Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of SwineAnimal Welfare Information Center
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Compiled By:
Michael D. Kreger
Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351
Kreger, Michael D. Housing, husbandry, and welfare of swine : January 1991- January 1995. (Quick bibliography series ; 95-06) 1. Swine--Bibliography. 2. Swine--Housing--Bibliography. 3. Swine--Health--Bibliography. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no.95-06
Line Command 1. (SWINE OR SUIDEA OR SUIS OR PIG OR PIGS OR BOAR? OR SOW? OR PIGLET? OR BARROW? OR GILT? OR HOG?)/TI,DE 2. (ENVIRONMENT?(N)ENRICH? OR HOUS? OR FACILIT? OR CRATE? OR STALL? OR BARN? OR SLAUGHTER? OR CONFINE? OR PEN OR PENS)/TI,DE 3. (WELFARE OR WELL(W)BEING OR WELLBEING OR HUMANE OR PAIN? OR DISTRESS? OR STRESS? OR CARE OR HANDL? OR HUSBANDRY OR TRANSPORT? OR FEAR)/TI,DE 4. S1 AND (S2 OR S3) 5. S4 NOT (GUINEA) 6. S5 AND PY=1991:1995
1 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 F7322 Acid base status of stress susceptible pigs affects sensory quality of loin roasts. Boles, J.A.; Shand, P.J.; Patience, J.F.; McCurdy, A.R.; Schaefer, A.L. Chicago, Ill. : Institute of Food Technologists; 1993 Nov. Journal of food science v. 58 (6): p. 1254-1257; 1993 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Stress; Susceptibility; Halothane; Acid base equilibrium; Exudative meat; Loins; Meat cuts; Food quality; Sensory evaluation; Organoleptic traits; Food acceptability Abstract: Halothane positive pigs (24) were placed on water treatments containing sodium bicarbonate (BC, 12.6 g/L), ammonium chloride (AC, 8 g/L) or no additive for 4 days and slaughtered. Halothane negative pigs (8) also were slaughtered. Loin roasts were aged for periods of 1 or 7 days. Loin roasts from animals treated with AC were scored (p < 0.05) less firm, juicy, more tender and mealy than roasts from other halothane positive and halothane negative animals. No difference in sensory properties occurred with aging. Juiciness and off-flavor intensity were positively related to blood bicarbonate and base excess. 2 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72 The adoption of management and husbandry procedures by Western Australian pig farmers. Robertson, I.D.; Hampson, D.J.; Mhoma, J.R.L. Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1991 Sep. Australian veterinary journal v. 68 (9): p. 291-293; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Western australia; Pig farming; Animal husbandry; Farm surveys 3 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Airflow characteristics in the floor region of a slot ventilated room (isothermal). Jin, Y.; Ogilvie, J.R. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (2): p. 695-702. ill; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Air flow; Design; Floor area; Ventilation; Simulation models Abstract: Accurate flow information was obtained through use of hot-wire anemometry and special calibration devices in a comprehensive experiment. Velocities in the floor region (0-0.6 m above the floor) correlated well with the inlet configuration while airflow stayed fully rotary. Non-linear models through dimensional analysis showed that the mean and the turbulent fluctuation of floor velocity were nearly proportional to the incoming air speed at the inlet and to the inlet height raised to the 0.6 power. Furthermore these flow parameters can be expressed in terms of the jet momentum number or the inlet height and the pressure difference. Stability of airflow patterns, inadequacy of air mixing and excessive air speeds at the floor are shown on an airflow rate plan based on inlet velocity versus inlet height. These are shown as system characteristic graphs which include pressure difference, zone boundaries for flow patterns, floor air speeds and RMS values, inlet jet momentum numbers, a typical fan characteristic, and a four-stage ventilation strategy for a pig barn. 4 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydroden sulfide, and methane in swine confinement facilities. Gerber, D.B.; Veenhuizen, M.A.; Shurson, G.C. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Sep. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (9): p. 1483-1489; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ohio; Pigs; Pig housing; Air pollutants; Toxic gases; Safety at work; Ventilation; Air flow; Ammonia; Carbon dioxide; Carbon monoxide 5 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72 Animal genetics--of pigs, oncomice and men. Webster, J. New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1993 Jan. Trends in biotechnology v. 11 (1): p. 1-2; 1993 Jan. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Transgenics; Biotechnology; Animal welfare 6 NAL Call. No.: aS21.D27S64 Animal models in biomedical research: swine. Smith, C.P. Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1991 Mar. Special reference briefs - National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (91-06): 61 p.; 1991 Mar. Bibliography. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Medical research; Animal models; Bibliographies; Cardiovascular system; Hemodynamics; Hematology; Digestive system; Nutrition; Urinary tract; Reproduction; Immunology; Stress; Skeletomuscular system; Dermatology; Puerperium; Toxicology; Pharmacodynamics; Eyes; Mouth; Teeth; Surgery; Laboratory methods; Animal husbandry; Animal welfare 7 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Application of bacterial product for zero-liquid-discharge pig waste management under tropical conditions. Ong, H.K.; Choo, P.Y.; Soo, S.P. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 27 (1): p. 133-140; 1993. In the series analytic: Appropriate waste management technologies / edited by G. Ho and K. Mathew. Proceedings of the International Conference, held November 27-28, 1991, Perth, Australia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Malaysia; Pig housing; Litter; Sawdust; Waste treatment; Aerobic treatment; Bacterial products; Carcass quality 8 NAL Call. No.: SF395.H67 1992 Artgemasse Schweinehaltung Grundlagen und Beispiele aus der Praxis [Swine husbandry appropriate to the species]. Horning, Bernhard; Raskopf, Sabine; Simantke, Christel; Boehncke, Engelhard; Walter, Jurgen,_1950-; Schneider, Manuel Karlsruhe : C.F. Muller,; 1992. 256, [8] p. of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 20 cm. (Alternative Konzepte ; 78). Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-232). Language: German Descriptors: Swine; Swine 9 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 Assessment of dustfall collectors used in livestock buildings. Barber, E.M.; Dawson, J.R.; Battams, V.A. London : Academic Press; 1991 Oct. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 50 (2): p. 157-165; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Air pollution; Dust; Collectors; Collection; Efficiency; Deposition; Sampling; Measurement; Accuracy Abstract: The relative collection efficiency of several different types of dustfall collector was assessed over different collection intervals in a piggery. Flat plate collectors and collectors with sidewalls 10 and 50 mm high were placed on a slow-speed turntable to minimize positional effects. For each sampler type, collection intervals of 1, 3, 6 and 12 weeks were used. The collection medium was generally a 47 mm glass fibre filter located on a 75 mm diameter aluminium disc. Cellulose nitrate membrane filters were used for one treatment. The dust sedimentation rate determined from the weekly samples varied from 80 to 200 mg m-2h-1 over the 12-week period. Dust deposits on the filters varied linearly with time from 2.3 mg/cm2 of collector surface for the 1-week interval to 27.9 mg/cm2 over 12 weeks. The measured dust sedimentation rate was about 3.0% less on the membrane filters than on the glass fibre filters and also for those collectors with the 50 mm high sidewall when compared with the flat plate collectors. The length of sample collection interval did not significantly affect the measured dust sedimentation rate. It is suggested that handling errors and edge effects may affect accuracy when deposits are greater than about 7 mg/cm2 of collector surface. 10 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Association between growth indicators and volume of lesions in lungs from pigs at slaughter. Hill, M.A.; Scheidt, A.B.; Teclaw, R.F.; Clark, L.K.; Knox, K.E.; Jordan, M. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (12): p. 2221-2223; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Growth Abstract: Conflicting findings exist among studies on the effect of pneumonia on growth in pigs. We determined the extent of pneumonia in market-weight pigs by use of an objective, volumetric method and linear regression analyses of mean daily gain and days-to-slaughter weight on the percentage of pneumonic lung. In a range of extent of pneumonia between 1.33 and 70.44%, a 10% increase in the volume of pneumonic lung was associated with a decrease in mean daily gain by 41.1 g and a 16.7-day increase in number of days to a slaughter weight of 104.5 kg. 11 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Association between low birth weight and increased adrenocortical function in neonatal pigs. Klemcke, H.G.; Lunstra, D.D.; Brown-Borg, H.M.; Borg, K.E.; Christenson, R.K. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 1010-1018; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Birth weight; Fostering; Adrenal cortex; Hydrocortisone; Slaughter weight; Fetal growth; Blood plasma; Cell cultures Abstract: This study examined differences in adrenocortical function between low- and high-birthweight female neonatal pigs. Pigs born to unilaterally hysterectomized, ovariectomized sows were grouped by birth weight; "small" were less than or equal to 1.2 kg and "large" were > 1.2 kg. Pigs were cross-fostered such that each sow had six to eight pigs that were either small or large. At 3 or 7 d of age a blood sample was obtained by venipuncture, pigs were killed, and adrenocortical cells were isolated. Adrenal weights (milligrams/ kilogram BW) in small pigs were 46% greater (P = .001) than those in large pigs at both ages. Compared with those in large pigs, plasma cortisol concentrations were 70% greater (P = .006) in small pigs at 3 d and 199% greater at 7 d of age. Sensitivity of adrenocortical cell response to ACTH was enhanced at both ages in small pigs (P = .001). Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) binding capacity in small pigs was 75% greater (P = .03) than that in large pigs at 3 d and 26% greater at 7 d of age. Significant negative correlations existed between birth weight and relative adrenal weight, plasma cortisol, slopes of in vitro adrenocortical cell response curves to ACTH, and CBG binding capacity, irrespective of birth weight group classification. Such data indicate an association between adrenal function during early neonatal life and birth weight in female pigs. The current study does not indicate whether increased adrenal function causes or merely reflects conditions associated with low birth weight. However, we hypothesize that increased adrenal function is initiated prenatally and causes some instances of low birth weight. 12 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Association of environmental air contaminants with disease and productivity in swine. Donham, K.J. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (10): p. 1723-1730; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sweden; Pigs; Air quality; Swine diseases; Productivity; Air pollutants; Air microbiology; Stocking density; Pig housing; Guidelines Abstract: A cross-sectional epidemiologic study associating air quality with swine health was conducted on 28 swine farms in southern Sweden. Correlation of housing air environment to swine diseases and productivity (data collected over the preceding 12 months) were investigated. The most prevalent swine health problems detected at slaughter were pneumonia and pleuritis. In farrowing and nursery operations, the most prevalent problem was neonatal pig mortality. Several air contaminants (dust, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and microbes) were found to be correlated with these swine health problems. Maximal safe concentrations of air contaminants were estimated on the basis of dose-response correlation to swine health or human health problems. Recommended maximal concentrations of contaminants were: dust, 2.4 mg/m3; ammonia, 7 ppm; endotoxin, 0.08 mg/m3; total microbes, 10(5) colony-forming units/m3; and carbon dioxide, 1,540 ppm. The overall quality of the ventilation system was correlated with lower concentration of ammonia, carbon dioxide, microorganisms, and endotoxin, but not with dust concentrations. High animal density was related to high ammonia and air microbe concentrations. Animal density measured as kilograms of swine per cubic meter (compared with kilograms of pig weight or swine per square meter) had the highest correlation to animal health and air contaminants. 13 NAL Call. No.: KyUThesis 1992 Chi Automated weighing system for group housed swine. Chi, Hsien-Chung, 1992; 1992. xi, 101 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (l. 98-100). Language: English Descriptors: Swine; Weighing systems, Electronic 14 NAL Call. No.: TH4911.A1S9 no.85 Avvanjning av grisar i ett suggstyrt och i ett konventionellt inhysningssystem = weaning of pigs in a sow-controlled and in a conventional housing system.. Weaning of pigs in a sow- controlled and in a conventional housing system Rantzer, Dan Lund : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen for lantbrukets byggnadsteknik,; 1993. 102 p. : ill. ; 29 cm. (Rapport (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen for lantbrukets byggnadsteknik) ; 84.). In Swedish, with English summary. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-71). Language: Swedish 15 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The bases of sow--piglet identification. 2. Cues used by piglets to identify their dam and home pen. Horrell, I.; Hodgson, J. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jun. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (4): p. 329-343; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Sows; Dams (mothers); Identification; Senses; Farrowing pens; Feces; Urine; Litter; Udders; Odors; Vocalization 16 NAL Call. No.: DISS F1992260 Befruchtungsraten und uterotubaler Spermientransport nach instrumenteller Besamung zu verschiedenen Zeiten vor und nach der Ovulation beim Schwein [Fertility rates and uterotubal sperm transport in the pig after artificial insemination at various times before and after ovulation]. Gleumes, Thomas Hannover : [s.n.],; 1992. 82 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-81). Language: German 17 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Behavior and extensive management of domestic sows (Sus scrofa) and litters. Dellmeier, G.R.; Friend, T.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Feb. Applied animal behaviour science. p. 327-341; 1991 Feb. Paper presented at the "Conference on Ungulate Behavior and Management," May 23-27, 1988, College Station, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Piglets; Animal behavior; Animal husbandry 18 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 The behavior of gestating swine housed in the Hurnik-Morris system. Morris, J.R.; Hurnik, J.F.; Friendship, R.M.; Buhr, M.M.; Allen, O.B. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 71 (12): p. 3280-3284; 1993 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Sow pregnancy; Animal welfare; Pig housing; Feeding behavior; Pig feeding Abstract: A group housing system for sows, the Hurnik-Morris (HM) system, was developed to address several of the perceived animal welfare limitations of existing housing methods. The HM system permits socially coordinated eating and resting, controlled and socially undisturbed feed intake, physical exercise, and regular exposure to boars.The HM system effectively uses and reinforces the behavioral phenomenon of the social synchronization of feeding and provides a less restrictive housing environment. The system provides housing for sows in small groups and an individual, non-competitive feeding environment using electronic feeding compartments. Gilts reared during gestation in the HM system were observed to spend less time lying in sternal recumbency (31 vs 21%; P = .004) and performing stereotypies (.10 vs .56%; P = .034) and to spend more time participating in social activities (1.4 vs .19%; P = .0007) than similar gilts kept in gestation crates (GC). The HM sows revealed a significantly longer latent period to postprandial lying than did GC gilts (64 vs 32 min; P =.0001). The order of gilt entry into the feeding compartments tended to be more consistent than the sequence of feeding compartments being entered (W = .57 vs .41; P = .06). This indicates that social factors seemed to be more important than spatial ones in determining the order of entry into the feeder compartments. 19 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The behaviour of primiparous sows around farrowing in response to restraint and straw bedding. Cronin, G.M.; Smith, J.A.; Hodge, F.M.; Hemsworth, P.H. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 269-280; 1994 Mar. In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Nesting; Maternal behavior; Animal behavior; Piglets; Survival; Litter; Straw; Farrowing pens; Pig housing 20 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Behavioural observations of piglets undergoing tail docking, teeth clipping and ear notching. Noonan, G.J.; Rand, J.S.; Priest, J.; Ainscow, J.; Blackshaw, J.K. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 203-213; 1994 Mar. In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Animal behavior; Tail; Docking; Teeth; Clipping; Marking; Animal welfare; Stress; Restraint of animals 21 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Boar presence reduces fighting in mixed slaughter-weight pigs. Grandin, T.; Bruning, J. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 273-276; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Gilts; Boars; Fighting; Mixing; Wounds; Incidence 22 NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535 Breeding and gestation facilities for swine: matching biology to facility design. Ruen, P.D.; Dial, G.D.; Polson, D.D.; Marsh, W.E. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1992 Nov. The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice v. 8 (3): p. 475-502; 1992 Nov. In the series analytic: Swine reproduction / edited by R.C. Tubbs and A.D. Leman. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Animal breeding 23 NAL Call. No.: RC963.A1A7 Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in swine confinement building workers. Bessette, L.; Boulet, L.P.; Tremblay, G.; Cormier, Y. Washington, D.C. : Heldref Publications; 1993 Mar. Archives of environmental health v. 48 (2): p. 73-77; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Farm workers; Occupational disorders; Respiratory diseases; Bronchi; Lungs; Physiological functions 24 NAL Call. No.: S1.N32 Build a better hog hut. Cramer, C. Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Institute; 1994 Sep. The New farm v. 16 (6): p. 50-52; 1994 Sep. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Design; Farrowing; Pig farming 25 NAL Call. No.: SF393.M55C37 1993 Care and management of miniature pet pigs guidelines for the veterinary practitioner., 1st ed.. Reeves, David E.; Becker, H. Neil American Association of Swine Practitioners Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co.,; 1993. ix, 117 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. "Published in cooperation with the American Association of Swine Practitioners"--Cover. Includes bibliographical references and index. Language: English Descriptors: Miniature pigs as pets; Miniature pigs 26 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Caring for potbellied pigs. Bradford, J.R. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1991 Dec. Veterinary medicine v. 86 (12): p. 1173-1181; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Animal husbandry; Animal health; Nutrient requirements 27 NAL Call. No.: HV4731.C3 The Casualty pig. Pig Veterinary Society Cambridge : The Society,; 1991. 20 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. Cover title. Language: English Descriptors: Swine; Slaughtering and slaughter-houses; Euthanasia 28 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Changes in nursing and suckling behaviour of sows and their piglets in farrowing crates. Gotz, M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (3/4): p. 271-275; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Suckling; Behavior change; Farrowing pens; Postpartum interval; Animal behavior 29 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47 Characterization of particles, ammonia and endotoxin in swine confinement operations. Pickrell, J.A.; Heber, A.J.; Murphy, J.P.; Henry, S.C.; May, M.M.; Nolan, D.; Oehme, F.W.; Gillespie, J.R.; Schoneweis, D. Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1993 Oct. Veterinary and human toxicology v. 35 (5): p. 421-428; 1993 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Intensive farming; Intensive husbandry; Dust; Pig manure; Ammonia; Endotoxins; Particle size; Spatial variation; Ventilation; Spring; Summer; Winter 30 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Chromosomal pericentric inversion detected in a sow and her piglets. Miyake, Y.I.; Matsubara, T.; Hata, M.; Kaneda, Y. Newton, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994. Theriogenology v. 42 (2): p. 241-246; 1994. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pericentric inversion; Chromosomes; Porcine stress syndrome; Chromosome analysis Abstract: Forty-four pigs with the suspicious symptoms of porcine stress syndrome (PSS) were selected for chromosome analysis. Cytogenetic evaluation by means of the G-banding technique revealed that one sow had an abnormal [38,XX, inv (1 p+q-) (2.1; 1.1)] karyotype. The same abnormality was also detected in 8 of 13 offspring of this sow. However, there was no correlation between the chromosome abnormality and PSS. The chromosome abnormality did not give rise to a reduction in the fertility of this sow or in the viability of her offspring. This case represents the first reported instance of pericentric inversion in swine. 31 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Combining swine housing units into a system of buildings. Muehling, A.J.; Collins, E.R. Jr; Mohling, S.; Mohling, K. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1991. Pork industry handbook. 4 p.; 1991. In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-22), revised December 1991. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Site selection; Drainage; Pig manure; Farrowing houses; Fire prevention; Building construction; Landscaping 32 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Combining swine housing units into a system of buildings. Muehling, A.J.; Collins, E.R. Jr; Mohling, K. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Jun. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 4 p.; 1992 Jun. In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Housing. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Site factors; Farm planning 33 NAL Call. No.: SF623.A64 Comparing swine preweaning death losses between total confinement farrowing facilities and open barns and huts. Bowman, G.; Ott, S.L. Fort Collins, CO : USDA:APHIS:VS,; 1993. Animal health insight /. p. 1-7; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Mortality; Preweaning period; Farrowing houses; Piglet production; Litter size 34 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Comparison of behaviour patterns of sows and litters in a farrowing crate and a farrowing pen. Blackshaw, J.K.; Blackshaw, A.W.; Thomas, F.J.; Newman, F.W. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 281-295; 1994 Mar. In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Litters; Behavior patterns; Farrowing pens; Pig housing; Animal behavior; Mortality 35 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5 Comparison of bioaerosol sampling methods in barns housing swine. Thorne, P.S.; Kiekhaeffer, M.S.; Whitten, P.; Donham, K.J. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1992 Aug. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 58 (8): p. 2543-2551; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Aerosols; Sampling; Comparisons Abstract: The air in livestock buildings contains bioaerosol levels that are sufficiently high to cause adverse health effects in animals and workers. These bioaerosols are complex mixtures of live and dead microorganisms and their products as well as other aeroallergens. The effectiveness of sampling methods used for quantifying the very high concentrations of microorganisms in these environments has not been well studied. To facilitate an accurate assessment of respiratory hazards from viable organisms in agricultural environments, three bioaerosol sampling methods were investigated: the Andersen microbial sampler method (AMS), the all-glass impinger method (AGI), and the Nuclepore filtration-elution method (NFE). These methods were studied in a parallel fashion in 24 swine confinement buildings. Measurements were taken in two seasons with three types of culture media in duplicate to assess total bacteria, gram-negative enteric bacteria, and total fungi. Methods were analyzed for the proportion of samples yielding data within the limits of detection, intraclass reliability, and correlation between methods. For sampling viable bacteria, the AMS had a poor data yield because of overloading and demonstrated weak correlation with the AGI. Conversely, the AGI and NFE gave sufficient numbers of valid data points (90%), yielded high intraclass reliabilities (alpha greater than or equal to 0.92), and were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.86). The AGI and the NFE were suitable methods for assessing bacteria in this environment, but the AMS was not. The AMS was the only method that consistently recovered enteric bacteria (73% data yield). For sampling fungi, the AGI and AMS both yielded sufficient data and all three methods demonstrated high intraclass reliability. The AGI and AMS correlated moderately with each other, but each correlated well with the NFE. However, the AGI measured significantly higher airborne fungal concentrations than did the AMS. Thus, the AGI was the 36 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 A comparison of operant responding by farrowing sows for food and nest-building materials. Hutson, G.D. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 221-230; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Nesting; Feeds; Straw; Materials; Conditioned reflexes; Motivation; Animal welfare; Farrowing pens 37 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Computer simulation assessment of the thermal microenvironment of growing pigs under summer conditions. Axaopoulos, P.; Panagakis, P.; Kyritsis, S. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 May. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (3): p. 1005-1009; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Greece; Pigs; Buildings; Computer simulation; Environmental temperature; Heat stress; Microenvironments; Relative humidity; Simulation models; Summer; Weather data Abstract: The effects of outside climatic conditions on the thermal microenvironment inside a building for growing pigs (50 kg mean) were studied using a 30-year period set of hourly real weather data from the Athenian region. Transient computer simulation allowed hourly prediction of air temperature and relative humidity inside the swine unit for each year. Under Greek summer conditions (May to September) pigs are subjected to heat stress of considerable duration and intensity due to temperature, while few problems due to relative humidity occur. Furthermore, inside THI values exceeded 85 only a few hours, therefore THI cannot effectively be used as a heat- stress index. 38 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Concentration of respirable dust and bioaerosols and identification of certain microbial types in a hog-growing facility. Butera, M.; Smith, J.H.; Morrison, W.D.; Hacker, R.R.; Kains, F.A.; Ogilvie, J.R. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun. Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 271-277; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Dust; Aerosols; Ventilation; Particle size; Air; Air quality; Microbial contamination; Bacteria; Molds; Environmental temperature; Relative humidity 39 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Contributions of pig behavior research to animal production. Blackshaw, J.K. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 195-202; 1994 Mar. In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Agricultural research; Animal welfare; Animal production; Animal husbandry 40 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus transmission: handling infected seedstock. Dee, S.; Joo, H.S.; Pijoan, C. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1994 Jul. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 16 (7): p. 927-933, 943; 1994 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Swine diseases; Viral diseases; Disease control; Strain differences; Arterivirus; Serology; Immunofluorescence; Sentinel animals; Pig farming 41 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Controlling rats and mice in swine facilities. Timm, R.M.; Marsh, R.E.; Corrigan, R.M.; Holscher, K. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Feb. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 4 p.; 1992 Feb. In Subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Management. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Rodent control; Disease control; Diseases; Trapping; Rodenticides; Fumigants 42 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Cooling swine. Jones, D.D.; Driggers, L.B.; Fehr, R.L. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1992. Pork industry handbook. 6 p.; 1992. In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-87), revised December 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Cooling systems; Shade; Insulation; Ventilation 43 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Cortisol, growth hormone, and testosterone concentrations during mating behavior in the bull and boar. Borg, K.E.; Esbenshade, K.L.; Johnson, B.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Aug. Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3230-3240; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Boars; Bulls; Testosterone; Hydrocortisone; Somatotropin; Mating; Sexual behavior; Hormone secretion; Blood serum; Stress response Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate peripheral concentrations of cortisol (C), growth hormone (GH), and testosterone (T) in bulls and boars during mating and to correlate mating behaviors with endocrine secretion in the presence of an estrous female. In Exp. 1, six sexually inexperienced mature bulls were bled every 15 min for 2 h before and 2 h after a 30-min exposure to a single, restrained, estrous cow; sampling occurred every 5 min during exposure. In Exp. 2, six sexually experienced boars were bled similarly before and after exposure to a sow and every 5 min during a 15-min exposure to a freely moving, estrous sow. Behavioral events recorded during exposure to a female included the following: flehmen responses (bulls only), mounts, penis extensions, intromissions, ejaculations, and time to first mount and first ejaculation. Of the six bulls, four completed at least one service (intromission + ejaculation), and three of six mounted the estrous cow eight or more times. Completion of one or more services resulted in significant elevations in serum C and GH concentrations, but not T concentrations, during the exposure period. Bulls mounting eight or more times also experienced significant elevations in C concentrations during exposure. Three of six boars completed at least one service. Servicing and mounting the sow fewer than five times were both associated with significant elevations in serum C concentrations. Serum concentrations of T were also elevated as a result of exposure to an estrous sow. Collectively, these data support the suggestion that specific events during natural mating activity can alter endocrine secretions of C and GH in bulls and C and T in boars. 44 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Costs of environmental changes in pig housing. Foster, M.P.; Lemin, C.D.; Casey, K.D. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (91-4030): 7 p.; 1991. Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Australia; Cabt; Pig housing; Design; Environmental control; Costs; Models 45 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 A data-acquisition system for electronic identification, monitoring and control of group-housed pigs. Goedseels, V.; Geers, R.; Truyen, B.; Wouters, P.; Goossens, K.; Ville, H.; Janssens, S. London : Academic Press; 1992 May. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 52 (1): p. 25-33; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Groups; Data collection; Systems; Measurement; Body weight; Feed intake; Body temperature; Physical activity; Electronics; Identification; Monitoring; Automatic control; Information storage; Computers Abstract: This paper describes a data-acquisition system which has been developed to measure, in parallel, individual body weight and feed intake of growing pigs kept within a group, their body temperature and physical activity. This multitude of signals originating from physiological and behavioural parameters can be collected in relation to environmental parameters on a continuous and long-term basis. A modular distributed multiprocessor architecture was developed to allow easy post-processing of collected data and to guarantee a flexible integration of data into a more extended data management system. A periodical and complete automatic transfer of locally stored data to a central computer unit has been implemented. Communication protocols are standardized allowing data transfer to and from other networks. The availability of an electronic identification system combined with various sensors will provide opportunities to study possible improvements of handling, housing and transport of farm animals. 46 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 Determination of minimum ventilation rate in pig houses with natural ventilation based on carbon dioxide balance. Klooster, C.E. van't; Heitlager, B.P. London ; Orlando : Academic Press, 1956-; 1994 Apr. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 57 (4): p. 279-287; 1994 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Measurement; Models; Carbon dioxide; Ecological balance 47 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Development of a portable microprocessor for measuring selected stress responses of growing pigs. Feddes, J.J.R.; DeShazer, J.A. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1993 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (1): p. 201-204; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Blood pressure; Body temperature; Movement; Stress; Measurement; Microprocessors; Computers; Design; Pig housing Abstract: The development of a non-restrictive method for measuring selected stress responses of growing pigs in their environment is important to assess the acceptability of an environment for the pig. Blood pressure, body temperature, and animal activity are three measurements that can relate to stress of an environment. A portable microprocessor-controlled data logger was developed to measure these three parameters every 16 min over several days. These measurements were found to be accurate when obtained from the data logger strapped to a pig. Surgical techniques were developed to obtain blood pressure and body temperature. Specific data collected from this study showed that typical blood pressure for a growing pig (35 kg) is 80 +/- 5 mm Hg, blood temperature varied between 39 degrees C (thermoneutral) and 42 degrees C (surgical recovery) and the pig was active 26% of the time. 48 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 The development of pain in young pigs associated with castration and attempts to prevent castration-induced behavioral changes. McGlone, J.J.; Nicholson, R.I.; Hellman, J.M.; Herzog, D.N. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1441-1446; 1993 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pain; Castration; Analgesics; Animal welfare; Age differences; Animal behavior; Liveweight gain; Survival Abstract: Four experiments were conducted to examine the development of castration-induced behavioral changes, the effects of castration age on pig weight gain, and the efficacy of common analgesics for use in castrated pigs. In Exp. 1, behavioral changes associated with castration of pigs at 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 d of age were evaluated. Castration caused measurable changes (reduced suckling, reduced standing, and increased lying times, P < .05) in the behavior of young pigs compared with that of intact pigs at all ages tested. Effects of age and interactions between age and castration treatment were not significant (P > .10) for any behaviors evaluated. In Exp. 2, the performance of pigs castrated at 1 d of age was compared with the performance of those castrated on d 14 and female littermates. Birth weights, weaning weights, and mortality were recorded. Pigs that were castrated on d 14 were heavier (P = .05) at weaning and had a higher (P < .05) weight gain during lactation compared to pigs castrated on d 1 of age. Pig mortality was similar among the treatments. In Exp. 3 and 4, the efficacies of pain-reducing drugs (non-narcotic analgesics) were evaluated for effectiveness in reducing castration-induced behavioral changes in 8-wk-old pigs. Although castration reduced (P < .05) feeding time and weight gain, neither aspirin nor butorphanol influenced behavioral changes associated with castration. We conclude that pigs show similar behavioral changes (and probably pain perception) when castrated from 1 to 20 d of age. However, pig performance data favored castration at 14 d rather than at 1 d of age. Among older pigs, which show much greater behavioral effects of castration, analgesics (aspirin and butorphanol), used at recommended doses, provided no measurable effect on castration-induced behavioral changes. 49 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1V4 Development of rodent control technology for confined swine facilities. Corrigan, R.M.; Towell, C.A.; Williams, R.E. Davis, Calif. : University of California; 1992 Aug. Proceedings ... Vertebrate Pest Conference (15): p. 280-285; 1992 Aug. Meeting held March 3-5, 1992, Newport Beach, CA. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mus musculus; Rattus norvegicus; Pig housing; Rodent control; Rodenticides; Baiting 50 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of porcine proliferative enteritis. Connor, J.F. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Jul. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (7): p. 1172-1176, 1178; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Tissue proliferation; Enteritis; Campylobacter; Ileum; Hemorrhagic enteritis; Histopathology; Differential diagnosis; Antibiotics; Stress factors 51 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Drip vs. wetted-pad evaporative cooling of farrowing houses in Oklahoma. Harp, S.L.; Huhnke, R.L. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Jul. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (4): p. 461-464; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oklahoma; Pigs; Farrowing houses; Cooling systems; Comparisons; Performance testing Abstract: A comparison of drip cooling vs. wetted-pad evaporative cooling was performed on 61 sows over three farrowings. There were no significant differences between cooling methods for piglet weight gain, percentage of piglets weaned or sow weight loss. There was a significant difference in respiration rates between cooling methods. Respiration rate was a function of wet-bulb depression. 52 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Durability of truss connections in a naturally ventilated swine barn. Masse, D.I.; Munroe, J.A.; Phillips, P.A. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (2): p. 625-627; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Trusses; Joints (timber); Creosote; Decay; Durability; Loads; Natural ventilation; Wood strength Abstract: This study investigated the effect of a four-year exposure in a naturally ventilated building (NVB) environment on the lateral load capacity and stiffness of truss connections. Untreated and creosote brush treated joints exposed in the NVB were compared with matched specimens that had been stored under laboratory conditions. It was found that there was no statistical difference (P=0.05) in ultimate strength and axial stiffness between joints exposed in the barn and joints exposed in the laboratory considering either the steel gussets or plywood gussets. Other observations indicated that this barn was not a "worst case" concerning harshness of the environment local to the exposed joints. 53 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322 Economics behind trend to free-stall farrowing. Marberry, S. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1993 Jul26. Feedstuffs v. 65 (1): p. 13, 20; 1993 Jul26. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Farrowing; Trends 54 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effect of a foraging device (The 'Edinburgh Foodball') on the behaviour of pigs. Young, R.J.; Carruthers, J.; Lawrence, A.B. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 237-247; 1994 Mar. In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Foraging; Feed dispensers; Enrichment; Animal welfare 55 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 The effect of all-in/all-out management on pigs from a herd with enzootic pneumonia. Clark, L.K.; Scheidt, A.B.; Armstrong, C.H.; Knox, K.; Mayrose, V.B. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1991 Sep. Veterinary medicine v. 86 (9): p. 946, 948-951; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Mycoplasma; Disease control; Disease prevalence; Disease course; Pig housing; Liveweight gain; Animal husbandry 56 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effect of dietary fibre and feeding system on activity and oral behaviour of group housed gilts. Brouns, F.; Edwards, S.A.; English, P.R. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 215-223; 1994 Mar. In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gilts; Diet; Fiber content; Unrestricted feeding; Restricted feeding; Pregnancy; Behavior patterns; Maternal nutrition; Abnormal behavior; Feeding behavior 57 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effect of environment on behaviour, plasma cortisol and prolactin in parturient sows. Lawrence, A.B.; Petherick, J.C.; McLean, K.A.; Deans, L.A.; Chirnside, J.; Vaughan, A.; Clutton, E.; Terlouw, E.M.C. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 313-330; 1994 Mar. In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Nesting; Prolactin; Hydrocortisone; Stress; Farrowing pens; Pig housing; Litter; Animal behavior; Gestation period; Litter size; Litter weight 58 NAL Call. No.: 49 W89 Effect of environmental factors on humoral and cell mediated immune parameters of growing pigs. Rafai, P.; Kovacs, F.; Tuboly, S.; Biro, H. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1991 Jan. World review of animal production v. 26 (1): p. 9-16; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hungary; Pigs; Immune response; Cell mediated immunity; Humoral immunity; Selenium; Stress; Corticotropin; Environmental temperature; Microclimate; Feed additives; Vitamin e; Liveweight gain; Blood plasma; Hydrocortisone; Cytotoxicity; Seasons; Pig fattening 59 NAL Call. No.: 382 SO12 Effect of feeding a high level of sugar in the diet for the last 12 days before slaughter on muscle glycolytic potential and meat quality traits in pigs. Fernandez, X.; Tornberg, E.; Magard, M.; Goransson, L. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science; 1992. Journal of the science of food and agriculture v. 60 (1): p. 135-138; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Diet; Pigmeat; Meat quality; Glycolysis; Sugar; Pigs Abstract: The aim of this work was to study the effects of 500 12 kg-1 sucrose diet and of type of food distribution (ad libitum or two meals daily without food restriction) during the last 12 days before slaughter on glycolytic potential (GP, an estimate of resting muscle glycogen content) in pig Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, and on meat quality traits in muscles LD and Biceps femoris. The pigs used were three-way crossbred ((Yorkshire X Landrace) X Hampshire). Samples of LD were taken intra vitam, immediately before and after treatment, using a biopsy technique. Muscle metabolites, GP and meat quality traits such as pH, internal light scattering or drip loss did not vary significantly between the treatments. A significant decrease in GP was noted after feeding the conventional diet ad libitum. The lack of effect of the sugar diet on muscle glycogen content might be attributed to the overnight fast (approximately 15 h) preceding the second sampling. It was therefore hypothesised that sugar feeding has no significant long-term effect on muscle glycogen stores. The pigs exhibited a wide individual variability in GP changes during the feeding period. Pigs fed the conventional diet showed a marked trend towards a decreased GP after 12 days. This decrease in GP might be attributed to a sampling date effect, the reasons for which remain unknown. 60 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effect of group composition and pen size on behavior, productivity and immune response of growing pigs. Moore, A.S.; Gonyou, H.W.; Stookey, J.M.; McLaren, D.G. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 40 (1): p. 13-30; 1994 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Groups; Body weight; Aggressive behavior; Pens; Size; Trauma; Immune response; Cell mediated immunity; Liveweight gain; Physical activity; Animal welfare; Mixing 61 NAL Call. No.: 382 So12 The effect of housing system on apparent digestibility in pigs, using the classical and marker (chromic oxide, acid- insoluble ash) techniques, in relation to dietary composition. Bakker, G.C.M.; Jongbloed, A.W. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited; 1994. Journal of the science of food and agriculture v. 64 (1): p. 107-115; 1994. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig farming; Pig housing; Pig feeding; Diet; Maize starch; Cellulose; Toasting; Soybeans; Hulls; Fats; Digestibility; Laboratory methods; Chromic oxide; Acids; Solubility; Ash Abstract: The present study examined differences in faecal digestibilities of organic matter (dOM) and crude protein (dXP), between growing pigs housed either in pens as groups or individually in metabolism cages. In addition, a study was made of the influence of dietary composition on these observed differences. Four experimental diets were composed by iso- energetic exchange of maize starch in the control diet with purified cellulose (260 g kg-1), toasted soyabean hulls (280 g kg-1) or renderers fat (67 g kg-1), respectively. Both in pens and in metabolism cages, dOM and dXP were measured, using both chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and acid-insoluble ash (AIA) as markers. In metabolism cages, the results of the marker method were compared to those of the classical method, where dOM and dXP were measured by collecting faeces quantitatively. Recoveries of both markers were measured, after a period of 10 and 3 days. With Cr2O3 as marker, pen-housing resulted in a dOM which was on average 2.5 (1.7-4.5) units lower and a dXP averaging 4.5 (3.0-5.8) units lower than measured in the metabolism cages (P < 0.001). No significant interactions were demonstrated between housing system and dietary composition. In contrast, with AIA as marker significantly higher digestibility values were observed for pigs in pens, when fed the cellulose diet. With this diet, the dOM was on average 14.7 units higher and the dXP was on average 10.9 units higher for the penned pigs. For the pigs fed one of the other three diets, the dOM was on average 1.5 (0.1-2.7) units lower and the dXP was on average 3.7 (1.9-5.7) units lower. Thus, with AIA as a marker, the effect of housing system on digestibility interacted with the type of diet (P < 0.05 on dOM and P < 0.01 on dXP). Comparison between the marker method with the classical method, showed that Cr2O3 provided similar results. In contrast, AIA displayed significantly higher dOM and dXP, except with the cellulose diet. This could be explained by differences in the recoveries of both markers. For Cr2O3 this was close to 100% and for AIA it varied from 97% on the cellulose diet to 183% on the control diet. The analytical procedure for AIA requires more research. Shortening the measuring period from 10 to 3 days did not prove to be significant, but increased the standard deviations. It was concluded that for practical application, faecal digestibilities should be measured with penned pigs. According to the findings, under such conditions Cr2O3 a good marker. AIA was found to be unsuitable. 62 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of initial breeding weight and management system using a high-producing sow genotype on resulting reproductive performance over three parities. Newton, E.A.; Mahan, D.C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 May. Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1177-1186; 1993 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Gilts; Body weight; Farrowing pens; Reproductive performance; Crates; Lactation number; Sow lactation; Feed intake; Weight losses; Sow milk; Milk composition; Culling; Survival; Litter size Abstract: A study was conducted with sows of a high-producing genotype to evaluate their reproductive performance using three breeding weights over a three-parity period in two management systems. A total of 114 F1 gilts (Landrace X Yorkshire) were used in a split-plot, randomized, complete block experiment conducted as a 3 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in two replicates. Three gilt breeding weights of 120, 135, and 150 kg were achieved by feeding 1.8, 2.3, or 3.2 kg/d of a .73% lysine corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) diet, respectively, from 5 to 8 mo of age. Two locations, each with different management systems, were considered the main plot and consisted of 1) outside, concrete-floored gestation lots and indoor farrowing pens or 2) indoor gestation pens and farrowing crates. All sows were fed 1.8 (Parity 1) or 2.1 (Parity 2 and 3) kg/d of a .73% lysine C-SBM diet during the breeding and gestation periods, whereas a .82% lysine C-SBM diet with 5% added fat was available ad libitum during lactation. All sows lost weight during the first lactation; larger weight losses occurred as breeding weight increased (P < .01). During the second and third lactations the 135- and 150-kg sow breeding groups had less lactation weight change, whereas the 120-kg group lost more weight, resulting in a breeding weight X parity interaction (P < .01). The 120-kg breeding weight group consumed less feed (P < .05) for the three lactation periods than did the heavier weight groups. Initial breeding weight had no effect on number of pigs born (total, live) or pig and litter weights at birth. Pig mortality increased with increasing breeding weight (P < .01) and parity (P < .05), a response that was exacerbated when sows farrowed in pens vs crates. Postweaning breeding intervals and sow removal from the experiment were not significantly affected by initial breeding weight, but a numerically higher percentage of sows in the 120-kg group were anestrous or failed to conceive than the percentage of s 63 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX Effect of Luprosil NC on pig performance. Danielson, M.; Saner, R.; Wenninghoff, J.; Wiseman, S. Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1992. EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska (91-219-A): p. 16-17; 1992. In the series analytic: 1992 Nebraska Swine report / Compiled by W.T. Ahlschwede. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Stress factors; Feed additives; Feed intake; Liveweight gain 64 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Effect of management practices on the Streptococcus suis carrier rate in nursery swine. Dee, S.A.; Carlson, A.R.; Winkelman, N.L.; Corey, M.M. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203 (2): p. 295-299; 1993 Jul15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Colorado; Kentucky; Minnesota; Montana; North Dakota; South Dakota; Pigs; Streptococcus suis; Carrier state; Incidence; Animal husbandry 65 NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Effect of oral loading of acid or base on the incidence of pale soft exudative port (PSE) in stress-susceptible pigs. Boles, J.A.; Patience, J.F.; Schaefer, A.L.; Aalhus, J.L. Oxford : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1994. Meat science v. 37 (2): p. 181-194; 1994. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigmeat; Exudative meat; Incidence; Acid base equilibrium; Meat quality 66 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of pasture, confinement, and diet fortification with vitamin E and selenium on reproducing gilts and their progeny. Mutetikka, D.B.; Mahan, D.C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 71 (12): p. 3211-3218; 1993 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gilts; Dietary minerals; Selenium; Vitamin e; Maize; Soybean oilmeal; Pastures; Grasses; Alfalfa; Sow lactation; Intensive livestock farming; Nutrient requirements; Female fertility; Blood serum; Vitamin supplements; Mineral supplements; Colostrum; Tissues Abstract: A total of 48 gilts were used to evaluate the effects of a corn-soybean meal diet with or without vitamin E and Se fed on pasture or in confinement. The effects of these treatments on gilt serum and tissue alpha-tocopherol and Se concentrations and those of their progeny at weaning (28 d) were evaluated. During gestation, the experiment was a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a split-plot design that compared the housing system (pasture or confinement) and the effect of diets fortified with or without vitamin E (22 IU/kg) and Se (.3 ppm). The lactation study was a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a split-plot design evaluating the two housing systems during gestation or lactation only when gilts were fed the unfortified basal diet. The gilts fed the vitamin E- and Se-supplemented diet remained either on pasture or in confinement during both reproductive phases and served as positive controls.Gilts were bled at breeding, at 30, 60, and 90 d postcoitum, at farrowing, and at weaning (28 d). Three pigs per litter were bled from all litters at weaning. Six pigs per treatment group were killed at weaning and livers were collected. Pasture lots contained orchardgrass, ryegrass, and alfalfa; different lots were used during each reproductive phase. Grass species predominated (> 90%) during gestation, but alfalfa was the major species (> 50%) during lactation. Forage samples during gestation were analyzed as containing.036 ppm of Se and 29 mg of alpha- tocopherol/kg of DM, but during lactation the forages contained .046 ppm of Se and 106 mg of alpha-tocopherol/ kg of DM. Serum and colostrum alpha-tocopherol concentrations during gestation increased when the vitamin E- and Se-fortified diet was fed, but gilts fed on pasture had higher serum alpha- tocopherol concentrations than those in confinement, resulting in a housing system X diet interaction (P < .01). No effects on serum Se or glutathione peroxidase activity were detected whether gilts were in confinement or on pasture or whether the diet was fortified with vitamin E and Se during gestation. At weaning, serum and milk alpha-tocopherol and Se contents were higher in gilts on pasture fed the unfortified diet than in gilts in confinement. Pigs from sows fed the unfortified diet had higher serum alpha-tocopherol (P < .01), liver alpha- tocopherol (P < .01), and liver Se (P < .01) concentrations when they and their dams were on pasture rather than in confinement. These results suggest that both diet and pasture contributed to the vitamin E and Se status of both gilts and litters in an additive manner, but vitamin E was influenced more than Se. 67 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effect of piglet stimuli on the posture changing behaviour of recently farrowed sows. Cronin, G.M.; Cropley, J.A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 167-172; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Postpartum interval; Posture; Change; Piglets; Sounds; Touch; Stimulation; Maternal behavior; Farrowing pens 68 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effect of playback volume and duration on the response of sows to piglet distress calls. Hutson, G.D.; Price, E.O.; Dickenson, L.G. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jun. Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (1): p. 31-37; 1993 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Vocalization 69 NAL Call. No.: MnSUThesis vet noye The effect of pneumonia monitored during lifetime and at slaughter on growth in swine. Noyes, Elizabeth Pearsall 1992; 1992. xii, 142 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm. Includes bibliographical references. Language: English 70 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of porcine somatotropin, stress susceptibility, and final end point of cooking on the sensory, physical, and chemical properties of pork loin chops. Boles, J.A.; Parrish, F.C. Jr; Skaggs, C.L.; Christian, L.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Jul. Journal of animal science v. 69 (7): p. 2865-2870; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Stress; Porcine stress syndrome; Susceptibility; Meat cuts; Meat quality; Pigmeat; Exudative meat; Tenderness; Sensory evaluation; Proximate analysis; Fat percentage; Genotypes; Temperature Abstract: Forty-eight pigs of three known stress susceptibility classes were injected daily with porcine somatotropin (pST; 4 mg/d) or a placebo. Each pig was injected in the neck once daily until taken off test, starting when the pigs weighed 59 kg. The PST treatment was terminated at weekly intervals when individual pigs reached 109 kg, but animals continued to be fed for six additional days to allow for required withdrawal time. The effect of pST and stress classification on the sensory, physical, and chemical characteristics of pork chops was observed. Also, the effect of two end-point temperatures (71 and 77 degrees C) on the sensory attributes was observed. The pST treatment of animals resulted in a small but significant decrease in panel scores for tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Stress susceptibility class, however, decreased panel scores for tenderness only. The pST treatment reduced intramuscular fat and increased moisture in the longissimus muscle, but stress susceptibility class had no effect on proximate composition. The pST treatment and stress susceptibility decreased and increased Hunter L values of chops, respectively, indicating darker and lighter colors, respectively. Furthermore, a greater end-point temperature reduced sensory scores for tenderness and juiciness. These results suggest that PST treatment does not cause an increased incidence of pale, soft, exudative muscle. Also, the use of a lower temperature of end-point doneness (71 degrees C) should be implemented to optimize palatability of broiled pork chops regardless of PST treatment. 71 NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Effect of pre-scalding brushing on contamination level of pork carcsses during the slaughtering process. Rahkio, M.; Korkeala, H.; Sippola, I.; Peltonen, M. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Meat science v. 32 (2): p. 173-183; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Slaughter; Carcasses; Contamination; Prevention; Brushes; Bacterial count 72 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of preslaughter anesthesia on muscle metabolism and meat quality of pigs of different halothane genotypes. Klont, R.E.; Lambooy, E.; Logtestijn, J.G. van Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1477-1485; 1993 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Porcine stress syndrome; Pigmeat; Meat quality; Genotypes; Halothane; Color; Postmortem changes; Muscle physiology; Blood chemistry; Metabolites; Enzyme activity Abstract: Pigs of different halothane genotypes were anesthetized 45 min before slaughter. During the period of anesthesia blood samples and muscle biopsy samples were taken to investigate muscle energy metabolism by measuring different metabolites. After exsanguination, the same metabolites and some meat quality characteristics were determined. Minimal differences in resting muscle metabolism seemed to exist between the halothane genotypes. Some significant differences in ante- and postmortem metabolism were found, particularly in creatine and lactate concentrations, but these were not reflected in ultimate meat quality. None of the pigs showed PSE meat and there were no differences in muscle pH and temperature at 45 min and 18 h postmortem. However, rigor, drip loss, and color still showed a significant genotype effect. It was concluded that due to the method of anesthesia there were no differences in muscle metabolism at the moment of slaughter. This may have led to a more uniform ultimate meat quality between pigs differing in their genetic susceptibility toward stress. There were differences in color and drip loss between the halothane genotypes that cannot be explained by differences in pH and carcass temperature at 45 min postmortem. 73 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effect of space restriction and provision of toys during rearing on the behaviour, productivity and physiology of male pigs. Pearce, G.P.; Paterson, A.M. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (1): p. 11-28; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Crowding; Stocking density; Toys; Stress; Animal behavior 74 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 The effect of straw on farrowing site choice and nest building behaviour in sows. Arey, D.S.; Petchey, A.M.; Fowler, V.R. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Feb. Animal production v. 54 (pt.1): p. 129-133; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing; Straw; Nesting; Animal behavior; Animal welfare 75 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effect of straw on the behaviour of growing pigs. Fraser, D.; Phillips, P.A.; Thompson, B.K.; Tennessen, T. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 307-318; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Straw; Litter; Agonistic behavior; Animal behavior; Diurnal activity; Young animals; Age differences; Pig housing 76 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Effect of subclinical infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in commingled feeder swine. Rohrbach, B.W.; Hall, R.F.; Hitchcock, J.P. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Apr01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 202 (7): p. 1095-1098; 1993 Apr01. Paper presented at the symposium on "Animals and the environment: Impacts on veterinary medicine," Boston, Massachusetts. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Latent infections; Growth rate; Feed conversion efficiency; Age; Slaughter 77 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Effect of the angle of slope on the ease with which pigs negotiate loading ramps. Warriss, P.D.; Bevis, E.A.; Edwards, J.E.; Brown, S.N.; Knowles, T.G. London : The Association; 1991 May04. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128 (18): p. 419-421; 1991 May04. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Transport of animals; Slopes; Chutes; Spacing 78 NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Effect of time between adrenaline injection and slaughter on the rate and extent of post-mortem metabolism in porcine skeletal muscle. Fernandez, X.; Forslid, A.; Magard, M.; Moller, B.M.; Tornberg, E. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Meat science v. 31 (3): p. 287-298; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Epinephrine; Injection; Time; Slaughter; Skeletal muscle; Metabolism 79 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of vitamin E and fat source in sows' diets on immune response of suckling and weaned piglets. Babinszky, L.; Langhout, D.J.; Verstegen, M.W.A.; Hartog, L.A. den; Joling, P.; Nieuwland, M. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 May. Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 1833-1842; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Alpha-tocopherol; Dietary fat; Pregnancy; Lactation; Sunflower oil; Fats; Slaughterhouse waste; Colostrum; Sow milk; B lymphocytes; Blood serum; Igg; Lysozyme; Antibody formation Abstract: Thirty-six 7-mo-old gilts were used to study the effects of dietary vitamin E and fat source (5% sunflower oil or animal fat) in pregnant and lactating sow diets on serum vitamin E concentration and on cell-mediated and humoral immune response in suckling and weaned piglets. Six gilts each received one of six diets throughout pregnancy and lactation. The basal diets (13 mg alpha-tocopherol/kg diet) were supplemented with dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate to 48 and 136 mg alpha- tocopherol/kg of feed (average analyzed values). After weaning (at 4 wk of age) all pigs received identical diets (20 mg of alpha-tocopherol/kg feed). One week after weaning, pigs were immunized (i.m. with ovalbumin and tetanus toxoid) and antibody production was measured. Blood samples were taken immediately after birth, at 1 wk after birth, at weaning, and at four weekly intervals after weaning. Samples were analyzed for alpha-tocopherol concentration, total number of leukocytes, T- and B-lymphocytes, lymphocyte stimulation with concanavalin A, lysozyme activity, and immunoglobulin concentrations. It was concluded that a high vitamin E level in the sow's diet increased serum vitamin E concentration of 1-wk-old pigs (P < .05). Immune response against ovalbumin was increased (P < .05) at 1 wk of age after immunization for weaned pigs from sows fed the high level of vitamin E. Also, the phagocytic measures of pigs at 1 wk of age were increased by the medium vitamin E level (P < .05). Fat sources in the sow's diet had no consistent effect on the immunological measures of pigs. 80 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of a porcine somatotropin implant on tissue mineral status of finishing pigs exposed to a thermoneutral or cold environment. Ledoux, D.R.; Knight, C.D.; Becker, B.A.; Baile, C.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Aug. Journal of animal science v. 71 (8): p. 2180-2186; 1993 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Diet studies; Feed supplements; Implantation; Somatotropin; Temperature; Animal tissues; Cold stress; Heat stress; Mineral content; Carcass composition Abstract: An experiment was conducted with 24 crossbred (Landrace X Yorkshire X Duroc) finishing pigs (mean BW 85 kg) to study the effects of a single 100-mg recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) implant on the tissue mineral status of pigs exposed to either a thermoneutral (TN; 18 to 21 degrees C, 50 to 55% RH) or cold (C; 5 to 15 degrees C, 50 to 70% RH) environment until BW averaged 110 kg. The implants used in this study delivered an average 2.4 to 2.5 mg of rpST/d during the course of the study. Control pigs were implanted with a placebo. All diets were supplemented with minerals at levels that either met or exceeded the requirements of an 85-kg pig. At slaughter (mean BW 110 kg), tissues were collected and analyzed for selected macro- and microminerals. Pigs treated with rpST had higher (P < .05) Ca concentrations and total Ca in liver and kidney and higher (P < .05) Ca concentrations in muscle. Total P, Mg, Na, and K were all higher (P < .05) in the liver and kidneys of rpST-treated pigs. In general, rpST had little influence on Cu, Zn, and Fe in tissues. No consistent trend was evident in the response of tissue minerals to environmental temperature. Results indicated that pigs treated with rpST and supplemented with adequate minerals accumulated more minerals in certain tissues than did pigs not given rpST. 81 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Effects of abattoir and slaughter handling systems on stress indicators in pig blood. Weeding, C.M.; Hunter, E.J.; Guise, H.J.; Penny, R.H.C. London : The Association; 1993 Jul03. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 133 (1): p. 10-13; 1993 Jul03. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Stress; Slaughter 82 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of accommodation type and straw bedding around parturition and during lactation on the behaviour of primiparous sows and survival and growth of piglets to weaning. Cronin, G.M.; Smith, J.A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 191-208; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Farrowing pens; Crates; Straw; Litter; Farrowing; Sow lactation; Litter size; Survival; Growth; Maternal behavior; Weaning weight; Vocalization 83 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Effects of acute physical stress on immune competence in pigs. Waern, M.J.; Fossum, C. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (4): p. 596-601; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Immune competence; Exercise; Interferon; Lymphocyte transformation; Interleukin 2; Blood plasma; Hydrocortisone; Lactates; Hypoxanthines Abstract: Some interrelations between physical stress and immune competence were studied in pigs. One group of pigs underwent 2 intense short-term treadmill exercise tests, separated by an interval of 1 week, and another group served as controls. In vitro production of interferon alpha by blood mononuclear cells and the ability of lymphocytes to proliferate and produce interleukin 2 were chosen as markers of immune competence; plasma concentrations of cortisol, lactate, and purines were used as markers of physical stress. Blood samples were drawn from a catheter in situ 60 minutes before, immediately after, and at 10, 30, and 60 minutes, and 7, 24, and 72 hours after exercise. Physical stress resulted in immediate increase in the plasma concentrations of cortisol, lactate, and hypoxanthine, but had no effect on the blastogenic capability of lymphocytes or on their interleukin-2 production on either of the test occasions. Ability of blood mononuclear cells to produce interferon alpha in vitro was not affected by exercise stress. 84 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effects of aversively handling pigs, either individually or in groups, on their behaviour, growth and corticosteroids. Hemsworth, P.H.; Barnett, J.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 61-72; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gilts; Treatment; Handling; Stress; Animal behavior; Growth; Reproductive performance; Corticoids; Groups; Individuals 85 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24 Effects of continuous stray voltage on health, growth, and welfare of fattening pigs. Robert, S.; Lennoxville, Quebec; Matte, J.J.; Bertin-Mahieux, J.; Martineau, G.P. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Oct. Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire v. 55 (4): p. 371-376; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Stray voltage; Feeding frequency; Animal welfare; Drinking behavior; Feed intake; Blood chemistry; Pig fattening 86 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of design of individual cage-stalls on the behavioural and physiological responses related to the welfare of pregnant pigs. Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Cronin, G.M.; Newman, E.A.; McCallum, T.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Oct. Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (1): p. 23-33; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Pig housing; Animal welfare; Aggressive behavior; Hydrocortisone; Stress; Design; Animal behavior 87 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of dietary lysine levels on performance and immune response of weanling pigs housed at two floor space allowances. Kornegay, E.T.; Lindemann, M.D.; Ravindran, V. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 552-556; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Lysine; Stocking density; Floor space; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Antibody formation; Crowding; Performance; Variation Abstract: Three 35-d trials involving 288 crossbred weanling pigs (initial weight, 7.1 kg; age, 28 d) were used to determine the separate and interactive effects of two floor space allowances (.28 and .14 m2/pig) and three dietary lysine levels (NRC recommended, NRC + .1% crystalline lysine-HCl, and NRC + .2% crystalline lysine-HCl) on growth performance and several factors that measure variation within pens. Each trial was conducted as a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were four pens (four pigs per pen) for each of the six treatment combinations in each trial. The lysine X floor space allowance interaction was not significant (P = .25) for daily gain, daily feed intake, or gain/feed. Restriction of the floor space allowance decreased (P < .001) daily gain and daily feed intake, but gain/feed was not affected. The humoral immune response, as measured by the level of antibodies produced after two injections of ovalbumin, was not affected by floor space allowance. Addition of .1 and .2% crystalline lysine-HCl improved daily gain (P < .07), gain/feed (P < .10), and humoral immune response (P < .05) and was without effect (P = .28) on feed intake. Natural logarithms of variance, coefficients of variation, and range of daily gain and body weights were not changed by floor space allowance or dietary lysine level. Pigs on adequate and restricted floor space allowances responded similarly to dietary lysine levels. These results suggest that the addition of lysine to the diet was not effective in overcoming the reduction in performance in weanling pigs caused by the restricted floor space allowance. 88 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 The effects of diets formulated on an ideal protein basis on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and thermal balance of finishing gilts housed in a hot, diurnal environment. Lopez, J.; Goodband, R.D.; Allee, G.L.; Jesse, G.W.; Nelssen, J.L.; Tokach, M.D.; Spiers, D.; Becker, B.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 72 (2): p. 367-379; 1994 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gilts; Feed supplements; Pig feeding; Diet; Lysine; Amino acids; Environmental temperature; Nutrient requirements; Heat stress; Fattening performance; Protein intake; Protein efficiency ratio; Carcass composition; Growth rate; Organs; Weight; Body temperature Abstract: Forty-eight finishing gilts (initial BW = 70.6 +/- .95 kg) were randomly assigned to one of eight experimental treatments in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement with main effects including dietary lysine (.60 vs 1.00%), source of amino acid fortification (intact protein vs synthetic amino acids formulated on an ideal protein basis), and environmental temperature (thermoneutral [TN]: 20 degrees C vs hot, diurnal [HD]: 27.7 to 35 degrees C). The ideal protein diets were formulated by using corn and soybean meal to meet the fifth- limiting amino acid; synthetic lysine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, or isoleucine were added to meet the gilts' estimated requirements. The ratios of other total amino acids relative to lysine were as follows: threonine, 66%; tryptophan, 17%; methionine and cystine, 56%; and isoleucine, 63%. Average daily gain, ADFI, and feed efficiency (G/F) were similar for gilts fed the intact and those fed the ideal proteins diets (P > .10). Increasing dietary lysine improved d 0 to 14 ADG (P < .01), but no differences were observed for the overall experiment. Gilts in the HD environment ate less feed and had lower ADG than gilts in the TN environment (P < .01). A temperature X lysine interaction was observed (P < .02) for G/F. Increasing dietary lysine had no effect on G/F of gilts in the TN environment but improved G/F of gilts in the HD environment. Gilts fed the intact protein diets had higher (P < .01) N intake and plasma urea concentrations. Gilts fed the ideal protein diets had lower (P < .05) plasma essential amino acids, with the exception of lysine. Carcass protein and lipid contents were improved (P < .01) for gilts in the HD environment and for those fed 1.00% lysine. Backfat thickness and longissimus muscle area (P < .01) were improved and lipid accretion rate tended to decrease (P < .08) in gilts fed 1.00% lysine. The source of amino acid fortification did not influence carcass characteristics (P > .10). Rectal, skin, and ear temperatures were higher for gilts in the HD environment (P < .05). Metabolic heat production was elevated by feeding gilts the ideal protein diets (P < .03). In conclusion, increased dietary lysine improved G/F and carcass leanness in gilts to a greater extent in HD than in TN environments. However, no improvements in growth performance or carcass traits resulted from feeding ideal protein diets. 89 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effects of early contact with humans on the subsequent level of fear of humans in pigs. Hemsworth, P.H.; Barnett, J.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Oct. Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (1): p. 83-90; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Fearfulness; Man 90 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effects of modifying the farrowing environment on sow behaviour and survival and growth of piglets. Cronin, G.M.; Amerongen, G. van Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 287-298; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing pens; Maternal behavior; Piglets; Farrowing; Nesting; Survival; Growth rate 91 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of naloxone on stereotypic and normal behaviour of tethered and loose-housed sows. Schouten, W.; Rushen J. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 17-26; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Naloxone; Animal behavior; Abnormal behavior; Loose housing; Tethered housing 92 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of pen size, partial stalls and method of feeding on welfare-related behavioural and physiological responses of group-housed pigs. Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Cronin, G.M.; Newman, E.A.; McCallum, T.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 207-220; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gilts; Animal welfare; Pens; Stalls; Pig housing; Space requirements; Pig feeding; Stress; Immunological deficiency; Aggressive behavior; Injuries; Hydrocortisone 93 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of pen size/shape and design on aggression when grouping unfamiliar adult pigs. Barnett, J.L.; Cronin, G.M.; McCallum, T.H.; Newman, E.A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 111-122; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Aggressive behavior; Pig housing 94 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of porcine somatotropin on growth and carcass composition of Meishan and Yorkshire barrows. White, B.R.; Lan, Y.H.; McKeith, F.K.; McLaren, D.G.; Novakofski, J.; Wheeler, M.B.; Kasser, T.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 71 (12): p. 3226-3238; 1993 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Pig breeds; Breed differences; Slaughter weight; Age differences; Growth rate; Carcass composition; Carcass weight; Meat cuts; Weight; Carcass quality; Meat quality Abstract: Effects of porcine somatotropin (PST) on growth and carcass characteristics of Meishan (Ms) and Yorkshire (Y) barrows given 3 mg of PST or saline daily were determined for two end points. First, 26 Ms and 26 Y barrows were treated from 119 d of age until the Y barrows reached 108 kg. Second, another 18 Ms barrows were treated to 108 kg BW. Age- and weight-matched treatments were analyzed. Results for both groups indicated PST effects (P < .05) for feed conversion (+) and intake (-), dressing percentage (-), percentage of carcass fat (-) and protein and water (+), leaf fat (-), backfat (BF) thickness (-), longissimus muscle area (LMA; +), skin thickness (+), muscle firmness and marbling scores (-), organ weights (+), belly (-), clear plate (-), ham (+), and total boneless cuts (BC; ). Somatotropin effects were also present for loin (-) and boneless Boston butt (BBB; +) in the age- matched group and for ADG (+), carcass weight (-), loin (-), jowl (-), and tenderloin (+) in the weight-matched group. Breed effects (P < .05), in favor of Y barrows, in both treatments existed for ADG (+) and feed intake (+), carcass weight (+), dressing percentage (+), LNU (+), skin thickness (-), muscle color and firmness scores (-), muscling score (+), all wholesale cuts (WC; +) except clear plate (age-matched), all trimmed cuts (TC; +) except picnic shoulder (weight- matched), and all BC (+). Breed effects, in favor of Y barrows, were also determined for carcass length (+), percentage of carcass ash leaf fat (+), average BF thickness (+), and heart and liver (-) weights in age-matched animals and percentage of carcass fat (-), protein (+), water (+), leaf fat (-), 10th rib, average, and P2 BF thicknesses (-), marbling score(-), femur length (-), and liver weights (+) in weight-matched animals. A higher response to PST (P < .05) was determined in Ms barrows than in Y barrows for percentage of carcass protein (+), liver (+), and heart (+) in the age- matched treatment and 10th rib BF thickness (-) and heart weight (+) in the weight-matched treatment. Yorkshire barrows treated with PST had more improved values for color score (+; age-matched) and BBB (+; weight-matched). 95 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effects of providing sawdust to pre-parturient sows in farrowing crates on sow behaviour, the duration of parturition and the occurrence of intra-partum stillborn piglets. Cronin, G.M.; Schirmer, B.N.; McCallum, T.H.; Smith, J.A.; Butler, K.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (4): p. 301-315; 1993 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Sawdust; Farrowing 96 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Effects of short term exposure of unmedicated pigs to sulphadimidine contaminated housing. Elliott, C.T.; McCaughey, W.J.; Crooks, S.R.H.; McEvoy, J.D.G. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Apr23. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 134 (17): p. 450-451; 1993 Apr23. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Sulfadimidine; Drug residues; Pigmeat; Pig housing; Exposure 97 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of the interrelationship between genotype, sex, and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass composiiton in finishing pigs fed to either 104 or 127 kilograms. Friesen, K.G.; Nelssen, J.L.; Unruh, J.A.; Goodband, R.D.; Tokach, M.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 72 (4): p. 946-954; 1994 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Fattening performance; Lysine; Sex differences; Diet; Genotypes; Carcass composition; Slaughter weight; Amino acids; Genotype nutrition interaction; Organs; Weight Abstract: One hundred twenty pigs (initially 44 kg BW) were used to determine effects of the interrelationship between genotype, sex, and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass composition in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement. Genetic comparisons were made between pigs characterized with either a high or medium potential for lean tissue gain. Within genotype, barrows and gilts were separately fed either a .90 or .70% lysine diet until the mean weight of pigs in each pen of three reached 104 kg. One pig per pen was slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics and chemical composition. From 104 to 127 kg, dietary lysine was lowered to .75 or .55% for pigs fed .90 or .70% dietary lysine, respectively. When the pigs' mean weight met or exceeded 127 kg, both pigs were slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics and chemical composition. Carcass length, longissimus muscle area, average backfat thickness, and 10th rib fat depth were measured 24 h postmortem on the chilled carcasses. The right side of each carcass was then ground and chemically analyzed to determine protein and lipid accretion rates. No interactions were detected from 44 to 104 kg; therefore, main effect means will be discussed. At 104 kg, high-lean pigs had increased ADG (P < .01) and gain:feed ratio (G/F; P < .05) compared with medium- lean pigs. Barrows had increased (P < .05) ADG and ADFI but exhibited a poorer (P < .01) G/F than gilts. Pigs fed .90% lysine had improved (P < .01) ADG compared with pigs fed .70% lysine. High-lean pigs had increased CP accretion (P < .01) and lipid accretion (P < .05) compared with medium-lean pigs. Gilts had larger longissimus muscle area and less backfat (P < .01) than barrows. Similarly, gilts had increased (P < .01) CP accretion and decreased (P < .01) lipid accretion compared with barrows. Cumulative ADG (44 to 127 kg) was greater (P < .05) in high-lean pigs, in barrows, and in pigs fed the .90/.75% lysine regimen. Average daily feed intake was increased (P < .05) in barrows compared with gilts. Differences between genotypes were greater at 127 kg; high- lean pigs had larger (P < .01) longissimus muscle area and longer carcasses than medium-lean pigs. Gilts also had increased (P < .05) longissimus muscle area, greater CP accretion, and decreased backfat thickness compared with barrows. Crude protein accretion was greater in high-lean pigs than in medium-lean pigs; high-lean gilts had the greatest magnitude of response to increased dietary lysine. 98 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Effects of treatment with butylated hydroxytoluene on the susceptibility of boar spermatozoa to cold stress and dilution. Bamba, K.; Cran, D.G. Colchester : The Journal; 1992 May. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 95 (1): p. 69-77; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Boars; Spermatozoa; Butylated hydroxytoluene; Cold shock; Cold resistance; Semen diluents; Semen diluent additives; Egg yolk; Semen preservation; Motility; Acrosome 99 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Electrical wiring for swine buildings. Collins, E.R. Jr; Bodman, G.R.; Stetson, L.E. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?- ]; 1994 Jun. Pork industry handbook. --. p. 1-8; 1994 Jun. Herd health, (PIH-110), revised, June 1994. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Electrical safety; Electric power; Electric circuits; Materials; Moisture 100 NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 Electrocardiagram parameters of piglets during housing, handling and transport. Ville, H.; Bertels, S.; Geers, R.; Janssens, S.; Goedseels, V.; Parduyns, G.; Bael, J. van; Goossens, K.; Bosschaerts, L.; Ley, J. de East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Apr. Animal production v. 56 (pt.2): p. 211-216; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Line differences; Stress; Susceptibility; Electrocardiograms; Heart rate; Arrhythmia; Pig housing; Handling; Transport 101 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Electronic animal identification for controlling feed delivery and detecting estrus in gilts and sows in outside pens. Blair, R.M.; Nichols, D.A.; Davis, D.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 72 (4): p. 891-898; 1994 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Sow feeding; Estrus; Detection; Body weight; Backfat; Automatic feed dispensers; Boars; Identification; Proestrus Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of delivering feed and detecting estrous behavior by computer-controlled equipment in a nonconfinement environment. In Exp. 1, gilts were assigned to treatment when detected pregnant by ultrasound at 30 to 35 d after artificial insemination. They were assigned to be fed individually in stalls once/day (0830) with a scoop (controls, n = 20) or with an electronic sow feeding station (ESF, n = 20). The ESF gilts received their feed in 98.6-g aliquots at 80-s intervals as they visited the feeding station. Control vs ESF gilts did not differ (P > .8) for backfat (2.2 vs 2.1 cm) or weight (170 vs 172 kg) before farrowing, total and live pigs/litter (9.3 and 8.7 vs 9.1 and 8.8), or litter birth weight (12.7 vs 12.1). In Exp. 2, proceptive behavior, as measured by visits to a boar's pen, were recorded electronically, and observed estrus was evaluated in two groups of sows during their first (n = 11) and second and third (n = 19) estrous cycles and in one group of gilts (n = 14). A partition prevented visual and physical contact between the boar and the visiting females except where the electronic estrus detection (EED) station was installed. Feed delivery software was used to monitor boar visitation even though no feed delivery equipment was present at the boar pen. Results indicated a close relationship between electronically detected boar visitation and observed estrus as well as high correlations (r > .5; P < .05) for boar visitation by individual sows during consecutive periods of estrus. We concluded that electronic identification coupled with feed delivery and a monitor of boar visitation may be useful tools for managing gilts and sows in outside pens. 102 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Energy conservation in ventilating and heating swine buildings. Fehr, R.L. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1991. Pork industry handbook. 5 p.; 1991. In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-92), revised December 1991. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Energy conservation; Ventilation; Heating costs; Temperature; Fans 103 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Energy conservation in ventilating and heating swine buildings. Fehr, R.L.; Huhnke, R.L. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Jun. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 5 p.; 1992 Jun. In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Housing. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Insulation; Energy conservation 104 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Energy metabolism of growing pigs after transportation, regrouping, and exposure to new housing conditions as affected by feeding level. Barrio, A.S. del; Schrama, J.W.; Hel, W. van der; Beltman, H.M.; Verstegen, M.W.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Jul. Journal of animal science v. 71 (7): p. 1754-1760; 1993 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Transport of animals; Plane of nutrition; Growth rate; Heat production; Energy metabolism; Energy retention; Adaptation Abstract: An experiment was performed to evaluate alterations of energy metabolism with time in 10 groups of 16 barrows just after transportation. Ten-week-old pigs were fed at once (four groups; LF) or twice (three groups; MF) maintenance level (35 and 75 g.kg-.75.d-1, respectively), or allowed ad libitum access to feed (three groups; HF). The 13.5-d experimental period was divided into two balance periods. Heat production (HP) decreased with time. The changes in HP with time were different among feeding level groups (P < .001); the LF group had the greatest decrease. Metabolizable energy intake remained constant with time for the LF and MF groups and decreased for the HF group. Requirements for maintenance energy and efficiency of ME for growth decreased with time. Feeding level influenced (P < .001) energy retention (ER) during the total experimental period. The LF group had a negative ER -65 kJ.kg-.75.d-1), whereas in the MF and HF groups positive values for ER were obtained (346 and 757 kJ.kg-.75.d-1, respectively). At all feeding levels, animals had a positive protein gain. The level differed between feeding levels (P < .001). Differences among groups (P <.001) were observed in energy retained as fat. Data from the present experiment show that young pigs are not in a steady state of energy metabolism during the 2 wk after transportation. During this period, the relationship between metabolic rate and feed intake alters with time. 105 NAL Call. No.: QL55.I5 Environment enrichment for the laboratory pig. Batchelor, G.R. Sussex : The Institute; 1991 Dec. Animal technology : journal of the Institute of Animal Technology v. 42 (3): p. 185-189; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Environment; Enrichment; Animal welfare; Animal husbandry Abstract: This brief paper attempts to illustrate the simple ideas that can he used to enhance the environment of the laboratory pig. ideas that have been part of the husbandry routine at Stanmore for over five years. It does not describe the behaviour of the pig in any detail but suggests that with a little time and effort, and in our case at no cost, the environment of the laboratory pig can be made more stimulating, resulting in animals that have an increased behavioural repertoire, are largely stress-free and are a constant pleasure to work with (Figure 1). 106 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Environmental evaluation of an outdoor shelter for swine. Zhang, Q.; Britton, M.G.; Connor, M.L.; Parker, R.J.; Elliot, J.I. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (934520): 13 p.; 1993. Paper presented at the "1993 International Winter Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 12-17, 1993, Chicago, Illinois. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Temperature; Relative humidity; Litter 107 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Environmental factors affecting the severity of pneumonia in pigs. Done, S.H. London : The Association; 1991 Jun22. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128 (25): p. 582-586; 1991 Jun22. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Disease course; Environmental factors; Meteorological factors; Populations; Social environment; Animal husbandry; Air pollutants 108 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Environmental monitoring in pig housing. Lemin, C.D.; Casey, K.D.; Foster, M.P. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (91-4029): 10 p.; 1991. Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Australia; Cabt; Pig housing; Design; Environment; Monitoring 109 NAL Call. No.: 410 B77 Environmental requirements of pigs measured by behavioural demand functions. Matthews, L.R.; Ladewig, J. London : Academic Press; 1994 Mar. Animal behaviour v. 47 (pt.3): p. 713-719; 1994 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Environmental factors; Animal welfare; Measurement; Stimuli Abstract: Individual domestic pigs, Sus scrofa, were given the opportunity in daily test sessions to work on fixed ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement for access to one of three different commodities (food, contact with a partner animal, and a stimulus change called 'door opening'). The amount of work required for access to each reinforcer was varied systematically by changing the size of the FR schedule (FR 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30). Demand curves, analogous to those used in economics, were derived for each commodity. The slopes of these curves were shallowest (inelastic demand) for food, an apparently essential item, and were steepest (more elastic demand) for door opening, an apparently less essential item. Demand functions could be generated for a range of different stimuli and demand elasticity appeared to provide a useful quantitative index of the relative importance of different environmental features to pigs. 110 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Environmental temperature control by the pig's comfort behavior through image analysis. Geers, R.; Ville, H.; Goedseels, V.; Houkes, M.; Goossens, K.; Parduyns, G.; Van Bael, J. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Nov. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (6): p. 2583-2586; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Body temperature regulation; Pig housing; Environmental temperature; Heat regulation Abstract: During four experiments with six female piglets, the thermoregulatory behavior of the piglets was quantified by visual observation and by automated image analysis. The collection number of images representing pigs sleeping side by side and touching each other, as well as the occupation ratio of piglets being calculated on pixel values within predefined windows, may serve as set-point values for environmental temperature controllers. But this observational procedure has to be linked to the engineering of a gradient of an effective environmental temperature within a pen. 111 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Enzootic mortality among piglets between birth and weaning. Vaillancourt, J.P.; Dial, G.D.; Tubbs, R.C. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1991 Oct. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (10): p. 1642-1645, 1648-1650; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Weaning; Preweaning period; Perinatal mortality; Trauma; Diarrhea; Infection; Deformities; Record keeping; Validity; Environmental temperature; Litter size; Birth weight; Animal nutrition; Pig feeding; Pig housing; Floors; Litter; Animal husbandry; Farrowing; Sex differences; Genetics; Seasonal fluctuations; Medical treatment 112 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Establishing an in-house diagnostic laboratory in your swine practice. Dee, S.A.; Corey, M.M.; Gibbons, R. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1992 Jun. Veterinary medicine v. 87 (6): p. 607-620; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Veterinary practice; Laboratory diagnosis; Laboratory equipment; Laboratory tests; Laboratory methods 113 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Evaluating porcine reproductive failure by the use of slaughterchecks. Almond, G.W.; Richards, R.G. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1992 Apr. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 14 (4): p. 542-547; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Reproductive disorders; Slaughter; Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Postmortem examinations; Morphology; Zearalenone; Toxicity; Cystitis; Ovaries; Uterus; Pathology 114 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Evaluation of a pig nursery annex ventilation system operating under summer conditions. Panagakis, P.; Kyritsis, S.; Tambouratzis, D.; Papadopoulos, G. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 May. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (3): p. 353-357; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Field tests; Evaluation Abstract: Two field trials, lasting five weeks each, were conducted during the summer of 1989 to evaluate the effectiveness of an annex ventilation system used to supply summer ventilation rates in a swine nursery building. Assessment was based both on climatic environment data and growth response of 96 early weaned crossbred pigs, three to four weeks old when weaned. Under mild summer conditions the ventilation system provided sufficient control of the environment and resulted in animal heat stress of short duration and intensity. During periods of very hot weather the system failed to provide a thermal microenvironment within acceptable limits and pigs were subjected to longer intervals of heat stress. Heat stress degree-hours during Trial II were more than two times those of Trial I, but this did not seem to have a negative effect on the animals' growth performance. 115 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Evaluation of crates and girth tethers for sows: reproductive performance, immunity, behavior and ergonomic measures. McGlone, J.J.; Salak-Johnson, J.L.; Nicholson, R.I.; Hicks, T. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 297-311; 1994 Mar. In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Gilts; Pig housing; Reproductive performance; Immunity; Animal behavior; Abnormal behavior; Litter size; Stress; Animal welfare; Capture of animals; Piglets 116 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Evaluation of housing systems for sows. Hartog, L.A. den; Backus, G.B.C.; Vermeer, H.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 May. Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1339-1344; 1993 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Sows; Animal welfare; Sow feeding; Feed intake; Body weight; Reproductive performance; Animal behavior; Groups Abstract: Housing systems of sows have to meet the requirements of the sow and the requirements of the producer. Criteria that have to be taken into account are productivity, labor input and management , welfare and health, and economy. Different housing systems for sows are described with respect to these criteria. 117 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24 Evaluation of rapid gross visual appraisal of swine lungs at slaughter as a diagnostic screen for enzootic pneumonia. Hurnik, D.; Hanna, P.E.; Dohoo, I.R. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Jan. Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire v. 57 (1): p. 37-41; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Lungs; Visual grading; Screening; Pneumonia; Lesions; Histology; Postmortem examinations; Accuracy 118 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.D3C652 Extending the snake image processing algorithm for outlining pigs in scenes. Marchant, J.A.; Schofield, C.P. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jun. Computers and electronics in agriculture v. 8 (4): p. 261-275; 1993 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Algorithms; Image processors; Pens 119 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.S86S8 Facility design and practices of a low-input housing system for a feeder-pig operation. Arellano, P.E.; Pijoan, C.; Jacobson, L.D. Binghamton, N.Y. : Food Products Press; 1993. Journal of sustainable agriculture v. 3 (3/4): p. 49-61; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Design 120 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Factors affecting excretory behavior of pigs. Hacker, R.R.; Ogilvie, J.R.; Morrison, W.D.; Kains, F. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 72 (6): p. 1455-1460; 1994 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Excretion; Stocking density; Pig housing; Partitions; Environmental temperature; Feces; Hygiene; Liveweight gain; Animal behavior; Structural design Abstract: A 24 factorial experiment with six pens per treatment was conducted to examine the factors affecting the excretory behavior of growing-finishing pigs. The factors investigated were partition type (open or closed), pig density (9 or 14 pigs/pen, size: 2 m X 4.5 m), position of nipple drinker in the pen (back wall of the pen or side in front of slatted area), and prior experience of pigs (training or no training). A total of 1,104 pigs at a weight interval of 28.4 +/- .2 to 91.4 +/- .4 kg were used in this study. Pen cleanliness was assessed by a dung scoring system, and growth rate was determined over the growing-finishing period. Partition type, nipple drinker position, or prior training of pigs had no effect on growth rate. Stocking pigs at 14 pigs/pen reduced growth rate (P < .05) compared with 9 pigs/pen (.80 vs .83 kg/d). Significant differences for pen dirtiness were found for partition type. Pens with closed partitions were cleaner than those with open partitions (P = .0001) and pens became significantly dirtier as pigs grew older or heavier (P < .01). There was a significant interaction effect between pen partition and pig density as well as an interaction among pen partition, pig density, and water position (P < .05). 121 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Factors affecting the choice of farrowing site in sows. Haskell, M.J.; Hutson, G.D. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 259-268; 1994 Mar. In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing; Farrowing pens; Reproductive behavior; Feed dispensers; Drinkers; Restricted feeding; Access 122 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Factors associated with spread of pseudorabies virus among breeding swine in quarantined herds. Duffy, S.J.; Morrion, R.B.; Thawley, D.G. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Jul01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 199 (1): p. 66-70; 1991 Jul01. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Aujeszky virus; Aujeszky's disease; Spread; Herds; Quarantine; Incidence; Risk; Pig farming; Pig housing 123 NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 Factors influencing the welfare and carcass and meat quality of pigs: the use of water sprays in lairage. Weeding, C.M.; Guise, H.J.; Penny, R.H.C. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Jun. Animal production v. 56 (3): p. 393-397; 1993 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Sprays; Abattoirs; Water; Water intake; Animal welfare; Pigmeat; Meat quality; Carcass quality; Animal behavior; Physical activity; Longissimus dorsi; Intermittent spraying 124 NAL Call. No.: HD1761.A1M5 no.91-1 Farm animal welfare crisis or opportunity for agriculture?. Halverson, Marlene University of Minnesota, Dept. of Agricultural and Applied Economics St. Paul, Minn. : Dept. of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Minnesota,; 1991. 68 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm. (Staff paper P 91-1). January 1991. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-59). Language: English Descriptors: Animal welfare; Animal health; Livestock; Swine 125 NAL Call. No.: SF91.F38 1992 Farm animals and the environment. Phillips, Clive; Piggins, David Wallingford : C.A.B. International,; 1992. xii, 430 p. ; 25 cm. "... international conference on Farm Animals and the Environment held on 4-5 September 1991 at the University College of North Wales, Bangor"--P. xi. Language: English Descriptors: Livestock; Animal welfare; Domestic animals 126 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Fate of biological and chemical contaminants from on-site disposal of liquid piggery wastes: results from a soil column study. Lam, K.C.; Ng, S.L.; Neller, R.J. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 27 (1): p. 63-75; 1993. In the series analytic: Appropriate waste management technologies / edited by G. Ho and K. Mathew. Proceedings of the International Conference, held November 27-28, 1991, Perth, Australia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hong kong; Pig housing; Waste disposal sites; Liquid wastes; Application to land 127 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX Feed intake patterns on Midwest hog farms. Brumm, M.C.; Gourley, G.G.; Fraser, D.K.; Greenley, W.M. Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1991. EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska (91-219): p. 26-27; 1991. In the series analytic: 1991 Nebraska Swine report / compiled by W.T. Ahlschwede. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Minnesota; Pigs; Feed intake; Pig housing; Seasonal fluctuations; Crowding; Liveweight 128 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 Feeding and managing growing-finishing hogs. Auburn Ala. : Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University,; 1992 May. Circular ANR (672): 8 p.; 1992 May. In subseries: Animal Science. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pig fattening; Pig feeding; Pig housing; Environmental factors; Disease control; Marketing 129 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Feeding order of sows at an individual electronic feed station in a dynamic group-housing system. Bressers, H.P.M.; Brake, J.H.A. te; Engel, B.; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 123-134; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Feeding behavior; Pig housing 130 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Findings from slaughterchecks of swine during a four-year period. Straw, B.E.; Dewey, C.E.; Marrero, C.E. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1994 Feb. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 16 (2): p. 245-251; 1994 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Swine diseases; Slaughter; Disease prevalence; Incidence; Pneumonia; Pleurisy; Atrophic rhinitis; Ascarididae; Animal parasitic nematodes; Infestation; Animal health; Disease surveys 131 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 IO9PA Flat bottom gravity drain gutters for swine manure. Meyer, V.M. Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service; 1992 Aug. PM v.): 4 p.; 1992 Aug. Language: English Descriptors: Pig manure; Pig housing; Piggery effluent; Drainage systems; Design 132 NAL Call. No.: QL55.I5 The floor pen for laboratory animals--a mixed blessing?. Davys, J.S. Sussex : The Institute; 1994 Aug. Animal technology : journal of the Institute of Animal Technicians v. 45 (2): p. 95-100; 1994 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Rabbits; Guinea pigs; Floor pens; Animal welfare; Laboratory rearing 133 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Flooring for swine. Harmon, J.D.; Muehling, A.J. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?- ]; 1993 Dec. Pork industry handbook. -- v.): p. 1-6; 1993 Dec. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Floors; Floor type; Defecation; Pig housing; Feet; Lesions; Sanitation; Pig manure 134 NAL Call. No.: S37.F72 Fly control for beef, dairy, poultry and swine producers. Jones, B.F.; Johnson, D.R. Little Rock, Ark. : The Service; 1993 Apr. FSA - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas (7029): 4 p.; 1993 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: Musca; Animal housing; Sanitation; Insect control; Insecticides 135 NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 The food intake, performance and carcass charace teristics of two pig genotypes grown to 120 kg live w eight. Chadd, S.A.; Cole, D.J.A.; Walters, J.R. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Dec. Animal production v. 57 (pt.3): p. 473-481; 1993 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Crossbreds; Genotypes; Pig feeding; Backfat; Fat thickness; Feed intake; Sex differences; Slaughter weight; Fattening performance 136 NAL Call. No.: TH4911.A1U6 no.194 Gipsskivor i lantbruksbyggnader, konstruktioner for stallmiljoer = Plaster boards in farm buildings, constructions for livestock building enviornments. Sloth-Andersen, Ulrik Lund : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen fhor lantbrukets byggnadsteknik,; 1992. 85, [1] : ill. ; 30 cm. (Specialmeddelands ; 194.). In Swedish, with English summary. Includes bibliographical references. Language: Swedish 137 NAL Call. No.: SF757.R36 no.31 Group-housing of lactating sows studies on health, behaviour and nest temperature. Ebner, Jakob Skara : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Animal Hygiene,; 1993. 108 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Rappart (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen for husdjurshygien ; 31.). Abstract inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p.101-108). Language: English 138 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 Growth characteristics and carcass composition of pigs with known genotypes for stress susceptibility over a weight range of 70 to 120 kg. Aalhus, J.L.; Jones, S.D.M.; Robertson, W.M.; Tong, A.K.W.; Sather, A.P. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Apr. Animal production v. 52 (pt.2): p. 347-353; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Growth; Genetic differences; Carcass composition; Tissues; Halothane; Genes 139 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Growth, development, and carcass composition in five genotypes of swine. Gu, Y.; Schinckel, A.P.; Martin, T.G. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 70 (6): p. 1719-1729; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pig breeds; Crossbred progeny; Genotypes; Unrestricted feeding; Meat cuts; Slaughter weight; Carcass composition; Lean; Backfat; Skin; Bone weight; Body fat; Carcass weight Abstract: An experiment with 127 barrows representing five genotypes, 1) H X HD, 2) SYN, 3) HD X L[YD], 4) L X YD, and 5) Y X L (H = Hampshire, D = Duroc, SYN = synthetic terminal sire line, L = Landrace, and Y = Yorkshire), was conducted to evaluate growth and development of swine from 59 to 127 kg live weight. Animals were allowed ad libitum access to a pelleted finishing diet containing 18.5% CP, .95% lysine, and 10.5% fat, with an energy density of 3,594 kcal of ME/kg. Pigs were serially slaughtered at either 59, 100, 114, or 127 kg live BW. After slaughter, carcasses were chilled and backfat was measured at four locations. The right side of each carcass was fabricated into primal cuts of ham, loin, Boston Butt, picnic, and belly. Composition of each primal cut was determined by physical dissection into lean, fat, bone, and skin. Estimated allometric growth coefficients for carcass length, carcass weight, and longissimus muscle area relative to BW; carcass lean, fat, bone, and skin relative to both BW and carcass weight; and lean in each of the primal cuts relative to total carcass lean did not differ (P > .05) among genotypes. Relative to BW, the pooled growth coefficient(s) for carcass weight was (were) greater (P < .001) than unity, whereas those for carcass length, longissimus muscle area, and backfat at first rib were smaller (P < .001) than unity. Those for other backfat measurements were close to 1.00. Relative to either BW or carcass weight, the pooled coefficient(s) for fat was (were) greater (P < .001) than unity, whereas those for lean, bone, and skin were smaller (P < .001) than unity. Growth of lean, backfat, bone, and skin in the carcass were nearly linearly associated with increases in BW. The increase in fat weight was curvilinear as the pig grew and was accelerated in later growth stages, indicating that carcass fat percentage increased with increased BW. 140 NAL Call. No.: 49 W89 Growth, feed conversion, blood composition and carcass evaluation in Hampshire and Yorkshire gilts slaughtered at three ages and fed at two planes of nutrition. Flipot, P.M. \u Agriculture Canada, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada; Fahmy, M.H.; Dufour, J.J. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1992 Jan. World review of animal production v. 27 (1): p. 41-48; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gilts; Hampshire; Large white; Breed differences; Plane of nutrition; Growth; Slaughter; Age differences; Blood chemistry; Feed conversion; Dressing percentage; Fat percentage; Lean; Carcass quality; Color 141 NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 Growth rate and growth composition of artificially reared piglets from specific pathogen free sows. Verstegen, M.W.A.; Hel, W. van der; Pijls, F.J.M. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Apr. Animal production v. 56 (pt.2): p. 217-223; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Energy metabolism; Liveweight gain; Body composition; Fat percentage; Protein content; Deposition; Slaughter; Nitrogen balance; Diet; Chemical composition; Artificial rearing 142 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Growth, response to humans and corticosteroids in male pigs housed individually and subjected to pleasant, unpleasant or minimal handling during rearing. Paterson, A.M.; Pearce, G.P. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Sep. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (4): p. 315-328; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Male animals; Growth rate; Handling; Pig housing; Man; Interactions; Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Stress; Animal behavior 143 NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Haematological and clinico-chemical profiles of barrows at the farm and at slaugther. Odink, J.; Elbers, A.R.W.; Smeets, J.F.M.; Visser, I.J.R.; Alsemgeest, P.; Wijngaards, G. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Meat science v. 32 (3): p. 307-310; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Stress response; Slaughter; Blood chemistry 144 NAL Call. No.: SF89.H85 1991 Handling and loading of livestock. Humane Slaughter Association (1986-); Agricultural Training Board Potters Bar, Herts. : Humane Slaughter Association,; 1991. 35 p. : ill. ; 15 x 21 cm. Language: English Descriptors: Animal welfare; Animals 145 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47 Hazards in confinement housing--gases and dusts in confined animal houses for swine, poultry, horses and humans. Pickrell, J. Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1991 Feb. Veterinary and human toxicology v. 33 (1): p. 32-39; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Animal housing; Air pollutants 146 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Health security: an increasing role for swine practitioners. Friendship, R.M. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1992 Mar. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 14 (3): p. 425-427; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North America; Pigs; Animal husbandry; Animal health; Swine diseases; Disease prevention; Disease control; Control programs; Veterinary services; Roles; Veterinarians 147 NAL Call. No.: SF396.3.H43 1993 Heat stress in pigs solving the problem. Great Britain, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food London : MAFF,; 1993. 12 p. : col. ill. ; 21 cm. Cover title. Action on animal welfare. Language: English Descriptors: Swine; Heat 148 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Helping your clients raise healthy potbellied pigs. Braun, W. Jr Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1993 May05. Veterinary medicine v. 88 (5): p. 414, 418-419, 422-423, 426, 428; 1993 May05. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Animal health; Piglets; Animal husbandry; Pig feeding; Vaccination; Parasites; Zoonoses 149 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322 Hog industry grappling with PSS-gene problem. Marbery, S. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1992 Dec21. Feedstuffs v. 64 (52): p. 14-17; 1992 Dec21. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Meat and livestock industry; Porcine stress syndrome; Leanness 150 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Hormonal changes following an acute stress in control and somatostatin-immunized pigs. Farmer, C.; Dubreuil, P.; Couture, Y.; Brazeau, P.; Petitclerc, D. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (4): p. 527-536; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Immunization; Somatostatin; Stress; Hormone secretion 151 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3 Housing, husbandry, and welfare of swine: January 1991-January 1994. Allen, T. Beltsville, Md., National Agricultural Library; 1994 Mar. Quick bibliography series - National Agricultural Library (94-14): 75 p.; 1994 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Animal husbandry; Animal welfare; Bibliographies 152 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Hypothalamic neurotransmitter concentrations and meat quality in stressed pigs offered excess dietary tryptophan and tyrosine. Adeola, O.; Ball, R.O. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 70 (6): p. 1888-1894; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Feed supplements; Tryptophan; Tyrosine; Serotonin; Catecholamines; Exudative meat; Pigmeat; Hypothalamus; Pig feeding; Stress Abstract: Pale, soft, exudative (PSE) pork occurs, for the most part, from environmental stress on the pig. Amino acid intake may be related to stress susceptibility through hormone and neurotransmitter induction. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether supplementation of 5 g of tryptophan (TRP) or 10 g of tyrosine (TYR) per kilogram of a 14% CP diet would alter the response of pigs to stress as measured by hypothalamic neurotransmitter concentrations and incidence of PSE. Twenty-four (Exp. 1) and 36 (Exp. 2) 92-kg pigs were offered one of three diets: control, TRP-, or TYR-supplemented for 5 d before slaughter. Dietary TRP or TYR supplementation in Exp. 1. doubled (P < .05) plasma TRP and TYR concentrations, respectively, and increased (P < .05) 5- hydroxytryptamine, dihydroxyphenyl ethylamine, dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, and homovanillic acid concentrations in the hypothalamus. Pigs that exhibited stress at slaughter had lower (P < .05) hypothalamic concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine. In Exp. 2, pigs were trucked 55 km to a commercial meat packing facility and slaughtered without a rest period. This handling procedure was designed to invoke a high incidence of PSE pork and thus be a strong test of treatments. Supplemental dietary amino acids seemed to alter the frequency distribution of the severity of PSE pork. These data indicate that dietary manipulation of amino acid precursors of neurotransmitters may offer a practical means of reducing stress response in swine. 153 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The identification of behavioural indicators of 'stress' in early weaned piglets. Dybkjaer, L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Nov. Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (2): p. 135-147; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Early weaning; Stress; Stress factors; Stocking density; Pig housing; Overcrowding; Abnormal behavior; Indicators 154 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Immune response and persistence of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in infected pigs and farm units. Albina, E.; Madec, F.; Cariolet, R.; Torrison, J. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1994 May28. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 134 (22): p. 567-573; 1994 May28. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Piglets; Arterivirus; Swine diseases; Persistence; Antibody formation; Kinetics; Experimental infections; Infections; Stress 155 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J82 Immunopathology in Aujeszky's disease virus-infected pigs exposed to fluctuating temperatures. Narita, M.; Nanba, K.; Haritani, M.; Kawashima, K. London : Academic Press; 1992 Aug. Journal of comparative pathology v. 107 (2): p. 221-229; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Aujeszky virus; Aujeszky's disease; Environmental temperature; Cyclic fluctuations; Stress; Disease resistance; Susceptibility; Pathology 156 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 ID13IDC Improve pork quality reduce PSE and other defects. Boggess, M.V. Moscow, Idaho : The Service; 1992 Feb. Current information series - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Idaho (918): 4 p.; 1992 Feb. Language: English Descriptors: Pigmeat; Exudative meat; Meat quality; Pigs; Porcine stress syndrome; Slaughter 157 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Incidence and economics of tuberculosis in swine slaughtered from 1976 to 1988. Dey, B.P.; Parham, G.L. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Aug15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203 (4): p. 516-519; 1993 Aug15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Mycobacterium; Tuberculosis; Incidence; Carcass condemnation; Regulations; Losses 158 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Incorporating some aspects of room air flow into performance standards. Ogilvie, J.R.; Barrington, S.F. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4046): 12 p.; 1992. Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Animal housing; Ventilation; Standards; Pigs 159 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Increased cortisol response to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone in chronically stressed pigs: influence of housing conditions. Janssens, C.J.J.G.; Helmond, F.A.; Wiegant, V.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994 Jul. Journal of animal science v. 72 (7): p. 1771-1777; 1994 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Tethered housing; Stress; Corticotropin; Blood plasma; Hydrocortisone; Social interaction; Animal welfare Abstract: In a longitudinal experiment, the influence of tethered housing (a condition of chronic stress) on the reactivity of the adrenal cortex to exogenous ACTH was investigated in gilts. To that end, the plasma cortisol response to synthetic ACTH (1-24; 10 micrograms/kg of BW; i.v. bolus injection via a permanent catheter) was determined before and after prolonged tethered housing. Two systems for tethered housing were used, one more restrictive than the other with regard to possibilities for visual and tactile contacts with conspecifics and visual control over the environment. The ACTH treatment induced a marked, transient plasma cortisol response in all gilts studied, irrespective of their housing conditions. Long-term tethered housing increased the ACTH-induced cortisol response. Possible effects of the experimental procedure or age-related effects could be excluded, because in control gilts, which were housed loose during the entire experimental period, the cortisol response to ACTH remained unaltered. The chronic stress-induced increase in the ACTH-induced cortisol response was considerably more pronounced and persistent in gilts that were deprived of possibilities for social contacts with conspecifics and visual control over the environment than in gilts with such possibilities. These data indicate that in tethered gilts adaptational changes occur at the level of the adrenal cortex that affect the ACTH-induced adrenocortical response. In addition, not only physical restraint but also restriction of social contact and visual control play an important role in the development of these changes. 160 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Individual differences in behavioural responses of pigs exposed to non-social and social challenges. Lawrence, A.B.; Terlouw, E.M.C.; Illius, A.W. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 73-86; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gilts; Treatment; Handling; Temperament; Animal behavior; Individual characteristics 161 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Individual mating facilities for swine. Singleton, W.; Levis, D. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1992. Pork industry handbook. 7 p.; 1992. In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-69), revised June 1992. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Mating; Boars; Sows; Temperature; Building construction 162 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Individual mating facilities for swine. Singleton, W.; Bodman, G.R.; Levis, D. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Nov. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 7 p.; 1992 Nov. In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Housing. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Mating; Breeding programs; Design 163 NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 The influence of a barrier on the behaviour and growth of early-weaned piglets. Waran, N.K.; Broom, D.M. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Feb. Animal production v. 56 (pt.1): p. 115-119; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Early weaning; Pens; Space requirements; Barriers; Animal behavior; Liveweight gain; Animal welfare; Animal husbandry 164 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Influence of parity and time since parturition on responsiveness of sows to a piglet distress call. Hutson, G.D.; Argent, M.F.; Dickenson, L.G.; Luxford, B.G. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Sep. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (4): p. 303-313; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Vocalization; Parous rates; Postpartum interval; Time; Responses; Maternal behavior 165 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The influence of pen size on toy preference of growing pigs. Apple, J.K.; Craig, J.V. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Nov. Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (2): p. 149-155; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gilts; Pig housing; Pens; Stocking density; Toys; Play; Stress; Abnormal behavior 166 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 The influence of the mineral level in drinking water and the thermal environment on the performance and intestinal fluid flux of newly-weaned pigs. Maenz, D.D.; Patience, J.F.; Wolynetz, M.S. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 72 (2): p. 300-308; 1994 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Weaning; Drinking water; Mineral content; Sulfate; Cold stress; Environmental temperature; Synergism; Feed intake; Water intake; Performance; Dosage effects; Diarrhea; Body temperature; Blood chemistry; Blood picture; Growth rate; Small intestine; Fluids; Intestinal absorption Abstract: The effects of drinking water containing high levels of dissolved minerals including sulphate (HMW) and a chilled environment on the performance of newly-weaned pigs were evaluated in three replicate 10-d trials. In each trial, 12, 28-d-old pigs were taken from the sow and allocated by weight and litter to treatment groups following a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of HMW vs low-mineral drinking water (LMW) and normal (heat lamp) vs chilled (21 degrees C) pen temperature. No interactive effects of water mineral level and pen temperature on any of the measurements of health and productivity were found. Pigs given the HMW consumed more water on d 7 to 10 and 1 to 10 (P < .05) and more feed from d 4 to 6, 7 to 10, and 1 to 10 (P < .05), had greater weight gains from d 7 to 10 and 1 to 10 (P < .05), and had higher scour scores on d 4 and 7 (P < .05). Pigs maintained in a chilled environment had lower body weights on d 3, 6, and 10 (P < .05), lower feed conversion efficiency from d 7 to 10 (P < .05) and 1 to 10 (P < .01), and lower water intake from d 4 to 6 (P < .05) and 7 to 10 (P < .0.1). Pen temperature had no effect on feed intake and scour scores. There was a correlation (P < .05) between feed intake and growth rates throughout the trial, between feed intake and water intake on d 4 to 6, 7 to 10, and 1 to 10, and between water intake and growth rate on d 7 to 10. This study suggests that drinking water containing high levels of dissolved minerals may promote increased water and feed intake during the immediate postweaning period. 167 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Influences of intermittent daily draught on the behaviour of weaned pigs. Scheepens, C.J.M.; Hessing, M.J.C.; Laarakker, E.; Schouten, W.G.P.; Tielen, M.J.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Jul. Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (1/2): p. 69-82; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Cold stress; Climatic factors 168 NAL Call. No.: 410 B77 Ingestion of food facilitates the performance of stereotypies in sows. Terlouw, E.M.C.; Wiersma, A.; Lawrence, A.B.; MacLeod, H.A. London : Academic Press; 1993 Nov. Animal behaviour v. 46 (pt.5): p. 939-950; 1993 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Vices; Eating Abstract: Previous work has shown that chain manipulation and excessive drinking develop in sows, Sus scrofa, only when the sows are food restricted and confined, and that their occurrence is concentrated mainly in the post-feeding period. The present study investigated whether ingestion of food stimulates the performance of these stereotypies. In experiment 1, sows had been exposed to 7 months of restrictive housing and feeding conditions (2.5 kg of food/day; normal feeding time 0900 hours), during which they had developed stereotypies, mainly stereotyped chain manipulation and excessive drinking. Treatments, applied at 1350 hours, were the introduction of a novel sound (duration 10 min) and delivery of an extra meal (ingestion time approximately 10 min). Each treatment was applied to all sows simultaneously on two separate occasions. Levels of stereotypies measured over 2 h after the novel sound did not differ from preceding control days. In contrast, levels of stereotypies measured over the 2 h following ingestion of the meals were significantly higher relative to controls. In experiment 2, subjects were sows normally fed a meal of 2.5 kg of concentrated food at 0900 hours, which had already developed chain manipulation and excessive drinking. On treatment days, at 0900 hours, they received 0, 0.5, 1.25 or 5 kg of the same food. Non-delivery of food was followed by reduced levels of both chain manipulation and drinking. Ingestion of a smaller or larger meal than usual had little effect on levels of post-feeding stereotypies. The results of both experiments suggest that ingestion of food stimulates the performance of established stereotypies. The effect cannot be explained simply by differences in nutritional status, and it is suggested that it reflects changes in motivational state and behavioural activation. 169 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Interactive effects of thermal environment and dietary amino acid and fat levels on rate and efficiency of growth of pigs housed in a conventional nursery. Schenck, B.C.; Stahly, T.S.; Cromwell, G.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 70 (12): p. 3803-3811; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Environmental temperature; Lysine; Dietary fat; Growth rate; Amino acids; Diet; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency Abstract: In four trials, 480 weanling pigs were housed in a conventional nursery maintained at 20 or 30 degrees C, which represented a cool and hot thermal environment, respectively. They were allowed ad libitum access to corn-soybean meal-dried whey diets containing .7, 1.0, or 1.3% lysine and 0 or 5% added fat (choice white grease). The pigs were weaned between 27 and 33 d of age (7.27 +/- .90 kg) and penned in groups of five for the duration of the 42-d trials. Pigs housed in the cool environment consumed more feed (P < .01), gained more weight (P < .01), and utilized feed more efficiently (P < .01) than those in the hot environment. As dietary lysine levels were increased in the 20 and 30 degrees C environments, daily weight gains and gain:feed ratios increased linearly (P < .01) from d 0 to 21 and quadratically (P < .01) from d 21 to 42. However, the magnitudes of the increases were less in the cool environment, resulting in temperature X lysine interactions (P < .05). As the pig's feed intake, body weight, and heat production increased over time, the 20 and 30 degrees C environments became progressively warmer relative to the animal's zone of thermoneutrality. The associated reductions over time in energy and lysine intakes relative to the pigs' maintenance needs resulted in an increase in the concentration of dietary lysine needed to maximize rate and efficiency of gain in the 30 degrees C environment but not in the 20 degrees C environment (temperature X lysine X period interaction, P < .10). The addition of fat to the low-lysine diet further decreased (P < .05) daily energy and lysine intakes, causing a reduction in growth rate of pigs in the 30 degrees C environment but not in that of pigs in the 20 degrees C environment, which resulted in a temperature X lysine X fat interaction (P < .05). Based on these results, the optimal dietary amino acid regimen for weaning pigs is dependent on the thermal environment in which the pigs are housed. 170 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82 Intestinal amino acid and monosaccharide transport in suckling pigs fed milk replacers with different sources of carbohydrate. Vega, Y.M.; Puchal, A.A.; Buddington, R.K. Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1992 Dec. The Journal of nutrition v. 122 (12): p. 2430-2439; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Sucklings; Diet; Glucose; Galactose; Fructose; Nutrient transport; Intestines; Amino acids; Monosaccharides Abstract: Omnivorous mammals are able to adaptively modulate rates of intestinal nutrient transport to match changes in diet. Because adaptive responses during suckling, when dietary composition is relatively constant, have not been adequately determined, we measured in vitro sugar and amino acid uptake [nmol/(mg tissue.min)] in suckling pigs fed milk replacers with either lactose (LAC) or a 60:40 mixture of maltodextrin and sucrose (MDS). The MDS-fed pigs initially grew slower, but had intestinal dimensions similar to those of LAC-fed siblings when normalized to body weight. Carrier-mediated uptake for three monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose) did not differ between LAC- and MDS-fed pigs at 5, 10, 15 and 20 d of age. Interdiet differences in rates of leucine and proline uptake, despite identical types and concentration of protein in both milk replacers, are indicative of nonspecific responses to diet during suckling. Uptake capacities (grams of monosaccharide absorbed per 24 h) never exceeded estimates of monosaccharide intake by more than fourfold and were less than aldohexose intake during early suckling. Our results indicate 1) age-related changes in rates of nutrient uptake are genetically programmed and little influenced by diet; 2) any responses to diet are nonspecific and likely involve a shift in the timing of the genetic program; and 3) at birth and throughout suckling, pigs are capable of absorbing limited quantities of alternative nutrients. 171 NAL Call. No.: SF774.J68 An investigation of bacterial causes of arthritis in slaughter hogs. Hariharan, H.; MacDonald, J.; Carnat, B.; Bryenton, J.; Heaney, S. Lawrence, Kan. : AAVLD; 1992 Jan. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation v. 4 (1): p. 28-30; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Joints (animal); Bacteria; Arthritis; Joint diseases 172 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224 An investigation of enzootic Glasser's disease in a specific- pathogen-free grower-finisher facility using restriction endonuclease analysis. Smart, N.L.; Hurnik, D.; MacInnes, J.I. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Aug. The Canadian veterinary journal v. 34 (8): p. 487-490; 1993 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Haemophilus 173 NAL Call. No.: SF774.J68 Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovars bratislava and hardjo from swine at slaughter. Bolin, C.A.; Cassells, J.A. Lawrence, Kan. : AAVLD; 1992 Jan. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation v. 4 (1): p. 87-89; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Reproductive disorders; Leptospira interrogans; Isolation 174 NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68 It is morally permissible to manipulate the genome of domestic hogs. Blatz, C.V. Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991. Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p. 166-176; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Genetic engineering; Animal welfare; Ethics; Biotechnology; Transgenics 175 NAL Call. No.: QL55.I5 Laboratory swine--principles of husbandry and research techniques. Dopson, D.C. \u Brompton Hospital, London Sussex : The Institute; 1993 Dec. Animal technology : journal of the Institute of Animal Technicians v. 44 (3): p. 175-200; 1993 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Laboratory animals; Animal husbandry; Pig housing; Handling; Anesthesia; Miniature pigs; Strain differences; Veterinary medicine; Animal models Abstract: Pigs are anatomically and physiologically similar to man in many ways. A fact which is supported by many and diverse scientific studies. However, they may be overlooked as research models for reasons of the presumed difficulties to be encountered in maintaining and handling animals of potentially great size. In fact, the type of pig available in the United Kingdom ranges from the Large White or Yorkshire pig which may weigh > 200 kg to the Yucatan Miniature Pig which is considerably smaller and lighter at < 70 kg. There are a number of possible advantages to using pigs over other species in the laboratory and some selected points will be considered in this paper. The requirements for routine care and techniques for minor regulated procedures are also described. Emphasis is also placed on current perspectives in cardio- respiratory research for which the pig is a particularly suitable animal model. 176 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322 Lean growth modeling has potential in swine production. Easter, R.A. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1993 Mar22. Feedstuffs v. 65 (12): p. 14, 16; 1993 Mar22. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Animal husbandry; Growth models; Animal production 177 NAL Call. No.: SF89.G73 1992 Livestock trucking guide livestock management practices that reduce injuries to livestock during transport. Grandin, Temple Livestock Conservation Institute Madison, WI : Livestock Conservation Institute,; 1992. 16 p. : ill. ; 23 x 10 cm. Cover title. "By Temple Grandin"- -P. 3. Includes bibliographical references (p. 16). Language: English Descriptors: Livestock; Swine; Cattle; Sheep 178 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Long-term effects of food allowance and housing on developmet of stereotypies in pigs. Terlouw, E.M.C.; Lawrence, A.B. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Nov. Applied animal behaviour science v. 38 (2): p. 103-126; 1993 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Vices 179 NAL Call. No.: SF395.W463 1992 Lord Emsworth's annotated Whiffle The care of the pig.. Care of the pig Whiffle, Augustus; Hogg, James New York : Heineman,; 1992. xi, 128 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. Language: English; English Descriptors: Swine; Swine 180 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P A low energy swine farrowing facility: a field study. Harmon, J.D.; Christenbury, G.D.; Albrecht, J.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (91-4028): 18 p.; 1991. Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Carolina; Cabt; Pig housing; Design; Energy; Economics; Environmental control 181 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P A low energy swine nursery facility: a field study. Christenbury, G.D.; Harmon, J.D.; Albrecht, J.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (91-4027): 17 p.; 1991. Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Carolina; Cabt; Pig housing; Design; Energy; Economics; Environmental control 182 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Lymphocyte proliferative responses in neonatal pigs with high or low plasma cortisol concentration after stress induced by restraint. Brown-Borg, H.M.; Klemcke, H.G.; Blecha, F. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (12): p. 2015-2020; 1993 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Lymphocyte transformation; Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Stress; Restraint of animals; Interleukin 2; Age differences Abstract: High plasma cortisol concentration is associated with perception of stress and reduced immune function in pigs. Neonatal pigs (12, 19, or 26 days old) were tested to determine maximal cortisol response to a mild restraint stressor. Pigs were fitted with indwelling jugular cannulas 4 days prior to restraint. One day before restraint, 10 ml of blood was removed for lymphocyte isolation and subsequent in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin 2 (IL-2) assays. On the day of restraint, blood samples were drawn 10 minutes before and 3, 10, and 20 minutes after holding each pig in a supine position for 1 minute. Plasma cortisol concentration was determined by use of radioimmunoassay. Pigs with maximal cortisol response greater than the mean value for that age group were classified in the high-responder (HIRES) group. Conversely, those with values lower than the mean maximal response were assigned to the low-responder (LORES) group. The HIRES pigs had larger relative adrenal gland weights and higher baseline and maximal cortisol responses, compared with LORES pigs (P = 0.0170, P = 0.0002, P = 0.0001, respectively). Mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses (to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen) were 60% lower (P = 0.0037, P = 0.0432, P = 0.0103, respectively) in HIRES vs LORES pigs. In vitro IL-2 production did not differ between HIRES and LORES pigs. Lymphocyte proliferation induced by the B-cell mitogen, pokeweed mitogen, decreased 56% with age (P = 0.0151). Production of IL-2 was numerically decreased (P = 0.06) by 50% in 26-day-old pigs, compared with earlier ages. These results indicate that neonatal pigs with low cortisol response to stress may have an advantage, from an immunologic standpoint, over pigs prone to stress. 183 NAL Call. No.: TS1966.I8G85 1991 La macellazione del suino aspetti sanitari, tecnici e legislativi [Slaughtering of swine]., 1. ed.. Guizzardi, Franco; Nigrelli, Arrigo D.; Gatti, Renzo; Signorini, F. Bologna : Edagricole,; 1991. x, 295 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 24 cm. (Pratica veterinaria). Language: Italian Descriptors: Slaughtering and slaughter-houses; Swine 184 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5 Management and nutrition of the bred gilt and sow. Luce, W.G.; Maxwell, C.V. Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Nov. OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University v.): 4 p.; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Gilts; Pig farming; Breeding; Heat stress; Nutrition; Supplementary feeding; Feed additives; Feed dispensers; Disease control 185 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Management and nutrition of the newly weaned pig. Aherne, F.; Hogberg, M.G.; Kornegay, E.T.; Shurson, G.C. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1992. Pork industry handbook. 4 p.; 1992. In the subseries: Management. (PIH-111), revised December 1992. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Piglets; Nutrient requirements; Piglet feeding; Piglet fattening; Creep feeding; Weaning; Medicated feeds; Fat consumption; Feed additives; Pig housing 186 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5 Management of growing-finishing swine. Luce, W.G.; Huhnke, R.L. Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Aug. OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University (3654): 6 p.; 1991 Aug. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pig fattening; Pig housing; Pig feeding; Disease control; Parasites; Insecticides; Dry lot feeding; Pastures 187 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Management of internal parasitism in confined swine. Moncol, D.J. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1993 May. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 15 (5): p. 753-755, 767; 1993 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Intensive livestock farming; Floors; Disease transmission; Ascaris; Early weaning; Anthelmintics; Drug therapy; Helminth ova; Strongyloides; Oesophagostomum; Disease control; Pig housing; Parasitism; Incidence; Pest control 188 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Management of the boar. Singleton, W.L.; Flowers, W.L.; Reeves, D.E.; Thompson, L.H. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?- ]; 1993 Dec. Pork industry handbook. -- v.): p. 1-5; 1993 Dec. Language: English Descriptors: Boars; Disease prevention; Boar feeding; Animal breeding; Heat stress; Respiration rate 189 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Management of the boar. Singleton, W.L. \u Purdue University; Flowers, W.L.; Reeves, D.E.; Thompson, L.H. East Lansing : Michigan State University, Cooperative Extension Service,; 1994 Apr. Extension bulletin (1040): 6 p.; 1994 Apr. In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook: Reproduction. Language: English Descriptors: Boars; Pig farming; Boar progeny testing; Swine diseases; Transport of animals; Quarantine; Pig feeding; Pig housing; Breeding; Culling 190 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 G29B Management of young pigs. Jones, R. Athens, Ga. : The Service; 1991 Dec. Bulletin - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, College of Agriculture v.): 14 p. ill; 1991 Dec. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Animal husbandry; Piglet production 191 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Managing and feeding sows for optimum productivity. Tubbs, R.C. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1992 Oct. Veterinary medicine v. 87 (10): p. 1048-1056; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gilts; Sows; Sow feeding; Animal husbandry; Productivity; Nutrient intake; Plane of nutrition 192 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 Managing purchased feeder pigs. VanDyke, N.J.; Owsley, W.F.; Blaylock, R.E.; Floyd, J.G. Jr Auburn Ala. : Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University,; 1993 May. Circular ANR (815): 4 p.; 1993 May. In subseries: Animal Science. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Purchasing; Transport; Disease prevention; Pig feeding; Pig housing 193 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5 Managing the herd boar. Luce, W.G. Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Sep. OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University v.): 4 p.; 1991 Sep. Language: English Descriptors: Boars; Mating ability; Mating behavior; Semen production; Boar feeding; Pig housing; Breeding methods 194 NAL Call. No.: QL750.J68 Maternal behaviour of free-ranging sows during the first 8 days after farrowing. Csermely, D. Kyoto, Japan : Japan Ethological Society,; 1994. Journal of ethology v. 12 (1): p. 53-62; 1994. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Maternal behavior; Free range husbandry; Intensive livestock farming; Farrowing; Abnormal behavior 195 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Maternal behaviour of lactating sows in a loose-housing system. Boe, K. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Feb. Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (4): p. 327-338; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Sow lactation; Loose housing; Maternal behavior; Piglets; Liveweight gain; Age at weaning 196 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 Meat quality in pigs reared in groups kept as a unit during the fattening period and slaughter. Karlsson, A.; Lundstrom, K. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Jun. Animal production v. 54 (pt.3): p. 421-426; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Meat quality; Group effect 197 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Mechanical backup systems for electronic environmental controllers. Gates, R.S.; Overhults, D.G.; Turner, L.W. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Jul. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (4): p. 491-497; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Environmental control; Controllers; Pig housing; Poultry housing Abstract: A series of mechanical backup systems for electronic environmental controllers is presented for a typical finishing swine barn and a typical tunnel ventilated broiler house. The systems consist of mechanical thermostats and timers used in parallel with the electronic controller, designed to ensure animal survival in the event of controller or related hardware failure. For swine housing, three distinct mechanical backup functions are identified; for broiler housing, four distinct mechanical backup functions are identified. Schematic diagrams of the mechanical backup functions are provided and their implementation is described. 198 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Mechanical ventilation of swine buildings. Murphy, J.P.; Jones, D.D.; Christianson, L.L. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1991 Jun. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 8 p.; 1991 Jun. In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Housing. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Artificial ventilation; Air flow; Fans; Humidity 199 NAL Call. No.: SF393.P74C66 1990 Mini pet pigs home veterinary & care., 2nd ed.. Connelly, John; Jennings, Patricia Portland, Or. : C.J. Enterprises, 1992; 1992. 96 leaves : ill. ; 22 cm. Cover title. Two tables in pocket. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 93). Language: English Descriptors: Potbellied pig; Swine 200 NAL Call. No.: SF393.M55S76 1992 Miniature pigs everything about purchase, care, nutrition, breeding, behavior, and training. Storer, Pat; Storer, Kristin New York : Barron's,; 1992. 88 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 20 cm. Includes index. Language: English Descriptors: Miniature swine as pets 201 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L33 Miniature swine in biomedical research: applications and husbandry considerations. Fisher, T.F. New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1993 May. Lab animal v. 22 (5): p. 47-50; 1993 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Animal husbandry; Applications 202 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Modelling newborn piglet thermal interactions with a surface energy balance model. Hoff, S.J.; Janni, K.A.; Jacobson, L.D. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1993 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (1): p. 151-159; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Body heat loss; Farrowing houses; Interactions; Mathematical models; Relative humidity; Temperature Abstract: A mathematical model was developed to describe the radiative and convective thermal interactions between a newborn piglet and it's surroundings. The model incorporates surface energy balances for each surface in the enclosure. The model was verified with results from a simulated creep area and from published calorimetric studies on newborn pigs. Mathematical results were all within 5.5% of the measured results from a simulated creep-area. Compared with published studies, the mathematical model over-predicts heat loss in high-demand environments and under predicts heat loss in low- demand environments. 203 NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 Moderate indoor exercise: effect on production and carcass traits, muscle enzyme activities and meat quality in pigs. Enfalt, A.C.; Lundstrom, K.; Hansson, I.; Karlsson, A.; Essen- Gustavsson, B.; Hakansson, J. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Aug. Animal production v. 57 (pt.1): p. 127-135; 1993 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Exercise; Pig housing; Fattening performance; Lactic acid; Muscle tissue; Ph; Enzymes; Enzyme activity; Carcass composition; Meat quality 204 NAL Call. No.: SF83.G3S3 Heft 64 Moglichkeiten der Schlachtkorperbewertung am lebenden Schwein mit Hilfe von Ultraschallmessungen [Possibilities of slaughter value evaluation of living swine with use of ultrasound measurements]. Busemann, Eiso, Kiel : Selbstverlag des Institutes fur Tierzucht und Tierhaltung der Christian-Albrechts-Universitat,; 1991. 104 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. (Schriftenreihe des Institutes fur Tierzucht und Tierhaltung der Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Heft 64). English summary. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-96). Language: German 205 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 A note of hunger in the pig: sows on restricted rations will sustain an energy deficit to gain additional food. Hutson, G.D. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Feb. Animal production v. 52 (pt.1): p. 233-235; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Restricted feeding; Hunger; Conditioning; Animal welfare 206 NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 A note on the behaviour and performance of growing pigs provided with straw in a novel housing system. Arey, D.S.; Bruce, J.M. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Apr. Animal production v. 56 (pt.2): p. 269-272; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Animal behavior; Straw; Growth rate; Feed conversion efficiency; Animal welfare; Animal husbandry 207 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 A note on the effect of deep-litter housing on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. Matte, J.J. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1993 Sep. Canadian journal of animal science v. 73 (3): p. 643-647; 1993 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Deep litter housing; Growth rate; Manures; Enzymes; Ventilation; Temperature 208 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 A note on the effects of environmental temperature on live- weight gain during fattening of pigs. Sakai, T.; Nishino, M.; Hamakawa, M.; Yoon, C.S.; Thirapatsakun, T. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Feb. Animal production v. 54 (pt.1): p. 147-149; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pig fattening; Environmental temperature; Liveweight gain; Pig housing 209 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 A note on the IVOG-station: a feeding station to record the individual food intake of group-housed growing pigs. Haer, L.C.M. de; Merks, J.W.M.; Kooper, H.G.; Buiting, G.A.J.; Hattum, J.A. van East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Feb. Animal production v. 54 (pt.1): p. 160-162; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Feed intake; Feeding behavior; Recording; Equipment; Feed dispensers 210 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Oestrus detection in group-housed sows by analysis of data on visits to the boar. Bressers, H.P.M.; Te Brake, J.H.A.; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (3/4): p. 183-193; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Boars; Estrus; Detection; Groups; Pig housing; Prediction; Standing reflex 211 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.D3C652 An open information system for the swine production and marketing industry: its scope, topology and telecommunication strategy. Groeneveld, E.; Lacher, P. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jul. Computers and electronics in agriculture v. 7 (2): p. 163-185; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Meat and livestock industry; Animal production; Information needs; Information systems; Computer software; Marketing; Record keeping; Classification; Telecommunications; Animal husbandry 212 NAL Call. No.: HD101.S6 Optimal hog slaughter weights under alternative pricing systems. Boland, M.A.; Preckel, P.V.; Schinckel, A.P. Lexington, Ky. : Southern Agricultural Economics Association, 1993-; 1993 Dec. Journal of agricultural and applied economics v. 25 (2): p. 148-163; 1993 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Slaughter weight; Profits; Liveweight; Price policy; Growth; Carcass weight; Pigmeat Abstract: Three hog genotypes are simulated to determine how producer profits, economically optimal slaughter weights, and carcass component weights change under three pricing models. Live weight pricing pays more for the fatter barrows whereas a three component (separate payments for fat, lean, and byproducts) and six component (separate payments for major primal cuts, other lean, fat, and byproducts) pricing system pay more for the leaner gilts. Implications for selection of genetic stock and pricing system are presented. 213 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T An optimal misting method for cooling livestock housing. Gates, R.S.; Usry, J.L.; Nienaber, J.A.; Turner, L.W.; Bridges, T.C. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (5): p. 2199-2206; 1991 Sep. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Cooling; Evaporative cooling; Mists; Literature reviews; Mathematical models Abstract: A method to analyze the operation of misting systems to cool livestock housing by minimizing interior Temperature-humidity Index (THI) is presented. The procedure is shown to be similar to the analysis for evaporative pad cooling, except that interior maximum relative humidity is specified instead of pad efficiency. The minimization of THI is shown to be equivalent to the minimization of interior dry- bulb temperature. If interior heat and moisture loads are neglected, the interior state point can be found at an intersection of outside wet-bulb temperature and inside maximum relative humidity; implications of neglecting these loads are quantified. Comparisons between no cooling, pad cooling, and misting are made to the resultant interior dry- bulb temperature, and to the Gain Reduction Factor (Morrison et al., 1968), for the simplified assumptions of no internal heat loads. The misting system is shown to compare favorably with evaporative pad cooling. 214 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72 Oral transmission of transmissible gastroenteritis virus by muscle and lymph node from slaughtered pigs. Cook, D.R.; Hill, H.T.; Taylor, J.D. Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1991 Feb. Australian veterinary journal v. 68 (2): p. 68-70; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Australia; Pigs; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus; Gastroenteritis; Carcasses; Disease transmission; Pigmeat; Disease prevalence; Carrier state; Importation 215 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32T Orienting livestock shelters to optimize natural summer ventilation. Barrington, S.; Zemanchik, N.; Choiniere, Y. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1958-; 1994 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 37 (1): p. 251-255; 1994 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Cabt; Animal housing; Pig housing; Ventilation; Wind; Orientation Abstract: Using the meteorological data of 10 Ontario weather stations, natural ventilation rates were computed for a typical gable roofed swine shelter, oriented at 6 different angles from the north. A nonparametric statistical procedure was used to identify that orientation giving the least period of ventilation under the required rate, throughout the summer, for temperature ranges above 20 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 30 degrees C. For all 10 stations, 1 or 2 building orientations gave slightly but significantly better ventilation rates than all other orientations. Ventilation was improved by further extending the period during which minimum summer rates were respected Nevertheless, growers using properly oriented buildings and natural ventilation can expect low summer ventilation rates 12% to 27% of the time. These low ventilation conditions can persist over more than 24 consecutive hours in some locations. 216 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Parametric design with associated costs and production data of swine nurseries. Helmink, K.J.; Christianson, L.L.; Riskowski, G.L. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Mar. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (2): p. 237-247; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Design; Costs; Parametric programming; Computer software Abstract: The Illinois Nursery Improvement Software (INIS) is a computerized, parametric design aid for swine nurseries and prenurseries. INIS prepares plan and elevation drawings, specifies equipment and materials and compares ventilation options. Costs of alternative ventilation systems are calculated. Users can estimate productivity improvements (feed efficiency, health costs, gain rates, and mortality rates) that will result from improved ventilation to compare with ventilation system costs. 217 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Patterns associated with season and facilities for atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in slaughter swine. Cowart, R.P.; Boessen, C.R.; Kliebenstein, J.B. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Jan15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 200 (2): p. 190-193; 1992 Jan15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Atrophic rhinitis; Pneumonia; Lesions; Seasonal variation; Pig housing; Disease course 218 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Pen shape and size: effects on pig behavior and performance. Wiegand, R.M.; Gonyou, H.W.; Curtis, S.E. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Jan. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (1): p. 49-61; 1994 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pens; Shape; Size; Stocking density; Space utilization; Social behavior; Performance; Time; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Aggressive behavior 219 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Performance, carcass composition, and blood hormones and metabolites of finishing pigs treated with porcine somatotropin in hot and cold environments. Becker, B.A.; Knight, C.D.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Jesse, G.W.; Hedrick, H.B.; Baile, C.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Sep. Journal of animal science v. 71 (9): p. 2375-2387; 1993 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Diets; Cold stress; Feed intake; Heat stress; Hormones; Metabolites; Performance testing; Somatotropin; Blood analysis; Carcass composition; Fat; Protein content Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to assess the ability for recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST)-treated pigs to perform and cope with the demands of hot and cold environments. In the first experiment, finishing pigs were exposed to either a thermoneutral (TN; 18 to 21 degrees C) or a hot environment (H; 27 to 35 degrees C) for 35 d. In the second experiment, pigs were exposed to a TN or cold environment (C; 5 to 15 degrees C). The rpST delivered by a 6- wk prolonged-release system had no effect on ADG, whereas both H and C reduced ADG by 29.4 and 11.8%, respectively. In the first experiment, rpST-treated pigs consumed 17.6% less feed than control pigs, whereas rpST-treated pigs in H consumed 24.4% less feed than rpST-treated pigs in TN. Overall feed/ gain ratios through the first 4 wk of both studies were improved by 21.8 and 14%, respectively, by rpST (P < .05) and were 24.3% poorer in C (P <.05) than in H. The changes in blood concentrations of pST, IGF-I, and IGF-II associated with rpST were not influenced by the different environments. Total body composition of rpST-treated pigs had increased amounts of protein (P < .05) and decreased amounts of fat (P < .05); H further reduced fat (P < .05). The C resulted in reduced protein content (P < .05). No evidence of thermal imbalance due to rpST was found as assessed by rectal temperature, respiration rate, and heat production estimated by indirect calorimetry and chemical analysis. 220 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Performance measured in pigs with pneumonia and housed in different environments. Straw, B.E. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Feb15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 198 (4): p. 627-630; 1991 Feb15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Pneumonia; Growth rate; Liveweight gain; Feed conversion efficiency; Lesions; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 221 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 The performance of gilts in a new group housing system: endocrinological and immunological functions. Von Borell, E.; Morris, J.R.; Hurnik, J.F.; Mallard, B.A.; Buhr, M.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Sep. Journal of animal science v. 70 (9): p. 2714-2721; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gilts; Pig housing; Group size; Blood plasma; Progesterone; Adrenal glands; Diagnostic techniques; Immune response; Reproductive performance; Body weight; Backfat; Litter weight; Hydrocortisone Abstract: The effect of a new group housing system on performance (132 gilts and litters) and endocrinological (35 gilts) and immunological functions (28 gilts) was studied. Animals were randomly assigned to a conventional system control, involving > 2 mo in individual stalls, or to the Hurnik-Morris (H-M) housing system, involving continuous housing in small groups, for breeding-gestating swine. The gilts were reared throughout gestation in their respective housing systems and moved 3 to 5 d prefarrowing to a common farrowing facility. Various production data were collected, including sow weight and backfat measurements, number of pigs born, number born alive, number weaned, litter birth weight, and litter weaning weight. An adrenal function test using dexamethasone pretreatment and ACTH1-24 challenge was imposed on gilts 5 d prebreeding and once between d 81 to 87 of gestation. Plasma progesterone was measured at the same time. Immune function was measured by serum antibody response to hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to tuberculin. Gilts reared in the H-M housing system exhibited a number of pigs weaned per litter and litter weaning weights comparable to the number and weights in the control system (7.3 +/-.33 vs 6.9 +/- .38, P = .421 and 56.9 +/- 2.42 kg vs 51.3 +/- 2.76 kg, P = .132, respectively). Prefarrowing and weaning backfat measurements were significantly reduced in group-housed gilts (15.8 +/- .45 mm vs 17.8 +/- .55 mm, P = .005 and 14.6 +/- .4 mm vs 16.2 +/- .42 mm, P = .008, respectively). Adrenocortical function and plasma progesterone were not different between gilts in different housing systems. Antibody response to HEWL and inflammatory response was numerically but not significantly greater for gilts reared in the H-M housing system than for those in the control system. The results of this study provided encouragement for the development of group housing without compromising production or endocrinological and immunolo 222 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The peri-parturient behaviour of sows housed in pairs. Arey, D.S.; Petchey, A.M.; Fowler, V.R. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jul. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (1/2): p. 49-59; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Group behavior; Farrowing; Reproductive behavior; Aggressive behavior; Social dominance; Nesting; Maternal behavior 223 NAL Call. No.: SF459.S9W35 1992 Pet pigs advice on management, training and health care. Walton, J. R.,; Carr, John; Duran, Oliver Liverpool : Liverpool University Press,; 1992. viii, 30 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. 27) and index. Language: English Descriptors: Swine; Pets 224 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Pheromonal transmission of an aversive experience in domestic pig. Vieuille-Thomas, C.; Signoret, J.P. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Sep. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (9): p. 1551-1557; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Alarm pheromones; Stress; Urine; Animal behavior; Conditioning; Learning Abstract: The process of spontaneous learning in an automatic food dispenser by a group of domestic female pigs was studied when one of the animals of the group had an aversive experience. Restraining a gilt in the dispenser without access to food resulted in later avoidance of the system by other gilts, especially when the reactions of the restrained animal had been especially violent and associated with urination. The hypothesis of a delayed transmission of an unpleasant experience was tested. The food dispenser was sprayed with urine collected from either a control gilt or from an animal undergoing stress. In half of the cases, the presence of urine of a stressed animal resulted in a long-lasting avoidance of the food dispenser, suggesting the existence of some kind of alarm pheromone produced in the urine of a sow during an unpleasant experience. 225 NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Pig slaughtering procedures: head-to-back stunning. Wotton, S.B.; Anil, M.H.; Whittington, P.E.; McKinstry, J.L. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Meat science v. 32 (3): p. 245-255; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Slaughter; Stunning; Electrical treatment; Food quality 226 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Porcine stress syndrome. Judge, M.D.; Eikelenboom, G.; Marple, D.N. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Nov. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 3 p.; 1992 Nov. In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Pork and Pork Quality. Language: English Descriptors: Porcine stress syndrome; Swine diseases; Stress; Genetic factors; Tests; Meat quality; Disease prevention 227 NAL Call. No.: TP368.L4 Pork quality affected by different slaughter conditions and post mortem treatment of the carcass. Garrido, M.D.; Pedauye, J.; Banon, S.; Marques, F.; Laencina, J. London : Academic Press; 1994. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft+Technologie. Food science+technology v. 27 (2): p. 173-176; 1994. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigmeat; Postmortem examinations; Meat quality; Slaughter 228 NAL Call. No.: S1.M57 Portable housing for poultry and hogs. Klober, K. Columbia, Mo. : Missouri Farm Publishing Inc; 1993 Jun. Small Farm Today v. 10 (3): p. 38-42; 1993 Jun. Language: English Descriptors: Poultry housing; Pig housing; Free range husbandry 229 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Positioning of identification transponders in the auricle of pigs. Lambooij, E. London : The Association; 1992 Oct31. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 131 (18): p. 419-420; 1992 Oct31. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Transponders; Identification; Slaughter 230 NAL Call. No.: SF5.B74 Postnatal care in pigs. Hughes, P.E. Midlothian, Scotland : The Society; 1992. BSAP occasional publication : an occasional publication of the British Society of Animal Production (15): p. 149-161; 1992. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Mortality; Literature reviews 231 NAL Call. No.: 447.8 AM3 Postnatal development of monosaccharide transport in pig intestine. Puchal, A.A.; Buddington, R.K. Bethesda, Md. : American Physiological Society; 1992 May. American journal of physiology v. 262 (5,pt.1): p. G895-G902; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Glucose; Galactose; Fructose; Nutrient transport; Intestinal absorption; Intestinal mucosa; Puerperium; Postnatal development; Ontogeny Abstract: In vitro brush-border transport of three monosaccharides by pig intestine was studied as a function of postnatal age from immediately after birth before suckling to after weaning. Rates of transport normalized to tissue weight or surface area for glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), and fructose (Fru) were highest at birth, with a steep decline after the onset of suckling, probably caused by any combination of three or more factors: reduced transporter site density, shifts in relative abundances of different monosaccharide transporters, and/or changes in activities of individual transporters. Whereas highest rates of Glc and Fru transport shifted from proximal to midintestine after weaning, Gal transport remained highest in proximal intestine. Postnatal increases in Km values for Gal, but not Glc, indicate there are multiple aldohexose transporters that undergo separate developmental trajectories. The presence of Fru transport in neonatal pigs may reflect a more advanced state of development than neonatal rats and rabbits, or may be an adaptation for early weaning. Changes in Fru-to-Glc and Gal-to-Glc transport ratios before weaning suggest transporter development is partly genetically hard-wired, apparently to prepare pigs for weaning. Curiously, Fru-to-Glc transport ratios were lower than those of rat and rabbit, but closely paralleled those of the carnivorous cat. 232 NAL Call. No.: HV4701.A35 Potbellied pigs: Perfect pets or simply swine?. Prince, M. Englewood, Colo. : American Humane Association, Animal Protection Division; 1992. Advocate v. 10 (2): p. 10-14; 1992. Language: English Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Pet care 233 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Prediction of carcass characteristics by real-time ultrasound in barrows and gilts slaughtered at three weights. Smith, B.S.; Jones, W.R.; Hough, J.D.; Huffman, D.L.; Mikel, W.B.; Mulvaney, D.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Aug. Journal of animal science v. 70 (8): p. 2304-2308; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Slaughter weight; Fat thickness; Ultrasonic fat meters; Liveweight; Longissimus dorsi; Area; Carcass composition; Prediction Abstract: The carcass characteristics of 27 market barrows and 27 market gilts were evaluated at various times (n = 8) with real-time ultrasound (Aloka 210 DX) from approximately 20 kg until slaughter at three end points. The pigs were randomly assigned to slaughter weight groups of 91, 104.5, and 118 kg at weaning time. Correlations were determined over slaughter weight group and sex, and the accuracies of ultrasound measurements were also evaluated. The regressions of ultrasound 10th-rib fat and ultrasound longissimus muscle area on live weight were also developed. Correlations between actual and ultrasound-measured last-rib fat, 10th-rib fat, and longissimus muscle area were high (r = .91, .63, and.53, respectively; P < .01). The accuracy of ultrasound longissimus muscle area prediction was lower for 118-kg pigs than for the two lighter groups, whereas the accuracy for prediction of last-rib fat was lower for 91-kg pigs than for the two heavier groups, as indicated by higher absolute differences (P < .05). Last-rib fat and longissimus muscle area tended to be overestimated and 10th-rib fat tended to be underestimated by real-time ultrasound. Prediction of last-rib fat by ultrasound was more accurate for gilts than for barrows, as indicated by a lower absolute difference (P < .05). 234 NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Prediction of meat quality in live pigs using stress- susceptible and stress-resistant animals. Cheah, K.S.; Cheah, A.M.; Lahucky, R.; Mojto, J.; Kovac, L. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1993. Meat science v. 34 (2): p. 179-189; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigmeat; Meat quality; Stress 235 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Preference by sows for a partially enclosed farrowing crate. Phillips, P.A.; Fraser, D.; Thompson, B.K. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Oct. Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (1): p. 35-43; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing pens; Age differences; Acceptability; Design 236 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The preparturient behaviour of sows in enriched pens and the effect of pre-formed nests. Arey, D.S.; Petchey, A.M.; Fowler, V.R. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Jul. Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (1/2): p. 61-68; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Reproductive behavior; Prepartum period; Farrowing pens; Nests; Nesting; Sand; Straw 237 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Productivity, time budgets and social aspects of eating in pigs penned in groups of five or individually. Gonyou, H.W.; Chapple, R.P.; Frank, G.R. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Sep. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (4): p. 291-301; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Group behavior; Pens; Feeding behavior; Aggressive behavior; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Sex differences; Time; Pig housing; Productivity 238 NAL Call. No.: 58.9 IN7 Putting pigs in the picture. Schofield, C.P. Silsoe : Institution of Agricultural Engineers; 1991. The Agricultural engineer v. 46 (1): p. 9-10; 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Pig farming; Pigs; Weight; Pig housing; Video recordings 239 NAL Call. No.: 7 C16Pu no.1898/E Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of farm animals pigs.. Pigs Connor, M. L. Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ont. : Communications Branch Agriculture Canada,; 1993. 55 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. (Publication (Canada. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) ; 1898/E.). This publication replaces Agric. Can. Publ. 1771/E Recommended code of practice for care and handling of pigs. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49). Language: English Descriptors: Swine 240 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Relationship between behaviour and adrenocortrical response pattern in domestic pigs. Borell, E. von; Ladewig, J. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 195-206; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Stress; Locomotion; Vocalization; Animal behavior; Adrenal cortex; Corticotropin; Age differences; Pens; Litters; Hydrocortisone 241 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Relationship to growth performance of pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis lesions detected in pigs at slaughter among four seasons. Scheidt, A.B.; Mayrose, V.B.; Hill, M.A.; Clark, L.K.; Einstein, M.E.; Frantz, S.F.; Runnels, L.J.; Knox, K.E. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 May15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 200 (10): p. 1492-1496; 1992 May15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Atrophic rhinitis; Lungs; Nose; Lesions; Incidence; Seasonal variation; Growth rate 242 NAL Call. No.: SF780.9.S63 Relationships between pig husbandry practices and violative drug residues. McCaughey, W.J.; McEvoy, J.D.G.; Campbell, J.N.; Kennedy, D.G.; Lynas, L.; McCartan, B.M. Great Britain : The Society, 1983-; 1994. Proceedings of a meeting held at the ... on the ... /. p. 33-41; 1994. Language: English Descriptors: Northern ireland; Cabt; Pigs; Drug residues; Pigmeat; Meat inspection; Testing; Feeds; Chlortetracycline; Swine diseases 243 NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Relationships between subjective and objective assessments of stress at slaughter and meat quality in pigs. Warriss, P.D.; Brown, S.N.; Adams, S.J.M.; Corlett, I.K. Oxford : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1994. Meat science v. 38 (2): p. 329-340; 1994. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigmeat; Meat quality; Slaughter; Stress response 244 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Remodeling ideas for farrowing facilities. Jacobson, L.D.; Murphy, J.P.; Pohl, S.H. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?- ]; 1993 Dec. Pork industry handbook. -- v.): p. 1-8; 1993 Dec. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Farrowing houses; Design; Farrowing pens; Pig manure; Insulation; Artificial ventilation; Heating 245 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Responses of the porcine pituitary-adrenal axis to chronic intermittent stressor. Klemcke, H.G. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994 Jan. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 11 (1): p. 133-149; 1994 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Males; Castration; Pituitary; Corticotropin; Adrenal glands; Receptors; Binding site; Stress conditions 246 NAL Call. No.: RA771.A1J68 Results of an educational intervention to improve the health knowledge, attitudes and self-reported behaviors of swine confinement workers. Gjerde, C.; Ferguson, K.; Mutel, C.; Donham, K.; Merchant, J. Kansas City, Mo. : National Rural Health Association; 1991. The Journal of rural health v. 7 (3): p. 278-286; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Safety at work; Educational programs; Health; Knowledge; Attitudes; Behavior; Respiratory diseases; Health promotion; Risk Abstract: Swine confinement workers participated in an educational intervention designed to improve knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to respiratory disease. The desired changes were (1) improvement in knowledge about recommended gas and dust levels in buildings and benefits of using properly fitted masks; (2) improvement of attitudes about wearing dust masks, taking safety precautions, and inspecting the ventilation and heating systems; and (3) improvement in behaviors such as regular inspection of buildings and wearing an appropriate dust mask or respirator. The health risks of failing to practice these behaviors include chronic bronchitis, occupational asthma, organic dust toxic syndrome, chronic sinusitis, and even death from acute toxicity related to hydrogen sulfide. An intervention group and a nonintervention group of swine confinement workers were assessed at the beginning of the project and one year later to determine changes brought about by an educational intervention. During that year, swine producers in the intervention group were mailed a series of six educational home study modules and reference materials on confinement topics. Analysis of covariance and categorical repeated measures analysis were used to determine changes over time in the percentage of people who answered correctly in each group. Significant changes in knowledge scores, attitude scores, and reported behavior scores all favored the intervention group. The 14 statistically significant changes in knowledge items were related to dust mask use, manure pit safety, liquid manure agitation, building gas and dust norms, and recommended gas levels. The four attitudinal items that improved significantly concerned the importance of regular cleaning and upkeep, improving health and safety, knowing ways to keep buildings safer, and recognizing the benefits of wearing a dust mask. The four items about self-reported behavior changes included inspecting and servicing of building heaters, measuring 247 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 A review of behavioral factors involved in the development oand continued performance of stereotypic behaviors in pigs. Lawrence, A.B.; Terlouw, E.M.C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Oct. Journal of animal science v. 71 (10): p. 2815-2825; 1993 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Animal welfare; Stress factors; Feeding behavior; Feedback; Hunger; Restricted feeding; Motivation; Literature reviews Abstract: Environmentally induced stereotypies, commonly observed in farm and zoo animals, are behaviors that are relatively invariant, that are regularly repeated, and that serve no obvious function. However, there is as yet no accepted means of discriminating between normal and abnormal behavior, and the assumption that stereotypies are abnormal may mask the fact that they arise in part through processes that "normally" control behavior. There is growing evidence that stereotypies in sows and broiler breeders are strongly related to feeding motivation. For example, sows only develop oral stereotypies if their feed intake is restricted, and operant conditioning experiments have shown commercial levels of feed restriction to give rise to high levels of feeding motivation. Stereotypies in animals whose feed intake is restricted largely occur in the postprandial period, and ingestion of food has specifically been shown to elicit stereotypies in sows. These observations suggest that positive feedback from feeding produces a short-term increase in feeding motivation that at the end of the meal is directed toward available, alternative stimuli such as chains, the choice of stimuli reflecting the sensory feedback from the activity. Drinking behavior may also become an expression of feeding behavior after metabolic water requirements are met. In addition to these processes specific to feeding motivation, it seems likely that nonspecific processes, which operate more generally across motivational systems, contribute to the persistence of the behavior. Behavioral arousal may facilitate performance of active behaviors, and sensitization of the underlying neural elements may lead to the behavior being more easily elicited and maintained. A crucial factor in the sensitization process would seem to be the channeling of complex behavior by the environment into a few and very often repeated sequences of behavior. This approach suggests that stereotypies can be prevented by either reducing the level of motivation underlying the stereotypy, or by allowing for the expression of more complex behavior and thereby preventing the processes of channeling and sensitization from occurring. 248 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Risk factors associated with transmissible gastroenteritis in swine. Siegel, J.P.; Hungerford, L.L.; Hall, W.F. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Dec01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 199 (11): p. 1579-1583; 1991 Dec01. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Pigs; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus; Risk; Animal husbandry; Databases 249 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Salmonellosis in swine. Schwartz, K.J. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Jan. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (1): p. 139-147. ill; 1991 Jan. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Salmonellosis; Salmonella choleraesuis; Pigmeat; Serotypes; Septicemia; Enterocolitis; Differential diagnosis; Stress factors; Physiopathology; Disease control; Antibacterial agents 250 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Sarcoptic mite hypersensitivity and skin lesions in slaughtered pigs. Davies, P.R.; Moore, M.J.; Pointon, A.M. London : The Association; 1991 Jun01. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128 (22): p. 516-518; 1991 Jun01. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Sarcoptes scabiei; Mange; Hypersensitivity; Lesions; Monitoring 251 NAL Call. No.: SF391.3.S28 1991 Sauenhaltung Informationsveranstaltung der ALB und der ARL am 5. Marz 1991 in Lollar [Sow husbandry]. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Landtechnik und Bauwesen Hessen Kassel : Arbeitsgemeinschaft Landtechnik und Bauwesen Hessen, [1991?]; 1991. 97 p. : ill., maps ; 30 cm. (Bericht / Arbeitsgemeinschaft Landtechnik und Bauwesen Hessen, Nr. 53; Bericht (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Landtechnik und Bauwesen Hessen) ; Nr. 53.). Cover title. Includes bibliographical references. Language: German Descriptors: Sows 252 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Shade-seeking and lying behaviour in pigs of mixed sex and age, with access to outside pens. Blackshaw, J.K.; Blackshaw, A.W. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 249-257; 1994 Mar. In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Boars; Sows; Animal behavior; Shade; Pens; Environmental temperature; Yards; Diurnal variation 253 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Shipping stress and social status effects on pig performance, plasma cortisol, natural killer cell activity, and leukocyte numbers. McGlone, J.J.; Salak, J.L.; Lumpkin, E.A.; Nicholson, R.I.; Gibson, M.; Norman, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 888-896; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Transport of animals; Blood plasma; Hydrocortisone; Natural killer cells; Stress; Blood picture; Body weight; Feed intake; Social dominance Abstract: Crossbred pigs were used to evaluate the effects of shipping stress on natural killer (NK) cell activity, leukocyte numbers, plasma cortisol, and BW changes. In the first study, pigs were bled at a commercial farm and, after shipping, resident and shipped pigs were bled again. Plasma cortisol concentrations were not different (P > .10) because of large variation in cortisol concentrations. Furthermore, NK cytotoxicity was nondetectable among all pigs. A second study showed that plasma cortisol concentration rose by approximately 2.6 ng/mL (P = .018) for each minute after pigs were aroused. In the third, more controlled study, pigs were housed in pens of three pigs each. Video recordings were made during the first 24 h pigs were grouped to identify socially dominant, intermediate, and submissive pigs. At time zero (before shipping), resident pigs and those to be shipped had similar plasma cortisol concentrations. However, after the 4-h shipping experience, shipped pigs had elevated (P < .05) plasma cortisol compared with resident control pigs. Shipped pigs lost 5.1% of their BW (P < .05) compared with resident pigs, which gained .02% of their BW. Body weight change during shipping and plasma cortisol were negatively correlated (r = - .34, P = .04), indicating pigs that had greater adrenal response to shipping also lost more weight during shipping. Shipping reduced (P < .05) NK cytotoxicity among pigs of intermediate and submissive social status compared with shipped, dominant pigs. At the end of shipping or control treatments, the correlation between NK cytotoxicity and plasma cortisol was positive (r = .35, P = .036), indicating that pigs with greater cortisol response had greater NK cytotoxicity. In both shipping studies, numbers of blood neutrophils increased (P < .01), lymphocytes decreased (P < .01), and neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio increased (P < .01) after shipping. These data suggest that 1) social status and shipping stress interact in NK cytotoxicity respo 254 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Simulated thermal performance of a solar-heated floor. Kocher, M.F.; DeShazer, J.A.; Bodman, G.R. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1993 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (2): p. 559-567; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Floors; Pig housing; Solar heating; Simulation models Abstract: A low cost, simple solar heating system consisting of an active collector with an In-Floor Heat Distribution and Storage (IFHDS) system was developed in response to the energy crisis of the 1970s. A two-dimensional finite difference model was developed and used to simulate the performance of IFHDS system cross-sections. Simulation runs were conducted with a steady-periodic model for the temperature of the solar-heated air in the IFHDS system cross-section. The steady, periodic simulation results indicated IFHDS system energy efficiency increases with decreasing air temperature in the room above the IFHDS system, peak temperature of the solar-heated air in the IFHDS system cross-section, and required temperature of the IFHDS system floor surface. The results also indicated that energy efficiency increases as thermal storage mass thickness decreases. The thermal storage mass thickness should be the minimum necessary to meet the requirements for maximum permissible daily floor surface temperature fluctuation, or time lag between time of peak, solar-heated air temperature in the IFHDS system cross-section and time of peak floor surface temperature. 255 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5 Slaughter hog pooling. Ward, C.E.; Peel, D.S. Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1992 Feb. OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University (526): 6 p.; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oklahoma; Pigs; Abattoirs; Transport; Pig farming; Cooperative marketing 256 NAL Call. No.: QR115.I57 Slaughter pigs and pork as a source of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica. Boer, E. de; Nouws, J.F.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr. International journal of food microbiology v. 12 (4): p. 375-378; 1991 Apr. Paper presented at at IUMS-ICFMH 14th International Symposium on Gram-Negative Pathogens in Food, August 14-19, 1990, Bolkesjo, Telemark/Norway. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pigmeat; Yersinia enterocolitica; Microbial contamination; Food contamination; Slaughter; Isolation; Isolation techniques Abstract: Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains (serogroups 0:3;0:9 and 0:5,27) were isolated from 36 (42%) of 86 porcine tonsils, 8 (20%) of 40 tongues, 17 (17%) of 100 rectal swabs and from 4 (1%) of 400 pork samples. Pathogenic Yersinia strains were not isolated from samples of 210 pig carcasses and from 20 samples of porcine head meat. These results confirm that pigs are an important reservoir of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. However, contamination of carcasses during the slaughtering process with Yersinia from either faecal material or from the tonsillary region does not seem to occur frequently and this may also explain the low contamination rate of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica found for pork. For the isolation of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains from foods, enrichment in irgasan-ticarcillin-chlorate broth (ITC) and isolation on SS-deoxycholate-calcium agar (SSDC) is recommended. 257 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Social rank and feeding behaviour of group-housed sows fed competitively or ad libitum. Brouns, F.; Edwards, S.A. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 225-235; 1994 Mar. In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Sow feeding; Social behavior; Groups; Feeding behavior; Unrestricted feeding; Animal competition; Liveweight gain 258 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224 Some observations on cardiac failure in sows. Drolet, R.; D'Allaire; Chagnon, M. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 May. The Canadian veterinary journal v. 33 (5): p. 325-329; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Heart diseases; Mortality; Predisposition; Stress; Body weight; Heat stress 259 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Sow preference for farrowing-crate width. Phillips, P.A.; Fraser, D.; Thompson, B.K. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Dec. Canadian journal of animal science v. 72 (4): p. 745-750; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing; Pens; Design; Space requirements; Width; Animal welfare 260 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Space requirements for finishing pigs in confinement: behavior and performance while group size and space vary. McClone, J.J.; Newby, B.E. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 331-338; 1994 Mar. In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Space requirements; Group size; Crowding; Space utilization; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Morbidity 261 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 Spatial variability of airborne and settled dust in a piggery. Barber, E.M.; Dawson, J.R.; Battams, V.A.; Nicol, R.A.C. London : Academic Press; 1991 Oct. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 50 (2): p. 107-127; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Dust; Concentration; Air pollution; Spatial variation; Measurement; Particle size; Analysis; Air temperature; Velocity; Air flow; Pens; Hygiene; Animals; Stocking density 262 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 The specific stress-free system. Tielen, M.; Scheepens, K. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1993 Jan. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 15 (1): p. 125-127; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Stress factors 263 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Stereotyped behaviour, social interactions and suckling pattern of pigs housed in groups or in single crates. Arellano, P.E.; Pijoan, C.; Jacobson, L.D.; Algers, B. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Nov. Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (2): p. 157-166; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Pig housing; Stocking density; Abnormal behavior; Piglets; Stress; Pens; Crates 264 NAL Call. No.: QP1.P4 Stereotypic behavior, adrenocortical function, and open field behavior of individually confined gestating sows. Von Borell, E.; Hurnik, J.F. Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press; 1991 Apr. Physiology & behavior v. 49 (4): p. 709-713; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Pregnancy; Animal behavior; Animal housing; Stress; Physical activity; Hydrocortisone Abstract: The adrenocortical response and open field behavior of a random sample of 37 individually confined gestating sows in different parities were tested around day 85 of pregnancy. The sows were classified as stereotyped [S] and nonstereotyped [N) based on 8-h individual behavioral observations during daytime. Behavioral analysis from time-lapse video recordings included percentage of time spent standing and sitting, as well as the duration spent performing elements of stereotyped actions. Blood samples were drawn for cortisol analysis by suborbital sinus puncture before and after adrenocortical stimulation with 200 IU ACTH. Locomotor activity in an open field, isolated visually and auditorily from other sows, was also studied. Seventeen sows exhibited stereotyped behavior for 54.9 +/- 4.8% of the 8-h observation period during daytime. The total time the sows spent standing and sitting was positively correlated with age and was significantly higher for [S] sows than for [N] sows. Sows in the [S] group exhibited a higher adrenocortical response to ACTH stimulation than [N] sows. Mean locomotor scores in the open field were higher for [S] than for N] sows but these did not correlate with the physical activity and adrenocortical function in the home crate, Our results provide no evidence that the performance of stereotypies constitutes a mechanism that helps sows to cope in an environment of low complexity. 265 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Stimulus generalization: the inability of pigs to discriminate between humans on the basis of their previous handling experience. Hemsworth, P.H.; Coleman, G.J.; Cox, M.; Barnett, J.L. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 40 (2): p. 129-142; 1994 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Handling; Stockmen; Discrimination; Stimuli; Differentiation; Fearfulness 266 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Stochastic assessment of evaporative misting for growing- finishing swine in Kentucky. Bridges, T.C.; Gates, R.S.; Turner, L.W. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Sep. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (5): p. 685-693; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kentucky; Pig housing; Evaporative coolers; Mists; Stochastic models; Simulation models; Performance; Animal production Abstract: Pig growth was simulated for a naturally ventilated growing-finishing swine facility with and without an evaporative misting system. Forty-two years of weather data for summertime conditions in central Kentucky were used to determine the simulated environment. Use of evaporative misting was found to reduce the length of a summer growth cycle by an average of 14.1 days and feed consumption by an average of 17.7 kg (39 lb) for the 42-year period. Average daily gain and feed-to-gain ratio were also improved. The economic benefit to the producer, in terms of feed savings, ranged from $800 to $2,964 (coolest year to warmest year) with an average of $1,700/year for the period of record. The results also indicated a high probability that a misting system would return the initial investment within a single average year, based on feed savings alone. 267 NAL Call. No.: SF71.2.S76 1992 Stockmanship improving the care of the pig and other livestock. English, Peter Ipswich, U.K. : Farming Press,; 1992. xii, 190 p., [12] p. of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 24 cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. 175-180) and index. Language: English Descriptors: Animal culture; Domestic animals; Swine; Human- animal relationships; Livestock workers 268 NAL Call. No.: SF105.T5 Bd.22 Der Stolba-Familienstall fur Hausschweine ein tiergerechtes Haltungssystem fur Zucht- und Mastschweine [The Stolba Family Pen system for pig production]. Wechsler, Beat Basel ; Boston : Birkhauser,; 1991. 95 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Tierhaltung ; Bd. 22). Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-90). Language: German 269 NAL Call. No.: 500 N484 Stress and reproduction in domestic animals. Liptrap, R.M. New York : New York Academy of Sciences, 1877-; 1993. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences v. 697: p. 275-284; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Domestic animals; Cattle; Sheep; Pigs; Horses; Stress; Estrous cycle; Pregnancy; Hormones; Male fertility; Endocrine system; Literature reviews 270 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 Stress-induced changes in c-fos immunoreactivity in the porcine brain. Parrott, R.F.; Vellucci, S.V. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1994 Jul. The British veterinary journal v. 150 (4): p. 355-363; 1994 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Hypothalamus; Brain stem; Animal proteins; Cold stress; Stress; Capture of animals; Transport of animals; Neurons; Immunocytochemistry Abstract: An immunocytochemical method was used to examine expression of c-fos protein in forebrain and brainstem regions of prepubertal pigs (n = 2 per treatment) subjected to various physical stressors (snaring, cold exposure and transport simulation) and of an untreated animal. Each of the stress procedures induced specific nuclear labelling of neurons in the hypothalamus (paraventricular and especially supraoptic nuclei) and small amounts of labelling in some brainstem regions. These results confirm and extend findings obtained in rodents and indicate the potential value of this technique for stress and welfare research in ungulates. 271 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 A study of aggression when group housed sows are mixed. Mount, N.C.; Seabrook, M.F. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (4): p. 377-383; 1993 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Aggressive behavior; Mixing 272 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Suckling behaviour of sows in farrowing crates and straw- bedded pens. Cronin, G.M.; Smith, J.A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 175-189; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Suckling; Farrowing pens; Crates; Straw; Litter; Sucking; Vocalization; Maternal behavior; Posture; Liveweight gain 273 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Supplement heat for swine. Harp, S.L.; Huhnke, R.L. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Nov. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 5 p.; 1992 Nov. In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Housing. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Heaters; Heat exchangers; Costs 274 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Supplemental heat for swine. Harp, S.L.; Huhnke, R.L. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1992. Pork industry handbook. 5 p.; 1992. In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-57), revised June 1992. Language: English Descriptors: North central states of U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Heating systems; Heat exchangers; Heat regulation; Heat lamps; Heating costs; Solar collectors 275 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 A survey of mortality in slaughter pigs during transport and lairage. Warriss, P.D.; Brown, S.N. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1994 May14. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 134 (20): p. 513-515; 1994 May14. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: England; Cabt; Pigs; Mortality; Incidence; Transport of animals; Abattoirs; Seasonal variation; Temperature; Heat 276 NAL Call. No.: SF395.S92 Swine care practices. Farley, James L. California : California Pork Industry Group : University of California, Cooperative Extension, 1991?; 1991. 18 p. ; 28 cm. (Animal care series). Includes bibliographical references (p. 16). Language: English Descriptors: Swine 277 NAL Call. No.: SF396.3.S96 1992 Swine facilities & equipment. Clemson University, Cooperative Extension Service Clemson, S.C. : Cooperative Extension Service, Clemson University,; 1992; C5935Ex 3.A36-3 no.557. 41 p. : ill. ; 22 x 28 cm. (AEnL (Clemson University. Cooperative Extension Service) ; 557.). Cover title. July 1992. Language: English Descriptors: Agricultural engineering; Swine 278 NAL Call. No.: SF396.3.S92 1992 Swine farrowing handbook housing and equipment., 1st ed.. Friday, William H. Midwest Plan Service Ames, IA : Midwest Plan Service, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Dept., Iowa State University,; 1992. iv, 52 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. MWPS-40. Includes index. Language: English Descriptors: Swine farrowing facilities 279 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Swine growing-finishing units. Meyer, V.M.; Driggers, L.B.; Ernest, K.; Ernest, D. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1991 Jun. Pork industry handbook. 7 p.; 1991 Jun. Housing, (PIH-11), revised, June 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Pig fattening 280 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1I43 Swine in biomedical research management and models. Swindle, M.M.; Smith, A.C.; Laber-Laird, K.; Dungan, L. Washington, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council; 1993. ILAR news v. 36 (1): p. 1-5; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Animal experiments; Medical research; Animal husbandry; Animal models 281 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81 Swine models for cardiovascular research: a low stress transport and restraint system for large swine. Lighty, G.W. Jr; Spear, R.S.; Karatay, M.C.; Hare, C.L.; Carlson, R.J. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1992 Apr. Cornell veterinarian v. 82 (2): p. 131-140; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Disease models; Cages; Restraint of animals; Transport of animals; Stress; Safety; Blood specimen collection; Echocardiography 282 NAL Call. No.: S1.M57 Swine on pasture: a viable production option for the small producer. Klober, K. Columbia, Mo. : Missouri Farm Publishing Inc; 1993 Feb. Small Farm Today v. 10 (1): p. 16-19; 1993 Feb. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Animal husbandry; Pastures; Grazing; Small farms 283 NAL Call. No.: SF780.9.S63 Swine vesicular disease in the Netherlands the use of epidemiology in policy making. Sande, W.J.H. van der; Komijn, R.E. Great Britain : The Society, 1983-; 1994. Proceedings of a meeting held at the ... on the ... /. p. 42-53; 1994. Meeting held on April 13-15, 1994, Belfast. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Netherlands; Cabt; Italy; Cabt; Pigs; Swine vesicular disease virus; Outbreaks; Exports; Epidemiological surveys; Policy; Transport of animals; Disease control; Control programs; Monitoring 284 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Three-dimensional buoyant turbulent flows in a scaled model, slot-ventilated, livestock confinement facility. Hoff, S.J.; Janni, K.A.; Jacobson, L.D. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (2): p. 671-686. ill; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Air flow; Simulation models; Temperature; Ventilation Abstract: A three-dimensional turbulence model was used to determine the effects of animal-generated buoyant forces on the airflow patterns and temperature and airspeed distributions in a ceiling-slot, ventilated, swine grower facility. The model incorporated the Lam-Bremhorst turbulence model for low-Reynolds Number airflow typical of slot- ventilated, livestock facilities. The predicted results from the model were compared with experimental results from a scaled-enclosure. The predicted and measured results indicated a rather strong cross-stream recirculation zone in the chamber that resulted in substantial three-dimensional temperature distributions for moderate to highly buoyancy-affected flows. Airflow patterns were adequately predicted for Ar(c) > 40 and J values < 0.00053. For Ar(c) < 40 and J values > 0.00053, the visualized patterns indicated that the jet separated from the ceiling before the opposing end-wall. This discrepancy was attributed to variations in the experimental and numerical inlet flow development assumptions. 285 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Time in lairage needed by pigs to recover from the stress of transport. Warriss, P.D.; Brown, S.N.; Edwards, J.E.; Anil, M.H.; Fordham, D.P. London : The Association; 1992 Aug29. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 131 (9): p. 194-196; 1992 Aug29. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Transport of animals; Stress; Recovery; Time; Blood; Lactic acid; Creatine kinase; Hydrocortisone; Endorphins 286 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Toward standard methods for swine ventilation equipment. Ford, S.E.; Jacobson, L.D.; Riskowski, G.L.; Christianson, L.L.; Muehling, A.J.; Walter, B.G. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (924044): 10 p.; 1992. Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Animal housing; Ventilation 287 NAL Call. No.: SF55.A78A7 Traditional pig farming in the South Pacific: problems and opportunities for increasing productivity. Ochetim, S. Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies, c1988-; 1993 Sep. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences v. 6 (3): p. 347-360; 1993 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig farming; Traditional farming; Animal husbandry; Pig housing; Pig feeding; Diet; Animal health; Genetic improvement; Crossbreeding 288 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Transient overvoltage protection of environmental controllers. Gates, R.S.; Overhults, D.G.; Turner, L.W. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (91-4035): 34 p.; 1991. Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Poultry housing; Pig housing; Greenhouses; Environmental control; Electric power 289 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Treatment and care of pet pigs. Duran, O.; Walton, J. London : The Association; 1992 Dec19. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 131 (25/26): p. 572-573; 1992 Dec19. Language: English Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Pet care 290 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Two reduced nocturnal temperature tegimens for early-weaned pigs. Brumm, M.C.; Shelton, D.P. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p. 1379-1388; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Night temperature; Pig housing; Pens; Air temperature; Environmental temperature; Feed intake; Liveweight gain; Feed conversion; Energy consumption; Heating costs; Growth Abstract: Two experiments, each consisting of three trials and using 3- to 4-wk-old newly weaned pigs, were conducted to evaluate the effects of two reduced nocturnal temperature regimens on weaned pig and subsequent growing-finishing performance and nursery energy (propane and electricity) use. In Exp. 1, nursery treatments were 1) a control temperature (CT) regimen of 30 degrees C constant air temperature lowered 2 degrees C/wk and 2) a regimen for pigs in pens with hovers (MRNT-H) in which the temperature from 1900 to 0700 beginning 1 wk after weaning was lowered 6 degrees C from the 0700 to 1900 temperature setting, which was 3 degrees C lower than CT. The nursery temperature treatments in Exp. 2 were 1) CT and 2) a 10 degrees C reduction in air temperature (MRNT10) from 1900 to 0700 from CT beginning 1 wk after weaning. In addition, within each temperature, diet sequences of 1.2% lysine for 3 wk followed by 1.0% lysine vs 1.15% lysine offered continuously were evaluated. In Exp. 1, there was no effect (P > .1) of temperature on feed intake but ADG decreased (P < .001) in two of the three trials for MRNT-H vs CT and feed/gain worsened (P < .05) in all trials. In Exp. 2, there was no difference between MRNT1O and CT for ADG and feed/gain. No interaction was observed between nursery diet and temperature regimen for weaned pig performance. There was no effect (P > .1) in either experiment of nursery temperature on subsequent growing-finishing performance. Overall energy savings comparing the MRNT-H and CT treatments were 68 MJ per weaned pig. Energy savings for Exp. 2 were 79 MJ per weaned pig. Application of cyclical temperatures in a controlled manner can result in energy savings of approximately $.50 per pig weaned under the conditions of these experiments. 291 NAL Call. No.: SF83.G3S3 Heft 70 Untersuchungen zur integrierten Gruppenhaltung von Sauen unter besonderer Berucksichtigung von Verhalten, Konstitution und Leistung [Studies on integrated group housing of sows with special regard to behavior, constitution and performance]. Gertken, Georg Kiel : Institut fur Tierzucht und Tierhaltung der Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel,; 1992. 143, [1] p. : ill. ; 21 cm. (Schriftenreihe des Institutes fur Tierzucht und Tierhaltung der Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Heft 70). Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-139). Language: German 292 NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 The use of a high pressure waterjet combined with electroimmobilization for the stunning of slaughter pigs: some aspects of meat quality. Lambooij, E.; Schatzmann, U. Oxford : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1994. Meat science v. 37 (3): p. 381-389; 1994. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigmeat; Pressure treatment; Water; Stunning; Electrical treatment; Meat quality 293 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Use of body surface area to set minimum space allowances for confined pigs and cattle. Hurnik, J.F.; Lewis, N.J. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun. Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 577-580; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Cattle; Space requirements; Body surface area; Animal welfare 294 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 The use of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to study porcine stress syndrome in young, halothane- susceptible pigs: preliminary results. Janzen, E.G.; Gareau, P.J.; Stewart, W.A.; Towner, R.A. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1994 Mar. Canadian journal of animal science v. 74 (1): p. 37-43; 1994 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Porcine stress syndrome; Determination; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Halothane susceptibility 295 NAL Call. No.: HD1761.A1M5 no.91-26 Using nature as both mentor and model animal welfare research and development in sustainable swine production. Halverson, Marlene K. St. Paul, Minn. : University of Minnesota, Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Home Economics,; 1991. 44 p. ; 28 cm. (Staff paper P ; 91-26). June 1991. Includes bibliographical references (p. 34-40). Language: English 296 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 Validity of the Archimedes number in ventilating commercial livestock buildings. Berckmans, D.; Randall, J.M.; Thielen, D. van; Goedseels, V. London ; Orlando : Academic Press, 1956-; 1993 Nov. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 56 (3): p. 239-251; 1993 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Air flow Abstract: In previous work it has been stated that the corrected Archimedes number, Arc, can be used to show that air entering a rectangular room through an inlet just beneath the ceiling remains horizontal if Arc is below 30 and will fall if it is above 75. In previous work no measurements were made in a commercial livestock building with living animals. In this work a series of 80 experiments was done in a commercial pig house with a floor surface of 13.5 m by 3 m, with a 30% sloped ceiling of mean height 3.42 m, with the air inlet at one side in the wall and with a single outlet fan in the opposite ceiling-side. The experimental conditions of inlet velocity ranged from 0.3 to 10 m/s, and the temperature of the incoming air from -2.0 to 15.O degrees C. It is shown that the criterion of Arc, as defined by Randall and Battams, is valid in a commercial livestock building with different dimensions and geometry compared to previous work, with a specific air inlet system and with living animals. It is further concluded that the Arc criterion does not only apply to the direction of the air on entry, but that it is also related to the final path of the air trajectory further from the inlet. 297 NAL Call. No.: DISS F1992051 Vergleich der gegebenen Bedingungen der Schweinemast in Sudoldenburg mit den Bestimmungen der "Verordnung zum Schutz von Schweinen bei Stallhaltung" vom 30. Mai 1988 unter Berucksichtigung klinischer Symptome bei den Masttieren [Comparison of given conditions for fattening pigs in South Oldenburg and regulations of the 'order for the protection of pigs held in pens' from 30. May 1988 with particular regard of clinical symptoms in fattening animals]. Wubbelmann, Heinrich Hannover : [s.n.],; 1992. 122 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-122). Language: German 298 NAL Call. No.: SF971.B54 1993 Veterinary care of pot-bellied pet pigs.. Pot-bellied pet pigs, 1st ed.. Boldrick, Lorrie Orange, Calif. : All Pub. Co.,; 1993. viii, 142 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-137) and index. Language: English Descriptors: Potbellied pig 299 NAL Call. No.: SF601.I4 Vice, mutilations and welfare of pigs. Oldham, J. London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Nov. In practice v. 14 (6): p. 305-306, 308; 1992 Nov. Language: English Descriptors: Uk; Pigs; Animal welfare; Tail biting; Vices; Pig housing; Docking; Teeth; Castration 300 NAL Call. No.: HV4761.A5 Wanted: a humane manufacturer to produce the Edinburgh foodball. Harrison, R. Washington, D.C. : The Institute; 1993. The Animal Welfare Institute quarterly v. 42 (1): p. 17; 1993. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Toys; Animal welfare 301 NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68 We should not manipulate the genome of domestic hogs. Sapontzis, S.F. Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991. Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p. 177-185; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Genetic engineering; Animal welfare; Ethics 302 NAL Call. No.: 280.8 J822 Welfare effects of the national pseudorabies eradication program. Ebel, E.D.; Hornbaker, R.H.; Nelson, C.H. Ames, Iowa : American Agricultural Economics Association; 1992 Aug. American journal of agricultural economics v. 74 (3): p. 638-645; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Aujeszky virus; Pigs; Livestock numbers; Disease control; Consumer surplus; Market prices; Demand; Production costs; Returns; Supply elasticities; Mathematical models; Programs; Welfare economics Abstract: A welfare methodology is adapted to evaluate market and distributional effects of a completed pseudorabies eradication effort in the U.S. The model predicts small market effects from pseudorabies eradication. Welfare analysis suggests that, in states generating relatively large hog numbers, producers will experience a net gain from eradication in all scenarios considered, yet in smaller hog producing areas individual hog operations may lose producer surplus. Consumer surplus changes vary by scenario but are always positive. In general, the national pseudorabies eradication program is to be economically efficient. 303 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The welfare of pigs in two farrowing/lactation environments: cortisol responses of sows. Cronin, G.M.; Barnett, J.L.; Hodge, F.M.; Smith, J.A.; McCallum, T.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Nov. Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (2/3): p. 117-127; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sows; Animal welfare; Farrowing; Pens; Sow lactation; Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Stress; Corticotropin; Piglets; Mortality; Liveweight gain 304 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Western United States experience, livestock performance, and environmental control. DeShazer, J.A.; Heber, A.J. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (924041): 12 p.; 1992. Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Animal housing; Temperature; Humidity; Pigs 305 NAL Call. No.: S1.N32 Whole-hog housing: Swedish system lowers stress, disease. Halverson, M. Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Institute; 1994 Feb. The New farm v. 16 (2): p. 51-54, 62; 1994 Feb. Language: English Descriptors: Pig farming; Farming systems; Pig housing 306 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Winter swine ventilation evaluation using air quality criteria. Jacobson, L.D.; Janni, K.A.; Arellano, P.E.; Pijoan, C.J. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (924039): 5 p.; 1992. Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Animal housing; Ventilation; Air quality; Pigs
Aalhus, J.L. 65, 138 Adams, S.J.M. 243 Adeola, O. 152 Agricultural Training Board 144 Aherne, F. 185 Ainscow, J. 20 Albina, E. 154 Albrecht, J.E. 180, 181 Algers, B. 263 Allee, G.L. 88 Allen, O.B. 18 Allen, T. 151 Almond, G.W. 113 Alsemgeest, P. 143 American Association of Swine Practitioners 25 Amerongen, G. van 90 Anil, M.H. 225, 285 Apple, J.K. 165 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Landtechnik und Bauwesen Hessen 251 Arellano, P.E. 119, 263, 306 Arey, D.S. 74, 206, 222, 236 Argent, M.F. 164 Armstrong, C.H. 55 Axaopoulos, P. 37 Babinszky, L. 79 Backus, G.B.C. 116 Bael, J. van 100 Baile, C.A. 80, 219 Bakker, G.C.M. 61 Ball, R.O. 152 Bamba, K. 98 Banon, S. 227 Barber, E.M. 9, 261 Barnett, J.L. 84, 86, 89, 92, 93, 265, 303 Barrington, S. 215 Barrington, S.F. 158 Barrio, A.S. del 104 Batchelor, G.R. 105 Battams, V.A. 9, 261 Becker, B.A. 80, 88, 219 Becker, H. Neil 25 Beltman, H.M. 104 Berckmans, D. 296 Bertels, S. 100 Bertin-Mahieux, J. 85 Bessette, L. 23 Bevis, E.A. 77 Biro, H. 58 Blackshaw, A.W. 34, 252 Blackshaw, J.K. 20, 34, 39, 252 Blair, R.M. 101 Blatz, C.V. 174 Blaylock, R.E. 192 Blecha, F. 182 Bodman, G.R. 99, 162, 254 Boe, K. 195 Boehncke, Engelhard 8 Boer, E. de 256 Boessen, C.R. 217 Boggess, M.V. 156 Boland, M.A. 212 Boldrick, Lorrie 298 Boles, J.A. 1, 65, 70 Bolin, C.A. 173 Borell, E. von 240 Borg, K.E. 11, 43 Bosschaerts, L. 100 Boulet, L.P. 23 Bowman, G. 33 Bradford, J.R. 26 Brake, J.H.A. te 129 Braun, W. Jr 148 Brazeau, P. 150 Bressers, H.P.M. 129, 210 Bridges, T.C. 213, 266 Britton, M.G. 106 Broom, D.M. 163 Brouns, F. 56, 257 Brown, S.N. 77, 243, 275, 285 Brown-Borg, H.M. 11, 182 Bruce, J.M. 206 Brumm, M.C. 127, 290 Bruning, J. 21 Bryenton, J. 171 Buddington, R.K. 170, 231 Buhr, M.M. 18, 221 Buiting, G.A.J. 209 Busemann, Eiso, 204 Butera, M. 38 Butler, K.L. 95 Campbell, J.N. 242 Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 239 Cariolet, R. 154 Carlson, A.R. 64 Carlson, R.J. 281 Carnat, B. 171 Carr, John 223 Carruthers, J. 54 Casey, K.D. 44, 108 Cassells, J.A. 173 Chadd, S.A. 135 Chagnon, M. 258 Chapple, R.P. 237 Cheah, A.M. 234 Cheah, K.S. 234 Chi, Hsien-Chung, 13 Chirnside, J. 57 Choiniere, Y. 215 Choo, P.Y. 7 Christenbury, G.D. 180, 181 Christenson, R.K. 11 Christian, L.L. 70 Christianson, L.L. 198, 216, 286 Clark, L.K. 10, 55, 241 Clemson University, Cooperative Extension Service 277 Clutton, E. 57 Cole, D.J.A. 135 Coleman, G.J. 265 Collins, E.R. Jr 31, 32, 99 Connelly, John 199 Connor, J.F. 50 Connor, M. L. 239 Connor, M.L. 106 Cook, D.R. 214 Corey, M.M. 64, 112 Corlett, I.K. 243 Cormier, Y. 23 Corrigan, R.M. 41, 49 Couture, Y. 150 Cowart, R.P. 217 Cox, M. 265 Craig, J.V. 165 Cramer, C. 24 Cran, D.G. 98 Cromwell, G.L. 169 Cronin, G.M. 19, 67, 82, 86, 90, 92, 93, 95, 272, 303 Crooks, S.R.H. 96 Cropley, J.A. 67 Csermely, D. 194 Curtis, S.E. 218 D'Allaire 258 Danielson, M. 63 Davies, P.R. 250 Davis, D.L. 101 Davys, J.S. 132 Dawson, J.R. 9, 261 Deans, L.A. 57 Dee, S. 40 Dee, S.A. 64, 112 Dellmeier, G.R. 17 DeShazer, J.A. 47, 254, 304 Dewey, C.E. 130 Dey, B.P. 157 Dial, G.D. 22, 111 Dickenson, L.G. 68, 164 Dohoo, I.R. 117 Done, S.H. 107 Donham, K. 246 Donham, K.J. 12, 35 Dopson, D.C. \u Brompton Hospital, London 175 Driggers, L.B. 42, 279 Drolet, R. 258 Dubreuil, P. 150 Duffy, S.J. 122 Dufour, J.J. 140 Dungan, L. 280 Duran, O. 289 Duran, Oliver 223 Dybkjaer, L. 153 Easter, R.A. 176 Ebel, E.D. 302 Ebner, Jakob 137 Edwards, J.E. 77, 285 Edwards, S.A. 56, 257 Eikelenboom, G. 226 Einstein, M.E. 241 Elbers, A.R.W. 143 Elliot, J.I. 106 Elliott, C.T. 96 Enfalt, A.C. 203 Engel, B. 129 English, P.R. 56 English, Peter 267 Ernest, D. 279 Ernest, K. 279 Esbenshade, K.L. 43 Essen-Gustavsson, B. 203 Fahmy, M.H. 140 Farley, James L. 276 Farmer, C. 150 Feddes, J.J.R. 47 Fehr, R.L. 42, 102, 103 Ferguson, K. 246 Fernandez, X. 59, 78 Fisher, T.F. 201 Flipot, P.M. \u Agriculture Canada, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada 140 Flowers, W.L. 188, 189 Floyd, J.G. Jr 192 Ford, S.E. 286 Fordham, D.P. 285 Forslid, A. 78 Fossum, C. 83 Foster, M.P. 44, 108 Fowler, V.R. 74, 222, 236 Frank, G.R. 237 Frantz, S.F. 241 Fraser, D. 75, 235, 259 Fraser, D.K. 127 Friday, William H. 278 Friend, T.H. 17 Friendship, R.M. 18, 146 Friesen, K.G. 97 Gareau, P.J. 294 Garrido, M.D. 227 Gates, R.S. 197, 213, 266, 288 Gatti, Renzo 183 Geers, R. 45, 100, 110 Gerber, D.B. 4 Gertken, Georg 291 Gibbons, R. 112 Gibson, M. 253 Gillespie, J.R. 29 Gjerde, C. 246 Gleumes, Thomas 16 Goedseels, V. 45, 100, 110, 296 Gonyou, H.W. 60, 218, 237 Goodband, R.D. 88, 97 Goossens, K. 45, 100, 110 Goransson, L. 59 Gotz, M. 28 Gourley, G.G. 127 Grandin, T. 21 Grandin, Temple 177 Great Britain, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 147 Greenley, W.M. 127 Groeneveld, E. 211 Gu, Y. 139 Guise, H.J. 81, 123 Guizzardi, Franco 183 Hacker, R.R. 38, 120 Haer, L.C.M. de 209 Hakansson, J. 203 Hall, R.F. 76 Hall, W.F. 248 Halverson, M. 305 Halverson, Marlene 124 Halverson, Marlene K. 295 Hamakawa, M. 208 Hampson, D.J. 2 Hanna, P.E. 117 Hansson, I. 203 Hare, C.L. 281 Hariharan, H. 171 Haritani, M. 155 Harmon, J.D. 133, 180, 181 Harp, S.L. 51, 273, 274 Harrison, R. 300 Hartog, L.A. den 79, 116 Haskell, M.J. 121 Hata, M. 30 Hattum, J.A. van 209 Heaney, S. 171 Heber, A.J. 29, 304 Hedrick, H.B. 219 Heitlager, B.P. 46 Hel, W. van der 104, 141 Hellman, J.M. 48 Helmink, K.J. 216 Helmond, F.A. 159 Hemsworth, P.H. 19, 84, 86, 89, 92, 265 Henry, S.C. 29 Herzog, D.N. 48 Hessing, M.J.C. 167 Hicks, T. 115 Hill, H.T. 214 Hill, M.A. 10, 241 Hitchcock, J.P. 76 Hodge, F.M. 19, 303 Hodgson, J. 15 Hoff, S.J. 202, 284 Hogberg, M.G. 185 Hogg, James 179 Holscher, K. 41 Hornbaker, R.H. 302 Horning, Bernhard 8 Horrell, I. 15 Hough, J.D. 233 Houkes, M. 110 Huffman, D.L. 233 Hughes, P.E. 230 Huhnke, R.L. 51, 103, 186, 273, 274 Humane Slaughter Association (1986-) 144 Hungerford, L.L. 248 Hunter, E.J. 81 Hurnik, D. 117, 172 Hurnik, J.F. 18, 221, 264, 293 Hutson, G.D. 36, 68, 121, 164, 205 Illius, A.W. 160 Jacobson, L.D. 119, 202, 244, 263, 284, 286, 306 Janni, K.A. 202, 284, 306 Janssens, C.J.J.G. 159 Janssens, S. 45, 100 Janzen, E.G. 294 Jennings, Patricia 199 Jesse, G.W. 88, 219 Jin, Y. 3 Johnson, B.H. 43 Johnson, D.R. 134 Joling, P. 79 Jones, B.F. 134 Jones, D.D. 42, 198 Jones, R. 190 Jones, S.D.M. 138 Jones, W.R. 233 Jongbloed, A.W. 61 Joo, H.S. 40 Jordan, M. 10 Judge, M.D. 226 Kains, F. 120 Kains, F.A. 38 Kaneda, Y. 30 Karatay, M.C. 281 Karlsson, A. 196, 203 Kasser, T.R. 94 Kawashima, K. 155 Kennedy, D.G. 242 Kiekhaeffer, M.S. 35 Klemcke, H.G. 11, 182, 245 Kliebenstein, J.B. 217 Klober, K. 228, 282 Klont, R.E. 72 Klooster, C.E. van't 46 Knight, C.D. 80, 219 Knowles, T.G. 77 Knox, K. 55 Knox, K.E. 10, 241 Kocher, M.F. 254 Komijn, R.E. 283 Kooper, H.G. 209 Korkeala, H. 71 Kornegay, E.T. 87, 185 Kovac, L. 234 Kovacs, F. 58 Kyritsis, S. 37, 114 Laarakker, E. 167 Laber-Laird, K. 280 Lacher, P. 211 Ladewig, J. 109, 240 Laencina, J. 227 Lahucky, R. 234 Lam, K.C. 126 Lambooij, E. 229, 292 Lambooy, E. 72 Lan, Y.H. 94 Langhout, D.J. 79 Lawrence, A.B. 54, 57, 160, 168, 178, 247 Ledoux, D.R. 80 Lemin, C.D. 44, 108 Lennoxville, Quebec 85 Levis, D. 161, 162 Lewis, N.J. 293 Ley, J. de 100 Lighty, G.W. Jr 281 Lindemann, M.D. 87 Liptrap, R.M. 269 Livestock Conservation Institute 177 Logtestijn, J.G. van 72 Lopez, J. 88 Luce, W.G. 184, 186, 193 Lumpkin, E.A. 253 Lundstrom, K. 196, 203 Lunstra, D.D. 11 Luxford, B.G. 164 Lynas, L. 242 MacDonald, J. 171 MacInnes, J.I. 172 MacLeod, H.A. 168 Madec, F. 154 Maenz, D.D. 166 Magard, M. 59, 78 Mahan, D.C. 62, 66 Mallard, B.A. 221 Marberry, S. 53 Marbery, S. 149 Marchant, J.A. 118 Marple, D.N. 226 Marques, F. 227 Marrero, C.E. 130 Marsh, R.E. 41 Marsh, W.E. 22 Martin, T.G. 139 Martineau, G.P. 85 Masse, D.I. 52 Matsubara, T. 30 Matte, J.J. 85, 207 Matthews, L.R. 109 Maxwell, C.V. 184 May, M.M. 29 Mayrose, V.B. 55, 241 McCallum, T.H. 86, 92, 93, 95, 303 McCartan, B.M. 242 McCaughey, W.J. 96, 242 McClone, J.J. 260 McCurdy, A.R. 1 McEvoy, J.D.G. 96, 242 McGlone, J.J. 48, 115, 253 McKeith, F.K. 94 McKinstry, J.L. 225 McLaren, D.G. 60, 94 McLean, K.A. 57 Merchant, J. 246 Merks, J.W.M. 209 Meyer, V.M. 131, 279 Mhoma, J.R.L. 2 Midwest Plan Service 278 Mikel, W.B. 233 Miyake, Y.I. 30 Mohling, K. 31, 32 Mohling, S. 31 Mojto, J. 234 Moller, B.M. 78 Moncol, D.J. 187 Moore, A.S. 60 Moore, M.J. 250 Morrion, R.B. 122 Morris, J.R. 18, 221 Morrison, W.D. 38, 120 Mount, N.C. 271 Muehling, A.J. 31, 32, 133, 286 Mulvaney, D.R. 233 Munroe, J.A. 52 Murphy, J.P. 29, 198, 244 Mutel, C. 246 Mutetikka, D.B. 66 Nanba, K. 155 Narita, M. 155 Neller, R.J. 126 Nelson, C.H. 302 Nelssen, J.L. 88, 97 Newby, B.E. 260 Newman, E.A. 86, 92, 93 Newman, F.W. 34 Newton, E.A. 62 Ng, S.L. 126 Nichols, D.A. 101 Nicholson, R.I. 48, 115, 253 Nicol, R.A.C. 261 Nienaber, J.A. 213 Nieuwland, M. 79 Nigrelli, Arrigo D. 183 Nishino, M. 208 Nolan, D. 29 Noonan, G.J. 20 Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M. 129, 210 Norman, R.L. 253 Nouws, J.F.M. 256 Novakofski, J. 94 Noyes, Elizabeth Pearsall 69 Ochetim, S. 287 Odink, J. 143 Oehme, F.W. 29 Ogilvie, J.R. 3, 38, 120, 158 Oldham, J. 299 Ong, H.K. 7 Ott, S.L. 33 Overhults, D.G. 197, 288 Owsley, W.F. 192 Panagakis, P. 37, 114 Papadopoulos, G. 114 Parduyns, G. 100, 110 Parham, G.L. 157 Parker, R.J. 106 Parrish, F.C. Jr 70 Parrott, R.F. 270 Paterson, A.M. 73, 142 Patience, J.F. 1, 65, 166 Pearce, G.P. 73, 142 Pedauye, J. 227 Peel, D.S. 255 Peltonen, M. 71 Penny, R.H.C. 81, 123 Petchey, A.M. 74, 222, 236 Petherick, J.C. 57 Petitclerc, D. 150 Phillips, Clive 125 Phillips, P.A. 52, 75, 235, 259 Pickrell, J. 145 Pickrell, J.A. 29 Pig Veterinary Society 27 Piggins, David 125 Pijls, F.J.M. 141 Pijoan, C. 40, 119, 263 Pijoan, C.J. 306 Pohl, S.H. 244 Pointon, A.M. 250 Polson, D.D. 22 Preckel, P.V. 212 Price, E.O. 68 Priest, J. 20 Prince, M. 232 Puchal, A.A. 170, 231 Rafai, P. 58 Rahkio, M. 71 Rand, J.S. 20 Randall, J.M. 296 Rantzer, Dan 14 Raskopf, Sabine 8 Ravindran, V. 87 Reeves, D.E. 188, 189 Reeves, David E. 25 Richards, R.G. 113 Riskowski, G.L. 216, 286 Robert, S. 85 Robertson, I.D. 2 Robertson, W.M. 138 Rohrbach, B.W. 76 Ruen, P.D. 22 Runnels, L.J. 241 Rushen J. 91 Sakai, T. 208 Salak, J.L. 253 Salak-Johnson, J.L. 115 Sande, W.J.H. van der 283 Saner, R. 63 Sapontzis, S.F. 301 Sather, A.P. 138 Schaefer, A.L. 1, 65 Schatzmann, U. 292 Scheepens, C.J.M. 167 Scheepens, K. 262 Scheidt, A.B. 10, 55, 241 Schenck, B.C. 169 Schinckel, A.P. 139, 212 Schirmer, B.N. 95 Schneider, Manuel 8 Schofield, C.P. 118, 238 Schoneweis, D. 29 Schouten, W. 91 Schouten, W.G.P. 167 Schrama, J.W. 104 Schwartz, K.J. 249 Seabrook, M.F. 271 Shand, P.J. 1 Shelton, D.P. 290 Shurson, G.C. 4, 185 Siegel, J.P. 248 Signoret, J.P. 224 Signorini, F. 183 Simantke, Christel 8 Singleton, W. 161, 162 Singleton, W.L. 188 Singleton, W.L. \u Purdue University 189 Sippola, I. 71 Skaggs, C.L. 70 Sloth-Andersen, Ulrik 136 Smart, N.L. 172 Smeets, J.F.M. 143 Smith, A.C. 280 Smith, B.S. 233 Smith, C.P. 6 Smith, J.A. 19, 82, 95, 272, 303 Smith, J.H. 38 Soo, S.P. 7 Spear, R.S. 281 Spiers, D. 88 Stahly, T.S. 169 Stetson, L.E. 99 Stewart, W.A. 294 Stookey, J.M. 60 Storer, Kristin 200 Storer, Pat 200 Straw, B.E. 130, 220 Swindle, M.M. 280 Tambouratzis, D. 114 Taylor, J.D. 214 Te Brake, J.H.A. 210 Teclaw, R.F. 10 Tennessen, T. 75 Terlouw, E.M.C. 57, 160, 168, 178, 247 Thawley, D.G. 122 Thielen, D. van 296 Thirapatsakun, T. 208 Thomas, F.J. 34 Thompson, B.K. 75, 235, 259 Thompson, L.H. 188, 189 Thorne, P.S. 35 Tielen, M. 262 Tielen, M.J.M. 167 Timm, R.M. 41 Tokach, M.D. 88, 97 Tong, A.K.W. 138 Tornberg, E. 59, 78 Torrison, J. 154 Towell, C.A. 49 Towner, R.A. 294 Tremblay, G. 23 Truyen, B. 45 Tubbs, R.C. 111, 191 Tuboly, S. 58 Turner, L.W. 197, 213, 266, 288 University of Minnesota, Dept. of Agricultural and Applied Economics 124 Unruh, J.A. 97 Usry, J.L. 213 Vaillancourt, J.P. 111 Van Bael, J. 110 VanDyke, N.J. 192 Vaughan, A. 57 Veenhuizen, J.J. 219 Veenhuizen, M.A. 4 Vega, Y.M. 170 Vellucci, S.V. 270 Vermeer, H.M. 116 Verstegen, M.W.A. 79, 104, 141 Vieuille-Thomas, C. 224 Ville, H. 45, 100, 110 Visser, I.J.R. 143 Von Borell, E. 221, 264 Waern, M.J. 83 Walter, B.G. 286 Walter, Jurgen,_1950- 8 Walters, J.R. 135 Walton, J. 289 Walton, J. R., 223 Waran, N.K. 163 Ward, C.E. 255 Warriss, P.D. 77, 243, 275, 285 Webster, J. 5 Wechsler, Beat 268 Weeding, C.M. 81, 123 Wenninghoff, J. 63 Wheeler, M.B. 94 Whiffle, Augustus 179 White, B.R. 94 Whitten, P. 35 Whittington, P.E. 225 Wiegand, R.M. 218 Wiegant, V.M. 159 Wiersma, A. 168 Wijngaards, G. 143 Williams, R.E. 49 Winkelman, N.L. 64 Wiseman, S. 63 Wolynetz, M.S. 166 Wotton, S.B. 225 Wouters, P. 45 Wubbelmann, Heinrich 297 Yoon, C.S. 208 Young, R.J. 54 Zemanchik, N. 215 Zhang, Q. 106
Abattoirs 123, 255, 275 Abnormal behavior 56, 91, 115, 153, 165, 194, 263 Acceptability 235 Access 121 Accuracy 9, 117 Acid base equilibrium 1, 65 Acids 61 Acrosome 98 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 76, 220 Adaptation 104 Adrenal cortex 11, 240 Adrenal glands 221, 245 Aerobic treatment 7 Aerosols 35, 38 Age 76 Age at weaning 195 Age differences 48, 75, 94, 140, 182, 235, 240 Aggressive behavior 60, 86, 92, 93, 218, 222, 237, 271 Agonistic behavior 75 Agricultural engineering 277 Agricultural research 39 Air 38 Air flow 3, 4, 198, 261, 284, 296 Air microbiology 12 Air pollutants 4, 12, 107, 145 Air pollution 9, 261 Air quality 12, 38, 306 Air temperature 261, 290 Alarm pheromones 224 Alfalfa 66 Algorithms 118 Alpha-tocopherol 79 Amino acids 88, 97, 169, 170 Ammonia 4, 29 Analgesics 48 Analysis 261 Anesthesia 175 Animal behavior 17, 19, 20, 28, 34, 39, 48, 57, 73, 74, 75, 84, 86, 91, 110, 115, 116, 120, 123, 142, 160, 163, 167, 206, 224, 240, 247, 252, 264 Animal breeding 22, 188 Animal competition 257 Animal culture 267 Animal experiments 280 Animal health 26, 124, 130, 146, 148, 287 Animal housing 134, 145, 158, 215, 264, 286, 304, 306 Animal husbandry 2, 6, 17, 26, 39, 55, 64, 105, 107, 111, 146, 148, 151, 163, 175, 176, 190, 191, 201, 206, 211, 248, 280, 282, 287 Animal models 6, 175, 280 Animal nutrition 111 Animal parasitic nematodes 130 Animal production 39, 176, 211, 266 Animal proteins 270 Animal tissues 80 Animal welfare 5, 6, 18, 20, 36, 39, 48, 54, 60, 74, 85, 86, 92, 105, 109, 115, 116, 123, 124, 125, 132, 144, 151, 159, 163, 174, 205, 206, 247, 259, 293, 299, 300, 301, 303 Animals 144, 261 Anthelmintics 187 Antibacterial agents 249 Antibiotics 50 Antibody formation 79, 87, 154 Application to land 126 Applications 201 Area 233 Arrhythmia 100 Arterivirus 40, 154 Arthritis 171 Artificial rearing 141 Artificial ventilation 198, 244 Ascarididae 130 Ascaris 187 Ash 61 Atrophic rhinitis 130, 217, 241 Attitudes 246 Aujeszky virus 122, 155, 302 Aujeszky's disease 122, 155 Australia 44, 108, 214 Automatic control 45 Automatic feed dispensers 101 B lymphocytes 79 Backfat 101, 135, 139, 221 Bacteria 38, 171 Bacterial count 71 Bacterial products 7 Baiting 49 Barriers 163 Behavior 246 Behavior change 28 Behavior patterns 34, 56 Bibliographies 6, 151 Binding site 245 Biotechnology 5, 174 Birth weight 11, 111 Blood 285 Blood analysis 219 Blood chemistry 72, 85, 140, 143, 166 Blood picture 166, 253 Blood plasma 11, 58, 83, 142, 159, 182, 221, 253, 303 Blood pressure 47 Blood serum 43, 66, 79 Blood specimen collection 281 Boar feeding 188, 193 Boar progeny testing 189 Boars 21, 43, 98, 101, 161, 188, 189, 193, 210, 252 Body composition 141 Body fat 139 Body heat loss 202 Body surface area 293 Body temperature 45, 47, 88, 166 Body temperature regulation 110 Body weight 45, 60, 62, 101, 116, 221, 253, 258 Bone weight 139 Brain stem 270 Breed differences 94, 140 Breeding 184, 189 Breeding methods 193 Breeding programs 162 Bronchi 23 Brushes 71 Building construction 31, 161 Buildings 37 Bulls 43 Butylated hydroxytoluene 98 Cabt 44, 108, 180, 181, 215, 242, 275, 283, 283 Cages 281 Campylobacter 50 Capture of animals 115, 270 Carbon dioxide 4, 46 Carbon monoxide 4 Carcass composition 80, 88, 94, 97, 138, 139, 203, 219, 233 Carcass condemnation 157 Carcass quality 7, 94, 123, 140 Carcass weight 94, 139, 212 Carcasses 71, 214 Cardiovascular system 6 Carrier state 64, 214 Castration 48, 245, 299 Catecholamines 152 Cattle 177, 269, 293 Cell cultures 11 Cell mediated immunity 58, 60 Cellulose 61 Change 67 Chemical composition 141 Chlortetracycline 242 Chromic oxide 61 Chromosome analysis 30 Chromosomes 30 Chutes 77 Classification 211 Climatic factors 167 Clipping 20 Cold resistance 98 Cold shock 98 Cold stress 80, 166, 167, 219, 270 Collection 9 Collectors 9 Color 72, 140 Colorado 64 Colostrum 66, 79 Comparisons 35, 51 Computer simulation 37 Computer software 211, 216 Computers 45, 47 Concentration 261 Conditioned reflexes 36 Conditioning 205, 224 Consumer surplus 302 Contamination 71 Control programs 146, 283 Controllers 197 Cooling 213 Cooling systems 42, 51 Cooperative marketing 255 Corticoids 84 Corticotropin 58, 159, 240, 245, 303 Costs 44, 216, 273 Crates 62, 82, 263, 272 Creatine kinase 285 Creep feeding 185 Creosote 52 Crossbred progeny 139 Crossbreds 135 Crossbreeding 287 Crowding 73, 87, 127, 260 Culling 62, 189 Cyclic fluctuations 155 Cystitis 113 Cytotoxicity 58 Dams (mothers) 15 Data collection 45 Databases 248 Decay 52 Deep litter housing 207 Defecation 133 Deformities 111 Demand 302 Deposition 9, 141 Dermatology 6 Design 3, 24, 44, 47, 86, 108, 119, 131, 162, 180, 181, 216, 235, 244, 259 Detection 101, 210 Determination 294 Diagnosis 113 Diagnostic techniques 221 Diarrhea 111, 166 Diet 56, 59, 61, 88, 97, 141, 169, 170, 287 Diet studies 80 Dietary fat 79, 169 Dietary minerals 66 Diets 219 Differential diagnosis 50, 249 Differentiation 265 Digestibility 61 Digestive system 6 Discrimination 265 Disease control 40, 41, 55, 128, 146, 184, 186, 187, 249, 283, 302 Disease course 55, 107, 217 Disease models 281 Disease prevalence 55, 130, 214 Disease prevention 146, 188, 192, 226 Disease resistance 155 Disease surveys 130 Disease transmission 187, 214 Diseases 41 Diurnal activity 75 Diurnal variation 252 Docking 20, 299 Domestic animals 125, 267, 269 Dosage effects 166 Drainage 31 Drainage systems 131 Dressing percentage 140 Drinkers 121 Drinking behavior 85 Drinking water 166 Drug residues 96, 242 Drug therapy 187 Dry lot feeding 186 Durability 52 Dust 9, 29, 38, 261 Early weaning 153, 163, 187 Eating 168 Echocardiography 281 Ecological balance 46 Economics 180, 181 Educational programs 246 Efficiency 9 Egg yolk 98 Electric circuits 99 Electric power 99, 288 Electrical safety 99 Electrical treatment 225, 292 Electrocardiograms 100 Electronics 45 Endocrine system 269 Endorphins 285 Endotoxins 29 Energy 180, 181 Energy conservation 102, 103 Energy consumption 290 Energy metabolism 104, 141 Energy retention 104 England 275 Enrichment 54, 105 Enteritis 50 Enterocolitis 249 Environment 105, 108 Environmental control 44, 180, 181, 197, 288 Environmental factors 107, 109, 128 Environmental temperature 37, 38, 58, 88, 110, 111, 120, 155, 166, 169, 208, 252, 290 Enzyme activity 72, 203 Enzymes 203, 207 Epidemiological surveys 283 Epidemiology 113 Epinephrine 78 Equipment 209 Estrous cycle 269 Estrus 101, 210 Ethics 174, 301 Euthanasia 27 Evaluation 114 Evaporative coolers 266 Evaporative cooling 213 Excretion 120 Exercise 83, 203 Experimental infections 154 Exports 283 Exposure 96 Exudative meat 1, 65, 70, 152, 156 Eyes 6 Fans 102, 198 Farm planning 32 Farm surveys 2 Farm workers 23 Farming systems 305 Farrowing 24, 53, 74, 82, 90, 95, 111, 121, 194, 222, 259, 303 Farrowing houses 31, 33, 51, 202, 244 Farrowing pens 15, 19, 28, 34, 36, 57, 62, 67, 82, 90, 121, 235, 236, 244, 272 Fat 219 Fat consumption 185 Fat percentage 70, 140, 141 Fat thickness 135, 233 Fats 61, 79 Fattening performance 88, 97, 135, 203 Fearfulness 89, 265 Feces 15, 120 Feed additives 58, 63, 184, 185 Feed conversion 140, 290 Feed conversion efficiency 76, 87, 169, 206, 218, 220, 237, 260 Feed dispensers 54, 121, 184, 209 Feed intake 45, 62, 63, 85, 87, 116, 127, 135, 166, 169, 209, 218, 219, 237, 253, 260, 290 Feed supplements 80, 88, 152 Feedback 247 Feeding behavior 18, 56, 129, 209, 237, 247, 257 Feeding frequency 85 Feeds 36, 242 Feet 133 Female fertility 66 Fetal growth 11 Fiber content 56 Field tests 114 Fighting 21 Fire prevention 31 Floor area 3 Floor pens 132 Floor space 87 Floor type 133 Floors 111, 133, 187, 254 Fluids 166 Food acceptability 1 Food contamination 256 Food quality 1, 225 Foraging 54 Fostering 11 Free range husbandry 194, 228 Fructose 170, 231 Fumigants 41 Galactose 170, 231 Gastroenteritis 214 Genes 138 Genetic differences 138 Genetic engineering 174, 301 Genetic factors 226 Genetic improvement 287 Genetics 111 Genotype nutrition interaction 97 Genotypes 70, 72, 97, 135, 139 Gestation period 57 Gilts 21, 56, 62, 66, 84, 88, 92, 115, 140, 160, 165, 184, 191, 221 Glucose 170, 231 Glycolysis 59 Grasses 66 Grazing 282 Greece 37 Greenhouses 288 Group behavior 222, 237 Group effect 196 Group size 221, 260 Groups 45, 60, 84, 116, 210, 257 Growth 10, 82, 84, 138, 140, 212, 290 Growth models 176 Growth rate 76, 88, 90, 94, 104, 142, 166, 169, 206, 207, 220, 241 Guidelines 12 Guinea pigs 132 Haemophilus 172 Halothane 1, 72, 138 Halothane susceptibility 294 Hampshire 140 Handling 84, 100, 142, 160, 175, 265 Health 246 Health promotion 246 Heart diseases 258 Heart rate 100 Heat 147, 275 Heat exchangers 273, 274 Heat lamps 274 Heat production 104 Heat regulation 110, 274 Heat stress 37, 80, 88, 184, 188, 219, 258 Heaters 273 Heating 244 Heating costs 102, 274, 290 Heating systems 274 Helminth ova 187 Hematology 6 Hemodynamics 6 Hemorrhagic enteritis 50 Herds 122 Histology 117 Histopathology 50 Hong kong 126 Hormone secretion 43, 150 Hormones 219, 269 Horses 269 Hulls 61 Human-animal relationships 267 Humidity 198, 304 Humoral immunity 58 Hungary 58 Hunger 205, 247 Hydrocortisone 11, 43, 57, 58, 83, 86, 92, 142, 159, 182, 221, 240, 253, 264, 285, 303 Hygiene 120, 261 Hypersensitivity 250 Hypothalamus 152, 270 Hypoxanthines 83 Identification 15, 45, 101, 229 Igg 79 Ileum 50 Illinois 248 Image processors 118 Immune competence 83 Immune response 58, 60, 221 Immunity 115 Immunization 150 Immunocytochemistry 270 Immunofluorescence 40 Immunological deficiency 92 Immunology 6 Implantation 80 Importation 214 Incidence 21, 64, 65, 122, 130, 157, 187, 241, 275 Indicators 153 Individual characteristics 160 Individuals 84 Infection 111 Infections 154 Infestation 130 Information needs 211 Information storage 45 Information systems 211 Injection 78 Injuries 92 Insect control 134 Insecticides 134, 186 Insulation 42, 103, 244 Intensive farming 29 Intensive husbandry 29 Intensive livestock farming 66, 187, 194 Interactions 142, 202 Interferon 83 Interleukin 2 83, 182 Intermittent spraying 123 Intestinal absorption 166, 231 Intestinal mucosa 231 Intestines 170 Iowa 127, 214 Isolation 173, 256 Isolation techniques 256 Italy 283 Joint diseases 171 Joints (animal) 171 Joints (timber) 52 Kentucky 64, 266 Kinetics 154 Knowledge 246 Laboratory animals 175 Laboratory diagnosis 112 Laboratory equipment 112 Laboratory methods 6, 61, 112 Laboratory rearing 132 Laboratory tests 112 Lactates 83 Lactation 79 Lactation number 62 Lactic acid 203, 285 Landscaping 31 Large white 140 Latent infections 76 Lean 139, 140 Leanness 149 Learning 224 Leptospira interrogans 173 Lesions 117, 133, 217, 220, 241, 250 Line differences 100 Liquid wastes 126 Literature reviews 213, 230, 247, 269 Litter 7, 15, 19, 57, 75, 82, 106, 111, 272 Litter size 33, 57, 62, 82, 111, 115 Litter weight 57, 221 Litters 34, 240 Livestock 124, 125, 177 Livestock numbers 302 Livestock workers 267 Liveweight 127, 212, 233 Liveweight gain 48, 55, 58, 60, 63, 87, 120, 141, 163, 169, 195, 208, 218, 220, 237, 257, 260, 272, 290, 303 Loads 52 Locomotion 240 Loins 1 Longissimus dorsi 123, 233 Loose housing 91, 195 Losses 157 Lungs 23, 117, 241 Lymphocyte transformation 83, 182 Lysine 87, 88, 97, 169 Lysozyme 79 Maize 66 Maize starch 61 Malaysia 7 Male animals 142 Male fertility 269 Males 245 Man 89, 142 Mange 250 Manures 207 Market prices 302 Marketing 128, 211 Marking 20 Materials 36, 99 Maternal behavior 19, 67, 82, 90, 164, 194, 195, 222, 272 Maternal nutrition 56 Mathematical models 202, 213, 302 Mating 43, 161, 162 Mating ability 193 Mating behavior 193 Measurement 9, 45, 46, 47, 109, 261 Meat and livestock industry 149, 211 Meat cuts 1, 70, 94, 139 Meat inspection 242 Meat quality 59, 65, 70, 72, 94, 123, 156, 196, 203, 226, 227, 234, 243, 292 Medical research 6, 280 Medical treatment 111 Medicated feeds 185 Metabolism 78 Metabolites 72, 219 Meteorological factors 107 Microbial contamination 38, 256 Microclimate 58 Microenvironments 37 Microprocessors 47 Milk composition 62 Mineral content 80, 166 Mineral supplements 66 Miniature pigs 25, 26, 148, 175, 201, 232, 289 Miniature pigs as pets 25 Miniature swine as pets 200 Minnesota 64, 127 Mists 213, 266 Mixing 21, 60, 271 Models 44, 46 Moisture 99 Molds 38 Monitoring 45, 108, 250, 283 Monosaccharides 170 Montana 64 Morbidity 260 Morphology 113 Mortality 33, 34, 230, 258, 275, 303 Motility 98 Motivation 36, 247 Mouth 6 Movement 47 Mus musculus 49 Musca 134 Muscle physiology 72 Muscle tissue 203 Mycobacterium 157 Mycoplasma 55 Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 220 Naloxone 91 Natural killer cells 253 Natural ventilation 52 Nesting 19, 36, 57, 74, 90, 222, 236 Nests 236 Netherlands 283 Neurons 270 Newborn animals 11, 202, 231 Night temperature 290 Nitrogen balance 141 North America 146 North central states of U.S.A. 274 North Dakota 64 Northern ireland 242 Nose 241 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 294 Nutrient intake 191 Nutrient requirements 26, 66, 88, 185 Nutrient transport 170, 231 Nutrition 6, 184 Occupational disorders 23 Odors 15 Oesophagostomum 187 Ohio 4 Oklahoma 51, 255 Ontario 215 Ontogeny 231 Organoleptic traits 1 Organs 88, 97 Orientation 215 Outbreaks 283 Ovaries 113 Overcrowding 153 Pain 48 Parametric programming 216 Parasites 148, 186 Parasitism 187 Parous rates 164 Particle size 29, 38, 261 Partitions 120 Pastures 66, 186, 282 Pathology 113, 155 Pens 60, 92, 118, 163, 165, 218, 237, 240, 252, 259, 261, 263, 290, 303 Performance 87, 166, 218, 266 Performance testing 51, 219 Pericentric inversion 30 Perinatal mortality 111 Persistence 154 Pest control 187 Pet care 232, 289 Pets 223 Ph 203 Pharmacodynamics 6 Physical activity 45, 60, 123, 264 Physiological functions 23 Physiopathology 249 Pig breeds 94, 139 Pig farming 2, 24, 40, 61, 122, 184, 189, 238, 255, 287, 305 Pig fattening 58, 85, 128, 186, 208, 279 Pig feeding 18, 61, 88, 92, 111, 128, 135, 148, 152, 186, 189, 192, 287 Pig housing 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 52, 55, 57, 61, 73, 75, 86, 92, 93, 96, 99, 100, 102, 103, 106, 108, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 122, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 133, 142, 151, 153, 159, 161, 165, 175, 180, 181, 185, 186, 187, 189, 192, 193, 197, 198, 203, 206, 208, 210, 213, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 228, 237, 238, 254, 261, 262, 263, 266, 273, 274, 279, 284, 287, 288, 290, 296, 299, 305 Pig manure 29, 31, 131, 133, 244 Piggery effluent 131 Piglet fattening 185 Piglet feeding 185 Piglet production 33, 190 Piglets 11, 15, 17, 19, 20, 28, 67, 68, 79, 82, 87, 90, 100, 111, 115, 141, 148, 153, 154, 163, 164, 166, 182, 185, 195, 202, 230, 231, 263, 272, 290, 303 Pigmeat 59, 65, 70, 72, 96, 123, 152, 156, 212, 214, 227, 234, 242, 243, 249, 256, 292 Pigs 1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 17, 21, 22, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 85, 89, 93, 94, 96, 97, 102, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112, 117, 118, 120, 122, 123, 127, 128, 130, 133, 135, 138, 139, 142, 143, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 186, 187, 190, 192, 196, 203, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 224, 225, 229, 233, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 255, 256, 260, 262, 265, 269, 270, 274, 275, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 293, 294, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 306 Pituitary 245 Plane of nutrition 104, 140, 191 Play 165 Pleurisy 130 Pneumonia 10, 55, 107, 117, 130, 217, 220, 241 Policy 283 Populations 107 Porcine stress syndrome 30, 70, 72, 149, 156, 226, 294 Postmortem changes 72 Postmortem examinations 113, 117, 227 Postnatal development 231 Postpartum interval 28, 67, 164 Posture 67, 272 Potbellied pig 199, 298 Poultry housing 197, 228, 288 Prediction 210, 233 Predisposition 258 Pregnancy 56, 79, 264, 269 Prepartum period 236 Pressure treatment 292 Prevention 71 Preweaning period 33, 111 Price policy 212 Production costs 302 Productivity 12, 191, 237 Proestrus 101 Profits 212 Progesterone 221 Programs 302 Prolactin 57 Protein content 141, 219 Protein efficiency ratio 88 Protein intake 88 Proximate analysis 70 Puerperium 6, 231 Purchasing 192 Quarantine 122, 189 Rabbits 132 Rattus norvegicus 49 Receptors 245 Record keeping 111, 211 Recording 209 Recovery 285 Regulations 157 Relative humidity 37, 38, 106, 202 Reproduction 6 Reproductive behavior 121, 222, 236 Reproductive disorders 113, 173 Reproductive performance 62, 84, 115, 116, 221 Respiration rate 188 Respiratory diseases 23, 246 Responses 164 Restraint of animals 20, 182, 281 Restricted feeding 56, 121, 205, 247 Returns 302 Risk 122, 246, 248 Rodent control 41, 49 Rodenticides 41, 49 Roles 146 Safety 281 Safety at work 4, 246 Salmonella choleraesuis 249 Salmonellosis 249 Sampling 9, 35 Sand 236 Sanitation 133, 134 Sarcoptes scabiei 250 Sawdust 7, 95 Screening 117 Seasonal fluctuations 111, 127 Seasonal variation 217, 241, 275 Seasons 58 Selenium 58, 66 Semen diluent additives 98 Semen diluents 98 Semen preservation 98 Semen production 193 Senses 15 Sensory evaluation 1, 70 Sentinel animals 40 Septicemia 249 Serology 40 Serotonin 152 Serotypes 249 Sex differences 97, 111, 135, 237 Sexual behavior 43 Shade 42, 252 Shape 218 Sheep 177, 269 Simulation models 3, 37, 254, 266, 284 Site factors 32 Site selection 31 Size 60, 218 Skeletal muscle 78 Skeletomuscular system 6 Skin 139 Slaughter 71, 76, 78, 81, 113, 130, 140, 141, 143, 156, 225, 227, 229, 243, 256 Slaughter weight 11, 94, 97, 135, 139, 212, 233 Slaughterhouse waste 79 Slaughtering and slaughter-houses 27, 183 Slopes 77 Small farms 282 Small intestine 166 Social behavior 218, 257 Social dominance 222, 253 Social environment 107 Social interaction 159 Solar collectors 274 Solar heating 254 Solubility 61 Somatostatin 150 Somatotropin 43, 70, 80, 94, 219 Sounds 67 South Carolina 180, 181 South Dakota 64 Sow feeding 101, 116, 191, 257 Sow lactation 62, 66, 82, 195, 303 Sow milk 62, 79 Sow pregnancy 18 Sows 15, 18, 19, 28, 34, 36, 57, 62, 67, 68, 74, 79, 82, 86, 90, 91, 95, 101, 113, 115, 116, 121, 129, 161, 164, 168, 184, 191, 194, 195, 205, 210, 222, 235, 236, 251, 252, 257, 258, 259, 263, 264, 271, 272, 303 Soybean oilmeal 66 Soybeans 61 Space requirements 92, 163, 259, 260, 293 Space utilization 218, 260 Spacing 77 Spatial variation 29, 261 Spermatozoa 98 Sprays 123 Spread 122 Spring 29 Stalls 92 Standards 158 Standing reflex 210 Stimulation 67 Stimuli 109, 265 Stochastic models 266 Stocking density 12, 73, 87, 120, 153, 165, 218, 261, 263 Stockmen 265 Strain differences 40, 175 Straw 19, 36, 74, 75, 82, 206, 236, 272 Stray voltage 85 Streptococcus suis 64 Stress 1, 6, 20, 47, 57, 58, 70, 73, 81, 84, 86, 92, 100, 115, 142, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 159, 165, 182, 224, 226, 234, 240, 253, 258, 263, 264, 269, 270, 281, 285, 303 Stress conditions 245 Stress factors 50, 63, 153, 247, 249, 262 Stress response 43, 143, 243 Strongyloides 187 Structural design 120 Stunning 225, 292 Sucking 272 Suckling 28, 272 Sucklings 170 Sugar 59 Sulfadimidine 96 Sulfate 166 Summer 29, 37 Sunflower oil 79 Supplementary feeding 184 Supply elasticities 302 Surgery 6 Survival 19, 48, 62, 82, 90 Susceptibility 1, 70, 100, 155 Sweden 12 Swine 8, 8, 13, 27, 124, 147, 177, 179, 179, 183, 199, 223, 239, 267, 276, 277 Swine diseases 12, 40, 130, 146, 154, 189, 226, 242 Swine farrowing facilities 278 Swine vesicular disease virus 283 Synergism 166 Systems 45 Tail 20 Tail biting 299 Teeth 6, 20, 299 Telecommunications 211 Temperament 160 Temperature 70, 80, 102, 106, 161, 202, 207, 275, 284, 304 Tenderness 70 Testing 242 Testosterone 43 Tests 226 Tethered housing 91, 159 Time 78, 164, 218, 237, 285 Tissue proliferation 50 Tissues 66, 138 Toasting 61 Touch 67 Toxic gases 4 Toxicity 113 Toxicology 6 Toys 73, 165, 300 Traditional farming 287 Transgenics 5, 174 Transmissible gastroenteritis virus 214, 248 Transponders 229 Transport 100, 192, 255 Transport of animals 77, 104, 189, 253, 270, 275, 281, 283, 285 Trapping 41 Trauma 60, 111 Treatment 84, 160 Trends 53 Trusses 52 Tryptophan 152 Tuberculosis 157 Tyrosine 152 U.S.A. 31, 42, 102, 157, 161, 185, 302 Udders 15 Uk 299 Ultrasonic fat meters 233 Unrestricted feeding 56, 139, 257 Urinary tract 6 Urine 15, 224 Uterus 113 Vaccination 148 Validity 111 Variation 87 Velocity 261 Ventilation 3, 4, 29, 38, 42, 46, 102, 103, 114, 158, 207, 215, 216, 284, 286, 296, 306 Veterinarians 146 Veterinary medicine 175 Veterinary practice 112 Veterinary services 146 Vices 168, 178, 299 Video recordings 238 Viral diseases 40 Visual grading 117 Vitamin e 58, 66 Vitamin supplements 66 Vocalization 15, 68, 82, 164, 240, 272 Waste disposal sites 126 Waste treatment 7 Water 123, 292 Water intake 123, 166 Weaning 111, 166, 185 Weaning weight 82 Weather data 37 Weighing systems, Electronic 13 Weight 88, 94, 97, 238 Weight losses 62 Welfare economics 302 Western australia 2 Width 259 Wind 215 Winter 29 Wood strength 52 Wounds 21 Yards 252 Yersinia enterocolitica 256 Young animals 75 Zearalenone 113 Zoonoses 148
The Animal Welfare Information Center, awic@nal.usda.gov
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/oldbib/qb9506.htm, April 17, 1998