophysiology and pharmacology of
mammalian (including one marsupial) intercostal muscle biopsy
preparations. Am J Vet Res 36:1619-1622
Boyde A, Hobdell MH
(1969) Scanning electron microscopy of primary membrane bone. Z Zellforsch
99:89-108
Bridgman CF, Shumpert EE, Eldred E
(1969) Insertions of intrafusal fibers in muscle spindles of the cat and
other mammals. Anat Rec 164:391-401
Cheng C-C (1955) The
development of the shoulder region of the opossum, Didelphys
virginiana, with special reference to the musculature. J Morphol
97:415-471
Coghill GE (1938) Early movements of
the opossum with special reference to the walking gait. Proc Soc Exp Biol
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Coues E (1872) The osteology and
myology of Didelphys virginiana. With an
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Crompton AW, Cook P, Hiiemae K, Thexton AJ (1975) Movement of the
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Elftman HO (1929)
Functional adaptations of the pelvis in marsupials. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist
58:189-232
Ellsworth AF (1976) The North American
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1-209
Fisher MS (1999) Kinematics, EMG, and inverse dynamics of the
Therian forelimb – a synthetic approach. Zool Anz 238:
41-54
Fleming MW, Tassava RA (1981) Preamputation and postamputation histology of the neonatal opossum hindlimb: implications for regeneration
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Gaudin TJ, Biewener AA (1992) The functional morphology of xenarthrous vertebra
e
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Gilbert PW (1954) The premandibular
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Hamrick MW (1999) Development of
epiphyseal structure and function in Didelphis virginiana
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Hansen S, Cutts JH, Krause WJ, Cutts
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Hiiemae KM (1975) Masticatory
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Hiiemae KM, Crompton AW (1971) A cinefluorographic study of feeding
in the American opossum, Didelphis marsupialis. In: Dahlberg AA
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299-344
Hiiemae KM, Jenkins FA (1969) The
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Didelphis marsupialis. Postilla 140:1-49
Hiiemae
KM, Thexton AJ (1974) Twitch tension characteristics of opossum jaw
musculature. J Dent Res 53:1067
Jackson
RK (1971) Experimental production of Talipes in opossums. Proc Royal Soc
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Jenkins FA Jr (1971) Limb posture and
locomotion in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) and in
other non-cursorial mammals. J Zool 165:303-315
Jenkins
FA Jr (1974) The movement of the shoulder in claviculate and aclaviculate
mammals. J Morphol 144:71-84
Jenkins
FA Jr, Weijs WA (1978) A cineradiographic and electromyographic study of
the shoulder in the Virginia opossum: implications for the origin of the
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Jenkins FA Jr, Weijs WA (1979) The functional anatomy of the
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Kelly L, Simmons JH, Heck T, Holladay
LA (1988) Conformational free energies of
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Kirsch JAW (1973) Notes for the dissection of the opossum,
Didelphis virginiana. 2nd ed, Yale Printing Service, pp
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Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1982) The notochord of the newborn opossum and
its fate during postnatal development. Arch Histol Jpn
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Lieberman DE, Crompton AW (2000) Why
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Lowrance EW (1949) Variability and growth of the opossum skeleton.
J Morphol 85:
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Lowrance EW (1957) Correlations of
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skull length in the opossum. Anat Rec 128:69-75
Maunz M,
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marsupials, Monodelphis domestica and Didelphis virginiana.
J Morphol 231: 117-130
McConathy D, Giddings CJ, Gonyea WJ
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muscle compared among four species of mammals. J Morphol 175:279-292
McGarrick J, Thexton A (1978) Computer-aided analysis of jaw and
hyoid movement.
J Physiol 275:9P-10P
Minkoff EC, Mikkelsen P, Cunningham WA, Taylor KW (1979) The facial musculature
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Minot CS (1906) The segmental flexures of the notochord. Anat Rec
1:42-50
Mizell M (1968) Limb regeneration:
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Mizell M (1969) Induction of hindlimb
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Mizell M, Isaacs JJ (1970) Induced regeneration of hindlimbs in the
newborn opossum. Am Zool 10:141-155
Nesslinger CL (1956) Ossification centers and skeletal development
in the postnatal Virginia opossum. J Mammal 37:382-394
Owen R (1841) On the osteology of the marsupialia. Trans Zool Soc
2: 379-408
Peters SE, Mulkey R, Rasmussen SA,
Goslow GE Jr (1984) Motor units of the primary ankle extensor muscles of
the opossum (Didelphis virginiana): functional properties and fiber
types. J Morphol 181:305-317
Romero-Herrera AE, Lehmann H (1975) The primary structure of the
myoglobin of Didelphis marsupialis (Virginia opossum).
Biochim Biophys Acta 400:387-398
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JJ, Rowlerson AM, Carlson DS (1995) Myosin expression in the jaw-closing
muscles of the domestic cat and American opossum. Arch Oral Biol 40:
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Stalheim-Smith A (1989) Comparison of
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202:89-98
Stein BR (1981) Comparative limb
myology of two opossums, Didelphis and Chironectes. J
Morphol 169:113-140
Thexton AJ, Crompton AW (1989) Effect
of sensory input from the tongue on jaw movement in normal feeding in the
opossum. J Exp Zool 250:233-243
Thexton
AJ, Hiiemae KM (1974) Does the jaw opening reflex act as an effective
protective response? J Dent Res 53:1067
Thexton
AJ, Hiiemae KM (1975) The twitch-contraction characteristics of opossum
jaw musculature. Arch Oral Biol 20:743-748
Thexton
AJ, Hiiemae KM (1977) A radiographic and electromyographic study of
snapping and biting in the opossum. Arch Oral Biol 22:303-308
Thomas DA (1981) Motor units in selected hind limb muscles of the
opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Anat Rec 199:306
Thomason JJ (1991) Cranial strength in relation to estimated biting
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Thomason
JJ, Russell AP, Morgeli M (1990) Forces of biting, body size, and
masticatory muscle tension in the opossum Didelphis virginiana. Can
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Wade O, Hancock EW (1949) Unusual
features in the lumbar plexus of the opossum.
Nat Hist Misc (Chicago) 50:1-2
Washburn SL (1946) The sequence of epiphysial union in the opossum. Anat Rec 95
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Webber RJ, Malemud CJ, Sokoloff L (1977) Species differences in cell culture of
mammalian articular chondrocytes. Calcif Tissue Res 23:61-66
Williams LW (1908) The later development of the notochord in mammals. Am J Anat
8: 251-284
Young AH (1880) Intrinsic muscles of
the marsupial hand. J Anat Physiol 14:149-165
1.19 Heart
Binnicker PC (1970) Light and electron
microscopic observations on the cardiac conducting system of adult and
developing pouch young opossums. Ph D Thesis, Columbia University, New
York, New York, pp 124
Francq EN (1970) Electrocardiograms of
the opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, during feigned death. J Mammal
51:395
Hirakow R, Krause WJ (1980) Postnatal
differentiation of ventricular myocardial
cells of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr) and T-tubule formation. Cell Tissue Res 210:95-100
House EW, Hoffer T, Ross BK (1979) Comparison of cardiovascular reflexes of the
newborn and adult opossum. Biol Neonate 35: 140-144
Leeson TS, Leeson CR, Krause WJ (1984) Opossum ventricle: bodies in myocardian.
IRCS Med Sci 12:21-22
Nardone RM, Wilber CG (1952)
Electrocardiograms of the opossum at low temperatures. Fed Proc 11:112
Nardone RM, Wilber CG, Musacchia
XJ (1955) Electrocardiogram of the opossum during exposure to cold. Am J
Physiol 181:352-356
Qayyum MA (1969) Neuro-anatomy of the
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marsupialis. Zool Anz 182:328-335
Rowlatt
U (1990) Comparative anatomy of the heart of mammals. Zool J Linn Soc 98
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Szabuniewicz J-M, Szabuniewicz M
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Walmsley
R (1978) Anatomy of human mitral valve in adult cadaver and comparative
anatomy of the valve. Brit Heart J 40:351-366
Wilber
CG (1955) Electrocardiographic studies on the opossum. J Mammal 36:284-286
Williams TH, Folan JC, Jew JY, Wang Y-F (1990) Variations in
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187:193-200
1.20 Blood Vascular
System
Ask-Upmark E (1935) The carotid sinus
and the cerebral circulation. Acta Psych Neurol Suppl 6:
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Bernard SL, Luchtel DL, Glenny RW, Lakshminarayan S (1996)
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Bubis JJ (1962) The blood vessels in the central nervous system of the opossum.
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Bubis JJ, Luse SA
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Carverhill P, Fox JE,
McWade D, Rangachari PK (1985) The sodium pump in opossum
vascular smooth muscle. Comp Biochem Physiol 82A:621-625
Dom R, Fisher BL, Martin GF (1970) The venous system of the head and neck of th
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Grollman A (1970) Hypertension in the opossum Didelphis virginiana. Am J
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House EW, Hoffer T, Ross BK (1979) Comparison of cardiovascular reflexes of the
newborn and adult opossum. Biol Neonate 35:140-144
Lierse WV (1964) Histochemische und elektronenmikroskopische
Untersuchungen on Kapilleren verschiedener Entwicklungsstufen des Gehirns.
Anat Anz (Suppl) 115: 150-165
McClure CFW (1900)
The variations of the venous system in Didelphys virginiana
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McClure CFW (1901)
The spermatic and mesenteric arteries of Didelphys virginiana
(Kerr, Linn). Biol Bull 2:353-355
McClure CFW (1901)
The anatomy and development of the posterior vena cava in
Didelphys virginiana (Kerr, Linn). Biol Bull 2: 333-335
McClure CFW (1903) A contribution to the anatomy and development
of the venous system of Didelphys marsupialis (L). Part I, Anatomy.
Am J Anat 2: 371-404
McClure CFW (1906) A contribution to
the anatomy and development of the venous system of Didelphys
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McMenamin PG, Krause WJ (1993) Morpholgical observations on the
unique paired capillaries of the opossum retina. Cell Tissue Res 271:
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Scharrer E (1939) The functional
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Scharrer E (1939) The regeneration of end-arteries in the opossum brain. J Comp
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Scharrer E (1940) Arteries and veins in the mammalian brain. Anat Rec 78:173-19
6
Scharrer E (1940) Further experiments on the regeneration of end-arteries in th
e
brain of the opossum. J Exp Zool 85:365-381
Scharrer E (1940) Vascularization and vulnerability of the cornu ammonis in the
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Tribe M (1923) The
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Voris HC (1928) The
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Wade O, Neely P (1949) The heart and attached vessels of the
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Wislocki GB (1939)
The unusual mode of development of the blood vessels of the opossum's
brain. Anat Rec 74:409-427
Wislocki GB (1940)
Pecularities of the cerebral blood vessels of the opossum: diencephalon,
area postrema and retina. Anat Rec 78:119-137
Wislocki GB, Campbell
ACP (1937) The unusual manner of vascularization of the brain of the
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1.21 Lymph Vascular
System
Miller JJ (1969) Studies of the
phylogeny and ontogeny of the specialized lymphatic tissue venules. Lab
Invest 21: 484-490
Wood GN (1924) The lymphatics of the
opossum. Anat Rec 27:192-193
Zimmermann AA (1933) On the development of the lymphatic system
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Zimmermann AA (1940) Origin and development of the lymphatic
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1.22 Lymphoid
Organs
Bryant BJ (1977) The
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349-385
Chiarini-Garcia H, Pereira FM (1999) A
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Cutts JH, Krause WJ (1982)
Postnatal development of the spleen in Didelphis virginiana. J Anat
135:601-613
Hayes TG (1968) Studies of a primitive
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Johnston J (1898) The thymus in the
marsupials. J Linn Soc Zool 26:537-557
Kingsbury BF (1940) The development of the pharyngeal derivatives
of the opossum
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thymus. Am J Anat 67:393-435
Oláh I, Glick B (1980) Re-evaluation of the lymphocyte migration through
the high-endothelial venules. Light and electron microscopic studies on
the opossum's lymph node. Acta Biol Acad Sci Hung 31:207-225
Symington J (1898) The thymus gland in the marsupialia. J Anat
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Zimmermann AA (1940) Origin and
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1.23 Blood
Alayash AI, Ryan BAB, Fratantoni JC
(1993) Oxidation reactions of human, opossum
(Didelphis virginiana) and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus)
hemoglobins: a search for a correlation with some structural-functional
properties. Comp Biochem Physiol 106B: 427-432
Baggot JD, Davis LE
(1973) Plasma protein binding of digitoxin and digoxin in several
mammalian species. Res Vet Sci 15:81-87
Bainton DF (1976)
Neutrophil granules: a review. Am J Med Technol 42: 1-7
Bethlenfalvay NC, Block MH, Brown GL (1976) Hemoglobins of the
opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr). I. Developmental
changes from yolk sac to definitive erythropoiesis. Lab Anim Sci
26:160-165
Bethlenfalvay NC, Brown GL, Waterman MR
(1976) Hemoglobins of the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis).
II. Polymorphism; electrophoretic and chromatographic observations. Lab
Anim Sci 26:908-912
Bethlenfalvay NC, Chadwick E, Lima JE
(1989) Studies on the energy metabolism of
opossum Didelphis virginiana erythrocytes. IV. Red cells have low
adenosine deaminase activity and high levels of deoxyadenosine
nucleotides. Life Sci 44:963-970
Bethlenfalvay NC,
Lima JE, Banks RE (1993) The effect of enzyme replacement on red cell
adenine deoxyribonucleotides in adenosine deaminase-deficient erythrocytes
of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Comp Biochem Physiol 106B:
635-639
Bethlenfalvay NC, Lima JE, Banks RE
(1993) 2-Deoxyadenosine metabolism in human
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Biochem Physiol 106B: 641-645
Bethlenfalvay NC,
Lima JE, Chadwick E, Stewart I (1988) Studies on the energy metabolism of
opossum Didelphis virginiana erythrocytes. III. Metabolic depletion
with 2-deoxyglucose markedly accelerates methemoglobin reduction in
opossum but not in human erythrocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol 89A:119-124
Bethlenfalvay NC, Lima JE, Waldrup T (1984) Studies on the energy
metabolism of
opossum (Didelphis virginiana) erythrocytes. I. Utilization of
carbohydrates and purine nucleosides. J Cell Physiol 120:69-74
Bethlenfalvay NC, Lima JE, Waldrup TL, Chadwick E, Stewart I
(1988) Studies on the energy metabolism of opossum Didelphis virginiana
erythrocytes. II. Comparative aspects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose catabolism
in opossum and human red cells in vitro. Comp Biochem Physiol
89A:113-117
Bethlenfalvay NC, White JC, Chadwick E,
Lima JE (1990) Studies on the energy metabolism of opossum (Didelphis
virginiana) erythrocytes: V. Utilization of hypoxanthine for the
synthesis of adenosine and guanine nucleotides in vitro. J Cell
Physiol 143:563-568
Bethlenfalvay NC, Lima JE, White JC
(1991) NAD synthesis in ADA deficient erythrocytes of the opossum
Didelphis virginiana. Adv Exp Med Biol 309B:329-332
Bethlenfalvay NC, Waterman MR, Lima JE, Waldrup T (1982)
Cytosolic and membrane-bound methemoglobin reductases in erythrocytes of
the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Comp Biochem Physiol 73B:591-594
Bethlenfalvay NC, Waterman MR, Lima JE, Waldrup T (1983)
Comparative aspects of
methemoglobin formation and reduction in opossum (Didelphis
virginiana) and human erythrocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol 75A:635-639
Bethlenfalvay NC, White JC, Chadwick E, Lima JE (1990) Studies on
the energy metabolism of opossum (Didelphis virginiana)
erythrocytes. VI. De novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis is limited
to the final steps of the pathway in vitro. Comp Biochem Physiol
97B:193-196
Brinkhous KM, Thomas BD, Ibrahim SA,
Read MS (1977) Plasma levels of platelet aggregating factor/von Willebrand
factor in various species. Thrombosis Res 11:345-355
Campbell, BF, Magde D, Sharma VS (1985) Geminate recombination of
CO in rabbit,
opossum, and adult hemoglobins. J Biol Chem 260:2752-2756
Catanese JJ, Kress LF (1992) Isolation from opossum serum of a metalloproteinas
e
inhibitor homologous to human alpha 1B-glycoprotein.
Biochemistry 31:410-418
Cutts JH, Krause WJ, Leeson CR (1980) Changes in erythrocytes of the developing
opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Blood Cells 6:55-62
Cutts JH, Krause WJ (1980) Leukocytes in the peripheral blood of the developing
opossum. J Anat 130:113-120
De Jong WW, Terwindt
EC (1976) The amino-acid sequence of the alpha-crystallin A chains of red
kangaroo and Virginia opossum. Eur J Biochem 67:503-510
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1.24 Hemopoietic
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1.25 Immunology
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1.26 Tolerance (Resistance) to Snake
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1.27 Integument
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1.28
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Bishop
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Cabana T, Martin GF (1985)
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Cabana T, Martin GF (1986) The adult
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Useful Web
Sites
The National Opossum
Society
Post
Office Box 21197
Catonsville, MD
21228
http://www.opossum.org
Opossum
Society of the United States
P.O. Box
16724
Irvine, CA 92623
http://www.opossumsocietyus.org/
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January 28, 2002
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