AWIC

Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Poultry

Animal Welfare Information Center
United States Department of Agriculture
National Agricultural Library

ISSN: 1052-5378

Quick Bibliography Series, QB 95-05
January 1992 - January 1995
Updates QB 94-15

232 citations from AGRICOLA
February 1995

Compiled By:
Michael D. Kreger
Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351
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National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

 Kreger, Michael D.
   Housing, husbandry, and welfare of poultry : January 1992-
 January 1995.
   (Quick bibliography series ; 95-05)
   1. Poultry--Bibliography. 2. Poultry--Housing--Bibliography.
   3. Poultry--Health--Bibliography. I. Title.
 aZ5071.N3 no.95-05
 

Search Strategy

 Line Command
 1.   (HEN OR HENS OR FOWL OR POULTRY OR CHICK? OR COCK? OR
 ROOSTER? OR BROILER? OR GALLIFORM? OR TURKEY? OR DUCK? OR
 GOOSE OR GANDER OR GEESE OR DRAKE?)/TI,DE
 
 2.   (ENVIRONMENT?(N)ENRICH? OR HOUS? OR FACILIT? OR COOP OR
 PERCH? OR CONFINE? OR PEN OR PENS OR BOX?)/TI,DE
 
 3.   (WELFARE OR WELL(W)BEING OR WELLBEING OR HUMANE OR PAIN?
 OR DISTRESS? OR STRESS? OR CARE OR HANDL? OR HUSBANDRY OR
 TRANSPORT? OR FEAR)/TI,DE
 
 4.   S1 AND (S2 OR S3)
 
 5.   S4 AND PY=1992:1995
 
 

 1                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Acute heat acclimation and kidney function in broilers.
 Wideman, R.F.; Ford, B.C.; May, J.D.; Lott, B.D.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jan.
 Poultry science v. 73 (1): p. 75-88; 1994 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Environmental temperature;
 Acclimatization; Heat stress; Body water; Renal function;
 Glomerular filtration; Urine; Excretion; Blood plasma
 
 Abstract:  Broilers previously exposed to high environmental
 temperatures (heat-acclimated) are more resistant to heat
 stress and consume more water during heat stress than
 nonacclimated controls. Two experiments were conducted to
 determine whether heat-acclimated broilers conserve body water
 by reducing urine and solute (Na) excretion. In the first
 experiment, renal function studies were conducted at an
 ambient temperature (Ta) of approximately 21 C using
 anesthetized 7-wk-old male broilers. Control birds reared at a
 constant Ta of 24 C (Group N: noncycled Ta) were compared with
 birds that had been heat-acclimated by exposure for 3 to 6 d
 to a daily sinusoidal cycle of 24 to 35 to 24 C (Group C:
 cycled Ta). In the second experiment, renal function studies
 were conducted on anesthetized 5-wk-old control and heat-
 acclimated male broilers while they were exposed to a Ta of 21
 C (Ambient Ta: Groups NA, CA), or to a Ta of 32 C (High Ta:
 Groups NH, CH). When high intravenous infusion rates (.37
 mL/kg body mass per min) were used to simulate the volume
 expansion caused by thermogenic polydipsia, urine flow rates
 were significantly lower in Groups C and CA than in Groups N
 and NA, osmolal clearances were lower in Groups CA and CH than
 in Groups NA and NH, and all heat-acclimated groups in both
 experiments (Groups C, CA, CH) had significantly lower
 glomerular filtration rates (GFR), filtered loads of Na, and
 tubular Na reabsorption rates than the respective control
 groups (Groups N, NA, NH). These changes in kidney function
 potentially would minimize urinary fluid and solute loss when
 heat-acclimated broilers consume large quantities of water to
 support evaporative cooling. Reductions in GFR, filtered loads
 of Na, and tubular Na reabsorption rates also may help heat-
 acclimated broilers reduce the metabolic heat load associated
 with active (energy requiring) recovery of solute (Na) from
 the glomerular ultrafiltrate.
 
 
 2                                      NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89
 Aerial pollutants and the health of poultry farmers.
 Whyte, R.T.
 Oxford : Butterworth-Heinenmann Ltd; 1993 Jul.
 World's poultry science journal v. 49 (2): p. 139-156; 1993
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Stockmen; Poultry housing; Occupational
 disorders; Respiratory diseases; Dust; Gases; Air pollutants
 
 
 3                                     NAL Call. No.: HV4761.A5
 Alternative systems for laying hens FAWC majority and minority
 reports. Harrison, R.
 Washington, D.C. : The Institute; 1992.
 The Animal Welfare Institute quarterly v. 41 (2): p. 14; 1992. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Chicken housing
 
 
 4                                   NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 "An analysis of turkey facilities and management practices in
 Utah". Clark, B.E.; Poe, S.E.; Frame, D.D.; Anderson, G.L.;
 Warnick, R.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of
 Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933014): 9 p.; 1993. 
 Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting
 sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers,"
 June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Utah; Cabt; Ventilation; Poultry housing
 
 
 5                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72
 Analgesic therapy of beak-trimmed chickens.
 Glatz, P.C.; Murphy, L.B.; Preston, A.P.
 Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1992
 Jan. Australian veterinary journal v. 69 (1): p. 18; 1992 Jan. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Debeaking; Analgesics; Animal welfare;
 Feed intake
 
 
 6                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Applications of behavior to poultry management.
 Mauldin, J.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr.
 Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 634-642; 1992 Apr.  Paper
 contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of
 Poultry.  Literature review. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Social dominance; Territoriality;
 Agonistic behavior; Debeaking; Sexual behavior; Feeding
 behavior; Broodiness; Turkeys; Poultry housing; Animal
 welfare; Literature reviews
 
 Abstract:  The application of poultry behavior to management
 is discussed with examples of behavior-management interactions
 relating to commercial poultry husbandry practices. Behaviors
 that are important for the adaptation of poultry to husbandry
 include social behavior, aggression, sexual behavior, feeding,
 broodiness, cannibalism, nest site selection, and comfort
 behaviors.
 
 
 7                                      NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Are genetically lean broilers more resistant to hot climate?.
 Geraert, P.A.; Guillaumin, S.; Leclercq, B.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Sep.
 British poultry science v. 34 (4): p. 643-653; 1993 Sep. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Line differences; Dietary
 protein; Feed conversion efficiency
 
 
 8                                      NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Artificial lighting in poultry houses: are photometric units
 appropriate for describing illumination intensities?.
 Nuboer, J.F.W.; Coemans, M.A.J.M.; Vos, J.J.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 135-140; 1992 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Light intensity; Spectral data
 
 
 9                                      NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Artificial lighting in poultry houses: do hens perceive the
 modulation of fluorescent lamps as flicker?.
 Nuboer, J.F.W.; Coemans, M.A.J.M.; Vos, J.J.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 123-133; 1992 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Fluorescent lamps; Vision
 
 
 10                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Assessing the effects of the naked neck gene on chronic heat
 stress resistance in two genetic populations.
 Eberhart, D.E.; Washburn, K.W.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Aug.
 Poultry science v. 72 (8): p. 1391-1399; 1993 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Alleles; Heat stress; Line differences;
 Environmental temperature; Growth rate; Body weight;
 Liveweight gain; Feed conversion; Feathers; Feed intake
 
 Abstract:  The effect of the naked neck (Na) gene on
 resistance to chronic heat stress was studied in the F2
 generation of two populations of chickens genetically
 differing in growth. The Na gene was introduced into the
 Athens-Canadian randombred (ACRB), a small BW population, and
 into a large BW commercial broiler population. Naked neck and
 normally feathered birds were maintained in either a chronic
 heat stress (32 C) environment or a control (21 C) environment
 from 4 to 8 wk of age. Body weight, BW gain, feed consumption,
 and feed efficiency were calculated at 4, 6, and 8 wk. The 32
 C environment significantly reduced gain and feed consumption
 at all age intervals in both populations. Feed conversion
 ratio (FCR) was lower in the 32 C environment in the ACRB
 population, but in the broiler population FCR either was the
 same or increased when compared with the 21 C environment. In
 the F2 generation of both populations the naked neck birds
 were significantly larger than the normally feathered birds
 although the two types segregated from the same parents. In
 the ACRB population the relative growth response was not
 significantly different between naked neck and normal
 feathered birds, indicating that the Na gene did not confer
 resistance to chronic heat stress in the small BW population.
 In the broiler population, an assessment of the relative
 growth response in the 32 C environment showed that the naked
 neck birds had a smaller reduction in BW gain and better feed
 efficiency than the normally feathered birds, indicating that
 in the large BW broiler population the Na gene did confer
 resistance to chronic heat stress.
 
 
 11                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
 Assessment of the welfare of food restricted male broiler
 breeder poultry with musculoskeletal disease.
 Hocking, P.M.
 London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1994 Jul.
 Research in veterinary science v. 57 (1): p. 28-34; 1994 Jul. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Skeletomuscular
 anomalies; Animal welfare; Pain; Locomotion; Betamethasone;
 Naloxone; Animal behavior; Sexual behavior; Male fertility;
 Age differences; Opioid peptides
 
 Abstract:  The general and sexual activity of food restricted
 male broiler breeder poultry was assessed for evidence of
 behavioral changes associated with musculoskeletal lesions.
 The activity and fertility of male birds given betamethasone
 (an anti-inflammatory steroid) or saline were compared in a
 two-period crossover experiment. Behavioural changes occurred
 and the birds' mating activity and fertility were decreased
 when they were given the steroid, but these effects were not
 associated with the presence of lesions. In a second
 experiment, there were no differences in sexual motivation
 between birds either with or without leg disorders. The birds
 were trained to walk down an alley for their food and the
 speed of walking was compared in a two-period crossover
 experiment. Betamethasone decreased their walking speed in
 period one and the carryover effect was significant in period
 two. Naloxone decreased the walking speed of birds with
 lesions more than of those without lesions. This effect was
 taken as evidence for analgesia by endogenous opioids and may
 help to explain the lack of response of the birds to the
 analgesic agent. The evidence that these food restricted male
 broiler breeder birds experienced pain was equivocal.
 
 
 12                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Automatic fan control to reduce fan run time during warm
 weather ventilation. Simmons, J.D.; Lott, B.D.
 Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (4): p. 314-323;
 1993.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Southern states of U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry housing;
 Ventilation; Broilers; Air flow; Fans; Automatic control; Wind
 speed; Sensing; Environmental temperature; Energy consumption;
 Electricity; Production costs
 
 
 13                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89
 Avian blood leucocyte responses to stress.
 Maxwell, M.H.
 Oxford : Butterworth-Heinenmann Ltd; 1993 Mar.
 World's poultry science journal v. 49 (1): p. 34-41; 1993 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chickens; Stress factors; Stress response;
 Leukocytes; Corticosterone; Corticotropin; Restricted feeding;
 Environmental temperature; Social environment; Social
 dominance; Fearfulness; Line differences; Literature reviews
 
 
 14                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Ad9
 Avian fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome: a comparative review.
 Hansen, R.J. \u University of California, Davis, CA; Walzem,
 R.L. San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press; 1993.
 Advances in veterinary science and comparative medicine v. 37:
 p. 451-468; 1993.  In the series analytic: Animal models in
 liver research / edited by Charles E. Cornelius.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Fatty liver; Fatty liver hemorrhagic
 syndrome; Animal models; Lipid metabolism; Transport;
 Pathogenesis; Man; Cows; Cats; Literature reviews
 
 
 15                                   NAL Call. No.: 30.98 AG82
 'Bab'ye khozyaystvo': poultry-keeping and its contribution to
 peasant income in pre-1914 Russia.
 Thompstone, S.
 Berkshire : British Agricultural History Society; 1992.
 The Agricultural history review v. 40 (pt.1): p. 52-63; 1992. 
 Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.S.R.; Poultry farming; Poultry products;
 Exports; Farm income; History; Peasant workers; Rail
 transport; Literature reviews
 
 
 16                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Beak trimming effects on performance, behavior and welfare of
 chickens: A review.
 Cunningham, D.L.
 Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992 Mar.
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (1): p. 129-134; 1992
 Mar. Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Debeaking; Animal welfare; Animal
 behavior; Literature reviews
 
 
 17                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Behavioral responses of broiler chickens to handling: effects
 of dietary tryptophan and two lighting regimens.
 Newberry, R.C.; Blair, R.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Jul.
 Poultry science v. 72 (7): p. 1237-1244; 1993 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Diet; Tryptophan; Light regime;
 Fearfulness; Animal welfare; Carcass quality; Dosage effects
 
 Abstract:  In three 2 X 2 factorial experiments, effects of
 added dietary Trp (0 or .2%, Experiments 1 and 2; 0 or .4%,
 Experiment 3) and two lighting regimens [1) constant 23-h
 photoperiod (23H); or 2) increasing photoperiod (INC)] on
 behavioral responses of broilers to handling were assessed. In
 Week 6 of Experiment 1, and Weeks 3 and 6 of Experiments 2 and
 3, 32 chickens from each treatment were picked up and held by
 both legs for 30 s, carried for 60 s, and induced into tonic
 immobility (TI). In aU experiments, chickens reared under INC
 were more likely to flap when carried, and flapped longer,
 than chickens reared under 23H (P < .01). In Experiments 2 and
 3, INC chickens were more likely to curl the body ventrally
 when handled and were more susceptible to TI induction than
 23H chickens (P < .05). The duration of TI was shorter on INC
 than 23H in Experiment 2 (P < .05), and longer in Experiment 3
 (P < .001). Dietary Trp supplementation resulted in a lower
 flapping duration and higher incidence of body curling in
 Experiment 2 (P < .05), and a shorter TI duration in
 Experiment 3 (P < .05). Flapping, body curling, and TI
 responses of chickens varied between handlers (P < .05).
 Vocalization and flapping rates were lower, and flapping
 incidence and duration of flapping and TI higher, in Week 6
 than in Week 3 (P < .05). Chickens reared under INC may be at
 greater risk of injury during reslaughter handling than
 chickens reared under 23H. Addition of .4% Trp to the diet may
 have a mild fear-reducing effect.
 
 
 18                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Behavior-genetic analysis and poultry husbandry.
 Siegel, P.B.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Jan.
 Poultry science v. 72 (1): p. 1-6; 1993 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Domestication; Animal welfare; Genetic
 improvement; Adaptability; Animal behavior; Vocalization;
 Genetic variation
 
 Abstract:  Domestication, one of the great innovations in
 human history, has had a profound effect on agriculture and
 the development of urban societies. Domestication is a
 continuing genetic process through which anatomy, behavior,
 and physiology are modified to suit specific needs. In
 poultry, the process has accelerated during the past several
 decades because of increased selection pressure and
 development of specialized male and female lines in breeding
 programs. Large changes have also occurred in the
 intensification of environments in which poultry are
 maintained. Such intensification is a function of escalation
 of land, energy, and labor costs. Whether the rate of change
 of these nongenetic factors is faster than biological change
 is an important issue in the consideration of behavior-genetic
 analyses and poultry husbandry. Complex behavioral, genetic,
 and physiological responses are involved in the buffering
 necessary for animals to cope with changes in their physical
 and social environments. Knowledge of behavioral range and
 genetic variation of short- and long-term responses is
 essential to understanding how poultry adapt. Although innate
 behaviors and habituation can prevent some stimuli from
 causing manifestations that detract from well-being, husbandry
 conditions should optimize behavioral responses with
 biological advantages to individuals and populations.
 
 
 19                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Behavioural responses of commercially farmed laying hens to
 humans: evidence of stimulus generalization.
 Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Jones, R.B.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jul.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (2): p. 139-146; 1993
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness; Man
 
 
 20                                  NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322
 Breeder flock study shows salmonella-causing factors.
 Jones, F.T.
 Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1992 Mar16.
 Feedstuffs v. 64 (11): p. 1, 22-23; 1992 Mar16.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Salmonella; Broilers; Contamination; Flocks;
 Disease control; Animal health; Stress
 
 
 21                                    NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
 Calcium deficiency and food deprivation improve the response
 of chickens to acute heat stress.
 Ait-Boulahsen, A.; Garlich, J.D.; Edens, F.W.
 Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1993 Jan. The
 Journal of nutrition v. 123 (1): p. 98-105; 1993 Jan. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Diet; Mineral deficiencies; Calcium; Food
 restriction; Heat stress; Acid base equilibrium
 
 Abstract:  The tolerance of chickens to acute heat stress may
 be modified by diet. Broiler chickens fed calcium-adequate
 (0.90% Ca) or -deficient (0.45% or 0.15% Ca) diets were either
 fed or not fed for 24 h and exposed to increasing temperatures
 (from 24 to 41 degrees C). Diets were fed for 7 d before heat
 stress in Experiment 1 and for 14 d before heat stress in
 Experiment 2. Body temperature, blood ionized Ca, pH, pCO2,
 plasma inorganic phosphate and total Ca were determined.
 During heat stress, Ca+2 and inorganic phosphate were
 depressed in all treatments. Feeding the 0.45% Ca diet for 7 d
 reduced hyperthermic body temperature of fed chickens but had
 no effect on body temperature of unfed chickens relative to
 the groups fed 0.90% Ca. No further improvement in body
 temperature response to heat stress was obtained by lowering
 the dietary Ca level to 0.15% or extending the feeding period
 to 14 d. Food deprivation was more effective in counteracting
 the heat-induced rise in body temperature than a dietary Ca
 deficiency. Heat-induced changes in body temperature, Ca+2,
 inorganic phosphate and blood pH were highly correlated (P <
 0.001). The change in Ca+2 followed a pattern similar to that
 of changes in body temperature, but changes in inorganic
 phosphate seemed to be more indicative of changes in pH.
 Control birds fed 0.90% Ca exhibited the highest changes in
 Ca+2 and body temperature values. Feeding Ca-deficient diets
 reduced changes in both Ca+2 and body temperature. Unfed
 birds, regardless of dietary Ca level, showed the lowest
 changes in Ca+2 and body temperature. The results suggest that
 during heat stress, the increase in body temperature is
 inversely related to the chickens' ability to maintain blood
 Ca+2.
 
 
 22                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Carbon dioxide, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, and
 performance of heat distressed broilers.
 Smith, M.O.; Teeter, R.G.
 Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (1): p. 61-66; 1993. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Carbonation; Drinking
 water; Acid base equilibrium; Body temperature; Water intake
 
 
 23                                  NAL Call. No.: 389.9 Un342
 Carcass quality after broiler livehaul and influence of
 withdrawal feed nutrition.
 Moran, E.T. Jr
 College Park, Md. : The Conference, 1961-; 1994.
 Proceedings /. p. 30-38; 1994.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Marketing; Food restriction; Transport
 of animals; Carcass quality
 
 
 24                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
 Changes in the somatosensory evoked potentials and spontaneous
 electroencephalogram of hens during stunning with a carbon
 dioxide and argon mixture.
 Mohan Raj, A.B.; Wotton, S.B.; Gregory, N.G.
 London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Mar.
 British veterinary journal v. 148 (2): p. 147-156; 1992 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Stunning; Carbon dioxide; Argon; Oxygen;
 Bioelectric potential; Electroencephalograms; Hypercapnia;
 Anoxia; Animal welfare
 
 Abstract:  A previous investigation indicated that when hens
 were exposed to 2% oxygen in argon (anoxia) EEG suppression
 and loss of SEPs occurred at 17 and 29 s after exposure. In
 this study, hens were exposed to 49% carbon dioxide in air
 (hypercapnic hypoxia) or 31% carbon dioxide with 2% oxygen in
 argon (hypercapnic anoxia) and their spontaneous electroence-
 phalogram (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs)
 were investigated. The results indicated that EEG suppression
 and loss of SEPs occurred in 11 and 26 s, respectively, in
 hypercapnic hypoxia. These events occurred at 11 and 19 s,
 respectively, after exposure to hypercapnic anoxia. These
 results indicated that, with regard to preslaughter
 stunning/killing of chickens, a mixture of 31% carbon dioxide
 with 2% oxygen in argon resulted in a more rapid loss of
 evoked responses in the brain when compared with 49% carbon
 dioxide in air or with 2% oxygen in argon. It is concluded
 that stunning chickens with low concentrations of carbon
 dioxide in argon would result in a more rapid loss of
 consciousness.
 
 
 25                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Choice tests for space in groups of laying hens.
 Fanure, J.M.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Jan.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (1): p. 89-94; 1994
 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Cage size; Animal welfare; Space
 utilization; Groups; Tests
 
 
 26                                    NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84
 The cleanest little chicken house in America.
 Mazzola, V.
 Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1993 Sep.
 Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture,
 Agricultural Research Service v. 41 (9): p. 18; 1993 Sep.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Environmental control
 
 
 27                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Comparison of behavior and performance of laying hens housed
 in battery cages and an aviary.
 Tanaka, T.; Hurnik, J.F.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Feb.
 Poultry science v. 71 (2): p. 235-243; 1992 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Battery cages; Aviaries;
 Animal behavior; Egg production; Feeding habits
 
 Abstract:  Experiments were carried out to study the behavior
 and production performance of hens housed in battery cages (3
 birds X 112 cages) and an aviary (437 birds). Direct visual
 observations and videotapings of hen behavior were collected
 at 24 to 25, 36 to 37, 49 to 50, and 61 to 62 wk of age.
 Production data were collected daily. Stereotyped behaviors
 were much more frequent (P < .01) in the battery cages (7.0 to
 24.7%) than in the aviary (1.0 to 2.7%). Comfort behaviors
 were performed by aviary birds (3.9 to 5.5%) much more
 frequently (P < .01) than by the caged birds (.7 to .9%). The
 birds were more active during a few hours before dark and just
 after light in both cages and the aviary. In both groups, the
 production performance of hens was similar and relatively
 high. The results of the current study indicate that aviaries
 provide a more comfortable environment for birds and almost
 the same productivity per bird as battery cages.
 
 
 28                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
 Comparison of bone volume and strength as measures of skeletal
 integrity in caged laying hens with access to perches.
 Hughes, B.O.; Wilson, S.; Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.
 London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Mar.
 Research in veterinary science v. 54 (2): p. 202-206; 1993
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Perches; Bone strength; Bones; Volume;
 Breaking strength; Osteoporosis
 
 Abstract:  Fractures in spent laying hens are now recognised
 as a major welfare problem; the objective of this work was to
 determine whether provision of perches for caged layers would
 increase bone strength, bone volume or both. Sixteen ISA Brown
 hens were housed from 18 to 72 weeks old in cages with perches
 and 16 in similar cages without perches. At the end of lay the
 birds' tibiotarsi were examined for strength by a three-point
 loading test and their tarsometatarsi for bone volume by
 histomorphometry. There was no significant effect of perches
 on tibiotarsal breaking strength. Hens from both groups showed
 evidence of osteoporosis, but it was more severe in the birds
 from conventional cages: tarsometatarsal trabecular bone
 volume was greater in the hens which had access to perches. A
 positive correlation was found between trabecular bone volume
 and the degree of day-time perch usage by individual hens.
 Provision of perches can have a slight but significant
 beneficial effect, at least for the leg bones, in increasing
 the bone volume of caged laying hens.
 
 
 29                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Continuous submarginal phosphorus with broilers and the effect
 of preslaughter transportation: carcass defects, further-
 processing yields, and tibia-femur integrity.
 Moran, E.T.; Todd, M.C.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Sep.
 Poultry science v. 73 (9): p. 1448-1457; 1994 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Mineral deficiencies; Phosphorus;
 Carcass quality; Femur; Tibia; Length; Broiler performance;
 Body weight; Feed conversion; Transport of animals; Mortality;
 Carcass yield; Abdominal fat; Epiphyses; Bone density; Bone
 weight
 
 Abstract:  Broiler males were given a series of feeds from 0
 to 8 wk having all nutrients advocated by the NRC (1984) and
 were compared with birds offered feeds with available P
 continuously 10% below recommendation. At termination, birds
 in pens were divided for cooping, and coops were either
 subjected to 6 h of truck transportation and 4 h of
 preslaughter rest or held stationary for 10 h. High summer
 temperatures existed throughout experimentation, and low
 dietary P reduced body weight gain through the first 6 wk,
 whereas an advantage in feed conversion and mortality occurred
 from 6 to 8 wk. Weight loss increased when birds were
 subjected to transportation, regardless of P nutriture, and a
 portion of the loss was recovered during processing as gain in
 relative chilled carcass yield. Proportions of abdominal fat
 and skinless boneless meats from chilled carcasses were
 unaltered, regardless of treatment. Increased incidence of
 deformed drumsticks occurred because of low P as did drumstick
 bruising, which was further accentuated when birds had been
 transported. Back bruising was prominent when P was adequate
 and birds were held stationary, whereas the converse occurred
 with transportation. Tibia length was reduced as a consequence
 of low P, whereas the femur suffered in terms of decreased
 mineral density at the epiphyses and resistance to Instron-
 applied stress. Although transportation in itself did not
 affect any bone measurement, inadequate P weakened the
 skeleton to increase likelihood of carcass defects during
 preslaughter stress.
 
 
 30                                  NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322
 Control of heat stress essential to keep hens laying in hot
 weather. Muirhead, S.
 Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1993 Apr05.
 Feedstuffs v. 65 (14): p. 13; 1993 Apr05.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Heat stress; Weather; Temperature
 
 
 31                                    NAL Call. No.: SB599.A47
 Controlling rodents in commercial poultry facilities.
 Corrigan, R.M.; Timm, R.M.
 West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue
 University,; 1993 Feb.
 Animal damage control / (3): 16 p.; 1993 Feb.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry housing; Mus musculus;
 Rattus norvegicus; Rattus rattus; Rodent control;
 Rodenticides; Poultry diseases; Bait traps
 
 
 32                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.9 In7
 A conveyor system for handling laying hens.
 Moran, P.; Whetlor, B.; Berry, P.
 Silsoe : Institution of Agricultural Engineers; 1993.
 The Agricultural engineer v. 48 (4): p. 120-122; 1993. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Uk; Cabt; Handling machinery; Conveyors; Poultry
 housing; Battery cages; Hens; Design; Operation; Animal
 welfare
 
 
 33                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Cost benefit analysis of a 24 hour summer ventilation strategy
 for poultry. Bisesi, P.S.; Bottcher, R.W.; Driggers, L.B.;
 Brake, J.; Pardue, S.L.; Etheredge, A.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (923537): 15 p.; 1992.  Paper
 presented at the "1992 International winter meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Ventilation; Electricity;
 Summer; Cost benefit analysis
 
 
 34                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Decontamination of poultry transport cages.
 El-Assaad, F.G.; Stewart, L.E.; Mallinson, E.T.; Carr, L.E.;
 Joseph, S.W.; Berney, G.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933010): 26 p.; 1993.  Paper
 presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored
 by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cages; Salmonella; Poultry; Disinfection
 
 
 35                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
 The depletion of glycogen stores and indices of dehydration in
 transported broilers.
 Warriss, P.D.; Kestin, S.C.; Brown, S.N.; Knowles, T.G.;
 Wilkins, L.J.; Edwards, J.E.; Austin, S.D.; Nicol, C.J.
 London : Bailliere Tindall; 1993 Jul.
 The British veterinary journal v. 149(4): p. 391-398; 1993
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Road transport;
 Dehydration (physiological); Glycogen; Liver; Food
 deprivation; Blood sugar; Ph; Skeletal muscle
 
 Abstract:  Broilers were either not transported or were
 transported for 2, 4 or 6 hours after having been subjected to
 food withdrawal times of less than one hour or of ten hours.
 The birds were then slaughtered using normal commercial
 practices. The longer period of food deprivation reduced liver
 weight and glycogen content, and circulating glucose
 concentrations. It also elevated the ultimate pH value (pHu)
 in the biceps muscle and by implication, therefore, reduced
 its glycogen content. With longer journey times, liver weight
 and glycogen content decreased. Transport had an inconsistent
 effect on glycogen concentration in the pectoral muscle but
 progressively reduced its pHu. In contrast, pHu in the biceps
 progressively increased, by implication because transport
 depleted muscle glycogen levels. Birds transported further had
 higher concentrations of total protein in their plasma which,
 though this was not significant, also had a higher osmolality.
 This suggests that transported birds became dehydrated.
 Additionally, the depletion of body glycogen stores might be
 associated with the perception of fatigue.
 
 
 36                                     NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
 Design of a poultry disease isolation facility with
 programmable environmental control.
 Branton, S.L.; Simmons, J.D.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1992 Sep. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8
 (5): p. 695-699; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Structural design; Animal diseases;
 Isolation; Quarantine; Environmental control
 
 Abstract:  An 8 X 25 m (26 X 82 ft) block building was
 converted from an outdated environmental research facility to
 a state-of-the-art biological isolation laboratory for poultry
 disease research. Modification included interior partitioning
 into two large environmental chambers, the addition of
 insulation in walls and ceiling, 70 kW (20 tons) of
 refrigeration, 32 fiber glass biological isolation units,
 appropriate air handling and waste removal, and a computer-
 based environmental controller. The facility has been in use
 for two years and has been used in conducting research with
 both broilers and layers with no occurrence of cross-
 contamination. To date, the facility has performed as intended
 with no problems other than the accumulation of poultry dust
 with resultant persistent clogging of the medium efficiency
 pleated roughing filter. This problem was rectified through
 the incorporation of a lanolin-impregnated roll roughing
 filter into the filter system upstream of the pleated roughing
 filter.
 
 
 37                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
 Designing environments for animals-not for public perceptions.
 Duncan, L.J.H.
 London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Nov.
 British veterinary journal v. 148 (6): p. 475-477; 1992 Nov. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Animal welfare; Animal
 behavior
 
 
 38                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
 Development of a constant current water bath stunner for
 poultry processing. Sparrey, J.M.; Kettlewell, P.J.; Paice,
 M.E.R.; Whetlor, W.C. London ; Orlando : Academic Press, 1956-
 ; 1993 Dec.
 Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 56 (4): p.
 267-274; 1993 Dec. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Slaughtering equipment; Stunning;
 Electric current; Electrical equipment; Animal welfare
 
 Abstract:  Problems with conventional water bath stunners have
 been identified through observation in commercial processing
 plants and experiment in the laboratory. Due to differences in
 the electrical resistance of the individual birds there is
 little control over the stunning current and hence the
 effectiveness of stunning. To illustrate this problem, the use
 of set voltage water bath stunners in the poultry processing
 industry is described. Their performance in relation to
 existing UK legislation and proposed European standards for
 animal welfare is discussed. A prototype poultry stunner has
 been developed which controls the current delivered to
 individual birds. The stunning current has a 50 Hz sinusoidal
 wave form and the root mean square (r.m.s.) value is
 adjustable between 50 and 200 mA. The machine is capable of
 operating at typical commercial processing speeds of 6000
 birds per hour. Experiments using dummy birds, built with
 electrical properties to represent a live chicken, show that
 the system can deliver and maintain a preset, constant current
 to each individual bird provided there is no significant
 current pathway between adjacent birds. A constant current
 stunning system will control the current flow through
 individual birds at an optimal level which will ensure an
 effective stun and at the same time minimize the carcass
 quality problems produced by high currents.
 
 
 39                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Diagnostic hardware/software system for environmental
 controllers. Chao, K.L.; Gates, R.S.; Chi, H.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-3560): 25 p.; 1992.  Paper
 presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Temperature; Computer simulation
 
 
 40                                    NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
 Dietary energy source and density modulate the expression of
 immunologic stress in chicks.
 Benson, B.N.; Calvert, C.C.; Roura, E.; Klasing, K.C.
 Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1993 Oct. The
 Journal of nutrition v. 123 (10): p. 1714-1723; 1993 Oct. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Energy intake; Metabolizable energy; Nutrient
 density; Food intake; Growth; Stress; Experimental infections;
 Experimental diets; Chicks; Blood lipids; Immune response;
 Energy metabolism
 
 Abstract:  To determine how dietary energy level and source
 influence feed intake, growth and energy partitioning during
 immunologic stress, growing chicks were fed diets based on
 cornstarch and casein with varying energy densities and
 injected every other day for 6 d with either saline (control),
 Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide or heat-killed
 Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonella typhimurium
 lipopolysaccharide decreased growth and feed consumption at
 low energy densities. When the dietary energy density was
 increased above 13.4 kJ/g using cornstarch, but not corn oil,
 the growth depressing effect of immunogens was eliminated.
 Immunologically stressed chicks had a greater proportion of
 gain in visceral organs and less in the carcass, regardless of
 the nutrient density of the diet. Immunologic stress decreased
 intake of metabolizable energy of chicks fed a diet with low
 nutrient density and increased it for those fed a diet with
 high nutrient density. Chicks injected with S. typhimurium
 lipopolysaccharide lost more energy as heat than controls when
 differences in metabolizable energy intakes were accounted for
 and modified their preference between two diets differing in
 metabolizable energy density and fat content as a result of
 the challenge. Control chicks selected between the 11.7 and
 14.2 kJ/g diets to obtain an energy density of 13.2 kJ/g
 compared with 12.5 kJ/g in the S. typhimurium
 lipopolysaccharide-challenged chicks. The S. typhimurium
 lipopolysaccharide-challenged chicks consumed similar amounts
 of the low energy diet but decreased intake of the high energy
 diet.
 
 
 41                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Dietary vitamin and/or trace mineral premix effects on
 performance, humoral mediated immunity, and carcass
 composition of broilers during thermoneutral and high ambient
 temperature distress.
 Deyhim, F.; Teeter, R.G.
 Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (4): p. 347-355;
 1993.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Carcass composition;
 Dietary minerals; Vitamin supplements; Broiler performance;
 Humoral immunity; Mineral deficiencies; Vitamin deficiencies;
 Antibody formation; Abdominal fat; Liver; Bursa fabricii;
 Spleen; Weight
 
 
 42                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Differential environmental effects on lesions, early growth,
 and mortality of imperfect albino (s(al-c)) chicks.
 Silversides, F.G.; Merat, P.; Coquerelle, G.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 May.
 Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 813-820; 1992 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Albinos; Genes; Lesions; Growth;
 Mortality; Genotypes; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Brooders;
 Battery cages; Floor pens; Light regime; Genotype environment
 interaction
 
 Abstract:  A series of experiments investigated early
 pleiotropic effects of a gene for imperfect albinism (s(al-c))
 in a population of chickens at Jouy-en-Josas, France. An
 elevated incidence of lesions of the navel, hocks, and nares
 typical of imperfect albinos were seen on these chicks,
 confirming their existence in this population. Variations in
 hatching environment and the amount of light in the hatcher
 were both implicated in contributing to the occurrence of
 lesions of the hocks and nares, but not to those of the navel.
 In two experiments, using batteries and cages, early growth
 was reduced among albinos and early mortality was increased.
 Significant genotype by environment interactions for weight at
 4 days and growth to this time, but not thereafter, suggested
 that the effect is restricted to this time. Unfavorable
 environments were most deleterious to albinos. In a third
 experiment, conducted in floor pens, the gene had no effect on
 either early growth or mortality. There was no effect of the
 gene on the lesions, early growth, or mortality when carried
 by heterozygous males (s(+)/s(al-c)).
 
 
 43                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Differential leucocyte responses to various degrees of food
 restriction in broilers, turkeys and ducks.
 Maxwell, M.H.; Hocking, P.M.; Robertson, G.W.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 177-187; 1992 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Restricted feeding; Stress response;
 Blood picture
 
 
 44                                     NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
 Differential trans-activation of muscle-specific regulatory
 elements including the myosin light chain box by chicken MyoD,
 myogenin, and MRF4. Fujisawa-Sehara, A.; Nabeshima, Y.;
 Komiya, T.; Uetsuki, T.; Asakura, A.; Nabeshima, Y.I.
 Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and
 Molecular Biology; 1992 May15.
 The Journal of biological chemistry v. 267 (14): p.
 10031-10038; 1992 May15. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Myosin; Genetic regulation; Controlling
 elements; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences
 
 Abstract:  We have isolated cDNAs encoding a chicken homologue
 of MRF4 (cMRF4) in addition to chicken MyoD (CMD1) and
 myogenin (c-myogenin) described previously. In an attempt to
 understand the roles that cMRF4, CMD1, and c-myogenin play in
 chicken myogenesis, the effects of these factors on muscle-
 specific cis-elements identified in regulatory regions of
 myosin alkali light chain (MLC) genes were examined. The
 promoter analysis of some of MLC genes has revealed two sorts
 of muscle-specific positive regulatory elements to date, an
 enhancer located upstream of the adult type LC1 gene and a
 cis-element, termed an MLC box, conserved among promoters of
 various MLC genes. The LC1 enhancer was exclusively trans-
 activated by CMD1. Although c-myogenin also activated
 transcription driven by the LC1 promoter, it was suggested
 that c-myogenin requires a cis-element(s) other than the CMD1-
 responsive enhancer. Chicken MRF4 could not trans-activate any
 of the constructs containing the LC1 promoter. In contrast,
 the promoter of the embryonic L23 gene was trans-activated by
 all of the three factors. From deletion and mutation analysis,
 the MLC box was shown to be involved in their positive
 regulation. These results extend previous observations that
 individual myogenic regulatory factors exhibit different
 capabilities in transcriptional activation of muscle-specific
 genes by acting distinctively upon their regulatory elements.
 
 
 45                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Diurnal and individual variation in behaviour of restricted-
 fed broiler breeders.
 Kostal, L.; Savory, C.J.; Hughes, B.O.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jan.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (4): p. 361-374; 1992
 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Animal behavior;
 Diurnal variation; Variation; Stress; Corticosterone; Blood
 plasma; Fearfulness; Body weight
 
 
 46                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Dust, ammonia, and carbon dioxide emissions from a poultry
 house. Maghirang, R.G.; Manbeck, H.B.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (934056): 10 p.; 1993.  Paper
 presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored
 by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers and The
 Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering," June 20-23,
 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Air quality; Poultry housing; Ventilation
 
 
 47                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 Dust net generation rate in a poultry layer house.
 Qi, R.; Manbeck, H.B.; Maghirang, R.G.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1992 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (5): p.
 1639-1645. ill; 1992 Sep.  Literature review.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Poultry housing; Air quality;
 Artificial ventilation; Dust; Interactions; Lighting;
 Literature reviews; Particle density; Air pollutants;
 Mathematical models
 
 Abstract:  Dust particle net generation rates, based on the
 particle concentration data obtained in a commercial poultry
 facility during a complete laying season of one flock of
 birds, were calculated and compared to published values. The
 layer house was mechanically ventilated with a housing
 capacity for 112,000 caged birds. Two seasonal (hot and cold)
 ventilation rates were used at different times during the 14
 weekly sample periods that are included in this study. The
 daily lighting scheme in the house consisted of 17 lighted
 hours followed by 7 darkened hours. Hourly dust particle net
 generation rates for respirable and total particles were
 calculated. For the 14 tested weeks, mean particle volume
 generation rates were 0.76 mm3/h.bird and 1.06 mm3/h.bird,
 respectively, for respirable and total particles. Based on a
 measured particle density of 1750 kg/m3, the mean mass
 generation rates of respirable and total particles were 1.32
 mg/h.bird and 1.84 mg/h.bird, respectively. Both respirable
 and total particle generation rates were significantly (P <
 0.05) influenced by both ventilation rate and lighting levels.
 
 
 48                                    NAL Call. No.: 447.8 AM3
 Early insulin response after food intake in geese.
 Karmann, H.; Rideau, N.; Zorn, T.; Malan, A.; Le Maho, Y.
 Bethesda, Md. : American Physiological Society; 1992 Oct.
 American journal of physiology v. 263 (4,pt.2): p. R782-R784;
 1992 Oct. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Food intake; Insulin; Insulin secretion; Glucose;
 Blood plasma; Blood sampling; Stress; Geese
 
 Abstract:  Plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured in
 chronically catheterized, freely moving, undisturbed geese,
 which were offered a free standard meal after an overnight
 fast. The insulin level markedly rose within the first minute
 after the start of food ingestion, whereas plasma glucose did
 not increase. This early insulin response was not correlated
 with the size of the meal. In contrast, both postabsorptive
 insulin response and plasma glucose changes were dependent on
 meal size. When a small amount of food (2-6 g) was eaten,
 insulin returned to basal level within 30 min, whereas plasma
 glucose remained unchanged. Larger meals (15-20 g) maintained
 plasma insulin at a higher level and induced a sustained rise
 of plasma glucose. These results indicate that there is a
 cephalic phase of insulin secretion at the beginning of the
 meal in birds as previously described in mammals.
 
 
 49                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Effect of acute heat exposure on blood flow and its
 distribution in the unrestrained laying fowl (Gallus
 domesticus).
 Arad, Z.; El-Sayed, M.S.; Brackenbury, J.H.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Jul.
 British poultry science v. 34 (3): p. 559-568; 1993 Jul. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Blood flow; Body temperature; Environmental
 temperature; Heat stress
 
 
 50                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Effect of acute heat exposure on triglyceride transfer to the
 preovulatory follicles of the laying fowl (Gallus domesticus).
 Arad, Z.; El-Sayed, M.S.; Brackenbury, J.H.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Jul.
 British poultry science v. 34 (3): p. 569-575; 1993 Jul. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Heat stress; Follicles; Triacylglycerols
 
 
 51                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Effect of age and presence of perches during rearing on tonic
 immobility fear reactions of broiler breeder pullets.
 Brake, J.; Keeley, T.P.; Jones, R.B.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Sep.
 Poultry science v. 73 (9): p. 1470-1474; 1994 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pullets; Perches; Fearfulness; Age differences;
 Protein intake; Dietary protein; Body weight
 
 Abstract:  Broiler breeders were housed in pens in an all-
 litter house with an 8-h photoperiod from hatching to 20 wk of
 age. They were reared either in the presence or absence of
 perches (7 cm per bird) and on either a 14% or a 17% CP diet.
 The duration of the tonic immobility (TI) fear response was
 measured in 15- and in 20-wk-old birds; each pullet was tested
 individually and once only. There was an apparent age-related
 increase in the duration of TI, which was attenuated by the
 provision of perches during rearing. The results are discussed
 in terms of maturational and environmental influences on the
 development and alleviation of fear.
 
 
 52                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A
 Effect of building ventilation design on environment and
 performance of turkeys.
 DeBey, M.C.; Trampel, D.W.; Richard, J.L.; Bundy, D.S.;
 Hoffman, L.J.; Meyer, V.M.; Cox, D.F.
 Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;
 1994 Feb. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (2):
 p. 216-220; 1994 Feb. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Poultry housing; Natural ventilation;
 Doors; Structural design; Performance; Air flow; Air
 temperature; Relative humidity; Ammonia; Air microbiology;
 Particles; Air quality; Seasonal variation
 
 Abstract:  Environmental variables in 10 commercial turkey
 confinement buildings, representing 2 natural ventilation
 designs, were measured during summer and the following winter.
 Sliding doors spaced at intervals along the walls of 5 of the
 buildings provided about 35% opening, and continuous wall
 curtains provided 60 to 80% opening in the other 5 buildings.
 Environmental variables assessed included airspeed;
 temperature; relative humidity; gases; particle number, size,
 and mass per cubic meter of air; and colonies of bacteria,
 yeasts, and other fungi per cubic meter of air. Colonies of
 yeasts and other fungi were quantitated in feed and litter.
 For most of the variables evaluated, significant differences
 were not attributable to building ventilation design; however,
 in winter, the total mass of particulate matter per cubic
 meter of air was higher in the curtain-type houses, compared
 with sliding door-type houses. Ammonia concentration in the
 air of sliding door-type houses progressively increased during
 summer and winter sampling periods. A significant effect of
 building ventilation design on turkey performance was not
 detected when using mortality, average daily gain, feed
 conversion, condemnations at slaughter, or average individual
 bird weight as measures of production.
 
 
 53                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 Effect of catching method and lighting intensity on the
 prevalence of broken bones and on the ease of handling of end-
 of-lay hens.
 Gregory, N.G.; Wilkins, L.J.; Alvey, D.M.; Tucker, S.A.
 London : The Association; 1993 Feb06.
 The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
 Association v. 132 (6): p. 127-129; 1993 Feb06.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Bone fractures
 
 
 54                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Effect of cold stress on performance and immune responses of
 bedouin and white leghorn hens.
 Spinu, M.; Degen, A.A.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 34 (1): p. 177-185; 1993 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Israel; Cabt; Hens; Breed differences
 
 
 55                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effect of early handling on growth, mortality and feed
 efficiency in White Leghorns.
 Leonard, M.L.; Fairfull, R.W.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jul.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (1/2): p. 121-128; 1992
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Animal husbandry; Handling; Growth rate;
 Mortality; Feed conversion efficiency; Cannibalism
 
 
 56                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The effect of environmental enrichment during rearing on fear
 reactions and depopulation trauma in adult caged hens.
 Reed, H.J.; Wilkins, L.J.; Austin, S.D.; Gregory, N.G.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (1): p. 39-46; 1993
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Fearfulness; Trauma; Removal
 
 
 57                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Effect of induced molting on the recurrence of a previous
 Salmonella enteritidis infection.
 Holt, P.S.; Porter, R.E. Jr
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Nov.
 Poultry science v. 72 (11): p. 2069-2078; 1993 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Salmonella enteritidis; Molting; Relapse;
 Susceptibility; Disease transmission; Stress
 
 Abstract:  Previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown
 that hens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) during the
 feed removal phase of an induced molt shed significantly more
 SE and more readily transmitted SE to uninfected hens in
 adjacent cages when compared with unmolted hens. A study was
 conducted to examine the effect of induced molting on the
 recurrence and horizontal transmission of a previous SE
 infection. Hens aged 59 and 69 wk in Trials 1 and 2,
 respectively, were infected with SE and then molted 21 days
 later. In Trial 1, more molted hens were SE-culture-positive
 on Days 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and 45 (P less than
 or equal to .005) postinfection, and these hens shed more SE
 on these days (P less than or equal to.05 and P less than or
 equal to .005, respectively) than unmolted hens. Horizontal
 transmission of SE to previously uninfected but contact
 exposed hens in adjacent cages was also higher in the molted
 group than the unmolted group on Days 38 (P less than or equal
 to .05) and 45 (P less than or equal to .001). Molted,
 contact- exposed hens also shed significantly more SE than
 unmolted hens. In Trial 2, the molted infected hens shed
 progressively more SE than the unmolted hens but the
 differences were not significant. However, more molted
 contact-exposed hens became SE-positive at Day 31 (P less than
 or equal to .05) and 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and
 also shed more SE on these days (P less than or equal to .05
 and P less than or equal to .01, respectively) than the
 unmolted hens. Serum and intestinal antibody titers to SE were
 also examined in Trial 2. Molting appeared to exert no effect
 on the serum SE titers, but antibody titers in the alimentary
 tract were lower in the molted hens than the unmolted hens on
 Days 45 (P less than or equal to .005) and 52 (P less than or
 equal to .05). In Trial 1, three of eight molted directly
 infected hens and two of eight molted contact-exposed hens
 produced an SE-contaminated egg, but none of the unmolted hens
 produced any SE-contaminated eggs. In Trial 2, no SE-
 contaminated eggs were produced.
 
 
 58                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 The effect of long-term housing in an aviary and battery cages
 on the physical condition of laying hens: body weight, feather
 condition, claw length, foot lesions, and tibia strength.
 Taylor, A.A.; Hurnik, J.F.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Feb.
 Poultry science v. 73 (2): p. 268-273; 1994 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Aviaries; Battery cages; Body weight;
 Claws; Length; Feathers; Tibia; Bone strength; Bone weight;
 Animal welfare; Feet; Lesions
 
 Abstract:  The physical condition of laying hens housed for 3
 yr in either traditional battery cages or an aviary was
 compared. Aviary hens were significantly lighter than those in
 cages (2,021 vs 2,241 g; P = .0001), despite having consumed
 slightly more feed (121 vs 116 g per bird per d, P = .16).
 Caged hens had poorer feather cover (P = .0001); 39% of caged
 birds had denuded areas greater than 5 cm2, whereas 68% of
 aviary hens had complete plumage. The length of both center
 front and rear claws was significantly greater in caged hens
 (36.3 vs 30.3 mm, P =.001 and 19.2 vs 16.1 mm, P =.012,
 respectively). The total number of foot lesions did not differ
 with housing system; however, caged hens had significantly
 more toe injuries (P < .001), and aviary birds had more
 injuries on the soles of their feet (P =.005). All aviary
 birds with foot lesions had only a single lesion, whereas one-
 sixth of caged hens with lesions had more than one. No
 difference in tibial breaking strength was found due to
 housing system. Overall, the results suggest that aviary
 systems can offer some distinct advantages over traditional
 battery cages with regard to the physical condition of laying
 hens, given a high level of management.
 
 
 59                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Effect of number of hens per nipple waterer on the performance
 of several strains of layers in cages.
 Gernat, A.G.; Adams, A.W.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Aug.
 Poultry science v. 71 (8): p. 1292-1295; 1992 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Strain differences; Floor pens; Water
 intake; Nipple drinkers; Laying performance; Liveweight gain;
 Egg weight; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency
 
 Abstract:  Two experiments were designed to study the effects
 of housing in cages with several hens per nipple waterer (HPN)
 ratios on performance of several strains of White Leghorn
 pullets. In Experiment 1, only body weight gain and water
 consumption were significantly affected by the HPN; hens at
 the 2:1 HPN gained more weight and consumed more water per day
 than those at the 4:1 HPN. The lack of a significant strain by
 HPN interaction indicated that the four strains responded
 similarly to the different HPN ratios. In Experiment 2, hens
 in cages with 3.5:1 and 7:1 HPN consumed significantly more
 water and feed than those in cages with 10:1 and 14:1 HPN. In
 both experiments, the HPN had no significant effect on age at
 sexual maturity, egg production, mortality, and egg weight,
 but efficiency of feed usage for egg production decreased with
 the 3.5:1 and 7:1 HPN.
 
 
 60                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 The effect of oxytetracycline on water consumption of
 broilers. Lott, B.D.; Branton, S.L.; May, J.D.
 Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (3): p. 283-285;
 1993.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Drinking water; Additives;
 Oxytetracycline; Water intake; Heat stress; Age differences;
 Liveweight gain
 
 
 61                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Effect of perches in laying cages on welfare and production of
 hens. Duncan, E.T.; Appleby, M.C.; Hughes, B.O.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 25-35; 1992 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Perches
 
 
 62                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Effect of preproduction lighting regimes on reproductive
 performance of broiler breeders.
 Yalcin, S.; McDaniel, G.R.; Wong-Valle, J.
 Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (1): p. 51-54; 1993. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pullets; Broilers; Light regime; Poultry housing;
 Laying performance
 
 
 63                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Effect of rearing floor type and ten-day beak trimming on
 stress and performance of caged layers.
 Struwe, F.J.; Gleaves, E.W.; Douglas, J.H.; Bond, P.L. Jr
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan.
 Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 70-75; 1992 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Beak; Debeaking; Stress; Body weight; Feed
 intake; Egg production; Floors; Wire netting; Litter;
 Feathers; Adrenal glands; Heart; Spleen; Weight; Blood;
 Corticosterone
 
 Abstract:  Beak trimming pullets at an early age is a
 widespread industry practice. There is some concern that this
 practice may have effects on the subsequent performance of the
 birds in the production phase. Effects of beak treatment
 (trimmed or untrimmed) and rearing floor type (litter or wire)
 on performance of caged layers were evaluated in a 2 X 2
 factorial arrangement of treatments. Pullets that were trimmed
 or untrimmed at 10 days of age and reared on either litter or
 wire floors were placed in a cage house. Production factors
 and stress measurements were recorded to determine detrimental
 effects of the early trimming and rearing floor types. No
 interactions (P=.15) between rearing floor type and beak
 treatment were observed for BW, feed consumption, egg
 production, heart weight, spleen weight, or blood
 corticosterone. However, an interaction (P=.02) between
 rearing floor type and beak treatment was observed for adrenal
 weight. There were no differences (P=.08) in the final BW of
 the pullets. Birds reared on litter ate considerably (P=.0002)
 more than those reared on wire. There were no differences
 (P=.27) in egg production rate. Adrenal weights were different
 (P=.007), with the litter-raised birds having much smaller
 adrenals at the end of the 36-wk trial. Hearts of the beak-
 trimmed birds were smaller (P=.02) than those of the untrimmed
 birds. There were no differences in spleen weights (P=.07) or
 blood corticosterone levels (P=.07). Differences in the
 feather cover were observed.
 
 
 64                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Av5
 Effect of used litter from floor pens of adult broilers on
 Salmonella colonization of broiler chicks.
 Corrier, D.E.; Hinton, A. Jr; Hargis, B.; DeLoach, J.R.
 Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian
 Pathologists; 1992 Oct. Avian diseases v. 36 (4): p. 897-902;
 1992 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Broilers; Litter; Floor pens;
 Colonization; Salmonella; Cecum; Intestinal microorganisms;
 Disease resistance; Volatile fatty acids
 
 Abstract:  The effect of used pine-shaving litter from broiler
 door pens on Salmonella colonization resistance was evaluated
 in broiler chicks. One-day-old chicks were placed in floor
 pens on fresh unused litter or on used litter. All chicks were
 challenged orally with 10(4) S. typhimurium at 3 days of age.
 The study was replicated in three trials with used litter that
 was collected and stored for 1 day (Trial 1), 4 days (Trial
 2), or 50 days (Trial 3) before the start of each trial. Cecal
 concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were
 significantly higher (P < 0.05) in chicks placed on used
 litter than in chicks on new litter. In all three trials, the
 number of Salmonella in the cecal contents and the number of
 Salmonella cecal-culture-positive chicks was significantly
 lower (P < 0.01) at 10 days and 20 days of age in the chicks
 on used litter than in the chicks on new litter. The results
 indicated that newly hatched chicks reared on used litter had
 higher cecal VFA concentrations and higher resistance to
 Salmonella colonization than chicks reared on new litter.
 
 
 65                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Effect of ventilation rate and stocking density on turkey
 health and performance.
 Zuidhof, M.J.; Feddes, J.J.R.; Robinson, E.E.; Riddell, C.
 Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (2): p. 123-129;
 1993.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Stocking density; Ventilation; Air
 quality; Poultry housing; Ammonia; Dust; Performance; Lungs;
 Lesions
 
 
 66                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Effect of warm drinking water on the performance and
 immunological responses of broiler breeder hens raised at low
 air temperature.
 Spinu, M.; Degen, A.A.; Rosenstrauch, A.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 May.
 British poultry science v. 34 (2): p. 361-366; 1993 May. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Environmental temperature; Cold stress;
 Water intake
 
 
 67                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
 Effects of age, sex and housing on the trabecular bone of
 laying strain domestic fowl.
 Wilson, S.; Duff, S.R.I.; Whitehead, C.C.
 London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Jul.
 Research in veterinary science v. 53 (1): p. 52-58; 1992 Jul. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Osteoporosis; Osteomalacia; Bones; Volume;
 Age differences; Sex differences; Normal values; Cages; Floor
 pens
 
 Abstract:  To determine the effects of age, sex and housing on
 trabecular bone volume, samples were collected from groups of
 male and female domestic fowl housed in cages or floor pens
 from four to 60 weeks old. Between 25 and 60 weeks old,
 trabecular bone volume decreased by 25 per cent in sections of
 free thoracic vertebrae (T5) from female birds, the loss
 occurring at an earlier age in caged birds. Over the sample
 period, TBV in male caged birds diminished by 35 per cent, but
 male floor birds showed no reduction in trabecular bone
 volume. At 60 weeks, trabecular bone volume was 30 per cent
 greater in male caged birds and 40 per cent greater in male
 floor birds than in the corresponding females. In
 reproductively active females, no trabecular osteoid was
 observed, indicating no new trabecular bone formation.
 However, trabecular osteoid was present in two birds aged 60
 weeks which had regressed ovaries. Osteomalacia was not seen
 in any of the bone samples.
 
 
 68                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AV5
 Effects of ascorbic acid on stress and disease in chickens.
 Gross, W.B.
 Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian
 Pathologists; 1992 Jul. Avian diseases v. 36 (3): p. 688-692;
 1992 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Ascorbic acid; Stress; Fowl diseases;
 Disease resistance; Furaltadone; Neutrophils; Lymphocytes;
 Corticotropin; Feed conversion efficiency; Newcastle disease
 virus; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Escherichia coli
 
 Abstract:  White Leghorn chickens were given feed containing
 100 mg of ascorbic acid (AA)/kg. One day later, treated
 chickens and a similar group of unmedicated control chickens
 were chilled for 1 hour at 6 C, exposed to an unusual sound,
 fasted, or subjected to rough handling. Heterophil:lymphocytes
 (H:L) ratios were determined one day later. The AA-treated
 birds had significantly lower H:L ratios than untreated
 controls. Chickens that received a diet containing AA had
 lower H:L ratios than controls (0.86 vs. 1.65) following
 administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Chickens fed a
 diet containing AA showed increased resistance to a combined
 Newcastle disease virus-Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection and
 to a secondary Escherichia coli infection, as well as to a
 primary E. coli challenge infection. The effects of AA and an
 antibacterial drug (furaltadone) were additive. In all
 experiments, the optimum dose of AA was 100 mg/kg of feed.
 There was a negative correlation between AA level in the diet
 and feed efficiency.
 
 
 69                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Effects of ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate on adrenocortical
 activation and fear-related behavior in broiler chickens.
 Satterlee, D.G.; Jones, R.B.; Ryder, F.H.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jan.
 Poultry science v. 73 (1): p. 194-201; 1994 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Chicks; Fearfulness; Ascorbic acid;
 Phosphorylation; Corticosterone; Blood plasma; Water intake;
 Animal behavior; Inhibition
 
 Abstract:  The effects of supplemental ascorbyl-2-
 polyphosphate (APP) on adrenocortical function and underlying
 fearfulness in broiler chickens were assessed in a number of
 test situations. Chicks pretreated for a minimum of 24 h with
 APP (1,000 ppm equivalents of L-ascorbic acid) in their
 drinking water or with no APP (tap water controls; CON) had
 blood samples taken immediately following water treatment and
 again after exposure to a capture and cooping stressor for 10
 min. First, although the cooping stressor markedly increased
 plasma corticosterone concentrations, pretreatment with APP
 failed to attenuate this adrenocortical response. Second, APP-
 treated chicks showed less freezing and vocalized sooner in an
 open field (novel environment) than did controls. They also
 showed nonsignificant tendencies toward accelerated and
 enhanced ambulation. Third, supplementation with APP reduced
 the duration of the birds' tonic immobility fear reactions.
 Collectively, these behavioral effects are indicative of
 dampened fear. The apparent reduction of nonspecific,
 underlying fearfulness by APP treatment may have important
 implications for poultry welfare and performance.
 
 
 70                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Effects of bird density on Salmonella contamination of
 prechill carcasses. Waldroup, A.L.; Skinner, J.T.; Hierholzer,
 R.E.; Kopek, J.M.; Waldroup, P.W. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry
 Science Association; 1992 May.
 Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 844-849; 1992 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Salmonella typhimurium; Carcasses;
 Stocking density; Floor pens; Feed intake; Feed conversion;
 Mortality; Infections; Incidence
 
 Abstract:  Two similar trials were conducted to evaluate the
 effects of bird density on Salmonella contamination of
 processed broilers. Commercial strain broiler clucks were
 reared in floor pens on new litter at densities of 557, 619,
 697, 796, 929, and 1,115 cm2 per bird. Twenty percent of the
 chicks in each density were gavaged directly into the crop
 with .5 mL of 108 nalidixic-acid-resistant (NAR) Salmonella
 typhimurium on Day 2. Twenty percent of the uninoculated birds
 in each density category were processed at 42 days. Prechill
 carcasses were evaluated for NAR Salmonella incidence using
 the whole carcass rinse technique and a mechanical shaking
 device. The resulting NAR Salmonella contamination rates (from
 lowest to highest bird densities) were as follows: 55, 4.2,
 35.7, 34.3, 88.9, and 20% in Trial 1; and 30, 20.8, 28.6, 50,
 58.3, and 30% in Trial 2. A random sample of the prechill
 carcasses of gavaged birds indicated a contamination rate of
 13.8% in Trial 1 and 61.1% in Trial 2. The NAR Salmonella
 contamination rates of the prechill carcasses did not appear
 to be affected by the bird densities evaluated in these
 trials. Feed intake and body weight at 42 days were adversely
 affected by the highest bird density, but feed utilization was
 not affected.
 
 
 71                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Effects of cage versus floor rearing environments and cage
 floor mesh size on bone strength, fearfulness, and production
 of single comb White Leghorn hens. Anderson, K.E.; Adams, A.W.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Aug.
 Poultry science v. 73 (8): p. 1233-1240; 1994 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Stocking density; Floor
 type; Floor husbandry; Fearfulness; Bone strength; Feed
 dispensers; Tibia; Laying performance; Body weight; Feed
 intake; Feed conversion; Mortality; Egg quality
 
 Abstract:  Fourteen hundred pullets were reared at densities
 of 304 and 735 cm(2) in cages and floor pens with litter,
 respectively. Feeder spaces of 2.7,4.0, and 5.4 cm per bird
 were held constant during the brooding growing period. At 18
 wk of age, the birds were housed four birds per cage (348
 cm(2) per bird) in a force-ventilated, light-controlled house
 with two rows of stair-step cages. In two rows, the standard
 2.5 X 5.0 cm welded wire flooring was replaced randomly with
 2.5 X 2.5 cm welded wire in eight-cage sections. Egg
 production, egg quality, feed conversion, and mortality were
 measured over a 48-wk production cycle. At 68 wk of age, a
 sample of hens was selected and euthanatized, and the right
 leg was excised for further evaluation. Rearing environment,
 rearing feeder space, or type of layer floor mesh had no
 significant effects on hen-day production or feed conversion.
 Hens reared in cages produced heavier (P <.001) eggs with a
 higher percentage of Grade A eggs and had fewer body checks
 than floor-reared birds. Femur, tibia, and shank lengths were
 not affected by the rearing treatments or the type of flooring
 in the layer cage. Tibia breaking strength was not different
 for the rearing systems or hens maintained on 2.5 X 2.5 vs 2.5
 X 5.0 cm welded wire mesh flooring. Hens reared in floor pens
 on litter displayed a higher level of fearfulness at the end
 of the production cycle. The reduced (P < .05) body weights
 associated with cage rearing and reduced feeder space did not
 negatively affect the production variables. Alteration of the
 mesh size of layer cage floor had no effect on the production
 levels of the hens.
 
 
 72                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of cage-front design on the feeding behaviour of
 laying hens. Sherwin, C.M.; Alvey, D.M.; Williamson, J.D.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Dec.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 38 (3/4): p. 291-299; 1993
 Dec.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Feeding behavior; Duration; Frequency;
 Cages; Design; Feed troughs; Animal welfare
 
 
 73                                       NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6
 The effects of chronic exposure to elevated environmental
 temperature on intestinal morphology and nutrient absorption
 in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).
 Mitchell, M.A.; Carlisle, A.J.
 Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press; 1992 Jan.
 Comparative biochemistry and physiology : A : Comparative
 physiology v. 101 (1): p. 137-142; 1992 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Jejunum; Galactose; Methionine;
 Intestinal absorption; Morphology; Environmental temperature;
 Heat stress; Food intake; Growth rate; Triiodothyronine;
 Thyroxine; Glucagon; Hypothyroidism
 
 Abstract:  Exposure of growing broiler chickens to elevated
 environmental temperature (35 degrees C) for two weeks,
 markedly reduced food intake (29%) and growth rate (37%)
 compared to birds maintained at 22 degrees C. These changes in
 growth were accompanied by increased in vivo jejunal uptakes
 of galactose (36%) and methionine (50%) measured per unit
 intestinal dry weight. Both the electrogenic (phloridzin
 sensitive) and non-electrogenic (phloridzin insensitive)
 components of galactose absorption were increased by 24 and
 52% respectively during the chronic heat stress. The size of
 the absorptive compartment may be reduced by the heat stress
 as reflected by decreased villus heights (19%) and wet (26%)
 and dry (31%) weights per unit length of jejunum. It is
 suggested that the changes in hexose and amino acid during
 chronic exposure to elevated ambient temperature may reflect
 adaptations to optimise nutrient absorption in the face of
 reduced nutrition and decreases in the size of the absorptive
 compartment. A functional hypothyroidism (plasma luminal T3
 decreased by 66%) associated with heat stress may contribute
 to the observed alterations in jejunal structure and function.
 
 
 74                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Effects of dietary fat source on sudden death syndrome and
 cardiac sarcoplasmic reticular calcium transport in broiler
 chickens. Chung, H.C.; Guenter, W.; Rotter, R.G.; Crow, G.H.;
 Stanger, N.E. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association;
 1993 Feb.
 Poultry science v. 72 (2): p. 310-316; 1993 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Dietary fat; Tallow; Sunflower oil;
 Mortality; Heart diseases; Incidence; Phospholipids; Calcium;
 Cell membranes
 
 Abstract:  Wheat and soybean diets supplemented with either
 tallow or sunflower oil (SFO) were fed to broiler chicks.
 Variables examined included performance, incidence of sudden
 death syndrome (SDS), and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticular (SR)
 calcium transport. The phospholipid content of head tissues
 was also determined. Birds fed the SFO diet gained
 significantly (P < .05) more weight over the first 21 days of
 age and had a significantly better feed:gain ratio (P < .01).
 The incidence of SDS mortality up to 39 days of age was also
 lower (P < .05) for SFO-fed birds than for those fed the
 tallow diet. Calcium (45Ca2+) uptake and calcium-magnesium 5'-
 adenosinetriphosphatase (Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase) activity in
 cardiac SR vesicles did not differ due to diet (P > .05).
 However, compared with similar weight pen-mates showing no
 disease signs, SDS birds had depressed 45Ca2+ uptake (P < .01)
 and Ca(2+) + Mg2+-ATPase activity (P < .05) of cardiac SR
 vesicles. The phosphatidylcholine concentration in the cell
 membranes of heart tissue of tallow-fed birds was
 significantly higher (P < .05) than in SFO-fed chicks. No
 differences were seen in other phospholipid constituents. The
 SDS birds, however, had significantly (P < .05) lower
 phosphatidylethanolamine plus phosphatidylglycerol,
 sphingomyelin, and total phospholipid concentrations in the
 heart tissues than the pen-mate controls. The results support
 the hypotheses that SDS in broilers is a cardiac dysfunction
 associated with defective cardiac SR membrane function and
 that dietary fat type is implicated with the syndrome.
 
 
 75                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Effects of electrolyte and lighting regimen on growth of heat-
 distressed broilers.
 Smith, M.O.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Feb.
 Poultry science v. 73 (2): p. 350-353; 1994 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Tennessee; Cabt; Broilers; Heat stress; Light
 regime; Electrolytes; Broiler performance; Environmental
 temperature; Body temperature; Water intake; Carcass weight;
 Carcass yield; Abdominal fat
 
 Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to investigate
 possible interactions between photoschedules [23 h light (L):1
 h dark (D); 16L:8D] and electrolytes provided by KCl and NaCl
 in the drinking water of broilers grown at elevated
 temperatures. Birds raised on each photoschedule were exposed
 to 8 h of 23.9 C, 4 h of 23.9 to 35 C, 4 h of 35 C, and 8 h of
 35 to 23.9 C. Photoschedule had no effect on body weight gain,
 feed consumption, or carcass characteristics. Male birds that
 received NaCl gained 10.5% more (P < .05) weight than those
 receiving no water additive. Male birds consumed up to 37%
 more water (P < .05) and gained up to 21% more weight (P <
 .05) than similarly raised females. There was no effect of
 electrolytes on carcass characteristics.
 
 
 76                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of environmental enrichment and gentle handling on
 behaviour and fear responses of transported broilers.
 Nicol, C.J.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jun.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (4): p. 367-380; 1992
 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Fearfulness;
 Animal behavior; Environment; Enrichment; Handling
 
 
 77                                      NAL Call. No.: 10 J822
 Effects of feed intake and environmental temperature on chick
 growth and development.
 Smith, M.O.; Teeter, R.G.
 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1993 Dec.
 The Journal of agricultural science v. 121 (pt.3): p. 421-425;
 1993 Dec. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Growth rate; Feed intake; Environmental
 temperature; Heat stress; Liveweight gain; Survival
 
 
 78                                   NAL Call. No.: RA565.A1J6
 Effects of heat stress on Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+-activated
 ATPase, and Na+-ATPase activities of broiler chickens vital
 organs.
 Chen, C.L.; Sangiah, S.; Chen, H.; Roder, J.D.; Shen, Y.
 London : Taylor & Francis Ltd; 1994 Mar.
 Journal of toxicology and environmental health v. 41 (3): p.
 345-356; 1994 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Environmental temperature;
 Relative humidity; Sodium; Potassium; Magnesium;
 Adenosinetriphosphatase; Enzyme activity; Inhibition; Organs;
 Brain; Heart; Kidneys; Intestinal mucosa; Poultry farming
 
 
 79                                   NAL Call. No.: SF55.A78A7
 Effects of nicarbazin and hot temperature on evaporative water
 loss, acid-base balance, body temperature and carbon dioxide
 exhalation in adult roosters. Lee, B.D.; Lee, S.K.; Hyun, W.J.
 Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal
 Production Societies, c1988-; 1994 Mar.
 Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences v. 7 (1): p.
 97-101; 1994 Mar. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cocks; Nicarbazin; Heat stress; Acid base
 equilibrium; Water intake; Water metabolism; Body temperature;
 Evaporation; Blood chemistry
 
 
 80                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
 Effects of perches on trabecular bone volume in laying hens.
 Wilson, S.; Hughes, B.O.; Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.
 London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Mar.
 Research in veterinary science v. 54 (2): p. 207-211; 1993
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Perches; Bones; Volume; Exercise;
 Osteoporosis; Bone resorption
 
 Abstract:  Trabecular bone remodelling is known to be affected
 by loading or exercise, and thus exercise may effect the
 trabecular bone loss associated with osteopenia in laying
 hens. Sixteen ISA Brown hens were housed from 18 to 72 weeks
 old in cages with perches and 16 in similar cages without
 perches to examine the effects of the exercise afforded by
 perch provision on trabecular bone volume. At 72 weeks, mean
 trabecular bone volume in the proximal tarsometatarsus of
 birds with access to perches was significantly greater than in
 control birds, while medullary bone volume was not
 significantly different in the two groups. However, all the
 birds were considered osteoporotic, though to varying degrees,
 and the beneficial effects of perches were relatively minor.
 It was concluded that while trabecular bone loss may be
 reduced by perch provision, other factors are probably more
 influential in the development of the osteoporosis typical of
 laying hens.
 
 
 81                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Effects of potassium chloride supplementation of growth of
 heat-distressed broilers.
 Smith, M.O.; Teeter, R.G.
 Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992.
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (3): p. 321-324;
 1992.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Oklahoma; Chicks; Heat stress; Potassium
 chloride; Drinking water; Liveweight gain
 
 
 82                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Effects of rearing density and feeder and waterer spaces on
 the productivity and fearful behavior of layers.
 Anderson, K.E.; Adams, A.W.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan.
 Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 53-58; 1992 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Stocking density; Feed dispensers;
 Drinkers; Fearfulness; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Feed
 intake; Feed conversion; Egg production
 
 Abstract:  Two groups of White Leghorn pullets reared in cages
 were used to study the effects of rearing density and feeder
 and waterer spaces on their performance and fearful behavior.
 In Experiment 1, rearing densities of 221, 249, 277, and 304
 cm(2) per bird, 5.4 cm feeder space per bird, and a cup
 waterer to pullet ratio of 1:7 had no significant effect on
 18-wk body weight, body weight uniformity, body weight gain,
 age at sexual maturity, feed consumption, and mortality rate
 during the laying period. In Experiment 2, pullets reared at a
 density of 193 versus 221 cm(2) had lower (P<.001) 18-wk body
 weights but increased (P<.001) weight gain during the laying
 period. Pullets reared with 2.7 versus 5.4 cm of feeder space
 weighed less (P<.001) at 18 wk, but gained (P<.001) more
 weight and consumed more (P<.05) feed during the laying
 period. A cup waterer to pullet ratio of 1:14 versus 1:7
 increased (P<.05) age at sexual maturity and body weight gain.
 Density had no consistent effect on egg production in either
 experiment. There were no carryover effects of rearing density
 in Experiment 1 or density, and feeder and waterer space in
 Experiment 2 on fearful behavior. Hens were more (P<.001)
 fearful at 34 wk of age (peak production) than at 54 wk of age
 (postpeak production). The negative effects associated with
 floor, feeder, and waterer spaces during the rearing period
 were transitory and did not persist into the production
 period.
 
 
 83                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of rearing experience and stimulus enrichment on
 feather damage in laying hens.
 Norgaard-Nielsen, G.; Vestergaard, K.; Simonsen, H.B.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Dec.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 38 (3/4): p. 345-352; 1993
 Dec.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Hens; Feather pecking; Dust bathing;
 Sand; Peat; Poultry farming; Straw; Environment; Enrichment;
 Age differences
 
 
 84                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Effects of sex, heat stress, body weight, and genetic strain
 on the dietary lysine requirement of broiler chicks.
 Han, Y.; Baker, D.H.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Apr.
 Poultry science v. 72 (4): p. 701-708; 1993 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Body weight; Strain
 differences; Lysine; Dosage effects; Sex differences;
 Environmental temperature; Diet; Growth rate; Nutrient
 requirements
 
 Abstract:  Experiments were carried out to investigate the
 effects of sex, heat stress (37 C), body weight (heavy and
 light within strain), and strain of chicks on the dietary
 lysine requirement of chicks during 8 to 22 days posthatching.
 A lysine-deficient basal diet (.64% total lysine, 23% CP,
 3,200 kcal MEn/kg) containing corn, feather meal, and soybean
 meal was supplemented with graded levels of L-lysine.HCl to
 produce growth response curves. The lysine-deficient diet
 contained .52% true digestible lysine as determined with a
 precision-fed cecectomized adult cockerel assay (Experiment
 1). Hubbard X Hubbard chicks were used in Experiment 2 and New
 Hampshire X Columbian crossbred chicks were used in
 Experiments 3 and 4. Experiment 2 compared lysine requirements
 of male and female chicks. Weight gains between sexes were
 similar when diets were deficient in lysine, but males grew
 faster than females when lysine-adequate diets were fed. Male
 chicks required a higher level of dietary lysine than females
 for both maximal weight gain and feed efficiency. Also,
 regardless of sex, the lysine requirement (percentage of diet)
 for maximal feed efficiency was higher than that for maximal
 weight gain. In Experiment 3, heat stress reduced weight gain
 and feed intake of both males and females by about 22%, and it
 increased the lysine requirement of female but not male
 chicks. In Experiment 4, light and heavy chicks were selected
 from male and female populations. Heavy and light chicks
 exhibited the same dietary lysine requirement for maximal
 growth. However, the lysine requirement for maximal feed
 efficiency was higher for heavy birds than for light birds.
 There was no strain effect on the lysine requirement.
 
 
 85                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of social status on the performance of non-interactive
 behaviours in small groups of laying hens.
 Bradshaw, R.H.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 77-81; 1992
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Social dominance; Groups; Animal behavior;
 Aggressive behavior; Animal welfare; Interactions
 
 
 86                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
 Effects of spatial allowance, group size and perches on the
 behaviour of hens in cages with nests.
 Reed, H.J.; Nicol, C.J.
 London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Nov.
 British veterinary journal v. 148 (6): p. 529-534; 1992 Nov. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Cages; Nests; Animal welfare; Stocking
 density; Animal behavior; Perches; Excreta
 
 
 87                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of visual stimuli and noise on fear levels in laying
 hens. Scott, G.B.; Moran, P.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Sep.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (4): p. 321-329; 1993
 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness
 
 
 88                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Energy efficiency in broiler housing systems.
 Xin, H.; Berry, I.L.; Barton, T.L.; Tabler, G.T.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933015): 15 p.; 1993.  Paper
 presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored
 by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Ventilation; Energy conservation
 
 
 89                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Environment-immune interactions.
 Dietert, R.R.; Golemboski, K.A.; Austic, R.E.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jul.
 Poultry science v. 73 (7): p. 1062-1076; 1994 Jul.  Paper
 presented at the symposium "Current Advances in Avian
 Immunology," July 1993, East Lansing, Michigan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chickens; Disease resistance; Immune competence;
 Genotype environment interaction; Stress factors; Antibody
 formation; Assays; Immunological deficiency; Nutrient
 deficiencies; Literature reviews
 
 Abstract:  The need for effective immune function for the
 maintenance of health has been clearly established in both
 agriculturally significant animal species and humans.
 Intensive agricultural practices present production species
 with numerous disease challenges during the rearing period.
 Environmental factors represent a ubiquitous, yet frequently
 manageable, category of immunomodulators that can influence
 immune performance and ultimately disease susceptibility or
 resistance. However, strategies for assessing overall immune
 potential have not been widely implemented for agricultural
 species. This is in contrast to the use of immune evaluation
 for human health considerations. Immune assessment relative to
 environmental-immune interactions can produce benefits in two
 areas. First, the efficiency of the production operation can
 be enhanced. Second, the welfare of the animals during the
 production cycle can be optimized. This paper presents an
 overview of environmental factors known to influence the
 immune function of poultry and the opportunities to manage
 environmental factors to benefit the health of the animals. In
 addition, the paper discusses the status of immunological
 assessment for humans and laboratory animals and proposes
 potential immune assessment panels that could serve as a tool
 to optimize the environmental management of poultry
 populations.
 
 
 90                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72
 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection of guinea fowl (Numbida
 meleagris). Campbell, G.W.; Taylor, J.D.; Harrower, B.J.
 Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1992
 Jan. Australian veterinary journal v. 69 (1): p. 13; 1992 Jan. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Queensland; Guineafowls; Erysipelothrix
 rhusiopathiae; Outbreaks; Symptoms; Epidemiology;
 Histopathology; Stress
 
 
 91                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 An evaluation of humane gas stunning methods for turkeys. Raj,
 M.; Gregory, N.G.
 London : The British Veterinary Association; 1994 Sep03.
 The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
 Association v. 135 (10): p. 222-223; 1994 Sep03.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Stunning; Carbon dioxide; Animal
 welfare; Electroencephalograms; Brain
 
 
 92                                  NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.F56
 Evaporate cooling versus tunnel ventilation.
 Jacobs, R.D.; Bucklin, R.A.; Harms, R.H.; Sloan, D.R.
 Gainesville, Fla. : Florida Agricultural Extension Service;
 1992. Proceedings of the ... Florida Poultry Institute (501):
 p. 9; 1992.  Meeting held Oct 13-14, 1992, Gainesville,
 Florida.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Florida; Poultry housing; Evaporative cooling;
 Artificial ventilation
 
 
 93                                     NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
 Evaporative efficiency of a fogging fan for poultry.
 Bottcher, R.W.; Czarick, M. III; Lacy, M.P.; Baughman, G.R.
 St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
 1985-; 1992 Nov. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (6):
 p. 855-860; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: North Carolina; Cabt; Poultry housing; Fogging;
 Evaporative cooling; Fans
 
 Abstract:  A fogging fan system employing an oscillating fan
 with a rotating fogging nozzle was tested in experimental and
 commercial poultry buildings. The system reduced air
 temperature by 6 degrees C (11 degrees F) or more. The
 sensible heat balance approach presented by Bottcher et al.
 (1991) for characterizing misting efficiency was applied to
 the test results. The percentage of the water flow rate which
 evaporated within the buildings was computed to be 60% or
 more, which is comparable to the evaporative efficiency of
 conventional fogging systems operating at relatively hi water
 pressures [e.g., 3400 kPa (500 psi)].
 
 
 94                                     NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
 Expression of foreign genes in transgenic yellow-poplar
 plants. Wilde, H.D.; Meagher, R.B.; Merkle, S.A.
 Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992
 Jan. Plant physiology v. 98 (1): p. 114-120; 1992 Jan. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Liriodendron tulipifera; Gene transfer;
 Transgenics; Gene expression; Somatic embryogenesis; Genetic
 markers; Beta-glucuronidase; Neomycin; Phosphotransferases;
 Enzyme activity
 
 Abstract:  Cells of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.)
 were transformed by direct gene transfer and regenerated into
 plants by somatic embryogenesis. Plasmid DNA bearing marker
 genes encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin
 phosphotransferase (NPT II) were introduced by microprojectile
 bombardment into single cells and small cell clusters isolated
 from embryogenic suspension cultures. The number of full-
 length copies of the GUS gene in independently transformed
 callus lines ranged from approximately 3 to 30. An enzyme-
 linked immunosorbent assay for NPT II and a fluorometric assay
 for GUS showed that the expression of both enzymes varied by
 less than fourfold among callus lines. A histochemical assay
 for GUS activity revealed a heterogeneous pattern of staining
 with the substrate
 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid in some
 transformed cell cultures. However, cell clusters reacting
 positively (blue) or negatively (white) with 5-bromo-4-
 chloro-3-indoyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid demonstrated both GUS
 activity and NPT II expression in quantitative assays. Somatic
 embryos induced from transformed cell cultures were found to
 be uniformly GUS positive by histochemical analysis. All
 transgenic plants sampled expressed the two marker genes in
 both root and shoot tissues. GUS activity was found to be
 higher in leaves than roots by fluorometric and histochemical
 assays. Conversely, roots expressed higher levels of NPT II
 than leaves.
 
 
 95                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Fear of humans and its relationships with productivity in
 laying hens at commercial farms.
 Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Newman, E.A.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Sep.
 British poultry science v. 33 (4): p. 699-710; 1992 Sep. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness; Laying performance
 
 
 96                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Feed and water consumption patterns of broilers at high
 environmental temperatures.
 May, J.D.; Lott, B.D.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Feb.
 Poultry science v. 71 (2): p. 331-336; 1992 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Feed intake; Water intake;
 Environmental temperature; Diurnal variation; Heat stress; Age
 differences; Acclimatization
 
 Abstract:  Broilers were reared on litter to determine the
 effect of cyclic environmental temperatures on feed and water
 consumption patterns. The temperatures were constant at 24 C
 for several days before cyclic temperatures were started.
 Control broilers continued at 24 C but the treatment was a
 daily 24-35-24 C cycle for 3 days. Broilers that were 5, 6, or
 7 wk old consumed as much feed or water the 1st day of the
 cycle as on the succeeding days. Feed and water consumption
 were determined for 6-h periods each day beginning at minimum
 temperature with two periods during rising temperature and two
 periods during declining temperature. Feed consumption was
 depressed when the temperatures were declining. Water
 consumption increased during the 12 h when the temperature was
 maximum. At 7 wk, water consumption was greater for broilers
 on the cyclic temperature for each 6-h period except for the
 period of temperature decline immediately preceding the
 minimum temperature. Broilers exposed to the 3 days of cyclic
 temperatures consumed more water than controls during a
 subsequent exposure to temperatures up to 40.8 C. The data
 show that the increased water consumption and decreased feed
 consumption observed due to high, cyclic temperatures arise
 from changes that occur during some times of the day and no
 changes occur during other times. The increase in water
 consumption precedes the reduction in feed consumption.
 
 
 97                                     NAL Call. No.: SF601.T7
 Feed resource base for scavenging village chickens in Sri
 Lanka. Gunaratne, S.P.; Chandrasiri, A.D.N.; Mangalika
 Hemalatha, W.A.P.; Roberts, J.A.
 Midlothian, Scotland : University of Edinburgh; 1993 Nov.
 Tropical animal health and production v. 25 (4): p. 249-257;
 1993 Nov. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sri lanka; Cabt; Hens; Free range husbandry;
 Kitchen waste; Dietary minerals; Calcium; Phosphorus; Blood
 plasma; Chicks; Survival; Feed intake; Proximate analysis;
 Feeding behavior; Hatching; Productivity
 
 
 98                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Feeding effects on broiler thermobalance during thermoneutral
 and high ambient temperature exposure.
 Wiernusz, C.J.; Teeter, R.G.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Oct.
 Poultry science v. 72 (10): p. 1917-1924; 1993 Oct.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Feed intake; Heat stress; Calorimetry;
 Heat production; Body temperature; Water intake; Respiration
 rate; Body heat loss; Metabolism
 
 Abstract:  Two experiments were conducted effects on broiler
 thermobalance defined as heat production (H), evaporative heat
 loss (E), sensible heat loss (S), and change in body heat
 content (HC). Birds were housed at 24 C in the first study, 32
 to 35 C in the second study, and force-fed in both studies to
 0, 3, 6, and 9% of body weight kg(.66) (MWT) each day. Starved
 bird H averaged 4.8 and 4.9 kcal/h per MWT within the
 thermoneutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) environments,
 respectively. Heat production increased linearly to 5.9 in TN
 and 6.2 kcal/h per MWT in HS as feeding level rose to 9% of
 MWT. Route of heat dissipation varied with environment. Within
 TN (Experiment 1), the increased heat load, with elevated feed
 consumption, was dissipated by increased (P <.01) S solely, as
 E remained constant (p >.1). Within HS (Experiment 2), E
 increased (P < .01) from 1.8 to 2.4 kcal/h per MWT. Viewed
 over experiments, S was 38% lower and E 67% higher during HS
 than TN. These data indicate that H increases with feeding
 level, that broilers preferentially dissipate heat as S when
 environmental conditions permit, and that feed consumption
 exacerbates bird HC rise when environmental conditions limit
 S.
 
 
 99                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 Field calibration of a transient model for broiler misting.
 Gates, R.S.; Overhults, D.G.; Bottcher, R.W.; Zhang, S.H. St.
 Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers;
 1992 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (5): p. 1623-1631;
 1992 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicken housing; Environmental control;
 Evaporative cooling; Mists; Mathematical models
 
 Abstract:  A transient model to predict temperature within a
 tunnel ventilated broiler house during misting is developed.
 The model is calibrated with field data to obtain steady-state
 constants; transient predictions are compared to measured
 temperatures during cyclic misting for two different size
 birds. Measured temperatures during cyclic misting are shown
 to swing between steady-state asymptotes predicted from the
 model. Transient response of the model was faster than
 measured temperature data, in part due to temperature sensor
 dynamic response. The model predicts the lengthwise
 temperature profile within the building during misting, and
 can be used to investigate alternate misting strategies and
 designs. Further improvements to the model are suggested.
 
 
 100                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
 Field comparison of broiler house mechanical ventilation
 systems in a warm climate.
 Bottcher, R.W.; Driggers, L.B.; Carter, T.A.; Hobbs, A.O. St.
 Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers;
 1992 Jul. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (4): p.
 499-508; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Poultry housing; Artificial ventilation;
 Mechanical methods; Comparisons
 
 Abstract:  Three separate systems for mechanical ventilation
 were monitored in commercial broiler houses during the spring
 and summer of 1988. The first system utilized buried earth
 tubes, plastic ventilation ducts, and hollow wall cavities as
 air inlets; the second system used pressure-controlled slot
 inlets; and the third system used evaporative cooling pads.
 The evaporative cooling system provided greater reduction in
 temperature at bird level than tempering air using earth
 tubes. An average reduction of 3.9 degrees C (7.1 degrees F)
 was obtained when outside air was above 32 degrees C (90
 degrees F). During warm weather, air speeds at bird level were
 lower in the earth tube house [less than 0.5 m/s (100 fpm)]
 than the other houses [0.8-1.8 m/s (150-350 fpm)], due to
 differences in both maximum ventilation rate and air inlet
 designs. Productivity of the birds for all three houses was
 generally better than average for the poultry company. During
 hot weather the flock size in the earth tube house was reduced
 and end doors were opened for natural (wind) ventilation.
 Electrical energy consumption for the earth tube house was
 approximately twice that of the other houses due to the earth
 tube air movers.
 
 
 101                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
 Field evaluation of reflective bubble-pack insulation in
 broiler housing. Bottcher, R.W.; Driggers, L.B.; Baughman,
 G.R.; Bisesi, P. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of
 Agricultural Engineers; 1992 May. Applied engineering in
 agriculture v. 8 (3): p. 369-374; 1992 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Insulating materials;
 Comparisons; Thermal properties; Energy consumption
 
 Abstract:  A reflective "bubble-pack" insulation was installed
 in a new broiler house in central North Carolina during the
 summer of 1988. This insulation consisted of a 0.64 cm (0.25
 in.) thick layer of plastic with air pockets and aluminized
 exterior surfaces. Interior air and black globe temperatures,
 electricity, and heating fuel (LP gas) used for this house
 were compared with those for an adjacent house insulated with
 15 cm (6 in.) of fiberglass batts with a vapor barrier.
 Heating fuel use over 10 broiler flocks was greater in the
 reflective insulation (RI) house than the fiberglass
 insulation (FI) house by 10 200 L (2700 gal), indicating a
 lower thermal resistance for the reflective insulation. This
 confirms laboratory evaluations of such materials (Cox and
 Baughman, 1985; Riskowski et al., 1989). Electricity use was
 slightly greater in the RI house (6 974 vs. 6 617 kWh).
 Differences between house temperatures (both black globe and
 air temperatures), averaged over each of three flocks, were
 0.6 degrees C (1.0 degrees F) or less, indicating adequate
 heating and ventilation. Condensation was observed during cool
 weather on the interior ceiling near the eaves of the RI
 house, but not the FI house, and dust accumulated on the
 interior walls and ceiling of both houses. The thermal
 reflectance of the reflective insulation surface, 31 months
 after installation, was measured to be 0.61, a reduction of
 approximately 0.3 from the reflectance of the product in new
 condition.
 
 
 102                                     NAL Call. No.: S37.F72
 Fly control for beef, dairy, poultry and swine producers.
 Jones, B.F.; Johnson, D.R.
 Little Rock, Ark. : The Service; 1993 Apr.
 FSA - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas
 (7029): 4 p.; 1993 Apr.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Musca; Animal housing; Sanitation; Insect
 control; Insecticides
 
 
 103                                     NAL Call. No.: 410 B77
 Food calling and audience effects in male chickens, Gallus
 gallus: their relationships to food availability, courtship
 and social facilitation. Evans, C.S.; Marler, P.
 London : Academic Press; 1994 May.
 Animal behaviour v. 47 (pt.5): p. 1159-1170; 1994 May. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chickens; Communication between animals; Food;
 Availability; Mating behavior; Cocks; Hens
 
 Abstract:  Male chickens produce characteristic pulsatile
 calls upon discovering food and are more likely to call in the
 presence of a hen. Calling thus appears to be dependent upon
 food and to be modulated by social context. An alternative
 explanation is that food calls are in fact components of a
 complex courtship display. The relationships between food
 calling, food availability and courtship were examined in a
 laboratory setting. Subjects interacted with an unfamiliar hen
 and were then given access to food, using an instrumental
 conditioning procedure. In some control conditions, the males
 were tested alone, while in others food was unavailable. Food
 calling, sexual display and the rate at which males performed
 an operant response were measured. Call production increased
 dramatically when food first became available, both when a hen
 was present and when males were alone. This change in call
 rate did not occur during control trials without food. Sexual
 display was maximal when males were first placed in the test
 chamber with a hen present and declined exponentially
 thereafter. The presence of a hen had no effect on food
 calling during this period. Food calling was thus principally
 elicited by food stimuli and was not reliably associated with
 courtship behaviour. When a hen was present, males called at a
 higher rate following food presentations. In contrast the rate
 at which males worked to obtain food was unaffected by social
 context. The 'audience' effect therefore acts specifically to
 potentiate calling and is distinct from social facilitation.
 
 
 104                                  NAL Call. No.: 302.8 T162
 Forest technology developments in the 1990s.
 Kellison, R.C.
 Norcross, Ga. : The Technical Association of the Pulp and
 Paper Industry; 1992 Jul.
 Tappi journal v. 75 (7): p. 49-52; 1992 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Forest trees; Forestry; Trends; Forest
 plantations; Silviculture; Genetic improvement; Tree breeding;
 Genetic engineering
 
 
 105                                 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68
 Functional load-bearing as a controlling influence for
 fracture resistance in the skeleton.
 Lanyon, L.E.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992.
 Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 61-66; 1992.  In the
 series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in
 poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September
 18-20, 1991, Edinburgh.  Literature review.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Bone strength; Bone fractures;
 Literature reviews; Stresses
 
 
 106                            NAL Call. No.: TS1960.K37  1993
 Die Geflugelschlachtschere, oder, Die Erfindung der Tierliebe 
 [The poultry slaughter shears, or, The invention of animal
 love]..  Erfindung der Tierliebe Kathan, Bernhard
 Innsbruck : Osterreichischer StudienVerlag,; 1993.
 111 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.  Includes bibliographical references
 (p. 110).
 
 Language:  German
 
 Descriptors: Slaughtering and slaughter-houses; Death
 
 
 107                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 A harness and computer system to facilitate automated body
 temperature data collection in heat-stressed broilers.
 Liljequist, B.L.; Jacobson, B.M.; Keeley, T.P.; Currin, R.D.;
 Pardue, S.L.; Bottcher, R.W.; Brake, J.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jun.
 Poultry science v. 73 (6): p. 817-824; 1994 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Body temperature; Harness;
 Data collection; Probes
 
 Abstract:  An easy-to-use, low-cost system was developed that
 permitted nearly continuous, automated core body temperature
 (Tc) readings on 7-wk-old male broiler chickens via direct
 computer linkage to thermistor probes held in place by a
 specially designed harness. Elevated Tc was noted in heat
 stress studies following the replacement of expelled
 temperature probes in some hyperthermic birds. To demonstrate
 the usefulness of the data collection system described herein,
 three treatments with three to four birds per treatment were
 used to examine this observation. Birds were designated as
 handled only (HAN), handled to remove and replace the
 temperature probe (RPL), or left as nonhandled controls (CON).
 Treatments had no effect on subsequent Tc in experiments when
 the thermoregulatory capacity of the birds was not challenged.
 However, when the birds were sufficiently challenged, Tc of
 HAN and RPL birds increased within 4 min of the initiation of
 handling and remained above baseline for up to 45 min. The Tc
 of CON birds in that trial also increased, but to a smaller
 degree, within 5 min and remained above baseline for up to 20
 min. This study indicates that Tc of hyperthermic birds can be
 superelevated by simulated manual placement of cloacal
 temperature probes and that fixed probes connected to an
 automated data monitoring and collection system is a relative
 simple way to avoid this problem.
 
 
 108                                NAL Call. No.: 275.29 AL13P
 Home laying flock.
 Purser, J.
 Fairbanks, Alaska : The Service; 1992 Mar.
 Publication - University of Alaska, Cooperative Extension
 Service v.): 4 p.; 1992 Mar.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Alaska; Hens; Egg production; Chicks; Cost
 benefit analysis; Chicken housing; Poultry feeding
 
 
 109                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Av5
 Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis and effect
 of stress on shedding in laying hens.
 Nakamura, M.; Nagamine, N.; Takahashi, T.; Suzuki, S.; Kijima,
 M.; Tamura, Y.; Sato, S.
 Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian
 Pathologists Inc; 1994 Apr.
 Avian diseases v. 38 (2): p. 282-288; 1994 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Salmonella enteritidis; Disease
 transmission; Stress; Dexamethasone; Immunosuppression; Egg
 production
 
 Abstract:  Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis
 in laying hens and the short-term effect of stress on shedding
 were examined in 32 seven-month-old laying hens. Half were
 inoculated with 10(5) colony-forming units of S. enteritidis
 phage type 4, and the remaining half were left uninoculated to
 study horizontal transmission. Isolation of S. enteritidis
 from cecal droppings of all hens was attempted every morning.
 Uninoculated hens rapidly became infected through contaminated
 drinking water. Introduction of young chickens to the same
 rearing room and withdrawal of water and feed for 2 days
 coincided with a rapid increase in the shedding rate of S.
 enteritidis for a short period of time. The results showed
 that a short-term increase in the shedding rate of S.
 enteritidis is associated with short-term exposure to
 environmental stress.
 
 
 110                                 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.F56
 House fly behavior patterns in high rise poultry houses.
 Hogsette, J.A.; Jacob, R.D.
 Gainesville, Fla. : Florida Agricultural Extension Service;
 1992. Proceedings of the ... Florida Poultry Institute (501):
 p. 13-15; 1992. Meeting held Oct 13-14, 1992, Gainesville,
 Florida.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Florida; Musca domestica; Poultry housing; Sticky
 traps; Population density; Animal behavior
 
 
 111                                 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68
 Impacts of bone problems on the egg industry.
 Beckett, A.M.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992.
 Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 339-343; 1992.  In the
 series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in
 poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September
 18-20, 1991, Edinburgh.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Uk; Hens; Egg production; Animal welfare; Bone
 fractures
 
 
 112                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27P
 Incubating, brooding and raising goslings.
 Andrews, D.K.
 Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1992 Apr.
 Extension bulletin - Washington State University, Cooperative
 Extension Service (1630): 5 p.; 1992 Apr.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Goslings; Incubation; Brood care; Goose feeding;
 Leg weakness; Poultry diseases
 
 
 113                                 NAL Call. No.: S533.F66F43
 Indiana's 4-H pigeon resource manual.
 McKinley, M.; Long, N.D.
 West Lafayette, Ind. : The Service; 1992 Apr.
 4-H - Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service (742):
 38 p.; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigeons; Poultry housing; Poultry feeding;
 Poultry diseases; 4-h clubs; Shows
 
 
 114                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Individual perching behaviour of laying hens and its effects
 of cages. Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.; Hughes, B.O.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 May.
 British poultry science v. 33 (2): p. 227-238; 1992 May. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Perches; Animal behavior; Animal welfare;
 Egg quality
 
 
 115                                    NAL Call. No.: 421 J822
 Inexpensive trap for capturing house flies (Diptera: Muscidae)
 in manure pits of caged-layer poultry houses.
 Pickens, L.G.; Mills, G.D. Jr; Miller, R.W.
 Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America, 1908-; 1994
 Feb. Journal of economic entomology v. 87 (1): p. 116-119;
 1994 Feb.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Chicken housing; Musca domestica;
 Poultry manure; Insect traps; Insect control
 
 Abstract:  An economical and easily constructed trap that
 captures large numbers of house flies, Musca domestica L., in
 dark interior areas such as the manure pits beneath high-rise,
 caged-layer poultry houses was devised. The trap is a Hodge-
 type trap with a single 40-W blacklight fluorescent bulb and a
 reflector. Over a 30-d period, three traps hung in the manure
 pit of a layer house that had a calculated daily fly
 population of 1, 134,000 flies. Each trap averaged 10,500
 flies 1% of the population) per day. The traps required
 cleaning only once every 30 d.
 
 
 116                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Influence of coccidiosis on Salmonella colonization in broiler
 chickens under floor-pen conditions.
 Arakawa, A.; Fukata, T.; Baba, E.; McDougald, L.R.; Bailey,
 J.S.; Blankenship, L.C.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan.
 Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 59-63; 1992 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Salmonella
 typhimurium; Nicarbazin; Mixed infections; Intestines; Lesions
 
 Abstract:  The influence of coccidiosis on colonization of
 Salmonella typhimurium in broiler chickens under floor pen
 conditions was studied by semiquantitative methods. Chickens
 of two groups, unmedicated and medicated with nicarbazin (125
 ppm via the feed), were exposed to three species of Eimeria
 (Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria acervulina) at
 2, 3, and 4 wk of age and given S. typhimurium in the feed 2
 days later. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated most often
 (100%) from ceca of chickens exposed at 3 wk of age. Birds in
 the unmedicated group were positive for S. typhimurium at a
 higher rate than those in the medicated group. Salmonella
 typhimurium was detected in livers only in a few unmedicated
 birds.
 
 
 117                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Influence of nest-box substrate (pine shaving vs. artificial
 turf) on nesting behavior and prolactin levels in turkey hens
 (Meleagris gallopavo). Book, C.M.; Millam, J.R.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 83-91; 1992
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Hens; Wood shavings; Plastics; Nests;
 Nesting; Prolactin; Blood serum; Turkey egg production;
 Stimulation
 
 
 118                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Influence of quantity of litter on nest box selection and
 nesting behaviour of domestic hens.
 Petherick, J.C.; Seawright, E.; Waddington, D.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Dec.
 British poultry science v. 34 (5): p. 857-872; 1993 Dec. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Nests; Litter; Nesting; Battery cages;
 Individuals
 
 
 119                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Influence of the presence of 3-day-old chickens on the
 behaviour of meat and egg-type posthatch counterparts.
 Mahagna, M.; Nir, I.; Nitsan, Z.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 May.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 40 (2): p. 143-152; 1994
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Chickens; Chicks; Feeding behavior;
 Drinking behavior; Animal behavior; Growth rate; Survival;
 Stress; Cages; Floor pens; Breed differences
 
 
 120                                   NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 An integrated pest management program to control house flies
 in commercial high rise houses.
 Turner, E.C. Jr; Ruszler, P.L.; Dillon, P.; Carter, L.;
 Youngman, R. Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992.
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (2): p. 242-250;
 1992.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Musca domestica; Hydrotaea aenescens; Chicken
 housing; Integrated pest management
 
 
 121                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Inter-bird distances and behavioural priorities in laying
 hens: the effect of spatial restriction.
 Keeling, L.J.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Feb.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (2): p. 131-140; 1994
 Feb.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Spatial distribution; Behavior patterns;
 Time; Frequency; Animal welfare; Stocking density; Animal
 behavior
 
 
 122                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89
 Intermittent lighting regimes and mortality rates in laying
 hens. Lewis, P.D.; Perry, G.C.; Morris, T.R.; Midgley, M.M.
 London : Butterworth; 1992 Jul.
 World's poultry science journal v. 48 (2): p. 113-120; 1992
 Jul.  Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Light regime; Intermittent light;
 Mortality; Circadian rhythm; Physical activity; Body fat; Heat
 stress; Animal welfare; Animal behavior; Regulations;
 Literature reviews
 
 
 123                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Introduction: applied ethology and poultry science.
 Mench, J.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr.
 Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 631-633; 1992 Apr.  Paper
 contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of
 Poultry.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Domestic animals; Animal behavior; Animal welfare
 
 Abstract:  As a scientific discipline, the study of the
 biological basis of behavior in animals, ethology, is
 comparatively new. Ethologists have traditionally conducted
 primarily observational studies designed to ascertain the
 evolutionary significance of behaviors in wild animals. There
 is, however, a growing branch of ethology that is concerned
 with the application of ethological principles to areas such
 as the management and welfare of economically important
 species like poultry. Because of the complexity of the
 causation and expression of behaviors in animals, it is
 particularly important that such studies be rigorously
 designed and analyzed. The purpose of this symposium was to
 stimulate interest in the study of poultry behavior and
 welfare, and to provide information about current methodology
 in ethology.
 
 
 124                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
 An investigation into the batch killing of turkeys in their
 transport containers using mixtures of gases.
 Raj, A.B.M.
 London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1994 May.
 Research in veterinary science v. 56 (3): p. 325-331; 1994
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Stunning; Euthanasia; Containers;
 Transport of animals; Argon; Carbon dioxide; Anoxia; Carcass
 quality; Hemorrhage; Stress; Animal welfare
 
 Abstract:  This study was carried out under commercial
 conditions to investigate the feasibility of killing turkeys
 while they were still in their transport containers, with a
 mixture of gases, and to compare the effects of this method
 and electrical stunning on the prevalence of carcass
 downgrading conditions and hemorrhages in the breast muscles.
 The results showed that turkeys could be readily killed while
 still in their transport containers by using either anoxia
 induced with 90 per cent argon in air or hypercapnic anoxia
 induced with a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60
 per cent argon in air, and that the prevalence of carcass-
 downgrading conditions and hemorrhages in the breast muscles
 was lower after killing the turkeys with the gases.
 
 
 125                                  NAL Call. No.: S605.5.O74
 It's easy, fun and rewarding... grow you own chickens.
 Jesiolowski, J.
 Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Press, Inc; 1993 Mar.
 Organic gardening v. 40 (3): p. 36-42; 1993 Mar.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Poultry; Farming; Free range husbandry;
 Yards; Domestic gardens
 
 
 126              NAL Call. No.: MdULD3231.M70d El-Assaad, F.G.
 A laboratory system for evaluating poultry transport crate
 disinfection. El-Assaad, Fady G.
 University of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Agricultural
 Engineering 1992; 1992.
 xvi, 278 leaves : ill ; 29 cm.  Thesis research directed by
 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering.  Vita.  Includes
 bibliographical references (leaves 266-278).
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Salmonellosis; Disinfection and
 disinfectants
 
 
 127                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Laboratory-sized poultry cage disinfection system.
 El-Assaad, F.G.; Stewart, L.E.; Mallinson, E.T.; Carr, L.E.;
 Joseph, S.W.; Berny, G.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4054): 13 p.; 1992.  Paper
 presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Salmonella; Disinfection
 
 
 128                                    NAL Call. No.: 100 M668
 Less ammonia: healthier turkeys.
 Wold, J.
 St. Paul, Minn. : The Station; 1992.
 Minnesota science - Agricultural Experiment Station,
 University of Minnesota v. 47 (1): p. 2, 3; 1992.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Poultry housing; Slatted floors;
 Ammonia; Poultry droppings
 
 
 129                                      NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6
 Light color: effect on blood cells, immune function and stress
 status in turkey hens.
 Scott, R.P.; Siopes, T.D.
 Oxford : Pergamon Press Ltd; 1994 Jun.
 Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A: Comparative
 physiology v. 108A (2/3): p. 161-168; 1994 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Hens; Blue light; Red light; Light;
 Blood cells; Erythrocyte count; Leukocyte count; Humoral
 immunity; Cell mediated immunity; Immune response; Stress;
 Corticosterone
 
 Abstract:  At 30 weeks of age, Large White turkey hens were
 exposed to blue (B), green (G), red (R), or incandescent (I)
 light equalized at a photon output of 9.0 micromolar/sec/m2.
 Blood cell counts, stress status, and immune function were
 evaluated after 15 and 23 weeks of exposure to the light
 treatments. The light color treatments had no effect on the
 total number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, or plasma
 corticosterone levels. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity,
 anti-SRBC titers, number of heterophils, and
 heterophil/lymphocyte ratios were significantly affected by
 light color treatment. It was concluded that light color can
 have an effect on cellular and humoral immune responses but
 there was no consistent indication of treatment effects on
 stress status.
 
 
 130                                NAL Call. No.: S544.3.V8V52
 Livestock and pets: poultry area fly control.
 Turner, E.C.; Youngman, R.R.
 Blacksburg, Va. : Extension Division, Virginia Polytechnic
 Institute and State University; 1992.
 Publication - Virginia Cooperative Extension Service
 (456-018): p. 177-180; 1992.  In the series analytic: Pest
 management guide for home grounds of animals / edited by B.J.
 Brinlee.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Diptera; Insect control; Poultry housing;
 Integrated pest management; Hygiene; Bait traps; Spraying;
 Insecticides
 
 
 131                          NAL Call. No.: TH4911.A1U6 no.198
 Ljus till fjaderfa ljus i varphonsstallar, ljusets inverkan pa
 fjaderfa = Light for poultry : light in poultry houses, the
 effect of the light on poultry..  Light for poultry
 Wachenfelt, Eva von
 Lund : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen for
 lantbrukets byggnadsteknik (LBT),; 1993.
 45 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. (Specialmeddelande ; 198.).  Summary in
 English. Includes bibliographical references.
 
 Language:  Swedish
 
 
 132                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Longer journeys to processing plants are associated with
 higher mortality in broiler chickens.
 Warriss, P.D.; Bevis, E.A.; Brown, S.N.; Edwards, J.E.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 201-206; 1992 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Mortality;
 Duration
 
 
 133                                 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68
 Management factors in leg disorders.
 Classen, H.L.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992.
 Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 195-211; 1992.  In the
 series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in
 poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September
 18-20, 1991, Edinburgh.  Literature review.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Turkeys; Intensive husbandry
 
 
 134                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Manure drying and odor control in laying house.
 Lei, P.K.; Tan, K.H.; Hong, C.M.; Cheng, J.C.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933007): 25 p.; 1993.  Paper
 presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored
 by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Poultry manure; Odors
 
 
 135                        NAL Call. No.: SF995.6.M33H44  1993
 Marek's disease vaccination breaks interaction of genetic
 strains of chickens, chicken anemia agent virus and stressors.
 Heller, E. Dan; Friedman, A.; Schat, K. A.
 United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and
 Development Fund Bet Dagan, Israel : BARD,; 1993.
 10, [3] leaves ; 28 cm.  Final report.  Project no.
 IS-1460-88.  Includes bibliographical references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Marek's disease; Chickens
 
 
 136                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 "Measurement classification of turkey barn airborne
 particles". Ropelato, R.A.; Poe, S.E.; Clark, B.E.; Anderson,
 G.L.; Warnick, R.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of
 Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933011): 9 p.; 1993. 
 Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting
 sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers,"
 June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Air quality; Ventilation; Poultry housing
 
 
 137                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Measuring aversion in domestic fowl using passive avoidance.
 Rutter, S.M.; Duncan, I.J.H.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 53-61; 1992
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Avoidance conditioning; Stimuli;
 Fearfulness; Animal welfare
 
 
 138                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Measuring preferences and the strength of preferences.
 Duncan, I.J.H.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr.
 Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 658-663; 1992 Apr.  Paper
 contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of
 Poultry.  Literature review. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Animal behavior; Testing; Animal
 welfare; Duration; Training of animals; Literature reviews
 
 Abstract:  In this review, it is argued that welfare concerns
 what animals feel. Preference tests give a good first
 indication of how animals feel and are therefore extremely
 valuable in animal welfare studies. Methods of overcoming the
 shortcomings of preference tests are discussed. In order that
 the results from preference tests be interpreted properly,
 they should be followed up with appropriate tests to measure
 the strength of preference. Examples of research in this area
 that have focused on poultry are given.
 
 
 139                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Measuring social behavior in poultry.
 Craig, J.V.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr.
 Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 650-657; 1992 Apr.  Paper
 contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of
 Poultry.  Literature review. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Animal behavior; Selection responses;
 Stress response; Social dominance; Poultry housing; Sexual
 maturity; Literature reviews
 
 Abstract:  Social behavior of poultry is discussed in general
 terms, variables having major effects are indicated, and
 frequently used techniques of measurement are presented and
 compared. Studies in which different variables and methods
 were described are presented as examples, with primary
 emphasis on the behavior of chickens.
 
 
 140                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Mineral balance and urinary and fecal mineral excretion
 profile of broilers housed in thermoneutral and heat-
 distressed environments. Belay, T.; Wiernusz, C.J.; Teeter,
 R.G.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jun.
 Poultry science v. 71 (6): p. 1043-1047; 1992 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Urine; Feces;
 Environmental temperature; Mineral metabolism; Stress response
 
 Abstract:  Two experiments were conducted utilizing 4- to 7-wk
 posthatching Vantress X Arbor Acres male broilers to evaluate
 heat distress effects on mineral balance partitioned into
 urinary and fecal loss. In the first study, 8 colostomized and
 14 intact birds were allotted to two environmental chambers
 maintained at either a thermoneutral temperature (24 degrees
 C) or a cycling temperature heat distress (24 to 35 degrees C)
 in a switch-back design. Birds were precision-fed 2% of body
 weight thrice daily to equalize consumption prior to and over
 each 48-h experimental period. Feces and urine for
 colostomized birds and total excrement for intact birds were
 collected and analyzed for mineral content. Averaging across
 surgical classification, heat distress increased (P < .05)
 excretion of K, P, S, Mg, Cu, Mo, and Zn. Despite little heat
 distress effect on urine production, minerals
 disproportionately excreted in urine included K, Mg, P, and S;
 Cu and Mg were lost primarily in feces. In the second study 42
 colostomized birds were used to expand the urinary excretion
 data with the period of heat distress held at 35 degrees C for
 36 h. Heat distress increased (P < .05) urine output from 52.3
 +/- 5.3 to 109.9 +/- 4.5 mL/12 h and also increased total
 urinary K, P, S, Na, Mg, Ca, and Mn excretion. The present
 data provide evidence that heat distress adversely impacts
 bird mineral balance and that the excretion route for this
 effect varies with the specific mineral and possibly, heat
 distress severity.
 
 
 141                    NAL Call. No.: KyUThesis 1992 Zhang, S.
 Minimum ventilation for broiler housing.
 Zhang, Shuhui,
 1992; 1992.
 viii, 130 leaves ; 28 cm.  Includes vita and abstract. 
 Includes bibliographical references (l.128-129).
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Ventilation
 
 
 142                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Minimum ventilation for broiler housing.
 Gates, R.S.; Zhang, S.H.; Overhults, D.G.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4532): 17 p.; 1992.  Paper
 presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicken housing; Ventilation; Temperature;
 Humidity; Computer simulation
 
 
 143                                    NAL Call. No.: QH540.S8
 A minimum-cost biofilter for reducing aerial emissions from a
 broiler chicken house.
 Pearson, C.C.; Phillips, V.R.; Green, G.; Scotford, I.M.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishing B.V.; 1992.
 Studies in environmental science (51): p. 245-254; 1992.  In
 the series analytic: Biotechniques for air pollution abatement
 and odour control policies / edited by A.J. Dragt and J. van
 Ham. Proceedings of an International Symposium, October 27-29,
 1991, Maastricht, The Netherlands.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicken housing; Poultry droppings; Odor
 abatement; Odor emission; Biological treatment; Microbial
 degradation; Bioreactors
 
 
 144                                     NAL Call. No.: 410 B77
 Modification of fear in domestic chicks, Gallus gallus
 domesticus, via regular handling and early environmental
 enrichment.
 Jones, R.B.; Waddington, D.
 London : Academic Press; 1992 Jun.
 Animal behaviour v. 43 (pt.6): p. 1021-1033; 1992 Jun. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Fearfulness; Behavior modification;
 Handling; Environment; Enrichment; Animal welfare
 
 Abstract:  Although its adaptive properties are recognized,
 fear can harm the welfare and performance of intensively
 housed poultry. Its alleviation in individually caged domestic
 chicks via the independent or integrated application of
 regular handling and environmental enrichment regimes was
 investigated. The test situations incorporated varying degrees
 of exposure to novel, inanimate stimuli and of human
 involvement. Enrichment reduced freezing and avoidance of a
 novel object introduced into the home cage, accelerated
 emergence from a sheltered area into an exposed unfamiliar one
 and increased vocalization, ambulation and pecking in an open
 field or novel environment. It also reduced the chicks'
 avoidance of a nearby, visible experimenter and attenuated
 their tonic immobility reaction to manual restraint. Such
 wide-ranging effects suggest that environmental enrichment may
 have modified general, non-specific fearfulness. Regular
 handling also attenuated the chicks' tonic immobility
 responses and their avoidance of the experimenter but it
 exerted few other detectable effects and there was no
 demonstrable effect of handling in the presence of enrichment.
 These findings are consistent with the suggestion that
 repeated gentle handling may exert its strongest influence by
 facilitating habituation to human beings rather than by,
 reducing underlying fearfulness. The implications of reduced
 fearfulness and other potential benefits of handling and
 enrichment procedures are discussed.
 
 
 145                           NAL Call. No.: SF494.5.M63  1994
 Modified cages for laying hens proceedings of a symposium held
 at Nobel House, London on 18th January 1993.
 Sherwin, C. M.
 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare
 South Mims, Potters Bar, Herts., UK : Universities Federation
 for Animal Welfare,; 1994.
 102 p. : ill. ; 30 cm.  Includes bibliographical references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chickens; Birdcages
 
 
 146                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Modifying tunnel ventilation with continuous sidewall inlets.
 Bottcher, R.W.; Singletary, I.B.; Baughman, G.R.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (924049): 11 p.; 1992.  Paper
 presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Animal housing; Ventilation; Poultry
 
 
 147                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Multivariate epidemiological approach to coccidiosis in
 broilers. Henken, A.M.; Goelema, J.O.; Neijenhuis, F.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Nov.
 Poultry science v. 71 (11): p. 1849-1856; 1992 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Netherlands; Broilers; Coccidiosis; Lesions;
 Epidemiology; Risk; Light regime; Environmental temperature;
 Ammonia; Carbon dioxide; Air quality; Litter; Chicken housing;
 Size
 
 Abstract:  A retrospective, case-control study into risk
 factors of coccidiosis was undertaken using data from 189
 broiler flocks. A case flock was defined as a flock in which
 at least one bird had intestinal lesions on 1 of 6 wk in a 42-
 day cycle. Flocks wherein such birds could not be detected
 were defined as controls. There were 187 variables, measured
 or derived. These were assigned to subsets of data, each
 subset being a group of variables representing related
 information. Uni- and bivariate analyses were performed in
 each subset. Variables and interactions that were significant
 in these analyses were entered into a multivariate model
 across subsets. In the final model, seven variables appeared
 to be significantly associated with detecting lesions in birds
 of a flock. Differences among breeds covered a range of about
 an 80-fold change in risk of being a case. At intermittent
 lighting, the risk of being a case increased about sevenfold
 compared with continuous lighting. A higher initial (Week 1)
 environmental temperature decreased the risk of finding
 lesions in a flock (about .8-fold per degree Celsius). This
 risk was also lower at a lower average aerial ammonia content
 (below versus above 14 ppm) and higher maximum carbon dioxide
 content (above versus below .4 vol%) changing the risk about
 .3- and .4 -fold, respectively. The risk of being among cases
 increased with more litter (about twofold per kilogram of
 litter per square meter). Flocks in houses of 600 to 800 m(2)
 were about 9.8 times more at risk of being scored as lesion-
 positive than those in smaller houses. It is concluded that
 quantitative epidemiological methods may be used to identify
 and quantify relevant risk factors to control losses from
 impaired health and productivity.
 
 
 148                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Multivariate epidemiological approach to salmonellosis in
 broiler breeder flocks.
 Henken, A.M.; Frankena, K.; Goelema, J.O.; Graat, E.A.M.;
 Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 May.
 Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 838-843; 1992 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Salmonellosis; Salmonella; Hygiene;
 Chicken housing; Disease surveys; Multivariate analysis; Risk;
 Epidemiology; Intensive husbandry
 
 Abstract:  A retrospective, case-control study into risk
 factors of salmonellosis was undertaken using data from 111
 broiler breeder flocks assembled during a 5-yr period. The
 results of both univariate and multivariate analyses are
 presented. Many different Salmonella species were detected.
 Multivariate models were created based on the outcome of
 univariate analyses. The following variables appeared to be
 the most relevant: disinfection tubs, hygiene barriers, the
 interaction of disinfection tubs by hygiene barriers, and feed
 mills. The final model indicated that flocks housed at farms
 without a disinfection tub, with poor hygiene barriers, and
 receiving their feed from a small feed mill had a 46.1 times
 greater risk of being Salmonella-positive than flocks housed
 at farms with a disinfection tub, with good hygiene barriers,
 and receiving their feed from a large feed mill. It is
 concluded that the application of quantitative epidemiological
 methods can be valuable not only to identify potential risk
 factors but also to quantify their contributory effect on the
 disease outcome. Hence, it may be a useful tool for
 application in "integrated food chain quality control
 programs".
 
 
 149                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AV5
 Mycoplasma synoviae in a release pen-raised wild turkey.
 Luttrell, M.P.; Kleven, S.H.; Mahnke, G.M.
 Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian
 Pathologists; 1992 Jan. Avian diseases v. 36 (1): p. 169-171;
 1992 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: North Carolina; Turkeys; Mycoplasma synoviae;
 Symptoms; Case reports; Wild birds; Mycoplasmosis
 
 Abstract:  Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) was isolated from the
 sinus of an adult female "wild-type" turkey found feeding with
 backyard chickens at a private residence in Randolph County,
 N.C. Clinical signs included sinusitis, dyspnea, emaciation,
 diarrhea, and nasal discharge. The bird was seropositive for
 MS and M. gallisepticum (MG) on the rapid plate agglutination
 test and had titers of 1:160 for MS and 1:20 for MG on the
 hemagglutination-inhibition test. Isolations of MS and M.
 galloparvonis were confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test.
 This case represents the first and only, report of MS in a
 free ranging "wild-type" turkey in the eastern United States.
 Behavioral and other evidence suggests that the bird was a
 released pen-raised turkey.
 
 
 150                                 NAL Call. No.: aSF601.A1U5
 National poultry improvement plan and auxiliary provisions.
 Hyattsville, MD : The Service; 1993 Apr.
 APHIS 91 (55-017): 85 p.; 1993 Apr.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry; National planning;
 Improvement; Handling; Breeding programs; Inspection; Disease
 control; Poultry products; Regulations
 
 
 151                                 NAL Call. No.: aSF601.A1U5
 National poultry improvement plant and auxiliary provisions.
 Hyattsville, MD : Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service;
 1994 Jun. APHIS 91 (55-021): 94 p.; 1994 Jun.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry; National planning;
 Improvement; Handling; Breeding programs; Inspection; Disease
 control; Poultry products; Regulations
 
 
 152                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The nature of handling immediately prior to test affects tonic
 immobility fear reactions in laying hens and broilers.
 Jones, R.B.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 247-254; 1992
 Aug.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Broilers; Fearfulness; Handling;
 Immobilization
 
 
 153                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Nesting and dust bathing by hens in cages: matching and mis-
 matching between behaviour and environment.
 Smith, S.F.; Appleby, M.C.; Hughes, B.O.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 34 (1): p. 21-33; 1993 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Dust bathing; Nesting;
 Animal welfare
 
 
 154                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Nesting, dust bathing and perching by laying hens in cages:
 effects of design on behaviour and welfare.
 Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.; Hughes, B.O.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Dec.
 British poultry science v. 34 (5): 835-847; 1993 Dec. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Nesting; Nests; Laying
 performance; Animal welfare; Feather pecking; Fearfulness;
 Foot diseases; Feet; Claws; Perches; Dust bathing
 
 
 155                                    NAL Call. No.: QL698.C7
 Newcastle disease in village chicken.
 Spradbrow, P.B.
 Barking, Essex, England : Elsevier Science Limited; 1993.
 Poultry science reviews v. 5 (2): p. 57-96; 1993.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chickens; Newcastle disease; Mortality; Free
 range husbandry; Literature reviews
 
 
 156                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Nutrient content of carcass parts from broilers reared under
 cycling high temperatures.
 Smith, M.O.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Nov.
 Poultry science v. 72 (11): p. 2166-2171; 1993 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicken meat; Broilers; Meat cuts; Carcasses;
 Heat stress; Environmental temperature; Diet; Nutrients
 
 Abstract:  A study was conducted in which carcass parts from
 broilers reared under different growing temperature regimens
 were examined for crude protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus,
 potassium, and sodium. Commercial broilers were reared from 22
 to 49 days of age at either 23.9 degrees C constant
 temperature (thermoneutral) or 23.9 to 35 degrees C cycling
 high temperature (heat stress). Birds in the heat stress
 environment were exposed to 8 h of 23.9 degrees C, 4 h of 23.9
 to 35 degrees C, 4 h of 35 degrees C, and 9 h of 35 to 23.9
 degrees C. Within each growth environment, protein and fat
 content differed among carcass parts. Protein content of
 thighs and drumsticks from birds grown at elevated
 temperatures were 10.1 and 5.3%, respectively, higher (P<.05)
 than those from birds grown in a constant temperature
 environment, but the fat content of these parts from birds in
 the cooler environment were higher by 8.3 and 9.4%,
 respectively (P<.05). There was no effect of temperature on
 the calcium or phosphorus content of carcass parts, but the
 sodium content of the breast was higher (P<.05) at elevated
 temperatures. The breast portion of carcasses from heat-
 stressed birds had the greatest (P<.05) amount of potassium.
 
 
 157                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Optimum size of feeder grids in relation to the welfare of
 broiler breeder females fed on a separate sex basis.
 Hocking, P.M.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Dec.
 British poultry science v. 34 (5): p. 849-855; 1993 Dec. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Broilers; Feeding behavior; Hen feeding;
 Animal welfare; Self feeders; Grids; Head dimensions; Feed
 intake
 
 
 158                                  NAL Call. No.: QL785.A725
 Passive socialization to humans: effects on tonic immobility
 in chickens (Gallus gallus).
 Eddy, T.J.; Gallup, G.G. Jr
 Austin, Tex., Psychonomic Society; 1994 Aug.
 Animal learning & behavior v. 22 (3): p. 325-331; 1994 Aug. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Fearfulness; Man; Isolation
 
 Abstract:  Chicks whose primary source of visual stimulation
 during rearing was in the form of human caretakers showed
 significantly shorter durations of tonic immobility. Birds
 with only human visual exposure were also more likely to
 behave in affilitative ways toward the experimenter than were
 birds from the other rearing groups. Birds reared in a similar
 manner but tested for tonic immobility in the absence of the
 experimenter failed to show an effect. The results are
 discussed in terms of the phylogenetic generality of
 ontogenetic-dependent reactivity to humans, and the
 possibility that the ecological validity of experimental
 studies in which animals are reared in isolation from
 conspecifics, or otherwise become socialized to humans, may be
 compromised.
 
 
 159                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Pecking behaviour of laying hens provided with a simple
 motorised environmental environmental enrichment device.
 Sherwin, C.M.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 May.
 British poultry science v. 34 (2): p. 235-240; 1993 May. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Motivation; Learning; Feather pecking
 
 
 160                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Performance and immunity of heat-stressed broilers fed
 vitamin- and electrolyte-supplemented drinking water.
 Ferket, P.R.; Qureshi, M.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan.
 Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 88-97; 1992 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Drinking water; Vitamin
 supplements; Electrolytes; Environmental temperature;
 Liveweight gain; Feed conversion efficiency; Immune response;
 Mortality
 
 Abstract:  The efficacy of different vitamin and electrolyte
 treatments of drinking water for heat-stressed broilers was
 studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, commercial
 broilers (50% male, 50% female, sexed), were subjected to four
 drinking water treatments: 1) unsupplemented water (control);
 2) B-vitamins plus electrolytes (B+El); 3) vitamins A, D, and
 E, B-vitamins plus electrolytes (ADEB+El); and 4) vitamins A,
 D, and E and B-vitamins (ADEB). Each treatment group was
 replicated in eight pens containing 70 birds. All birds were
 provided ad libitum access to feed through to 43 days of age
 and subjected to the water treatment from 16 to 21 days and 38
 to 43 days. The birds were exposed to the 35 C ambient
 temperature during the last 72 h of each period. Immune
 function was tested on the males in each pen while they
 received the water treatments from 24 to 34 days of age. In
 comparison with the control, feed conversion was improved 5.6%
 by ADEB+El and ADEB, and body weight gain was improved 6.7% by
 ADEB (P<.05). Total and IgG antibody response against SRBC
 after primary immunization was improved by B+El; whereas, B+El
 and ADEB treatments improved IgG after secondary immunization.
 The highest numbers of Sephadex-elicited peritoneal
 macrophages were found among ADEB-treated birds, but neither
 adherence nor phagocytic ability of macrophages from either
 group was affected. Natural killer cells from all except
 ADEB+El-treated birds exhibited comparably high tumoricidal
 activity. In Experiment 2, commercial male broilers were given
 either unsupplemented water or vitamin-supplemented water
 (ADEB treatment) at 22 to 30 days, 37 to 41 days, and 52 to 55
 days. The birds were exposed to 35 C at 38 to 41 days and 53
 to 55 days of age. The two water treatments were replicated in
 16 pens of 40 birds. Vitamin treatment increased 1- to 63-day
 body weight gain and feed conversion by 3 and 5%, respectively
 (P<.1), and it reduced mortality related to heat stress by 63%
 (P<.05). Vitamin
 
 
 161                                   NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Performance of turkeys subjected to day and night feeding
 programs during heat stress.
 Mamputu, M.; Cunningham, D.L.; Buhr, R.J.
 Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992.
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (3): p. 296-299;
 1992.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Georgia; Turkeys; Heat stress; Restricted feeding
 
 
 162                                  NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1V4
 Population dynamics of Rattus rattus in poultry and
 implications for control. Sridhara, S.; Krishnamurthy, T.R.
 Davis, Calif. : University of California; 1992 Aug.
 Proceedings ... Vertebrate Pest Conference (15): p. 224-228;
 1992 Aug. Meeting held March 3-5, 1992, Newport Beach, CA. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: India; Rattus rattus; Poultry housing; Poultry;
 Population dynamics; Population structure; Rodent control
 
 
 163                                      NAL Call. No.: S1.M57
 Portable housing for poultry and hogs.
 Klober, K.
 Columbia, Mo. : Missouri Farm Publishing Inc; 1993 Jun.
 Small Farm Today v. 10 (3): p. 38-42; 1993 Jun.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Pig housing; Free range
 husbandry
 
 
 164                                    NAL Call. No.: SF995.W4
 Postmortem monitoring of flock mortality. 1. Animal welfare
 aspects. McMartin, D.A.
 Davis, Calif. : University of California; 1992.
 Proceedings - Western Poultry Disease Conference (41st): p.
 14; 1992.  Meeting held on March 1-3, 1992, Sacramento,
 California.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Animal welfare; Mortality
 
 
 165                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89
 Poultry handling: a review of mechanical devices and their
 effect on bird welfare.
 Scott, G.B.
 Oxford : Butterworth-Heinenmann Ltd; 1993 Mar.
 World's poultry science journal v. 49 (1): p. 44-57; 1993 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chickens; Handling; Transport of animals;
 Collectors; Animal welfare; Loaders; Conveyors; Stress factors
 
 
 166                              NAL Call. No.: SF487.A77 1992
 Poultry production systems behaviour, management and welfare.
 Appleby, Michael C.; Hughes, B. O.; Elson, H. A.
 Oxon, U.K. : C.A.B International,; 1992.
 xvi, 238 p. : ill., map ; 24 cm.  Includes bibliographical
 references (p. 210-227) and index.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Poultry
 
 
 167                                      NAL Call. No.: S1.M57
 Poultry researchers turn attention to ratites.
 Carter, S.T.
 Columbia, Mo. : Missouri Farm Publishing Inc; 1994 Aug.
 Small farm today v. 11 (4): p. 42-44; 1994 Aug.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Ostriches; Rhea; Emus; Animal husbandry; Animal
 breeding; Agricultural research
 
 
 168                                  NAL Call. No.: SF55.A78A7
 Poultry wastes as foods for ruminants and asociated aspects of
 animal welfare. Roothaert, R.L.; Matthewman, R.W.
 Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal
 Production Societies; 1992 Dec.
 Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences v. 5 (4): p.
 593-600; 1992 Dec. Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Ruminant feeding; Poultry manure; Litter;
 Nonprotein nitrogen
 
 
 169                                   NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
 Prevention of immunologic stress contributes to the growth-
 permitting ability of dietary antibiotics in chicks.
 Roura, E.; Homedes, J.; Klasing, K.C.
 Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1992 Dec. The
 Journal of nutrition v. 122 (12): p. 2383-2390; 1992 Dec. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Diet; Streptomycin; Penicillins;
 Sanitation; Immunology; Stress; Interleukin 1; Growth rate;
 Mode of action
 
 Abstract:  The growth-permitting ability of antibiotics fed to
 broiler chicks was studied as it relates to the state of
 activation of the immune system. in Experiment 1, chicks were
 fed two levels of antibiotics (0 or 100 mg streptomycin + 100
 mg penicillin/kg diet) and were raised either in an
 environment with poor sanitation to create a chronic immune
 stress or in a clean environment. Chicks raised in the
 unsanitary environment and not fed antibiotics had
 significantly lower (P < 0.05) rates of weight gain and
 efficiencies of feed utilization, and higher levels of plasma
 interleukin-1, compared with chicks raised in the clean
 environment or chicks raised in the unsanitary environment and
 fed antibiotics. Adding antibiotics to the diet of birds in
 the clean environment did not affect any variable. In
 Experiment 2, chicks were raised in a conventional environment
 and fed two levels of an antibiotic (0 or 100 mg
 tetracycline/kg diet). After a 15-d feeding period, half of
 the chicks were injected with Salmonella typhimurium
 lipopolysaccharide to create an acute immunologic stress.
 Feeding antibiotic resulted in improved weight gain, feed
 consumption and efficiency of feed utilization.
 Lipopolysaccharide-injected birds developed heavier livers,
 spleens and intestines relative to body weights and higher
 rectal temperatures and hepatic metallothionein
 concentrations, presumably due to an immunologic stress.
 Omitting antibiotic from the diet resulted in similar changes.
 These results indicate that feeding antibiotics may permit
 growth by preventing immunologic stress and associated
 metabolic changes brought about by monokines including
 interleukin-1.
 
 
 170                                      NAL Call. No.: 10 OU8
 Priorities and options for livestock production in developing
 countries. Smith, A.J.
 Oxon : C.A.B. International; 1992 Mar.
 Outlook on agriculture v. 21 (1): p. 13-19. ill; 1992 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Developing countries; Animal husbandry; Climatic
 zones; Draft animals; Poultry; Energy requirements; Farm
 management; Mixed farming; Sustainability
 
 
 171                                 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68
 Priorities for welfare research.
 Perrins, A.J.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992.
 Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 345-348; 1992.  In the
 series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in
 poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September
 18-20, 1991, Edinburgh.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Uk; Poultry; Animal welfare
 
 
 172                          NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.E976  1993
 Proceedings of the Fourth European Symposium on Poultry
 Welfare, Edinburgh, September 18th-21st 1993.
 Savory, C. J.; Hughes, B. O.
 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, European
 Federation of the World's Poultry Science Association, Working
 Group No. 9
 European Symposium on Poultry Welfare 4th : 1993 : Edinburgh,
 Scotland. Potters Bar : Published for Working Group IX of the
 European Federation of the World's Poultry Science Association
 by Universities Federation for Animal Welfare,; 1993.
 318 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.  Includes bibliographical references
 and index.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry
 
 
 173                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89
 Processing and utilization of spent hens.
 Kondaiah, N.; Panda, B.
 London : Butterworth; 1992 Nov.
 World's poultry science journal v. 48 (3): p. 255-268; 1992
 Nov.  Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Meat quality; Transport of animals; Meat
 yield; Chicken meat; Hot boning; Mechanically deboned meat;
 Preformed meats; Sausages; Chicken fat; Literature reviews
 
 
 174                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Proper wiring for livestock & poultry structures: video &
 written resources. Hiatt, R.; McFate, K.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-3562): 7 p.; 1992.  Paper
 presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Electricity; Wire; Standards
 
 
 175                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of ascites in broiler
 chickens. Shlosberg, A.; Pano, G.; Handji, V.; Berman, E.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 141-148; 1992 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Ascites; Cold stress; Feeds; Diet;
 Prophylaxis
 
 
 176                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Realized heritability of tonic immobility in White Leghorn
 hens: a replicated single generation test.
 Campo, J.L.; Carnicer, C.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Dec.
 Poultry science v. 72 (12): p. 2193-2199; 1993 Dec.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness; Strain differences;
 Heritability; Selection criteria; Selection responses; Age
 differences; Sex differences
 
 Abstract:  Fearfulness was measured as latency to recover from
 induced tonic immobility using White Leghorn hens from a
 population originated by crossing three different strains
 selected for egg number and egg weight. Realized heritability
 was calculated in a single generation selection experiment
 with eight replicates, each consisting of 76 40-wk-old females
 from which 21% were selected for decreased tonic immobility
 duration. A randomly selected control population was
 maintained for each replicate. Separately from this
 experiment, fear differences between ages and sexes were
 investigated at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 wk. The
 realized heritability (.32 +/- .10) indicates that induced
 tonic immobility should respond to selection. It was
 numerically higher than the estimate calculated by half-sib
 analysis of variance in the base population (.18 +/- .07); the
 logarithmic transformation did not yield higher heritability
 estimates. Crossing effects were evaluated in two different
 crossbreds, i.e., Leghorn X Castellana and Buff Prat X White
 Prat, which suggested important negative heterotic effects for
 this fear-related trait (-31% and -54%, respectively).
 Significant (P < .05) quadratic and cubic variation between 1
 and 32 wk of age was obtained in females and males,
 respectively; the involvement of these age effects make it
 difficult to generalize about realized heritability for tonic
 immobility. Tonic immobility increased from 32 to 72 wk.
 Differences between the sexes were apparent, males showing
 longer tonic immobility durations than females except in the
 postjuvenile period before sexual maturity, suggesting a
 relationship between this trait and hormonal changes.
 
 
 177                                     NAL Call. No.: 410 B77
 Reduction of the domestic chick's fear of human beings by
 regular handling and related treatments.
 Jones, R.B.
 London : Academic Press; 1993 Nov.
 Animal behaviour v. 46 (pt.5): p. 991-998; 1993 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Fearfulness; Man
 
 Abstract:  Fear of human beings can seriously jeopardize a
 chicken's welfare and performance and its reduction is
 therefore an important objective. The present study assessed
 the effects of various forms of regular human contact on
 subsequent avoidance of the experimenter and tonic immobility
 fear reactions in pair-housed, female domestic chicks, Gallus
 gallus domesticus. The results not only confirmed that regular
 gentle handling (picking up and stroking) is a potent and
 reliable method of reducing fear and avoidance of humans, but
 also illustrated the malleability of the handling process.
 Thus, avoidance of the experimenter was considerably reduced
 by each of the following treatments: (1) placing one's hand
 into the chicks' cage twice daily, with no attempt to initiate
 physical contact; (2) application of a rough-handling
 (suspension by the legs) regime: (3) letting chicks regularly
 observe their neighbours being picked up and handled; and (4)
 allowing visual contact with a human being who simply stood in
 front of and touched the wire-mesh wall of the chicks' home
 cage twice a day. The chicks' tonic immobility responses were
 also significantly shortened by treatments 1 and 3. Possible
 mechanisms underpinning the handling phenomenon are discussed.
 Although regular gentle handling of every bird is clearly not
 feasible in modern farming practice, the positive effects of
 the other experimental treatments suggest that the reduction
 of fear by regular human contact is extremely plastic. It is
 therefore considered likely to have practical application.
 
 
 178                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
 Reflective roof coatings for heat stress relief in livestock
 and poultry housing.
 Bucklin, R.A.; Bottcher, R.W.; Van Wicklen, G.L.; Czarick, M.
 St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
 1985-; 1993 Jan. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 9 (1):
 p. 123-129; 1993 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Georgia; Cabt; Poultry housing; Roofs;
 Reflection; Heat stress; Ventilation; Cost benefit analysis
 
 Abstract:  A reflective roof coating was demonstrated to
 reduce temperatures by 2 to 3 degrees C (3.6 to 5.4 degrees F)
 in totally enclosed poultry housing with no ventilation.
 However, similar results did not occur in studies of well-
 ventilated poultry and dairy housing. Reductions in roof
 temperatures of well-ventilated housing did occur, but similar
 reductions were not found in interior dry bulb or black globe
 temperatures at animal level and no production benefits
 resulted. Reflective coatings can reduce the temperature of
 galvanized steel roofing material and the temperatures of
 enclosed attics. However, these coatings add expense to
 structures and their effectiveness drops rapidly with time as
 they weather and accumulate dirt. They are most beneficial for
 poorly ventilated structures. For well-ventilated structures,
 they do not offer great benefits. The addition of reflective
 coatings will seldom be economically justified for well-
 ventilated livestock and poultry structures.
 
 
 179                                    NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
 Relationship between concentration and intensity of odours for
 pig slurry and broiler houses.
 Misselbrook, T.H.; Clarkson, C.R.; Pain, B.F.
 London : Academic Press; 1993 Jun.
 Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 55 (2): p.
 163-169; 1993 Jun. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig slurry; Poultry housing; Broilers; Odor
 emission; Measurement; Odor abatement
 
 Abstract:  Relationships were derived between odour
 concentration and odour intensity for odour emissions
 following land spreading of pig slurry and emissions from
 broiler houses. Data were obtained from trials conducted
 between 1987 and 1990. Odour concentration measurements were
 made by 50% threshold determination using a dynamic dilution
 olfactometer with a forced-choice type presentation to a panel
 of people. Odour intensity measurements were made using the
 same equipment and required panelists scoring their perception
 of the intensity of an odour at a range of concentrations
 according to a category scale ranging from 0 (no odour) to 6
 (extremely strong odour). Intensity was related linearly to
 the logarithm of concentration. Significant differences (p =
 0.05) were found between relationships derived for odours from
 pig slurry and odours from broiler houses. For odours from pig
 slurry the derived relationship was, Intensity = 1.61 (log10
 Concentration) + 0.45 and for broiler house odours, Intensity
 = 2.35 (log10 Concentration) + 0.30 indicating higher
 intensity per unit concentration for the broiler house odours.
 These relationships could be useful in estimating the
 reduction in odour concentration required to reduce the
 perceived intensity of the odour to acceptable levels and,
 when used in conjunction with dispersion models, in
 determining minimum acceptable distances between the odour
 source and potential complainants.
 
 
 180                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Research Note: broiler acclimation to heat distress and feed
 intake effects on body temperature in birds exposed to
 thermoneutral and high ambient temperatures.
 Teeter, R.G.; Smith, M.O.; Wiernusz, C.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jun.
 Poultry science v. 71 (6): p. 1101-1104; 1992 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Body temperature;
 Acclimatization; Environmental temperature; Feed intake;
 Restricted feeding
 
 Abstract:  Relationships between ambient temperature, bird
 acclimation to cycling temperature, heat distress, and feed
 consumption were evaluated in two experiments. In the first
 experiment, birds previously acclimated to cycling temperature
 heat distress (24 to 35 C) for two 24-h cycles were observed
 to have 24% lower (P < .O1) feed consumption than birds
 previously housed at 24 C and experiencing their first heat
 distress exposure. A significant (P < .01) acclimation history
 by ambient temperature interaction was detected, with
 acclimated birds having a higher rectal temperature (42.3
 versus 41.2 C) when housed at 24 C and a lower rectal
 temperature (44.2 versus 44.6 C) when exposed to 35 C than did
 the unacclimated controls. In the second experiment, feed
 intake and acclimation effects were separated by precision-
 feeding birds 0, 5, and 10% of body weight. Rectal temperature
 m the 24 C and 35 C environments increased linearly (P < .01)
 as feeding level increased for both acclimated and
 unacclimated birds. Similar to the first experiment, an
 ambient temperature by acclimation history interaction was
 detected (P < .01), with acclimated birds exhibiting increased
 body temperature when housed in thermoneutral environments and
 lower body temperature when exposed to high ambient
 temperature distress. Data also indicate that feed intake
 plays a significant role in the acclimation process; that bird
 acclimation to heat distress has metabolic effects independent
 of feed consumption; and that either 1) the heat-distressed
 acclimation bird has the capacity to shift exothermic
 processes from the heat-distressed to cooler time periods; 2)
 that heat dissipation mechanisms require greater than 12 h to
 restore normal body temperature; or 3) the birds' set point is
 elevated when exposed to cycling high ambient temperature
 distress.
 
 
 181                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Research note: Effect of carbonated drinking water on
 production performance and bone characteristics of laying hens
 exposed to high environmental temperatures.
 Koelkebeck, K.W.; Harrison, P.C.; Madindou, T.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Sep.
 Poultry science v. 72 (9): p. 1800-1803; 1993 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Drinking water; Heat stress; Carbonation;
 Bone strength; Laying performance; Eggs; Specific gravity; Ph;
 Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Egg weight
 
 Abstract:  An experiment was conducted to determine the
 effects of providing heat-stressed laying hens with carbonated
 drinking water on production performance and tibia bone
 breaking strength. A total of 32 commercial laying hens (89 wk
 of age) were housed in an environmental chamber and exposed to
 1 wk of a constant thermoneutral temperature (21 C), followed
 by 6 wk of a daily heat stress temperature cycle (34 C for 8
 h; 21 C for 16 h). One half of the hens received tap water and
 the other half were provided carbonated water immediately
 after housing. Following 6 wk of heat stress temperature
 exposure, all hens were killed by cervical dislocation and
 left tibia bone strength measurements were taken. Hen-day egg
 production, egg weight, egg yield, feed consumption, and feed
 efficiency did not differ between water treatments; however,
 egg specific gravity was depressed for hens provided
 carbonated versus tap drinking water. Left tibia bone breaking
 strength per 100 g body weight was improved (P < .05) for hens
 provided with carbonated drinking water during exposure to
 heat stress temperatures. These results suggest that
 carbonated drinking water may enhance bone integrity by
 increasing tibia bone breaking strength of older laying hens
 exposed to a short-term heat stress period.
 
 
 182                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Research note: open-field behavior of Japanese quail chicks
 genetically selected for low or high plasma corticosterone
 response to immobilization stress.
 Jones, R.B.; Satterlee, D.G.; Ryder, F.H.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Aug.
 Poultry science v. 71 (8): p. 1403-1407; 1992 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Japanese quails; Selection criteria; Strain
 differences; Blood plasma; Corticosterone; Stress;
 Immobilization; Fearfulness
 
 Abstract:  Open-field behavior was examined in Japanese quail
 chicks genetically selected for either reduced (LS, low
 stress) or exaggerated (HS, high stress) plasma corticosterone
 response to immobilization stress. Chicks of the LS line
 showed less freezing and ambulated sooner than did their HS
 counterparts. These findings suggest that exposure to an open-
 field or novel environment elicited less fear in LS than in HS
 chicks. They also support the suggestion that fearfulness and
 adrenocortical activation are positively associated and
 indicate that selection for differential adrenocortical
 responsiveness exerted concomitant effects on fear-related
 behavior.
 
 
 183                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Research note: the utilization of recycled sheetrock (refined
 gypsum) as a litter material for broiler houses.
 Wyatt, C.L.; Goodman, T.N.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Sep.
 Poultry science v. 71 (9): p. 1572-1576; 1992 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Litter; Gypsum; Liveweight gain;
 Moisture content; Dust; Feed conversion efficiency; Carcasses;
 Defects
 
 Abstract:  A study was conducted to evaluate the utilization
 of refined gypsum (recycled sheetrock) as a fitter material on
 the growth performance and mortality of broiler chicks grown
 to market age. Broilers were placed in pens with either 13 cm
 fir wood shavings, 13 cm refined gypsum, or 9 cm refined
 gypsum topped with 4 cm fir shavings, and grown to 41 days of
 age. Litter material had no significant influence on chick
 mortality, feed conversion, condemnations, and incidences of
 leg abnormalities. Body weight gain was significantly lower
 for chicks reared on refined gypsum compared with the other
 litter treatments at 21 days of age, but by Day 41 no
 differences were observed between litter treatments.
 Percentage litter moisture of refined gypsum was significantly
 lower than either wood shaving treatments at both 21 and 41
 days, although on a weight basis, the gypsum contained equal
 or more water. Litter material had no influence on room or
 brooding temperatures. Although it is quite dusty initially
 when placed in the house, refined gypsum may be an alternative
 bedding material to be utilized as a base and top-dressed with
 wood shavings.
 
 
 184                                    NAL Call. No.: 421 J828
 Reservoir competence of the lessor mealworm (Coleoptera:
 Tenebrionidae) for Salmonella typhimurium (Eubacteriales:
 Enterobacteriaceae). McAllister, J.C.; Steelman, C.D.;
 Skeeles, J.K.
 Lanham, Md. : The Entomological Society of America; 1994 May.
 Journal of medical entomology v. 31 (3): p. 369-372; 1994 May. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Alphitobius diaperinus; Salmonella typhimurium;
 Transstadial transmission; Reservoir hosts; Disease vectors;
 Feces; Developmental stages; Broilers; Broiler production;
 Battery husbandry; Salmonellosis
 
 Abstract:  The reservoir competence of the lesser mealworm,
 Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) is reported for Salmonella
 typhimurium (Loeffler) relative to broiler chicken production.
 Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from feces of the adult
 lesser mealworm at least 28 d after feeding for 24 h on 1 g of
 chicken feed inoculated with 3 X 10(8) bacteria/ml. All larvae
 fed S. typhimurium ceased voiding the bacteria in their feces
 before pupal molt, except one. One beetle continued to void S.
 typhimurium after it emerged as an adult, providing evidence
 that transstadial transmission of S. typhimurium may occur.
 The bacteria were found both on the external body surface and
 inside the body of surface-sterilized adults and larvae during
 16 d of exposure. Salmonella-positive cloacal swabs were
 obtained from 1-day-old broiler chicks within 24 h after
 eating one infected lesser mealworm adult or larva.
 
 
 185                                   NAL Call. No.: SB599.J69
 Resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) selected with
 5.0 ppm feed-through cyromazine.
 Sheppard, D.C.; Gaydon, D.M.; Miller, R.W.
 Clemson, S.C. : South Carolina Entomological Society; 1992
 Oct. Journal of agricultural entomology v. 9 (4): p. 257-260;
 1992 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Mississippi; Maryland; New Jersey; Poultry
 manure; Musca domestica; Cyromazine; Insecticide resistance
 
 
 186                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Responses of dwarf and normal chickens to feed restriction,
 Eimeria tenella infection, and sheep red blood cell antigen.
 Zulkifli, I.; Dunnington, E.A.; Gross, W.B.; Larsen, A.S.;
 Martin, A.; Siegel, P.B.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Sep.
 Poultry science v. 72 (9): p. 1630-1640; 1993 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Dwarfism; Stress response; Disease
 resistance; Immunity; Alleles; Body weight; Feed conversion
 efficiency; Eimeria tenella; Lesions; Antibody formation;
 Feeding behavior
 
 Abstract:  Relationships among stress responses, habituation
 to feed restriction, resistance to Eimeria tenella, and
 antibody response to SRBC were studied in dwarf and normal
 White Plymouth Rocks. Transfer of chicks at 22 days of age
 from starter to developer batteries resulted in an increase
 within 24 h of heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratios of chicks of
 both genotypes. Restriction of feed intake from ad libitum
 (AL) to 60% of ad libitum reduced body weight and increased
 size of the crop-esophagus. As measured by H:L ratios, the
 effect of adapting to the 60% feed restriction dissipated
 between 12 and 16 days after initiation. Release of 60%
 restricted chicks to 80% of ad libitum also elicited a stress
 response as measured by H:L. These effects were noted in both
 dwarf and normal chicks. Time required for chicks on
 restriction to consume their daily allotment was curvilinear
 with a plateau occurring at a smaller value for dwarf than for
 normal chicks. Neither feeding regimen nor genotype had an
 effect on antibody response to SRBC. Resistance to E. tenella
 was greater in normal than dwarf chicks and greater for
 restricted than ad libitum chicks.
 
 
 187                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Responses of pair-housed male and female domestic chicks to
 the removal of a companion.
 Jones, R.B.; Williams, J.B.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jan.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (4): p. 375-380; 1992
 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Sex differences; Isolation; Stress;
 Animal behavior; Social behavior; Corticosterone; Blood plasma
 
 
 188                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 Responses of pre-fasted growing turkeys to acute heat
 exposure. Xin, H.; DeShazer, J.A.; Beck, M.M.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1992 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (1): p.
 315-318; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Fasting; Feed intake; Heat stress;
 Poultry farming; Relative humidity; Environmental temperature
 
 Abstract:  Nicholas turkeys at the age of 15 to 16 weeks were
 fasted for 24 hours in a moderate environment and then
 subjected to acute heat exposures of various dry-bulb and wet-
 bulb temperatures (Tdb and Twb). Total feed intake was not
 influenced by Tdb of 32 degrees C, 36 degrees C or 40 degrees
 C (P > 0.10), although differences existed in dynamic feeding
 profiles. Total heat production rate (THP) varied
 quadratically with Tdb and respiratory quotient (RQ) decreased
 linearly with Tdb. The lower RQ values at the higher Tdb
 levels may have resulted from reduced feed assimilation. No
 differences were detected on feed intake, THP, and RQ between
 the two Twb levels at each Tdb. A THP-based temperature-
 humidity index, 0.74Tdb + 0.26Twb, was derived for the
 turkeys. In addition, Tdb and Twb had 56% and -44% relative
 importance on latent heat loss, but -32% and 68% relative
 importance on sensible heat loss.
 
 
 189                             NAL Call. No.: KF27.A366 1991b
 Review of the pricing and marketing process for lamb in the
 United States hearings before the Subcommittee on Livestock,
 Dairy, and Poultry of the Committee on Agriculture, House of
 Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, first session,
 September 18, 1991, Denver, CO, and October 31, 1991. United
 States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture.
 Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry
 Washington : U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt.
 of Docs., Congressional Sales Office,; 1992; Y 4.AG
 8/1:102-36.
 v, 454 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.  Distributed to some depository
 libraries in microfiche.  Shipping list no.: 92-0632-P. 
 Serial no. 102-36.  Includes bibliographical references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Lamb (Meat); Lamb meat industry
 
 
 190                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Review: welfare perspectives on hens kept for egg production.
 Craig, J.V.; Swanson, J.C.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jul.
 Poultry science v. 73 (7): p. 921-938; 1994 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Battery husbandry; Animal
 behavior; Stress; Public opinion; Floor husbandry; Stocking
 density; Chicken housing; Bone strength; Production costs;
 Selection responses; Domestication; Literature reviews
 
 Abstract:  Welfare issues relative to egg-laying hens are
 addressed in terms of historical developments and current
 concerns. Ethical perspectives, attitudes, and public opinion
 of the past and present are reviewed. Indices of hens' well-
 being and what those reveal about alternative husbandry
 practices and production systems are presented along with
 estimates of economic consequences of alternative systems of
 table egg production. Possibilities of genetic selection to
 reduce welfare-related problems are discussed.
 
 
 191                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47
 Role of socialization, stress and sex of chickens on response
 to anesthesia and on response to an organophosphate
 neurotoxicant.
 Odom, A.; Gross, W.B.; Ehrich, M.
 Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1992 Apr.
 Veterinary and human toxicology v. 34 (2): p. 134-137; 1992
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Stress; Pentobarbital; Neurotoxins
 
 
 192                                    NAL Call. No.: 100 AL1H
 Rotational application of chemical disinfectants enhances
 sanitation of poultry hatcheries.
 Conner, D.E.; Eckman, M.K.
 Auburn University, Ala. : The Station; 1992.
 Highlights of agricultural research - Alabama Agricultural
 Experiment Station v. 39 (3): p. 7; 1992.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Alabama; Poultry housing; Hatcheries; Sanitation;
 Disinfectants; Application methods
 
 
 193                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Selection for reduction of beak-inflicted injuries among caged
 hens. Craig, J.V.; Muir, W.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Mar.
 Poultry science v. 72 (3): p. 411-420; 1993 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Cannibalism; Debeaking; Beak; Cages;
 Selection criteria; Trauma; Selection responses; Strain
 differences; Animal welfare; Heritability; Egg production;
 Correlated responses
 
 Abstract:  The effectiveness of selection for hen-days without
 beak-inflicted injuries was studied. The base population was
 known to have a high incidence of beak-inflicted injuries when
 pullets' beaks were intact. Data from the foundation stock
 yielded nonsignificant family heritability estimates ranging
 from .05 to .17, depending on length of the test period
 (varying from 16 to 28 to 16 to 40 wk of age) and number of
 six-hen cages per family (one to three). Selection was
 practiced on sire family groups of either 30 or 36 pullets.
 Birds used for selection were housed six birds per cage and
 had intact beaks. The criterion of selection was mean hen-days
 without beak-inflicted injuries from 16 to 40 wk of age. Three
 selected and three unselected strains were involved. After two
 generations, mean hen-days without beak-inflicted injuries
 from 16 to 40 wk of age were 164.8 and 155.3 for selected and
 unselected stocks, respectively, yielding a realized family
 heritability of .65 +/- .13 (SE). Selection did not appear to
 alter the relative frequency of beak-inflicted injuries by
 body regions affected; about 30% of all injuries involved the
 vent-cloacal area. Egg production traits were measured also.
 No differences were detected in Generation 1, but selected
 pullets had higher hen-housed rates of lay and egg mass in
 Generation 2. It is tentatively concluded that stocks having
 high levels of cannibalism when kept with intact beaks can
 benefit from selection against beak-inflicted injuries when
 evaluated by techniques similar to those used in the present
 study.
 
 
 194                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Av5
 Severe pododermatitis in broiler breeder hens housed on
 pressure-treated slats.
 Sander, J.E.; Wilson, J.L.; Bush, P.B.; Rowland, G.N.
 Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian
 Pathologists; 1994 Jan. Avian diseases v. 38 (1): p. 172-176;
 1994 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Hens; Pododermatitis; Slatted floors;
 Copper arsenate; Arsenic; Feet; Disinfectants; Case reports
 
 Abstract:  Severe foot-pad dermatitis was diagnosed in a case
 of broiler hens housed on slats made of lumber pressure-
 treated with chromated copper arsenate. Studies were conducted
 in an attempt to determine whether contact with the lumber
 caused the lesions. Breeder pullets were housed for 17 weeks
 on slats made from either untreated oak or pressure-treated
 lumber. Cresylic acid disinfectant was applied to one set of
 each slat type. Foot-pad lesions were scored and tissue
 arsenic levels were measured. Foot pads of the hens on
 pressure-treated slats were the only tissue with detectable
 arsenic levels. All groups developed foot-pad lesions,
 although the lesions appeared to be most severe, and to have
 developed earlier, in birds on pressure-treated disinfected
 slats.
 
 
 195                                   NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Sidewall effects on energy use in broiler houses.
 Xin, H.; Berry, I.L.; Barton, T.L.; Tabler, G.T.
 Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (2): p. 176-183;
 1993.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Arkansas; Cabt; Chicken housing; Broilers;
 Insulation; Energy cost of maintenance
 
 
 196                                 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322
 Simple sponge may be best for sampling for salmonella.
 Jones, F.T.
 Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1993 Jan18.
 Feedstuffs v. 65 (3): p. 28, 33; 1993 Jan18.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Salmonella; Sampling; Cleaning
 
 
 197                                      NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3
 Simulation of a turkey house environment.
 Parmar, R.S.; Diehl, K.C.; Collins, E.R. Jr; Hulet, R.M.
 Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992.
 Agricultural systems v. 38 (4): p. 425-445; 1992.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Virginia; Turkeys; Poultry housing; Environmental
 temperature; Humidity; Simulation models; Broiler production;
 Weather; Mathematical models; Validity
 
 
 198                                      NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3
 Simulation of weight gain and feed consumption of turkeys.
 Parmar, R.S.; Diehl, K.C.; Hulet, R.M.; Collins, E.R. Jr
 Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992.
 Agricultural systems v. 39 (1): p. 67-82; 1992.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Broiler production; Decision making;
 Simulation models; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Feed intake;
 Environment; Poultry housing; Sex; Age
 
 
 199                               NAL Call. No.: SF1.F64 no.98
 Small-scale poultry processing.
 Silverside, D.; Jones, M.
 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
 Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
 Nations,; 1992. iv, 109 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. (FAO animal
 production and health paper ; 98). Includes bibliographical
 references (p. 109).
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Slaughtering and slaughter-houses; Chicken
 industry; Chickens
 
 
 200                                      NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6
 Social stress and atherosclerosis in roosters.
 Wong, H.Y.C.; Cheng, K.K.S.; Nightingale, T.E.
 Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press; 1992 Mar.
 Comparative biochemistry and physiology : A : Comparative
 physiology v. 101 (3): p. 625-629; 1992 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Atherogenic diet; Stress; Hypercholesterolemia;
 Atherogenesis; Atheroma; Atherosclerosis; Incidence;
 Cholesterol; Triacylglycerols; Blood lipids; Blood plasma;
 Aorta; Hemodynamics; Body weight; Cocks
 
 Abstract:  1. Socially stressed roosters fed either plain mash
 or an atherogenic diet had a greater incidence and severity of
 aortic atherogenesis than similarly fed non-stressed birds. 2.
 Results demonstrated a significant atherogenic effect of
 stress in chickens even in the absence of hyperlipidaemia. 3.
 Lack of appreciable differences in plasma lipids between
 stressed and non-stressed birds suggested that the atherogenic
 effects of stress may be attributable to neuroendocrine
 responses. 4. Levels of HDLc of plain mash groups were
 significantly higher than in the atherogenic fed groups. 5.
 Haemodynamic data showed no treatment-related differences.
 
 
 201                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Sperm storage and transport following natural mating and
 artificial insemination.
 Brillard, J.P.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 May.
 Poultry science v. 72 (5): p. 923-928; 1993 May.  Paper
 presented at the symposium "Current Advances in Reproduction",
 August 3, 1992 at the 81st Annual Meeting of the Poultry
 Science Association.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Spermatozoa; Transport in female genitalia;
 Female fertility; Egg hatchability; Artificial insemination;
 Timing; Oviposition
 
 Abstract:  Recent observations in turkey and chicken hens show
 that sperm storage in both species is a highly inefficient
 process. After artificial insemination (AI), less than 1% of
 spermatozoa inseminated are selected for transport to and
 enter the sperm storage tubules (SST). It has been shown that
 the sperm selection process is orchestrated within the vagina
 and not at the level of the SST. At least two mechanisms are
 involved in the selection of spermatozoa fit for sperm
 storage, one being mechanical (motility) and the other
 biochemical in nature (sperm-vaginal mucosa interactions).
 Furthermore, it was also observed that the sperm storage
 efficiency in the chicken is dependent upon the logarithm of
 the number of spermatozoa inseminated. From a practical
 standpoint, inseminations performed frequently with a moderate
 number of spermatozoa should be more efficient than
 inseminations performed with higher doses at longer intervals.
 Maximal filling of the SST of hens in egg production requires
 only 1 day for the chicken and 2 days for the turkey. By
 contrast, the release of sperm from the SST is about seven
 times faster in the chicken than the turkey hen. The
 efficiency of oviducal sperm storage is related to a number of
 factors including age of the hen, stage of the ovulatory cycle
 when inseminated, and, in the turkey, if the hen was
 inseminated before or after the onset of egg production. Two
 different categories should be considered among factors that
 affect sperm survival in vivo. 1) Factors affecting sperm
 storage. These factors, acting in the vaginal portion of the
 oviduct, regulate the migration of spermatozoa up to the SST
 by increasing (e.g., short intervals between oviposition and
 AI) or decreasing (e.g., sperm migration in prelaying hens)
 the barrier effect of the vagina. 2) Factors affecting sperm
 release. In chicken hens, the hen's age does not impair the
 sperm storage efficiency but rather increases the rate of
 release of spermatozoa, thus contributing to a sho
 
 
 202                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Stereotyped behaviour in broiler breeders in relation to
 husbandry and opioid receptor blockade.
 Savory, C.J.; Seawright, E.; Watson, A.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jan.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (4): p. 349-360; 1992
 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Animal behavior; Restricted feeding;
 Unrestricted feeding; Opioids; Stress
 
 
 203                                    NAL Call. No.: 421 J822
 The sticky card: device for studying the distribution of adult
 house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in closed poultry
 houses. Hogsette, J.A.; Jacobs, R.D.; Miller, R.W.
 Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Apr.
 Journal of economic entomology v. 86 (2): p. 450-454; 1993
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Florida; Maryland; Musca domestica; Dispersal;
 Population dynamics; Poultry housing; Sampling; Spatial
 distribution; Veterinary entomology
 
 Abstract:  A commercially available sticky card was evaluated
 for use in adult fly distribution studies in large, closed
 poultry houses in Florida and Maryland. Results showed that
 house flies, Musca domestica L., preferred the interior parts
 of the houses away from the walls. No vertical stratification
 was observed in Maryland, but flies in Florida stayed closer
 to the floor. In-house dispersal studies using fluorescent
 dust showed that flies would move approximately 50 m, or one-
 third the length of the house, in < 24 h. Specimens of
 Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann) (formerly Ophyra aenescens)
 were recovered in both states.
 
 
 204                              NAL Call. No.: S671.I84 nr.34
 Stov i hus for verpehoner betydningen av bygninger,
 innredninger og produksjonsfaktorer = Dust in poultry houses :
 influence of buildings, equipment and production factors.. 
 Dust in poultry houses Lyngtveit, Torgeir
 As Norway : Norges landbrukshogskole, Institutt for tekniske
 fag,; 1992. 43 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. (ITF rapport, 34).  Summary
 in Norwegian and English. Includes bibliographical references
 (p. 42-43).
 
 Language:  Norwegian
 
 
 205                                   NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Strategies for weighing broilers, broiler breeder pullets and
 broiler breeder hens: 2. Scale type weighing time and in-house
 location.
 Fattori, T.R.; Wilson, H.R.; Mather, F.B.; Bootwalla, S.M.
 Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992 Mar.
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (1): p. 95-103; 1992
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Weight determination; Weighers
 
 
 206                                      NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6
 Stress, arousal and opioid peptide-like immunoreactivity in
 restricted- and ad lib.-fed broiler breeder fowls.
 Savory, C.J.; Carlisle, A.; Maxwell, M.H.; Mitchell, M.A.;
 Robertson, G.W. Oxford : Pergamon Press Ltd; 1993 Nov.
 Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A: Comparative
 physiology v. 106 (3): p. 587-594; 1993 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Females; Restricted feeding; Opioid
 peptides; Stress; Animal behavior; Measurement
 
 Abstract:  From 2 weeks of age, female broiler breeders were
 fed on one of three treatments: a commercial restricted ration
 (R), twice that amount (2R), or ad lib. (AL). With R and 2R,
 birds were fed daily at 9 a.m. and ate all their food in < 15
 min. Blood samples were taken every fourth week from 5 to 21
 weeks. Two putative indices of stress, basophil frequency and
 the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, were highest with R and
 lowest with AL, consistently so with the former index and in
 all but the last week with the latter. Another stress index,
 plasma corticosterone concentration, was not affected by
 feeding treatment. Tonic immobility duration, an index of
 fear, was lower with R and 2R than AL at 7 and 12 weeks, but
 not 21 weeks. Headflick frequency, an index of arousal, was
 lower with R than 2R and AL, during 3 min silence and 3 min
 noise, at 11, 15 and 21 weeks. At 21 weeks, intramuscular
 injection of nalmefene, an antagonist of central opioid
 receptors, caused increases in headflick frequency, but there
 was no significant interaction with feeding treatment in this
 response. Feeding treatment had no significant effect on
 levels of beta-endorphin- or leu-enkephalin-like
 immunoreactivity in brains of birds killed at 21 weeks, but
 dynorphin concentration was higher with 2R. Opioid receptor
 density, which could have been affected, was not measured. It
 is concluded that the commercial feeding programme caused
 physiological evidence of stress, and apparent reductions in
 fearfulness and arousal. Results of the tests at 21 weeks did
 not rule out the possibility that the reduced arousal was
 associated with altered opioid status.
 
 
 207                                   NAL Call. No.: 447.8 AM3
 Stress in birds due to routine handling and a technique to
 avoid it. Le Maho, Y.; Karmann, H.; Briot, D.; Handrich, Y.;
 Robin, J.P.; Mioskowski, E.; Cherel, Y.; Farni, J.
 Bethesda, Md. : American Physiological Society; 1992 Oct.
 American journal of physiology v. 263 (4,pt.2): p. R775-R781;
 1992 Oct. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Geese; Animal experiments; Stress; Handling;
 Blood sampling; Lactic acid; Catecholamines; Corticosterone;
 Ph; Acid base equilibrium
 
 Abstract:  The stress that might result in animals from the
 routine handling that most experimental studies involve, e.g.,
 weighing, injecting, and blood sampling, is usually assumed to
 be minimal when the animals look quiet. However, the intensity
 of this stress remains largely ignored. We have developed a
 system that allows blood samples to be taken from freely
 behaving geese without entering the animal room. In these
 entirely undisturbed geese, the humoral indexes of stress,
 i.e., blood levels of catecholamines, corticosterone, and
 lactate, were as low or even lower than the lowest values
 previously reported for birds. Remarkably, the mean basal
 values for epinephrine and norepinephrine were 90-fold and 5-
 fold, respectively, below the lowest values in the literature.
 Stress-induced variations in pH that would have concealed
 detection of nutrition-induced changes in pH were eliminated.
 In contrast, even though the birds looked quiet during a short
 5-min routine handling procedure, to which they had been
 accustomed for weeks, there was a dramatic increase in the
 level of humoral indexes of stress. These increased
 severalfold within only 2 min, and the return to initial
 values could take up to 1 h. Acid-base balance was also
 disrupted. Thus, in studies on animals, the absence of stress
 cannot be deduced from only behavioral observations. Only a
 system for taking blood without human interference may enable
 stress-free investigations.
 
 
 208                                    NAL Call. No.: QP501.C6
 Stress-induced heat-shock protein synthesis in peripheral
 leukocytes of turkeys, Meleagris gallopavo.
 Wang, S.; Edens, F.W.
 Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd; 1993 Nov.
 Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B: Comparative
 biochemistry v. 106 (3): p. 621-628; 1993 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Heat stress; Heat shock proteins;
 Protein synthesis; Leukocytes; Osmotic pressure
 
 Abstract:  Thermal stress, in vitro and in vivo, induced the
 synthesis of heat-shock proteins, HSP90, HSP70, and HSP23 in
 turkey leukocytes. HSP induction was both temperature- and
 time-dependent. Salinity-specific stress proteins were
 expressed with elevated osmolality in culture medium.
 
 
 209                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Survey of turkey downgrading at slaughter: carcass defects and
 associations with transport, toenail trimming, and type of
 bird.
 McEwen, S.A.; Barbut, S.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jul.
 Poultry science v. 71 (7): p. 1107-1115; 1992 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Carcass grading; Carcass quality;
 Bruises; Broilers; Transport of animals; Stocking density;
 Defects; Animal husbandry
 
 Abstract:  For 18 mo, tom, hen, and broiler turkeys processed
 in a single abattoir were observed for carcass defects
 resulting in downgrading. Samples of 100 turkeys per truckload
 were used to determine the proportion of turkeys requiring
 wing trim, half wing trim, and trimming for bruised drums,
 breast blisters, or breast buttons, leg, breast, or back
 scratches, and leg edema. Bird type (hen, tom, or broiler),
 truck, time on truck, farm of origin, and trimming of toenails
 and spurs were also noted. Multiple least squares linear
 regression was used to assess the associations among truck,
 time on truck, space per bird on truck, toenail trimming, spur
 clipping, and proportions of truckloads of turkeys with
 carcass defects. The effect of farm and bird type were
 adjusted for in regression models. Overall, downgrading was
 observed to be a significant problem in turkey production and
 processing. Among toms, hens, and broilers there were
 substantial differences in the rates of bruised drums, breast
 buttons or blisters, back and leg scratches, and leg edema.
 Toenail trimming was associated with reduced breast and leg
 scratches and spur clipping was associated with reduced back
 scratches. Increased time birds were held on trucks was
 associated with increased half wing trim and bruised drums.
 Few associations were observed among downgrading defects, the
 various trucks used during the study, and space available to
 birds on trucks.
 
 
 210                                    NAL Call. No.: 410 J827
 Survival and reproduction of wild and pen-reared ring-necked
 pheasant hens. Leif, A.P.
 Bethesda, Md. : Wildlife Society; 1994 Jul.
 The Journal of wildlife management v. 58 (3): p. 501-506; 1994
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: South Dakota; Cabt; Phasianus colchicus; Game
 birds; Rearing techniques; Wild birds; Survival; Reproduction;
 Nesting; Telemetry
 
 
 211                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Temperature and humidity variations in broiler housing.
 Xin, H.; Berry, I.L.; Tabler, G.T.; Barton, T.L.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4538): 22 p.; 1992.  Paper
 presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Broilers; Temperature; Relative
 humidity; Spatial variation; Diurnal variation; Ventilation
 
 
 212                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Thermal stress on chickens in transit.
 Webster, A.J.F.; Tuddenham, A.; Saville, C.A.; Scott, G.B.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 May.
 British poultry science v. 34 (2): p. 267-277; 1993 May. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chickens; Transport of animals; Stress; Air flow
 
 
 213                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Thermography for evaluating thermal comfort of poultry.
 Bottcher, R.W.; Pardue, S.L.; Brake, J.T.; Jacobson, B.M.;
 Driggers, L.B.; Baughman, G.R.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4539): 10 p.; 1992.  Paper
 presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Broilers; Temperature; Thermal
 infrared imagery
 
 
 214                                   NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Tunnel--ventilated broiler houses: broiler performance and
 operating costs. Lacy, M.P.; Czarick, M.
 Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992 Mar.
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (1): p. 104-109; 1992
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broiler production; Chicken housing; Artificial
 ventilation
 
 
 215                                  NAL Call. No.: aTX501.F66
 Turkey basics from USDA.
 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1992.
 Food news for consumers v. 9 (3): p. 12; 1992.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkey meat; Food handling
 
 Abstract:  This article gives instructions for safely buying,
 thawing, stuffing, roasting, and storing turkeys.
 
 
 216                                  NAL Call. No.: aTX501.F66
 Turkey fundamentals.
 Moriarty, P.
 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1992.
 Food news for consumers v. 9 (3): p. 4-5; 1992.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkey meat; Food preparation; Food handling
 
 Abstract:  This article gives food safety tips for the
 handling and cooking of holiday turkeys.
 
 
 217                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Twenty-four-hour feed withdrawal and limited feeding as
 alternative methods for induction of molt in laying hens.
 Rolon, A.; Buhr, R.J.; Cunningham, D.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 May.
 Poultry science v. 72 (5): p. 776-785; 1993 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Restricted feeding; Diet; Molt;
 Metabolizable energy; Body weight; Egg weight; Egg production;
 Mortality; Feed intake; Production costs; Income; Animal
 welfare
 
 Abstract:  Alternative molting methods involving shorter
 periods of feed withdrawal and feeding a low-density and low-
 energy "molt diet" were compared to conventionally molted (8-
 day feed removal) and nonmolted hens. Alternative molt methods
 consisted of feeding the molt diet for 28 days for ad libitum
 intake, daily limited, or alternate-day limited (feeding every
 other day). Egg production, egg weight, specific gravity, body
 weight, feed intake, and mortality were recorded for 31 wk
 from the start of the molt (4 wk molt, 1 wk prelay, and 26 wk
 postmolt). Economic variables (feed cost, egg value, income
 over feed costs per hen housed) were compared between molting
 methods. Hens provided ad libitum access to the molt diet
 produced more eggs during the molt period than hens molted by
 other methods. Total egg production and income (egg value
 minus feed cost) were comparable among all molting methods and
 exceeded the values for nonmolted control hens. Income per hen
 housed was $2.20 for nonmolted control, $2.87 for the
 conventional, $2.92 for ad libitum, $2.81 for daily limited,
 and $2.97 for the alternate-day limited hens. These results
 indicate that alternative molting methods involving periods of
 feed withdrawal of 24 h or less can be as economically
 effective as conventional methods using longer periods of feed
 withdrawal.
 
 
 218                                     NAL Call. No.: 80 Ac82
 Use of herbal supplement to reduce the effects of stress in
 intensively housed chickens.
 Wheeler, G.E.; Fields, R.
 Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science;
 1993 Nov. Acta horticulturae (344): p. 496-511; 1993 Nov. 
 Paper presented at the "International Syposium on Medicinal
 and Aromatic Plants," March 22-25, 1993, Tiberias, Israel. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chickens; Stress; Medicinal plants; Plant
 extracts; Medicinal properties; Immunostimulation;
 Immunostimulants; Feed conversion efficiency; Liveweight gain;
 Chicken housing
 
 
 219                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Variable rate fogging for increased summer heat control.
 Simmons, J.D.; Lott, B.D.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4050): 14 p.; 1992.  Paper
 presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Fogging; Heating
 
 
 220                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
 Variation in behavioural indices of fearfulness and fatique in
 transported broilers.
 Sherwin, C.M.; Kestin, S.C.; Nicol, C.J.; Knowles, T.G.;
 Brown, S.N.; Reed, H.J.; Warriss, P.D.
 London : Bailliere Tindall; 1993 Nov.
 The British veterinary journal v. 149 (6): p. 571-578; 1993
 Nov.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Road transport;
 Fearfulness; Fatigue; Fasting
 
 Abstract:  Several behavioural measures were used to determine
 fearfulness and fatigue in broiler chickens subjected to
 fasting and/or transportation. There was considerable
 variability between four replicates, although measures within
 replicates were acceptably consistent. There was no uniform
 effect of fasting or transport on behaviour. The most cogent
 results were obtained by monitoring post-journey behaviour. In
 the few hours after transport, fasted and transported birds
 stood more than control birds which could be explained by
 increased food-searching behaviour and/or arousal. It is
 argued that the high variability between replicates indicates
 that considerable efforts must be made to control
 environmental variables in studies of behaviour after
 transporting chickens.
 
 
 221                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Variation in body temperature response of naked neck and
 normally feathered chickens to heat stress.
 Eberhart, D.E.; Washburn, K.W.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Aug.
 Poultry science v. 72 (8): p. 1385-1390; 1993 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Environmental temperature;
 Body weight; Body temperature; Alleles; Line differences;
 Feathers; Phenotypes
 
 Abstract:  The effect of the naked neck (Na) gene on basal
 body temperature (BT) in a 21 C (control) or in a 32 C
 (chronic heat stress) environment and on change in BT when
 exposed to acute heat stress conditions (40.5 C) was examined
 in small and large BW populations. Birds grown at 32 C had a
 significantly lower basal BT, 8-wk BW, and a significantly
 smaller change in BT when exposed to 40.5 C than birds grown
 in 21 C. The small BW birds had a higher basal BT and a
 smaller change in BT when exposed to acute heat stress than
 large BW birds. There was no difference in basal BT between
 naked neck and normal birds in either the small BW (Athens-
 Canadian randombred) population, or in the large BW broiler
 population. The Na/Na birds in the small BW population had a
 significantly greater change in BT when exposed to acute heat
 stress than Na/na or na/na birds, but no differences were seen
 among genotypes in the large BW population. In the 21 C
 environment, naked neck birds seemed to have a greater change
 in BT than normal birds when exposed to 40.5 C. The difference
 in BT change was significant in the large BW population but
 was not significant in the small BW population. Few
 significant correlations were found between basal BT and 8-wk
 BW or between change in BT and 8-wk BW. A consistent negative
 correlation was found between basal BT and change in BT for
 both populations.
 
 
 222                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 Ventilation of poultry buildings with exhaust fans at one end
 and continuous slot inlets along the sidewalls.
 Bottcher, R.W.; Singletary, I.B.; Baughman, G.R.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1992 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (5): p.
 1673-1679. ill; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Exhaust systems; Fans;
 Ventilation; Mathematical models; Theory
 
 Abstract:  Ventilation of buildings for housing floor-raised
 poultry, with exhaust fans clustered at one end and continuous
 slot inlets along the sidewalls, was analyzed using
 relationships for airflow in manifolds. Air velocities
 measured along the inlets in two poultry buildings were
 compared to velocities computed using theoretical
 relationships. The parameter with the greatest effect on
 uniformity of airflow along the inlets was the inlet discharge
 coefficient multiplied by the ratio of total slot inlet area
 to the flow area in the building cross-section, defined as
 alpha. For typical poultry buildings without substantial
 internal obstructions to airflow, variation in air velocity at
 the slot inlets along the building length was less than 10%
 when alpha was less than 0.4. Reductions in air velocity along
 the inlets are developed from manifold relationships for a
 range of values of alpha and F, a dimensionless friction
 parameter. An example demonstrates application of results to
 sizing sidewall inlet openings in buildings designed for
 tunnel ventilation.
 
 
 223                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Vertically directed mixing fans for cooling floor-raised
 poultry. Bottcher, R.W.; Brake, J.; Baughman, G.R.; Magura,
 J.R.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (934518): 18 p.; 1993.  Paper
 presented at the "1993 International Winter Meeting sponsored
 by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
 12-17, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicken housing; Air flow; Fans; Ventilation;
 Cooling
 
 
 224                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Vibration on poultry transporters.
 Randell, J.M.; Streader, W.V.; Meehan, A.M.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Sep.
 British poultry science v. 34 (4): p. 635-642; 1993 Sep. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Livestock transporters; Vibration;
 Suspension systems
 
 
 225                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
 Weekly heat usage for broiler chickens.
 Flood, C.A. Jr; Koon, J.L.; Trumbull, R.D.; Brewer, R.N.
 St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
 1985-; 1994 Mar. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 10 (2):
 p. 285-286; 1994 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicken housing; Brooders; Energy consumption;
 Natural gas; Usage
 
 Abstract:  Gas usage for heating of conventional broiler
 houses was measured weekly for 44 trials over a period of four
 years. The percent of total gas used during the first three
 weeks of the seven-week growout period ranged from a low of
 53% for birds started in one October trial to a high of 100%
 for birds started during warmer months of the year. Average
 first-week use was 55.8%. Average use through the third week
 was 91.2%.
 
 
 226                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Welfare assessment of broiler breeder and layer females
 subjected to food restriction and limited access to water
 during rearing.
 Hocking, P.M.; Maxwell, M.H.; Mitchell, M.A.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Jul.
 British poultry science v. 34 (3): p. 443-458; 1993 Jul. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Restricted feeding; Water intake; Blood
 picture; Animal welfare; Strain differences; Stress; Physical
 activity
 
 
 227                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Welfare of broiler breeder and layer females subjected to food
 and water control during rearing: quantifying the degree of
 restriction. Hocking, P.M.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 34 (1): p. 53-64; 1993 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Restricted feeding; Water intake; Breed
 differences
 
 
 228                                    NAL Call. No.: QL698.C7
 The welfare of poultry in modern production systems.
 Mench, J.A.
 Essex : Elsevier Publishing Ltd; 1992.
 Poultry science reviews v. 4 (2): p. 107-128; 1992. 
 Literature review. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Animal production; Animal welfare;
 Literature reviews
 
 
 229                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 The welfare problems of laying hens in battery cages.
 Baxter, M.R.
 London : The British Veterinary Association; 1994 Jun11.
 The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
 Association v. 134 (24): p. 614-619; 1994 Jun11.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Battery cages; Perches;
 Nesting; Litter; Movement; Space utilization; Social behavior;
 Crowding
 
 
 230                                  NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68
 What's wrong with animal by-products?.
 Varner, G.E.
 Guelph, Ont. : University of Guelph, 1991-; 1994.
 Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 7 (1): p.
 7-17; 1994. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Hens; Egg production; Poultry
 industry; Dairy cows; Milk production; Dairy industry;
 Productive life; Longevity; Slaughter; Animal welfare; Ethics
 
 
 231                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
 Wind-activated fan shutoff to reduce electricity required for
 summer ventilation.
 Simmons, J.D.; Lott, B.D.
 St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
 1985-; 1992 Nov. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (6):
 p. 851-854; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Mississippi; Cabt; Chicken housing; Fans; Energy
 conservation; Wind speed; Sensors; Temperature
 
 Abstract:  Summertime ventilation of open-sided broiler houses
 is done primarily with forced ventilation using large fans. To
 exploit the potential of natural ventilation, a wind sensing
 device was interfaced with the fan control circuit. The
 device, called a "sail switch", interrupted power to the fans
 when sufficient wind was available to remove the sensible heat
 and moisture produced by the broilers. The sail switch
 controlled the fans of a research broiler house where 3,250
 broilers were reared from three to eight weeks. Interior
 conditions were monitored continuously. Results overall showed
 a greater than 50% reduction in fan run time. In particular,
 during a 24-h period at five weeks and again at seven weeks
 (bird age), fans ran only 17 and 40% of the time,
 respectively. Throughout the rearing period, heat and moisture
 produced by the broilers were adequately removed while die
 sail switch permitted natural ventilation, when available, to
 re lace forced ventilation.
 
 
 232                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Zinc methionine for stressed laying hens.
 Kienholz, E.W.; Moreng, R.E.; Flinchum, J.D.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 May.
 Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 829-832; 1992 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Hens; Zinc; Methionine; Feed additives;
 Calcium; Mineral deficiencies; Stress; Laying performance; Egg
 weight; Egg shell thickness; Egg albumen; Egg hatchability;
 Dosage effects
 
 Abstract:  The effects of zinc methionine product (ZP)
 supplementation to Single Comb White Leghorn hens on egg
 production and quality were measured through three consecutive
 egg laying cycles. During the first and second lay cycles, ZP
 had minor or nonsignificant effects upon hen performance.
 During the third lay cycle, a low dietary Ca (.3% Ca) stress
 of 1 mo duration was encountered. During this low-Ca stress
 period, hens fed 1 g ZP/kg produced the greatest number of
 eggs (P < .05), and during recovery from that low-Ca stress,
 the hens receiving 2 g ZP/kg produced the most eggs (P < .05).
 The ZP appeared to help hens maintain egg size throughout this
 stress period. The present results indicate that ZP was
 beneficial to hens during low-Ca stress and during the
 recovery period following that stress.
 

Go to: Author Index | Subject Index | Top of Document

Author Index

 Adams, A.W.  59, 71, 82
 Ait-Boulahsen, A.  21
 Alvey, D.M.  53, 72
 Anderson, G.L.  4, 136
 Anderson, K.E.  71, 82
 Andrews, D.K.  112
 Appleby, M.C.  28, 61, 80, 114, 153, 154
 Appleby, Michael C.  166
 Arad, Z.  49, 50
 Arakawa, A.  116
 Asakura, A.  44
 Austic, R.E.  89
 Austin, S.D.  35, 56
 Baba, E.  116
 Bailey, J.S.  116
 Baker, D.H.  84
 Barbut, S.  209
 Barnett, J.L.  19, 95
 Barton, T.L.  88, 195, 211
 Baughman, G.R.  93, 101, 146, 213, 222, 223
 Baxter, M.R.  229
 Beck, M.M.  188
 Beckett, A.M.  111
 Belay, T.  140
 Benson, B.N.  40
 Berman, E.  175
 Berney, G.  34
 Berny, G.  127
 Berry, I.L.  88, 195, 211
 Berry, P. 32
 Bevis, E.A.  132
 Bisesi, P.  101
 Bisesi, P.S.  33
 Blair, R.  17
 Blankenship, L.C.  116
 Bond, P.L. Jr  63
 Book, C.M.  117
 Bootwalla, S.M.  205
 Bottcher, R.W.  33, 93, 99, 100, 101, 107, 146, 178, 213, 222,
 223
 Brackenbury, J.H.  49, 50
 Bradshaw, R.H.  85
 Brake, J.  33, 51, 107, 223
 Brake, J.T.  213
 Branton, S.L.  36, 60
 Brewer, R.N.  225
 Brillard, J.P.  201
 Briot, D.  207
 Brown, S.N.  35, 132, 220
 Bucklin, R.A.  92, 178
 Buhr, R.J.  161, 217
 Bundy, D.S.  52
 Bush, P.B.  194
 Calvert, C.C.  40
 Campbell, G.W.  90
 Campo, J.L.  176
 Carlisle, A.  206
 Carlisle, A.J.  73
 Carnicer, C.  176
 Carr, L.E.  34, 127
 Carter, L.  120
 Carter, S.T.  167
 Carter, T.A.  100
 Chandrasiri, A.D.N.  97
 Chao, K.L.  39
 Chen, C.L.  78
 Chen, H.  78
 Cheng, J.C.  134
 Cheng, K.K.S.  200
 Cherel, Y.  207
 Chi, H.  39
 Chung, H.C.  74
 Clark, B.E.  4, 136
 Clarkson, C.R.  179
 Classen, H.L.  133
 Coemans, M.A.J.M.  8, 9
 Collins, E.R. Jr  197, 198
 Conner, D.E.  192
 Coquerelle, G.  42
 Corrier, D.E.  64
 Corrigan, R.M.  31
 Cox, D.F.  52
 Craig, J.V.  139, 190, 193
 Crow, G.H.  74
 Cunningham, D.L.  16, 161, 217
 Currin, R.D.  107
 Czarick, M.  178, 214
 Czarick, M. III  93
 DeBey, M.C.  52
 Degen, A.A.  54, 66
 DeLoach, J.R.  64
 DeShazer, J.A.  188
 Deyhim, F.  41
 Diehl, K.C.  197, 198
 Dietert, R.R.  89
 Dillon, P.  120
 Douglas, J.H.  63
 Driggers, L.B.  33, 100, 101, 213
 Duff, S.R.I.  67
 Duncan, E.T.  61
 Duncan, I.J.H.  137, 138
 Duncan, L.J.H.  37
 Dunnington, E.A.  186
 Eberhart, D.E.  10, 221
 Eckman, M.K.  192
 Eddy, T.J.  158
 Edens, F.W.  21, 208
 Edwards, J.E.  35, 132
 Ehrich, M.  191
 El-Assaad, F.G.  34, 127
 El-Assaad, Fady G.  126
 El-Sayed, M.S.  49, 50
 Elson, H. A.  166
 Etheredge, A.  33
 Evans, C.S.  103
 Fairfull, R.W.  55
 Fanure, J.M.  25
 Farni, J.  207
 Fattori, T.R.  205
 Feddes, J.J.R.  65
 Ferket, P.R.  160
 Fields, R.  218
 Flinchum, J.D.  232
 Flood, C.A. Jr  225
 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations  199
 Ford, B.C.  1
 Frame, D.D.  4
 Frankena, K.O 148
 Friedman, A.  135
 Fujisawa-Sehara, A.  44
 Fukata, T.  116
 Gallup, G.G. Jr  158
 Garlich, J.D.  21
 Gates, R.S.  39, 99, 142
 Gaydon, D.M.  185
 Geraert, P.A.  7
 Gernat, A.G.O 59
 Glatz, P.C.  5
 Gleaves, E.W.  63
 Goelema, J.O.  147, 148
 Golemboski, K.A.  89
 Goodman, T.N.  183
 Graat, E.A.M.  148
 Green, G.  143
 Gregory, N.G.  24, 53, 56, 91
 Gross, W.B.  68, 186, 191
 Guenter, W.  74
 Guillaumin, S.  7
 Gunaratne, S.P.  97
 Han, Y.  84
 Handji, V.  175
 Handrich, Y.  207
 Hansen, R.J. \u University of California, Davis, CA  14
 Hargis, B.  64
 Harms, R.H.  92
 Harrison, P.C.  181
 Harrison, R.  3
 Harrower, B.J.  90
 Heller, E. Dan  135
 Hemsworth, P.H.  19, 95
 Henken, A.M.  147, 148
 Hiatt, R.  174
 Hierholzer, R.E. p70
 Hinton, A. Jr  64
 Hobbs, A.O.  100
 Hocking, P.M.  11, 43, 157, 226, 227
 Hoffman, L.J.  52
 Hogsette, J.A.  110, 203
 Holt, P.S.  57
 Homedes, J.  169
 Hong, C.M.  134
 Hughes, B. O.  166, 172
 Hughes, B.O.  28, 45, 61, 80, 114, 153, 154
 Hulet, R.M.  197, 198
 Hurnik, J.F.  27, 58
 Hyun, W.J.  79
 Jacob, R.D.  110
 Jacobs, R.D.  92, 203
 Jacobson, B.M.  107, 213
 Jesiolowski, J.  125
 Johnson, D.R.  102
 Jones, B.F.  102
 Jones, F.T.  20, 196
 Jones, M.  199
 Jones, R.B.  19, 51, 69, 144, 152, 177, 182, 187
 Joseph, S.W.  34, 127
 Karmann, H.  48, 207
 Kathan, Bernhard  106
 Keeley, T.P.  51, 107
 Keeling, L.J.  121
 Kellison, R.C.  104
 Kestin, S.C.  35, 220
 Kettlewell, P.J.  38
 Kienholz, E.W.  232
 Kijima, M.  109
 Klasing, K.C.  40, 169
 Kleven, S.H.  149
 Klober, K.  163
 Knowles, T.G.  35, 220
 Koelkebeck, K.W.  181
 Komiya, T.  44
 Kondaiah, N.  173
 Koon, J.L.  225
 Kopek, J.M.  70
 Kostal, L.  45
 Krishnamurthy, T.R.  162
 Lacy, M.P.  93, 214
 Lanyon, L.E.  105
 Larsen, A.S.  186
 Le Maho, Y.  48, 207
 Leclercq, B.  7
 Lee, B.D.  79
 Lee, S.K.  79
 Lei, P.K.  134
 Leif, A.P.  210
 Leonard, M.L.  55
 Lewis, P.D.  122
 Liljequist, B.L.  107
 Long, N.D.  113
 Lott, B.D.  1, 12, 60, 96, 219, 231
 Luttrell, M.P.  149
 Lyngtveit, Torgeir  204
 Madindou, T.  181
 Maghirang, R.G.  46, 47
 Magura, J.R.  223
 Mahagna, M.  119
 Mahnke, G.M.  149
 Malan, A.  48
 Mallinson, E.T.  34, 127
 Mamputu, M.  161
 Manbeck, H.B.  46, 47
 Mangalika Hemalatha, W.A.P.  97
 Marler, P.  103
 Martin, A.  186
 Mather, F.B.  205
 Matthewman, R.W.  168
 Mauldin, J.M.  6
 Maxwell, M.H.  13, 43, 206, 226
 May, J.D.  1, 60, 96
 Mazzola, V.  26
 McAllister, J.C.  184
 McDaniel, G.R.  62
 McDougald, L.R.  116
 McEwen, S.A.  209
 McFate, K.  174
 McKinley, M.  113
 McMartin, D.A.  164
 Meagher, R.B.  94
 Meehan, A.M.  224
 Mench, J.A.  123, 228
 Merat, P.  42
 Merkle, S.A.  94
 Meyer, V.M.  52
 Midgley, M.M.  122
 Millam, J.R.  117
 Miller, R.W.  115, 185, 203
 Mills, G.D. Jr  115
 Mioskowski, E.  207
 Misselbrook, T.H.  179
 Mitchell, M.A.  73, 206, 226
 Mohan Raj, A.B.  24
 Moran, E.T.  29
 Moran, E.T. Jr  23
 Moran, P.  32, 87
 Moreng, R.E.  232
 Moriarty, P.  216
 Morris, T.R.  122
 Muir, W.M.  193
 Muirhead, S.  30
 Murphy, L.B.  5
 Nabeshima, Y.  44
 Nabeshima, Y.I.  44
 Nagamine, N.  109
 Nakamura, M.  109
 Neijenhuis, F.  147
 Newberry, R.C.  17
 Newman, E.A.  95
 Nicol, C.J. 35, 76, 86, 220
 Nightingale, T.E.  200
 Nir, I.  119
 Nitsan, Z.  119
 Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M.  148
 Norgaard-Nielsen, G.  83
 Nuboer, J.F.W.  8, 9
 Odom, A.  191
 Overhults, D.G.  99, 142
 Paice, M.E.R.  38
 Pain, B.F.  179
 Panda, B.  173
 Pano, G.  175
 Pardue, S.L.  33, 107, 213
 Parmar, R.S.  197, 198
 Pearson, C.C.  143
 Perrins, A.J.  171
 Perry, G.C.  122
 Petherick, J.C.  118
 Phillips, V.R.  143
 Pickens, L.G.  115
 Poe, S.E.  4, 136
 Porter, R.E. Jr  57
 Preston, A.P.  5
 Purser, J.  108
 Qi, R.  47
 Qureshi, M.A.  160
 Raj, A.B.M.  124
 Raj, M.  91
 Randell, J.M.  224
 Reed, H.J.  56, 86, 220
 Richard, J.L.  52
 Riddell, C.  65
 Rideau, N.  48
 Roberts, J.A.  97
 Robertson, G.W.  43, 206
 Robin, J.P.  207
 Robinson, E.E.  65
 Roder, J.D.  78
 Rolon, A.  217
 Roothaert, R.L.  168
 Ropelato, R.A.  136
 Rosenstrauch, A.  66
 Rotter, R.G.  74
 Roura, E.  40, 169
 Rowland, G.N.  194
 Ruszler, P.L.  120
 Rutter, S.M.  137
 Ryder, F.H.  69, 182
 Sander, J.E.  194
 Sangiah, S.  78
 Sato, S.  109
 Satterlee, D.G.  69, 182
 Saville, C.A.  212
 Savory, C. J.  172
 Savory, C.J.  45, 202, 206
 Schat, K. A.  135
 Scotford, I.M.  143
 Scott, G.B.  87, 165, 212
 Scott, R.P.  129
 Seawright, E.  118, 202
 Shen, Y.  78
 Sheppard, D.C.  185
 Sherwin, C. M.  145
 Sherwin, C.M.  72, 159, 220
 Shlosberg, A.  175
 Siegel, P.B.  18, 186
 Silverside, D.  199
 Silversides, F.G.  42
 Simmons, J.D.  12, 36, 219, 231
 Simonsen, H.B.  83
 Singletary, I.B.  146, 222
 Siopes, T.D.  129
 Skeeles, J.K.  184
 Skinner, J.T.  70
 Sloan, D.R.  92
 Smith, A.J.  170
 Smith, M.O.  22, 75, 77, 81, 156, 180
 Smith, S.F.  28, 80, 114, 153, 154
 Sparrey, J.M.  38
 Spinu, M.  54, 66
 Spradbrow, P.B.  155
 Sridhara, S.  162
 Stanger, N.E.  74
 Steelman, C.D.  184
 Stewart, L.E.  34, 127
 Streader, W.V.  224
 Struwe, F.J.  63
 Suzuki, S.  109
 Swanson, J.C.  190
 Tabler, G.T.  88, 195, 211
 Takahashi, T.  109
 Tamura, Y.  109
 Tan, K.H.  134
 Tanaka, T.  27
 Taylor, A.A.  58
 Taylor, J.D.  90
 Teeter, R.G.  22, 41, 77, 81, 98, 140, 180
 Thompstone, S.  15
 Timm, R.M.  31
 Todd, M.C.  29
 Trampel, D.W.  52
 Trumbull, R.D.  225
 Tucker, S.A.  53
 Tuddenham, A.  212
 Turner, E.C.  130
 Turner, E.C. Jr  120
 Uetsuki, T.  44
 United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and
 Development Fund  135
 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture.
 Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry  189
 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare  145
 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, European
 Federation of the World's Poultry Science Association, Working
 Group No. 9  172
 University of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Agricultural
 Engineering  126
 Van Wicklen, G.L.  178
 Varner, G.E.  230
 Vestergaard, K.  83
 Vos, J.J.  8, 9
 Wachenfelt, Eva von  131
 Waddington, D.  118, 144
 Waldroup, A.L.  70
 Waldroup, P.W.  70
 Walzem, R.L.  14
 Wang, S.  208
 Warnick, R.E.  4, 136
 Warriss, P.D.  35, 132, 220
 Washburn, K.W.  10, 221
 Watson, A.  202
 Webster, A.J.F.  212
 Wheeler, G.E.  218
 Whetlor, B.  32
 Whetlor, W.C.  38
 Whitehead, C.C.  67
 Whyte, R.T.  2
 Wideman, R.F.  1
 Wiernusz, C.J.  98, 140, 180
 Wilde, H.D.  94
 Wilkins, L.J.  35, 53, 56
 Williams, J.B.  187
 Williamson, J.D.  72
 Wilson, H.R.  205
 Wilson, J.L.  194
 Wilson, S.  28, 67, 80
 Wold, J.  128
 Wong, H.Y.C.  200
 Wong-Valle, J.  62
 Wotton, S.B.  24
 Wyatt, C.L.  183
 Xin, H.  88, 188, 195, 211
 Yalcin, S.  62
 Youngman, R.  120
 Youngman, R.R.  130
 Zhang, S.H.  99, 142
 Zhang, Shuhui,  141
 Zorn, T.  48
 Zuidhof, M.J.  65
 Zulkifli, I.  186
 


Go to: Author Index | Subject Index | Top of Document


Subject Index

 4-h clubs  113
 Abdominal fat  29, 41, 75
 Acclimatization  1, 96, 180
 Acid base equilibrium  21, 22, 79, 207
 Adaptability  18
 Additives  60
 Adenosinetriphosphatase  78
 Adrenal glands  63
 Age  198
 Age differences  11, 51, 60, 67, 83, 96, 176
 Aggressive behavior A85
 Agonistic behavior  6
 Agricultural research  167
 Air flow  12, 52, 212, 223
 Air microbiology  52
 Air pollutants  2, 47
 Air quality  46, 47, 52, 65, 136, 147
 Air temperature  52
 Alabama  192
 Alaska  108
 Albinos  42
 Alleles  10, 186, 221
 Alphitobius diaperinus  184
 Amino acid sequences  44
 Ammonia  52, 65, 128, 147
 Analgesics  5
 Animal behavior  11, 16, 18, 27, 37, 45, 69, 76, 85, 86, 110,
 114, 119, 121, 122, 123, 138, 139, 187, 190, 202, 206
 Animal breeding  167
 Animal diseases  36
 Animal experiments  207
 Animal health  20
 Animal housing  102, 146
 Animal husbandry  55, 167, 170, 209
 Animal models  14
 Animal production  228
 Animal welfare  3, 5, 6, 11, 16, 17, 18, 24, 25, 27, 32, 37,
 38, 58, 72, 85, 86, 91, 111, 114, 121, 122, 123, 124, 137,
 138, 144, 153, 154, 157, 164, 165, 171, 190, 193, 217, 226,
 228, 229, 230
 Anoxia  24, 124
 Antibody formation  41, 89, 186
 Aorta  200
 Application methods  192
 Argon  24, 124
 Arkansas  195
 Arsenic  194
 Artificial insemination  201�
 Artificial ventilation  47, 92, 100, 214
 Ascites  175
 Ascorbic acid  68, 69
 Assays  89
 Atherogenesis  200
 Atherogenic diet  200
 Atheroma  200
 Atherosclerosis  200
 Automatic control  12
 Availability  103
 Aviaries  27, 58
 Avoidance conditioning  137
 Bait traps  31, 130
 Battery cages  27, 32, 37, 42, 56, 58, 61, 71, 118, 153, 154,
 229
 
 Battery husbandry  184, 190
 Beak  63, 193
 Behavior modification  144
 Behavior patterns  121
 Beta-glucuronidase  94
 Betamethasone  11
 Bioelectric potential  24
 Biological treatment  143
 Bioreactors  143
 Birdcages  145
 Blood  63
 Blood cells  129
 Blood chemistry  79
 Blood flow  49
 Blood lipids  40, 200
 Blood picture  43, 226
 Blood plasma  1, 45, 48, 69, 97, 182, 187, 200
 Blood sampling  48, 207
 Blood serum  117
 Blood sugar  35
 Blue light  129
 Body fat  122
 Body heat loss  98
 Body temperature  22, 49, 75, 79, 98, 107, 180, 221
 Body water  1
 Body weight  10, 29, 42, 45, 51, 58, 63, 71, 82, 84, 186, 198,
 200, 217, 221
 Bone density  29
 Bone fractures  53, 105, 111
 Bone resorption  80
 Bone strength  28, 58, 71, 105, 181, 190
 Bone weight  29, 58
 Bones  28, 67, 80
 Brain  78, 91�
 Breaking strength  28
 Breed differences  54, 119, 227
 Breeding programs  150, 151
 Broiler performance  29, 41, 75
 Broiler production  184, 197, 198, 214
 Broilers  1, 7, 10, 11, 12, 17, 20, 22, 23, 29, 35, 41, 45,
 60, 62, 64, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 84, 96, 98, 107,
 116, 119, 132, 133, 140, 147, 148, 152, 156, 157, 160, 175,
 179, 180, 183, 184, 194, 195, 202, 206, 209, 211, 213, 220,
 221, 224
 Brood care  112
 Brooders  42, 225
 Broodiness  6
 Bruises  209
 Bursa fabricii  41
 Cabt  4, 12, 31, 32, 54, 75, 93, 97, 150, 151, 178, 195, 210,
 230, 231
 Cage size  25
 Cages  34, 67, 72, 86, 119, 193
 Calcium  21, 74, 97, 232
 Calorimetry  98
 Cannibalism  55, 193
 Carbon dioxide  24, 91, 124, 147
 Carbonation  22, 181
 Carcass composition  41
 Carcass grading  209
 Carcass quality  17, 23, 29, 124, 209
 Carcass weight  75
 Carcass yield  29, 75
 Carcasses  70, 156, 183
 Case reports  149, 194
 Catecholamines  207
 Cats  14
 Cecum  64
 Cell mediated immunity  129
 Cell membranes  74
 Chicken fat  173
 Chicken housing  3, 99, 108, 115, 120, 142, 143, 147, 148,
 190, 195, 214, 218, 223, 225, 231
 Chicken industry  199
 Chicken meat  156, 173
 Chickens  13, 89, 103, 119, 135, 145, 155, 165, 199, 212, 218  
 Chicks  40, 42, 55, 64, 69, 81, 83, 97, 108, 119, 144, 158,
 169, 177, 186, 187
 Cholesterol  200
 Circadian rhythm  122
 Claws  58, 154
 Cleaning  196
 Climatic zones  170
 Coccidiosis  116, 147
 Cocks  79, 103, 200
 Cold stress  66, 175
 Collectors  165
 Colonization  64
 Communication between animals  103
 Comparisons  100, 101
 Computer simulation  39, 142
 Containers  124
 Contamination  20
 Controlling elements  44
 Conveyors  32, 165
 Cooling  223
 Copper arsenate  194
 Correlated responses  193
 Corticosterone  13, 45, 63, 69, 129, 182, 187, 207
 Corticotropin  13, 68
 Cost benefit analysis  33, 108, 178
 Cows  14
 Crowding  229
 Cyromazine  185
 Dairy cows  230
 Dairy industry  230
 Data collection  107
 Death  106
 Debeaking  5, 6, 16, 63, 193
 Decision making  198
 Defects  183, 209
 Dehydration (physiological)  35
 Design  32, 72
 Developing countries  170
 Developmental stages  184
 Dexamethasone  109
 Diet  17, 21, 84, 156, 169, 175, 217
 Dietary fat  74
 Dietary minerals  41, 97
 Dietary protein  7, 51
 Diptera  130
 Disease control  20, 150, 151
 Disease resistance  64, 68, 89, 186
 Disease surveys  148
 Disease transmission  57, 109
 Disease vectors  184
 Disinfectants  192, 194
 Disinfection  34, 127
 Disinfection and disinfectants  126
 Dispersal  203
 Diurnal variation  45, 96, 211
 Domestic animals  123
 Domestic gardens  125
 Domestication  18, 190
 Doors  52
 Dosage effects  17, 84, 232
 Draft animals  170
 Drinkers  82
 Drinking behavior  119
 Drinking water  22, 60, 81, 160, 181
 Duration  72, 132, 138
 Dust  2, 47, 65, 183
 Dust bathing  83, 153, 154
 Dwarfism  186
 Egg albumen  232
 Egg hatchability  201, 232
 Egg production  27, 63, 82, 108, 109, 111, 193, 217, 230   Egg
 quality  71, 114
 Egg shell thickness  232
 Egg weight  59, 181, 217, 232
 Eggs  181
 Eimeria  116
 Eimeria tenella  186
 Electric current  38
 Electrical equipment  38
 Electricity  12, 33, 174
 Electroencephalograms  24, 91
 Electrolytes  75, 160
 Emus  167
 Energy conservation  88, 231
 Energy consumption  12, 101, 225
 Energy cost of maintenance  195
 Energy intake  40
 Energy metabolism  40
 Energy requirements  170
 Enrichment  76, 83, 144
 Environment  76, 83, 144, 198
 Environmental control  26, 36, 99
 Environmental temperature  1, 10, 12, 13, 49, 66, 73, 75, 77,
 78, 84, 96, 140, 147, 156, 160, 180, 188, 197, 221
 Enzyme activity  78, 94
 Epidemiology  90, 147, 148
 Epiphyses  29
 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae  90
 Erythrocyte count  129
 Escherichia coli  68
 Ethics  230
 Euthanasia  124
 Evaporation  79
 Evaporative cooling  92, 93, 99
 Excreta  86
 Excretion  1
 Exercise  80
 Exhaust systems  222
 Experimental diets  40
 Experimental infections  40
 Exports  15
 Fans  12, 93, 222, 223, 231
 Farm income  15
 Farm management  170
 Farming  125
 Fasting  188, 220
 Fatigue  220
 Fatty liver  14
 Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome  14
 Fearfulness  13, 17, 19, 45, 51, 56, 69, 71, 76, 82, 87, 95,
 137, 144, 152, 154, 158, 176, 177, 182, 220
 Feather pecking  83, 154, 159
 Feathers  10, 58, 63, 221
 Feces  140, 184
 Feed additives  232
 Feed conversion  10, 29, 70, 71, 82
 Feed conversion efficiency  7, 55, 59, 68, 160, 181, 183, 186,
 218
 Feed dispensers  71, 82
 Feed intake  5, 10, 59, 63, 70, 71, 77, 82, 96, 97, 98, 157,
 180, 181, 188, 198, 217
 Feed troughs  72
 Feeding behavior  6, 72, 97, 119, 157, 186
 Feeding habits  27
 Feeds  175
 Feet  58, 154, 194
 Female fertility  201
 Females  206
 Femur  29
 Flocks  20
 Floor husbandry  71, 190
 Floor pens  42, 59, 64, 67, 70, 119
 Floor type  71
 Floors  63
 Florida  92, 110, 203
 Fluorescent lamps  9
 Fogging  93, 219
 Follicles  50
 Food  103
 Food deprivation  35
 Food handling  215, 216
 Food intake  40, 48, 73
 Food preparation  216
 Food restriction  21, 23
 Foot diseases  154
 Forest plantations  104
 Forest trees  104
 Forestry  104
 Fowl diseases  68
 Fowls  5, 6, 16, 18, 21, 44, 67, 68, 125, 139, 191, 205, 232  
 Free range husbandry  97, 125, 155, 163
 Frequency  72, 121
 Furaltadone  68
 Galactose  73
 Game birds  210
 Gases  2
 Geese  48, 207
 Gene expression  94'
 Gene transfer  94
 Genes  42
 Genetic engineering  104
 Genetic improvement  18, 104
 Genetic markers  94
 Genetic regulation  44
 Genetic variation  18
 Genotype environment interaction  42, 89
 Genotypes  42
 Georgia  161, 178
 Glomerular filtration  1
 Glucagon  73
 Glucose  48
 Glycogen  35
 Goose feeding  112
 Goslings  112
 Grids  157
 Groups  25, 85
 Growth  40, 42
 Growth rate  10, 55, 73, 77, 84, 119, 169
 Guineafowls  90
 Gypsum  183
 Handling  55, 76, 144, 150, 151, 152, 165, 207
 Handling machinery  32
 Harness  107
 Hatcheries  192
 Hatching  97
 Head dimensions  157
 Heart  63, 78
 Heart diseases  74
 Heat production  98
 Heat shock proteins  208
 Heat stress  1, 7, 10, 21, 22, 30, 41, 49, 50, 60, 73, 75, 77,
 78, 79, 81, 84, 96, 98, 107, 122, 140, 156, 160, 161, 178,
 180, 181, 188, 208, 221
 Heating  219
 Hemodynamics  200
 Hemorrhage  124
 Hen feeding  157
 Hens  3, 9, 14, 19, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 37, 49, 50, 53,
 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 66, 71, 72, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86,
 87, 95, 97, 103, 108, 109, 111, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 129,
 137, 152, 153, 154, 157, 159, 173, 176, 181, 190, 193, 194,
 201, 217, 226, 227, 229, 230, 232
 Heritability  176, 193
 Histopathology  90
 History  15
 Hot boning  173
 Humidity  142, 197
 Humoral immunity  41, 129
 Hydrotaea aenescens  120
 Hygiene  130, 148
 Hypercapnia  24
 Hypercholesterolemia  200
 Hypothyroidism  73
 Immobilization  152, 182
 Immune competence  89
 Immune response  40, 129, 160
 Immunity  186
 Immunological deficiency  89
 Immunology  169
 Immunostimulants  218
 Immunostimulation  218
 Immunosuppression  109
 Improvement  150, 151
 Incidence  70, 74, 200
 Income  217
 Incubation  112
 India  162
 Individuals  118
 Infections  70
 Inhibition  69, 78
 Insect control  102, 115, 130
 Insect traps  115
 Insecticide resistance  185
 Insecticides  102, 130
 Inspection  150, 151
 Insulating materials  101
 Insulation  195
 Insulin  48
 Insulin secretion  48
 Integrated pest management  120, 130
 Intensive husbandry  133, 148
 Interactions  47, 85
 Interleukin 1  169
 Intermittent light  122
 Intestinal absorption  73
 Intestinal microorganisms  64
 Intestinal mucosa  78
 Intestines  116
 Isolation  36, 158, 187
 Israel  54
 Japanese quails  182
 Jejunum  73
 Kidneys  78
 Kitchen waste  97
 Lactic acid  207
 Lamb (Meat)  189
 Lamb meat industry  189
 Laying performance  59, 62, 71, 95, 154, 181, 232
 Learning  159
 Leg weakness  112
 Length  29, 58
 Lesions  42, 58, 65, 116, 147, 186
 Leukocyte count  129
 Leukocytes  13, 208
 Light  129
 Light intensity  8
 Light regime  17, 42, 62, 75, 122, 147
 Lighting  47
 Line differences  7, 10, 13, 221
 Lipid metabolism  14
 Liriodendron tulipifera  94
 Literature reviews  6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 47, 89, 105, 122, 138,
 139, 155, 173, 190, 228
 Litter  63, 64, 118, 147, 168, 183, 229
 Liver  35, 41
 Livestock transporters  224
 Liveweight gain  10, 42, 59, 60, 77, 81, 82, 160, 183, 198,
 218   Loaders  165
 Locomotion  11
 Longevity  230
 Lungs  65
 Lymphocytes  68
 Lysine  84
 Magnesium  78
 Male fertility  11
 Man  14, 19, 158, 177
 Marek's disease  135
 Marketing  23
 Maryland  185, 203
 Mathematical models  47, 99, 197, 222
 Mating behavior  103
 Measurement  179, 206
 Meat cuts  156
 Meat quality  173
 Meat yield  173
 Mechanical methods  100
 Mechanically deboned meat  173
 Medicinal plants  218
 Medicinal properties  218
 Metabolism  98
 Metabolizable energy  40, 217
 Methionine  73, 232
 Microbial degradation  143
 Milk production  230
 Mineral deficiencies  21, 29, 41, 232
 Mineral metabolism  140
 Mississippi  185, 231
 Mists  99
 Mixed farming  170
 Mixed infections  116
 Mode of action  169
 Moisture content  183
 Molt  217
 Molting  57
 Morphology  73
 Mortality  29, 42, 55, 70, 71, 74, 122, 132, 155, 160, 164,
 217   Motivation  159
 Movement  229
 Multivariate analysis  148
 Mus musculus  31
 Musca  102
 Musca domestica  110, 115, 120, 185, 203
 Mycoplasma gallisepticum  68
 Mycoplasma synoviae  149
 Mycoplasmosis  149
 Myosin  44
 Naloxone  11
 National planning  150, 151
 Natural gas  225
 Natural ventilation  52
 Neomycin  94
 Nesting  117, 118, 153, 154, 210, 229
 Nests  86, 117, 118, 154
 Netherlands  147
 Neurotoxins  191
 Neutrophils  68
 New Jersey  185
 Newcastle disease  155
 Newcastle disease virus  68
 Nicarbazin  79, 116
 Nipple drinkers  59
 Nonprotein nitrogen  168
 Normal values  67
 North Carolina  93, 149
 Nucleotide sequences  44
 Nutrient deficiencies  89
 Nutrient density  40
 Nutrient requirements  84
 Nutrients  156
 Occupational disorders  2
 Odor abatement  143, 179
 Odor emission  143, 179
 Odors  134
 Oklahoma  81
 Operation  32
 Opioid peptides  11, 206
 Opioids  202
 Organs  78
 Osmotic pressure  208
 Osteomalacia  67
 Osteoporosis  28, 67, 80
 Ostriches  167
 Outbreaks  90
 Oviposition  201
 Oxygen  24
 Oxytetracycline  60
 Pain  11
 Particle density  47
 Particles  52
 Pathogenesis  14
 Peasant workers  15
 Peat  83
 Penicillins  169
 Pennsylvania  47
 Pentobarbital  191
 Perches  28, 51, 61, 80, 86, 114, 154, 229
 Performance  52, 65
 Ph  35, 181, 207
 Phasianus colchicus  210
 Phenotypes  221
 Phospholipids  74
 Phosphorus  29, 97
 Phosphorylation  69
 Phosphotransferases  94
 Physical activity  122, 226
 Pig housing  36, 163
 Pig slurry  179
 Pigeons  113
 Plant extracts  218
 Plastics  117
 Pododermatitis  194
 Population density  110
 Population dynamics  162, 203
 Population structure  162
 Potassium  78
 Potassium chloride  81
 Poultry  34, 38, 43, 105, 115, 125, 126, 138, 146, 150, 151,
 162, 164, 166, 166, 170, 171, 172, 228
 Poultry diseases  31, 112, 113
 Poultry droppings  128, 143
 Poultry farming  15, 78, 83, 188
 Poultry feeding  108, 113
 Poultry housing  2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 26, 31, 32, 33, 39, 46, 47,
 52, 62, 65, 88, 92, 93, 100, 101, 110, 113, 127, 128, 130,
 134, 136, 139, 141, 162, 163, 174, 178, 179, 192, 196, 197,
 198, 203, 211, 213, 219, 222
 Poultry industry  230
 Poultry manure  115, 134, 168, 185
 Poultry products  15, 150, 151
 Preformed meats  173
 Probes  107
 Production costs  12, 190, 217
 Productive life  230
 Productivity  97
 Prolactin  117
 Prophylaxis  175
 Protein intake  51
 Protein synthesis  208
 Proximate analysis  97
 Public opinion  190
 Pullets  51, 62
 Quarantine  36
 Queensland  90
 Rail transport  15
 Rattus norvegicus  31
 Rattus rattus  31, 162
 Rearing techniques  210
 Red light  129
 Reflection  178
 Regulations  122, 150, 151
 Relapse  57
 Relative humidity  52, 78, 188, 211
 Removal  56
 Renal function  1
 Reproduction  210
 Reservoir hosts  184
 Respiration rate  98
 Respiratory diseases  2
 Restricted feeding  11, 13, 43, 45, 161, 180, 202, 206, 217,
 226, 227
 Rhea  167
 Risk  147, 148
 Road transport  35, 220
 Rodent control  31, 162
 Rodenticides 31
 Roofs  178
 Ruminant feeding  168
 Salmonella  20, 34, 64, 127, 148, 196
 Salmonella enteritidis  57, 109
 Salmonella typhimurium  70, 116, 184
 Salmonellosis  126, 148, 184
 Sampling  196, 203
 Sand  83
 Sanitation  102, 169, 192
 Sausages  173
 Seasonal variation  52
 Selection criteria  176, 182, 193
 Selection responses  139, 176, 190, 193
 Self feeders  157
 Sensing  12
 Sensors  231
 Sex  198
 Sex differences  67, 84, 176, 187
 Sexual behavior  6, 11
 Sexual maturity  139
 Shows  113
 Silviculture  104
 Simulation models  197, 198
 Size  147
 Skeletal muscle  35
 Skeletomuscular anomalies  11
 Slatted floors  128, 194
 Slaughter  230
 Slaughtering and slaughter-houses  106, 199
 Slaughtering equipment  38
 Social behavior  187, 229
 Social dominance  6, 13, 85, 139
 Social environment  13
 Sodium  78
 Somatic embryogenesis  94
 South Dakota  210
 Southern states of U.S.A.  12
 Space utilization  25, 229
 Spatial distribution  121, 203
 Spatial variation  211
 Specific gravity  181
 Spectral data  8
 Spermatozoa  201
 Spleen  41, 63
 Spraying  130
 Sri lanka  97
 Standards  174
 Sticky traps  110
 Stimulation  117
 Stimuli  137
 Stocking density  65, 70, 71, 82, 86, 121, 190, 209
 Stockmen  2
 Strain differences  59, 84, 176, 182, 193, 226
 Straw  83
 Streptomycin  169
 Stress  20, 40, 45, 48, 57, 63, 68, 90, 109, 119, 124, 129,
 169, 182, 187, 190, 191, 200, 202, 206, 207, 212, 218, 226,
 232
 Stress factors  13, 89, 165
 Stress response  13, 43, 139, 140, 186
 Stresses  105
 Structural design  36, 52
 Stunning  24, 38, 91, 124
 Summer  33
 Sunflower oil  74
 Survival  77, 97, 119, 210
 Susceptibility  57
 Suspension systems  224
 Sustainability  170
 Symptoms  90, 149
 Tallow  74
 Telemetry  210
 Temperature  30, 39, 142, 211, 213, 231
 Tennessee  75
 Territoriality  6
 Testing  138
 Tests  25
 Theory  222
 Thermal infrared imagery  213
 Thermal properties  101
 Thyroxine  73
 Tibia  29, 58, 71
 Time  121
 Timing  201
 Training of animals  138
 Transgenics  94
 Transport  14
 Transport in female genitalia  201
 Transport of animals  23, 29, 35, 76, 124, 132, 165, 173, 209,
 212, 220
 Transstadial transmission  184
 Trauma  56, 193
 Tree breeding  104
 Trends  104
 Triacylglycerols  50, 200
 Triiodothyronine  73
 Tryptophan  17
 Turkey egg production  117
 Turkey meat  215, 216
 Turkeys  6, 52, 65, 91, 117, 124, 128, 129, 133, 149, 161,
 188, 197, 198, 208, 209
 U.S.A.  31, 100, 150, 151, 230
 U.S.S.R.  15
 Uk  32, 111, 171
 Unrestricted feeding  202
 Urine  1, 140
 Usage  225
 Utah  4
 Validity  197
 Variation  45
 Ventilation  4, 12, 33, 46, 65, 88, 136, 141, 142, 146, 178,
 211, 222, 223
 Veterinary entomology  203
 Vibration  224
 Virginia  197
 Vision  9
 Vitamin deficiencies  41
 Vitamin supplements  41, 160
 Vocalization  18
 Volatile fatty acids  64
 Volume  28, 67, 80
 Water intake  22, 59, 60, 66, 69, 75, 79, 96, 98, 226, 227  
 Water metabolism  79
 Weather  30, 197
 Weighers  205
 Weight  41, 63
 Weight determination  205
 Wild birds  149, 210
 Wind speed  12, 231
 Wire  174
 Wire netting  63
 Wood shavings  117
 Yards  125
 Zinc  232


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http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/oldbib/qb9505.htm, April 17, 1998